Some aphids (eg Rosy apple aphid â Dysaphis plantaginea) feed on only a few specific species. This is known as host sp
Guide to identification of aphids and their natural enemies Cristina Navarro Campos Ferrán García-Marí
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introduction Belchim Crop Protection has been serving agriculture for almost 30 years. We have developed this guide with a view to increasing the knowledge of economically important crop pests and their natural enemies. More than 4000 species of aphid have been identified in 10 distinct families. Although there is great variety in colour, shape, size and food-source, there are several features in common; All aphids feed on plant sap using sucking mouthparts. High reproductive capacity can result in very rapid population increases. This gives them the potential to be extremely destructive. These aphids will often form large colonies.
Damage can be direct – from physical feeding damage and loss of sugar or via transmission of phytopathogenic viruses. For these reasons, aphids have the potential to cause a great deal of harm to crops if not controlled by natural predators and chemical insecticides. This guide has been produced with the assistance of Cristina Navarro Campos and Ferran Garcia-Mari, both researchers at the Agroforestery Institute of the Mediterranean. We would like to express our deepest gratitude for them making the development of this tool possible.
Some aphids (eg Rosy apple aphid – Dysaphis plantaginea) feed on only a few specific species. This is known as host specificity. Other aphids (eg Black bean aphid – Aphis fabae) are polyphagous and can feed on many species of plants.
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Aphids Apple aphid
Natural Enemies
Aphis pomi
Bird cherry oat aphid Black bean aphid
Rhopalosiphum padi
Aphis fabae
Blackcurrant sowthistle aphid
Hyperomyzus lactucae
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14-spot ladybird
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7-spot ladybird Coccinella septempunctata adult
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7-spot ladybird
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Adonis ladybird Adonia variegata
Propylea 14-punctata
Coccinella septempunctata larva
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Buckthorn potato aphid Aphis nasturtii
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Green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea adult
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Cotton aphid
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Green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea larva
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Lady beetle
Scymnus spp. adult
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Scymnus spp. larva
Aphis gossypii
Currant lettuce aphid
Nasonovia ribis-nigri
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Lady beetle
Sitobion avenae
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Marmalade hoverfly
Episyrphus balteatus adult
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Schizaphis graminum
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Marmalade hoverfly
Episyrphus balteatus larva
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Migrant hoverfly
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Parasitic wasp
Lysiphlebus testaceipes adult
Pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum
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Parasitic wasp
Lysiphlebus testaceipes mummy
Peach potato aphid Myzus persicae
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Predatory gall midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza adult
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Plum aphid
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Predatory gall midge
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Glasshouse potato aphid Grain aphid Green bug
Lettuce root aphid
Aulacorthum solani
Pemphigus bursarius
Mealy cabbage aphid
Brevicoryne brassicae
Hyalopterus pruni
Potato aphid
Macrosiphum euphorbiae
Rose grain aphid
Metopolophium dirhodum
Rosy apple aphid
Dysaphis plantaginea
Willow carrot aphid
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Cavariella aegopodii
Eupeodes corollae
Aphidoletes aphidimyza larva
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Aphids Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 4
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Aphis pomi Apple aphid
Dark head
Black cauda and siphunculi
Legs and antennae pale with black tips
Body colour green or yellow-green Dark head
Main crops attacked: apple Remarks: specific Damage: direct feeding Size of apterae: 1.2-2.2 mm
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Rhopalosiphum padi Bird cherry oat aphid
Red area at base of siphunculi and cauda
Antennae short, not reaching base of siphunculi
Body colour brown-green shape oval Apterae have a coating of wax
Main crops attacked: cereals Remarks specific to cereals Damage: cereals (BYDV) potatoes (can spread PVY) Size of apterae: 1.2-2.4 mm
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Aphis fabae Black bean aphid
Antennae pale yellow with black tip
Siphunculi black with paler cauda
Legs pale yellow with black tarsus
Body colour matt black often with white wax markings
Main crops attacked: beans, sugar beet Remarks: polyphagous Damage: direct feeding, bean (BLVR, BYMV), pea (PEMV), beet (BYV) Size of apterae: 1.5-3 mm
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Hyperomyzus lactucae Blackcurrant sowthistle aphid
Long pale antennae Faint green line on upper abdomen
Prominent fingershaped cauda
Green line on upper abdomen
Main crops attacked: currants, potato, lettuce Damage: direct feeding, potato (PVY) Size of apterae: 2.0-3.2 mm
© Blackthorn Arable Ltd.
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Aphis nasturtii Buckthorn potato aphid
Antennae approx. half body length
Pale siphunculi
Body colour yellow-green, no dark bands and no wax powder
Main crops attacked: potato, beet, lettuce, sunflower Remarks: polyphagous Damage: potato (PVY, PVA) Size of apterae: 1.1-2.4 mm
© Blackthorn Arable Ltd.
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Aphis gossypii Cotton aphid
Antennae pale yellow with dark tip
Siphunculi black with paler cauda
Legs pale yellow with dark femur tip and tarsus
Body colour variable, from black to light-green Dark grey or green patches
Major crops attacked: cucurbits Remarks: polyphagous Damage: direct feeding, cucurbits & ornamentals (several viruses) Size of apterae: 0.9-1.8 mm
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Nasonovia ribis-nigri Currant lettuce aphid
Antennae long
Siphunculi with dark tip
Transverse dark marks
Body shiny. Pale yellow, green or red With transverse dark marks on abdomen
Main crops attacked: lettuce Remarks: specific to lettuce Damage: direct feeding Size of apterae: 1.3-2.7 mm
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Aulacorthum solani Glasshouse potato aphid
Pale siphunculi with dark tips
Green or red patch at base of siphunculi
Long antennae
Body colour green, pear-shaped
Main crops attacked: potato, glasshouse ornamentals Damage: potato (PLRV – poor transmission), beet (BYV), cucumber (CMV) Size of apterae: 1.5-3.0 mm
© Blackthorn Arable Ltd.
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Sitobion avenae Grain aphid
Siphunculi long and black
Cauda 3/4 the length of siphunculi Antennae uniformly dark
Body colour variable: yellow green-dark brown
Main crops attacked: cereals Remarks: specific to cereals Damage: cereals (BYDV), potatoes (PVY) Size of apterae: 1.3-3.3 mm
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Schizaphis graminum Green bug
Antennae dark, not reaching base of siphunculi
Dark green dorsal longitudinal band Siphunculi paler than body with black tip, half as long as distance between their bases
Body colour apple-green, oval
Main crops attacked: cereals Remarks: specific Damage: cereals (BYDV) Size of apterae: 1.3-2.1 mm
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Pemphigus bursarius Lettuce root aphid
No siphunculi
Surrounded by white waxy residue
Main crops attacked: lettuce Remarks: found on the roots of lettuce Damage: direct feeding, lettuce (LMV) Size of apterae: 2.0-2.2 mm
© Blackthorn Arable Ltd.
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Brevicoryne brassicae Mealy cabbage aphid
Siphunculi short and dark
Cauda broad and triangular
Body colour green covered with white-greyish waxy powder
Main crops attacked: brassicae Remarks: specific to brassicae Damage: direct feeding, brassicas (TuMV, CaMV) Size of apterae: 1.9-2.7 mm
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Acyrthosiphon pisum Pea aphid
Long legs Red eyes
Long cauda Long and slender siphunculi
Main crops attacked: peas, alfalfa Damage: bean (BLRV), pea (PEMV, PSbMV), potatoes (PVY) Size of apterae: 2-5 mm
© Blackthorn Arable Ltd.
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Myzus persicae Peach potato aphid
Siphunculi and cauda light green
Long convergent siphunculi with dark tip
Body colour light green, sometimes pink or red Sometimes with dark green longitudinal bands
Main crops attacked: potatoes, sugar beet, lettuce, brassicas and legumes Remarks: polyphagous Damage: brassicas (TuYV, CaMV), beet (BYV, BMYV, BChV), potato (PLRV, PVA, PVY) Size of apterae: 1.2-2.3 mm
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Hyalopterus pruni Plum aphid
Body shape elongate
Siphunculi small and thin, shorter than cauda
Body colour pale blue green with green areas covered with white waxy powder
Main crops attacked: plum Remarks: specific to plum Damage: direct feeding, plum (plum pox virus – weak transmission) Size of apterae: 1.5-2.6 mm
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Macrosiphum euphorbiae Potato aphid
Red eyes
Long pointed siphunculi
Body colour green, sometimes pink or yellow Body rather large, spindle-shaped
Main crops attacked: rose, potato Remarks: polyphagous Damage: potato (PVY, PVA), beet (BYV, BMYV) Size of apterae: 2.0-4.0 mm
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Metopolophium dirhodum Rose grain aphid
Dark dorsal longitudinal band
Antennae with dark tip on each segment, extending beyond base of pale siphunculi
Body colour yellow-green to pink
Main crops attacked: cereals, maize Remarks: specific Damage: cereals (BYDV – other more important vectors), maize (MMV) Size of apterae: 1.6-2.9 mm
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Dysaphis plantaginea Rosy apple aphid
Siphunculi dark, 3 to 4 times as long as cauda
Antennae reaching the base of siphunculi
Aptera form colonies in crumpled leaves Body colour dull pink to grey, covered with white-grey wax Globe shaped
Main crops attacked: apples Remarks: specific to apples Damage: direct feeding Size of apterae: 2.1-2.6 mm
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Cavariella aegopodii Willow carrot aphid
Antennae less than half the body length
Supracaudal gives impression of two ‘tails’
Body elongate and slightly flattened
Main crops attacked: carrot, celery, fennel Damage: direct feeding, carrot (motley dwarf ), parsnip (yellow fleck, PMV), celery (CeMV) Size of apterae: 1.5-2.8 mm
© Blackthorn Arable Ltd.
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Natural Enemies Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 24
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Propylea 14-punctata
14-spot ladybird
Head yellow with black anterior side
Thorax yellow with several black spots
Elytra yellow with 14 spots (sometimes fused)
Insects 3.5-4.5 mm in length
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Coccinella septempunctata adult
7-spot ladybird
Thorax black with 2 white rectangular spots on the front corners
Head black with two white spots Elytra with 6 spots. Additional spot behind head.
Insects 7-8 mm in length Sides of elytra rounded
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Coccinella septempunctata larva
7-spot ladybird
Prominent tubercles bearing hairs
Long and prominent legs Orange spots on prothorax and abdomen
Insects up to 7 mm, with body shape resembling tiny alligators Body segmented Black or dark grey
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Adonia variegata Adonis ladybird
Red elytra with 7 or more black spots
Thorax black with white edges Sides of elytra parallel
Insects 4-4.5 mm in length
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Chrysoperla carnea adult
Green lacewing
Long and threadlike antennae
Golden eyes
Head without black spots, at least on its upper part Green insect with transparent wings
27-29 mm in length, with golden eyes
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Chrysoperla carnea larva
Green lacewing
Two dark lines on head, without central dark spot Pincer like mandibles
Three pairs of prominent legs
Shape of body resembling small alligators Body colour pale white with brown or red areas
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Scymnus spp. adult
Lady beetle
Body shape rounded
Covered with small hairs
Very small insects, 1 to 2.5 mm in length Body colour brown or with black and brown areas
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Scymnus spp. larva
Lady beetle
Wax secretions arranged in regular rows
Head capsule
3 pairs of legs
Body covered with white wax secretions Wax secretions short or long and irregular
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Episyrphus balteatus adult
Marmalade hoverfly
Wings transparent, with spurious vein in the middle of wing Thorax black
Abdomen with narrow and wide black bands
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Episyrphus balteatus larva
Marmalade hoverfly
Anterior part of body tapering and without cephalic capsule
Cylindrical, legless and up to 1 cm in length
Two prominent organs on posterior part of body
Yellow white colour Transparent body No head capsule Tapering anterior body
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Eupeodes corollae
Migrant hoverfly
Transparent wings, with spurious vein in the middle of wing
Black abdomen with yellow spots (may meet in the middle in males)
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Lysiphlebus testaceipes adult
Parasitic wasp
13 to 16 antennal segments
Black pterostigma present in forewings
Black or brown insects less than 3.5 mm in length Less than 3 closed cells on forewings
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Lisyphlebus testaceipes mummy
Parasitic wasp
Aphid swollen and with spherical shape
Bronze, brown or clear in colour Hardened body with papery texture Attached to leaf
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Aphidoletes aphidimyza adult
Predatory gall midge
Antennae with 14 segments, bilobate in males and cylindrical in females eyes touching above head
Wings with 3 veins reaching the wing border
Insects of 1-3 mm and aspect of mosquitos Long legs, with first tarsal segment much shorter than second
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Aphidoletes aphidimyza larva
Predatory gall midge
Tapering anterior body and no cephalic capsule
Without legs
Small, 1-3 mm in length Bright orange in colour Slug-like
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Aphid Guide – Glossary Antennae – Segmented sensory appendages on the head of the insect
BYDV – Barley yellow dwarf virus
Apterae – Wingless adults
BLVR – Bean leaf roll virus
Bilobate – two lobes
BYMV – Bean yellow mosaic virus
Cauda – tail-like structure
PEMV – Pea enation mosaic virus
Cephalic capsule – helmet-like structure covering head
BYV – Beet yellows virus
Elytra – wing case
PVY – Potato virus Y
Femur – the ‘thigh’ segment near the body of the insect
PVA – Potato virus A
Forewings – front pair of wings
PLRV – Potato leaf roll virus
Mandibles – paired appendages at insects mouths
CMV – Cucumber mosaic virus
Prothroax – foremost segment of thorax
LMV – Lettuce mosaic virus
Pterostigma – obvious coloured or darkened cell in wing membrane
TuMV – Turnip mosaic virus
Siphunculi – tubular organs on the back of insect
CaMV – Cauliflower mosaic virus
Spurious vein – vein like thickening of the wing membrane
PSbMV – Pea seed borne mosaic virus
Supracaudal process – Additional tail-like structure above the cauda
BMYV – Beet mild yellowing virus
Tarsal segment –paired hook structure projecting from tarsus
BChV – Beet chlorosis virus
Tarsus – segment at the end of the leg
MMV – Maize mosaic virus
Tergites – hardened dorsal structure
PMV – Parsnip mosaic virus
Terminal process – tip segment of antennae
CeMV – Celery mosaic virus
Thorax – segment located between neck and abdomen Tibia – the ‘calf’ segment of the leg Tubercles – round protruberance
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