Handbook on chemical and biological waste ...

Funded by the European Union

Handbook on chemical and biological waste management

tŝƚŚƚŚĞƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŽĨ

ĐƟŽŶŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚďǇ

Funded by the European Union

!"#$%&&'(&#( )*+,-)".("#$( %-&.&/-)".(0"12+( ,"#"/+,+#2

tŝƚŚƚŚĞƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŽĨ

ĐƟŽŶŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚďǇ

© UNICRI, 2014 All rights reserved. This document or parts thereof may be reproduced provided the source is referenced. The document has been produced with the assistance of the EU. The information and views set out in this document are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Neither the European Union institutions and bodies nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. The contents of this document do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the United Nations, UNICRI or contributory organizations, or do they imply any endorsement. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this document are factually correct and properly referenced, UNICRI does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations and UNICRI concerning the legal status of any country, territory or boundaries. This publication has not been formally edited by UNICRI. For further information please contact: FORMIT Foundation, Research and Innovation area, Via G. Gemelli Careri 11 – 00147 Roma. Tel. +39 065165001 Authors and suggested citation: Handbook on chemical and biological waste management - Cavallini S., Cerutti F., Costanzo P., Fotia G., Gismondo M. R., Mastroianni M., Mugavero R., Sabato V., Vitale R., Vitali L. For the CBRN Centres of Excellence Project “Knowledge development and transfer of best practices on chemical and biological waste management in South East Asia”, implemented by Fondazione FORMIT and Polo Universitario – Azienda Ospedaliera L. Sacco, 2014. For further information on CBRN Centres of Excellence: http://www.cbrn-coe.eu/ For further information on the CB Waste Management Project: • www.cb-wastemanagement.org

3"%.+(&4()+#21

( ( (

/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !! 56,,"78( ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !" >ŝƐƚŽĨĂďďƌĞǀŝĂƟŽŶƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !# 9&7$(.-12 ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !$ 5)&:+(&4(2*+(,"#6".("#$(,+2*&$&.&/8͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %# ϭ͘tĂƐƚĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͗ŐĞŶĞƌĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %$

ϭ͘ϭ͘,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚKǀĞƌǀŝĞǁĂŶĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐ͗ ĂŶ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůWĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘%$ ϭ͘ϭ͘ϭ͘/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůůĞǀĞů͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘"& ϭ͘ϭ͘ϭ͘ϭ͘hŶŝƚĞĚEĂƟŽŶƐŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ;hEWͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘"& ϭ͘ϭ͘ϭ͘Ϯ͘dŚĞKƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŽͲŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ;KͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘"! ϭ͘ϭ͘Ϯ͘ZĞŐŝŽŶĂůůĞǀĞů͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘"% ϭ͘ϭ͘Ϯ͘ϭ͘ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶhŶŝŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘"% ϭ͘ϭ͘Ϯ͘Ϯ͘ĨƌŝĐĂŶhŶŝŽŶ;hͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘"' ϭ͘ϭ͘Ϯ͘ϯ͘^ĞĐƌĞƚĂƌŝĂƚŽĨƚŚĞWĂĐŝĮĐZĞŐŝŽŶŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ;^WZWͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ "# ϭ͘ϭ͘ϯ͘EĂƟŽŶĂůůĞǀĞů͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘"( ϭ͘ϭ͘ϯ͘ϭ͘ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůWƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶŐĞŶĐǇ;WͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘"( ϭ͘ϭ͘ϰ͘^ƵŵŵĂƌǇƚĂďůĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘") ϭ͘Ϯ͘ŚĞŵŝĐĂůŽǀĞƌǀŝĞǁ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘"$ ϭ͘Ϯ͘ϭ͘ƉƉƌŽĂĐŚʹŵĂŶĂŐŝŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐϯZƐ͗ ƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐ͕ƌĞĐŽǀĞƌǇĂŶĚƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϯϵ ϭ͘Ϯ͘Ϯ͘ŚĞŵŝĐĂůŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͗ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰϬ ϭ͘Ϯ͘ϯ͘ŚĞŵŝĐĂůŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͗ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ͘͘'! ϭ͘ϯ͘ŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŽǀĞƌǀŝĞǁ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘'! ϭ͘ϯ͘ϭ͘ƉƉƌŽĂĐŚͲŵĂŶĂŐŝŶŐďŝŽŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞŝŶƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚďŝŽƐĂĨĞƚǇ ůĞǀĞůĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘'!

ϭ͘ϯ͘Ϯ͘ŝŽŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͗ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϰϮ ϭ͘ϯ͘ϯ͘ŝŽŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͗ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘'' ϭ͘ϯ͘ϰ͘ŝŽŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͗ǁŚĂƚĐĂŶǁĞĚŽ͍͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘'#

Ϯ͘>ĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŐƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐŽŶ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ')

Ϯ͘ϭ͘/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϰϳ Ϯ͘Ϯ͘>ĞŐĂůůǇŝŶĚŝŶŐ/ŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐŽŶ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰϴ Ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϭ͘/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů/ŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϰϴ Ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϭ͘ϭ͘ĂƐĞůŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞdƌĂŶƐďŽƵŶĚĂƌǇDŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌŝƐƉŽƐĂů;ϭϵϴϵͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘'$ Ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϭ͘Ϯ͘ZŽƩĞƌĚĂŵŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞWƌŝŽƌ/ŶĨŽƌŵĞĚŽŶƐĞŶƚ WƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞĨŽƌĞƌƚĂŝŶ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐĂŶĚWĞƐƟĐŝĚĞƐ ŝŶ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůdƌĂĚĞ;ϭϵϵϴͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘#! Ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϭ͘ϯ͘^ƚŽĐŬŚŽůŵŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶŽŶWĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚKƌŐĂŶŝĐWŽůůƵƚĂŶƚƐ;ϮϬϬϭͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘#% Ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϭ͘ϰ͘KŽƵŶĐŝůĞĐŝƐŝŽŶ;ϮϬϬϭͿϭϬϳͬ&/E>͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘#" Ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϭ͘ϱ͘ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞWƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶŽĨDĂƌŝŶĞWŽůůƵƟŽŶ ďǇƵŵƉŝŶŐŽĨtĂƐƚĞƐĂŶĚKƚŚĞƌDĂƩĞƌ;>ŽŶĚŽŶŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂŶĚWƌŽƚŽĐŽůͿ͘͘͘ #' Ϯ͘Ϯ͘Ϯ͘ZĞŐŝŽŶĂů/ŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘#( Ϯ͘Ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϭ͘ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶhŶŝŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘#( Ϯ͘Ϯ͘Ϯ͘Ϯ͘ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞĂŶŽŶƚŚĞ/ŵƉŽƌƚŝŶƚŽĨƌŝĐĂ ĂŶĚƚŚĞŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨdƌĂŶƐďŽƵŶĚĂƌǇDŽǀĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶĨƌŝĐĂ;ϭϵϵϰͲĂŵĂŬŽŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘(# Ϯ͘Ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϯ͘ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶƚŽĂŶƚŚĞ/ŵƉŽƌƚŝŶƚŽ&ŽƌƵŵ/ƐůĂŶĚŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ ŽĨ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞĂŶĚƚŽŽŶƚƌŽůƚŚĞdƌĂŶƐďŽƵŶĚĂƌǇDŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞWĂĐŝĮĐ ;ϭϵϵϱͲtĂŝŐĂŶŝŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘(# Ϯ͘ϯ͘EĂƟŽŶĂů>ĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘(( Ϯ͘ϯ͘ϭ͘hŶŝƚĞĚ^ƚĂƚĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘(( Ϯ͘ϯ͘Ϯ͘hŶŝƚĞĚĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘%') ϲ͘Ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϱ͘dƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘%#! ϲ͘Ϯ͘ϯ͘ŽŶƟŶŐĞŶĐǇƉůĂŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϮϱϮ ϲ͘Ϯ͘ϰ͘ŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ Ϯϱϰ ϲ͘Ϯ͘ϰ͘ϭ͘ĞĂůŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƐƉŝůůĂŐĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘%#' ϲ͘Ϯ͘ϰ͘Ϯ͘^ƉĞĐŝĂůƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶƐĨŽƌŶĞĞĚůĞƐƟĐŬŝŶũƵƌŝĞƐ͕ĐƵƚƐĂŶĚĂďƌĂƐŝŽŶƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘%#( ϲ͘Ϯ͘ϰ͘ϯ͘/ŶŐĞƐƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘%#( ϲ͘Ϯ͘ϰ͘ϰ͘WŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐĂĞƌŽƐŽůƌĞůĞĂƐĞ ;ŽƵƚƐŝĚĞĂďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƐĂĨĞƚǇĐĂďŝŶĞƚͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘%#( ϲ͘Ϯ͘ϰ͘ϱ͘&ŝƌĞĂŶĚŶĂƚƵƌĂůĚŝƐĂƐƚĞƌ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘%#) ϲ͘Ϯ͘ϰ͘ϲ͘ZĞƉŽƌƟŶŐĂĐĐŝĚĞŶƚƐĂŶĚŝŶĐŝĚĞŶƚƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘%#)

=-%.-&/7":*8͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %#$ 9+%1-2+1 ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %(" >,"/+1(-#$+?͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %()

/ÄãÙÊçã®ÊÄ

The handbook has been written under the auspices of the European Union Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Risk Mitigation Centres of Excellence Initiative (EU CBRN CoE). The EU CBRN CoE initiative is funded by the European Commission and implemented in cooperation with the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute and the European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC). The European External Action Service is also involved in the follow-up of the initiative. The initiative is developed with the technical support of relevant international and regional organisations, the EU Member States and other stakeholders, through coherent and effective cooperation at the national, regional and international level. The initiative involves 48 countries in 8 regions of the world. In line with the effort toward mitigation of and preparedness against risks related to CBRN material and agents, the programme includes different activities related to hazardous waste management. In particular, the handbook is one of the outputs of CBRN CoE Project 6 “Knowledge development and transfer of best practice on chemical and biological waste management”, carried out in South East Asia with the valuable participation of representatives from Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam. The Handbook is the result of a collaborative effort of experts working in two different Italian institutions: Fondazione FORMIT (Rome), and Ospedale Luigi Sacco – Azienda Ospedaliera Polo Universitario (Milan), that joined forces and offered their expertise in the chemical and in the biological field respectively.

11

^çÃÃÙù

The Handbook is meant to represent a guidance document describing the several implications that the multidimensional problem of hazardous waste management entails. This is the reason why the reader will approach not only the knowledge of technical procedures for the management of hazardous waste, but also the basics for understanding the legal framework that regulates the issue as well as the security implications of the problem. The Handbook is intended for a diverse audience. The guide can be profitably read by public health managers and policy-makers, hospital managers, environmental health professionals, and all administrators with an interest in and responsibility for waste management. Beside these professionals that may benefit from learning the basics of waste management, this guide is designed to help laboratory supervisors and personnel classify and dispose of waste safely and in compliance with international standards. Moreover, the Handbook can be used for different purposes: • as a planning and management tool • as an educational tool to provide a comprehensive overview of safety, security and health protection aspects of hazardous waste management • as a reference document for site personnel. Finally, it is necessary to say something about the structure of the book. Every topic relevant to hazardous waste management has been treated separately from two points of view: one coming from a team of experts in the chemical field and one from a team of experts in the biological field. This approach is reflected in the structure of the text that sees two separate parts, one treating hazardous chemical waste and one treating biohazardous waste, for most chapters of the manual. 13

EU CBRN RISK MITIGATION CENTRES OF EXCELLENCE INITIATIVE

However, for some topics a different approach has proved more useful: for example, the discussions on the legal aspects of biological and chemical waste management have been integrated in order to accommodate to the similarities that the two subjects present in this field. The list of chapters is the following: 1. Waste management: general considerations 2. Legislation and guidelines on Hazardous Waste Management 3. Identification of substances 4. Waste classification 5. Waste handling general procedures 6. Risk management: first emergency response

14

>®ÝãÊ¥Ùò®ã®ÊÄÝ

ADR

European Agreement concerning the international carriage of Dangerous goods by Road AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ASL Approved Supply List ATE Acute Toxicity Estimates AU African Union BSC Biosafety Cabinet BSL Biosafety Level CAS Chemical Abstract Service CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CEN European Committee for Standardization CHW Chemical Hazardous Waste COSHH Control of Substances Hazardous to Health regulations. CQC Care Quality Commission CW Chemical Waste CWA CEN Workshop Agreement DC District of Columbia DDT Dicloro Difenil Tricloroetano DEFRA English Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs EA Environmental Agency (UK) EBSA European Biosafety Association EC European Commission EDS Effluent Decontamination Systems EEC European Economic Community EFTA European Free Trade Association EINECS European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances EPA Environmental Protection Agency (USA) EU European Union

15


E-Waste EWC FAO FP GHS HCF HCW HCWM HELI HEPA HIV HOC HSE HSHW HW IFCS ILO IMO IMPEL IOMC IPCS JRC LC50 LD50 LDR LEL LICs LoW NGO NIH OECD OAU ODS PAHs PBTs POPs PPE PVC

16

Electronic Waste European Waste Catalogue Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Flash Point Globally Harmonized System Health-Care Facility Health-Care Waste Health-Care Waste Management Health and Environment Linkages Initiative High-efficiency particulate air Human Immunodeficiency Virus Halogenated Organic Compound Health and Safety Executive Hazardous Substance Hazardous Waste Hazardous Waste Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety International Labour Organization International Maritime Organization European Union network for the Implementation and enforcement of Environmental Law Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals International Programme on Chemical Safety Joint Research Centre median Lethal Concentration median Lethal Dose Land Disposal Restrictions Lower Explosive Limit Low-Income Countries List of Waste Non Governmental Organisation National Institutes of Health, US Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Organisation of African Union Ozone-Depleting Substances Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Persistent Bio-accumulative and Toxic substances Persistent Organic Pollutants Personal Protective Equipment Polyvinyl Chloride

HANDBOOK ON CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

RCRA SAICM SDS SPREP SWDA TSDF UEL UK UN UNDP UNEP UNICRI UNIDO UNITAR USA USDA WAPs

– LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Resources Conservation and Recovery Act Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management Safety Data Sheet Secretariat of the Pacific Region Environment Programme Solid Waste Disposal Act Treatment Storage Disposal Facility Upper Explosive Limit United Kingdom United Nation United Nations Development Program United Nations Environmental Program United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute United Nations Industrial Development Organization United Nation Institute for Training And Research United States of America US Department of Agriculture Waste Analysis Plans

17

tÊÙ½®Ýã

Important note about the use of the concept “hazardous waste”(hw) in this document International and national health and safety legislations, aimed at promoting an effective prevention and protection policy, are more concerned on the hazardousness of waste than on its chemical or biological origin; for this reason most of the official definitions (and related management procedures) of Hazardous Waste listed in this manual, deal with chemical, biological as well as radioactive waste: for example in the European legislation (i.e. European Waste Directive) waste can be considered ”hazardous” by the presence of both biological agents and chemical substances For the purpose of this manual “Hazardous Waste” can both be referred to Biological Waste and Chemical Waste; in the paragraphs titled “Chemical overview”, the use of “Chemical Hazardous Waste” and “Hazardous waste” must be considered equivalent. Biohazardous waste Biohazardous waste includes public and private Health-care waste products which may carry human pathogens or biohazards1. Biohazards are infectious agents or hazardous biological materials that present a risk or potential risk to the health of humans, animals or the environment. The risk can be direct through infection or indirect through damage to the environment2. Biohazardous materials include certain types of recombinant DNA; organisms and viruses infectious to humans, animals or plants (e.g. parasites, viruses, bacteria, fungi, prions, rickettsia); biologically active agents (i.e. toxins, allergens, ven1 2

“McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine” The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2002. Source: http://www.biosafety.ucla.edu.

19


oms) that may cause disease in other living organisms or cause significant impact to the environment or community3. Since biohazardous waste originates from health-care facilities and/or research laboratories, it is to be considered as a subcategory of health-care waste. Therefore manuals and scientific papers often refer to “health-care waste” as a comprehensive expression for those descriptions that apply to biohazardous waste too. Biohazardous Waste Management Biohazardous waste management is the segregation, collection, transport, treatment and disposal, managing and monitoring of biohazardous waste materials (see Biohazardous waste). The basic elements of minimal programmes of biohazardous waste management are represented by the following basic actions4: • assessment (quantitative and qualitative) of waste production; • evaluation of local treatment and disposal options; • segregation of biohazardous waste from general (or municipal) waste; • establishment of internal rules for waste handling (storage, colour-coding, collection frequency, etc.); • assignment of responsibilities within the health-care establishment; • choice of suitable-or better-treatment and disposal options. Biosafety Level5 The designation of 4 levels of biosafety originated in the mid-1970s. There are four basic biosafety levels as determined by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and National Institutes of Health (NIH, US Department of State) which describe the microbiological techniques, lab practices, safety equipment, lab facilities and waste management procedures necessary to protect workers and the environment. The levels are designated in ascending order, by degree of protection provided to personnel, the environment, and the community. Standard microbiological practices are common to all laboratories. Special microbiological practices enhance worker safety, environmental protection, and address the risk of handling agents requiring increasing levels of containment. Biosefety Level 1 Biosafety Level 1 is suitable for work involving well-characterized agents not known to consistently cause disease in immunocompetent adult humans, and Id. Safe Management of wastes from health-care activities”, 1st edition, WHO, 1999, p. 168. 5 “Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories”, 5th edition, CDC, 2009, p. 24. 3

4 “

20


– WORD LIST

present minimal potential hazard to laboratory personnel and the environment. BSL-1 laboratories are not necessarily separated from the general traffic patterns in the building. Work is typically conducted on open bench tops using standard microbiological practices. Special containment equipment or facility design is not required, but may be used as determined by appropriate risk assessment. Laboratory personnel must have specific training in the procedures conducted in the laboratory and must be supervised by a scientist with training in microbiology or a related science. Biosefety Level 2 Biosafety Level 2 builds upon BSL-1. BSL-2 is suitable for work involving agents that pose moderate hazards to personnel and the environment. It differs from BSL-1 in that: 1) laboratory personnel have specific training in handling pathogenic agents and are supervised by scientists competent in handling infectious agents and associated procedures; 2) access to the laboratory is restricted when work is being conducted; and 3) all procedures in which infectious aerosols or splashes may be created are conducted in BSCs or other physical containment equipment. Biosefety Level 3 Biosafety Level 3 is applicable to clinical, diagnostic, teaching, research, or production facilities where work is performed with indigenous or exotic agents that may cause serious or potentially lethal disease through the inhalation route of exposure. Laboratory personnel must receive specific training in handling pathogenic and potentially lethal agents, and must be supervised by scientists competent in handling infectious agents and associated procedures. Biosefety Level 4 Biosafety Level 4 is required for work with dangerous and exotic agents that pose a high individual risk of aerosol-transmitted laboratory infections and life-threatening disease that is frequently fatal, for which there are no vaccines or treatments, or a related agent with unknown risk of transmission. Agents with a close or identical antigenic relationship to agents requiring BSL-4 containment must be handled at this level until sufficient data are obtained either to confirm continued work at this level, or re-designate the level. Laboratory staff must have specific and thorough training in handling extremely hazardous infectious agents. Laboratory staff must understand the primary and secondary containment functions of standard and special practices, containment equipment, and laboratory design characteristics. All laboratory staff and supervisors must be competent in handling agents and procedures requiring BSL-4 containment. The laboratory supervisor in accordance with institutional policies controls access to the laboratory.

21


Chemical Hazardous Waste A chemical waste that due to specific parameter (e.g. quantity, concentration, physical and chemical properties) shows a real or potential hazard to human health and the environment. Chemical Substance A “matter of constant composition best characterized by the entities (molecules, formula units, atoms) it is composed of. Physical properties such as density, refractive index, electric conductivity, melting point etc. characterize the chemical substance”6. Chemical Waste Waste made of chemical substances (usually harmful); such general definition can include both chemical byproducts from large manufacturing facilities and laboratories, as well as the smaller-scale solvents and other chemicals disposed of by households. Health-Care Waste Health-care waste includes all the waste generated by health-care establishments, research facilities, and laboratories. In addition, it includes the waste originating from “minor” or “scattered” sources - such as that produced in the course of health-care undertaken at home (dialysis, insulin injections, etc.)7. The concept embraces activities of diagnosis as well as preventive, curative and palliative treatments in the field of human medicine. In other words, all the waste produced by a medical institution (public or private), a medical research facility (public or private) or a laboratory (public or private)8, is to be considered as health-care waste. Risk Group9 Infective microorganisms are commonly classified into risk groups. According to the WHO, the drafting of classification of microorganisms by risk group, should always take into account: 1. Pathogenicity of the organism. 2. Mode of transmission and host range of the organism. These may be influenced by existing levels of immunity in the local population, density and movement of the host population, presence of appropriate vectors, and standards of environmental hygiene. Source: http://goldbook.iupac.org/C01039.html “Safe Management of wastes from health-care activities”, 2nd edition, WHO, 2013, p.3. 8 “Preparation of National Health-care Waste Management Plans in Sub-Saharan Countries”, UNEP-WHO, 2004, p. 8 9 “Laboratory Biosafety Manual”, 3rd edition, WHO, 2004, p.1. 6 7

22


– WORD LIST

3. Local availability of effective preventive measures. These may include: prophylaxis by immunization or administration of antisera (passive immunization); sanitary measures, e.g. food and water hygiene; control of animal reservoirs or arthropod vectors. 4. Local availability of effective treatment. This includes passive immunization, postexposure vaccination and use of antimicrobials, antivirals and chemotherapeutic agents, and should take into consideration the possibility of the emergence of drug-resistant strains10. This manual adopts the WHO Risk Group classification system (see Table 1 below)

3"%.+(@(A(9!B(C-1'(D7&6:1 ZŝƐŬ'ƌŽƵƉϭ ;ŶŽŽƌůŽǁŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂŶĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇƌŝƐŬͿ

ZŝƐŬ'ƌŽƵƉϮ ;ŵŽĚĞƌĂƚĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƌŝƐŬ͕ůŽǁĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇƌŝƐŬͿ

ZŝƐŬ'ƌŽƵƉϯ ;ŚŝŐŚŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƌŝƐŬ͕ůŽǁĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇƌŝƐŬͿ

ZŝƐŬ'ƌŽƵƉϰ ŚŝŐŚŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂŶĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇƌŝƐŬͿ

ŵŝĐƌŽŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ƵŶůŝŬĞůǇ ƚŽ ĐĂƵƐĞ ŚƵŵĂŶ Žƌ ĂŶŝŵĂůĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ ƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĐĂƵƐĞŚƵŵĂŶŽƌĂŶŝŵĂůĚŝƐĞĂƐĞďƵƚ ŝƐ ƵŶůŝŬĞůǇ ƚŽ ďĞ Ă ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐ ŚĂǌĂƌĚ ƚŽ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͕ ƚŚĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ͕ůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬŽƌƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞƐ ŵĂǇ ĐĂƵƐĞ ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐ ŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶ͕ ďƵƚ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞ ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟǀĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐĂƌĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂŶĚƚŚĞ ƌŝƐŬŽĨƐƉƌĞĂĚŽĨŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶŝƐůŝŵŝƚĞĚ͘ ƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶƚŚĂƚƵƐƵĂůůǇĐĂƵƐĞƐƐĞƌŝŽƵƐŚƵŵĂŶŽƌĂŶŝŵĂů ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞďƵƚĚŽĞƐŶŽƚŽƌĚŝŶĂƌŝůǇƐƉƌĞĂĚĨƌŽŵŽŶĞŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƚŽĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ͘īĞĐƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟǀĞ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐĂƌĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘ ƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶƚŚĂƚƵƐƵĂůůǇĐĂƵƐĞƐƐĞƌŝŽƵƐŚƵŵĂŶŽƌĂŶŝŵĂů ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĂƚ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƌĞĂĚŝůǇ ƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƩĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ŽŶĞ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ƚŽ ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ͕ ĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇ Žƌ ŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇ͘ īĞĐƟǀĞ ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƟǀĞ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŶŽƚ ƵƐƵĂůůǇ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘

It is possible to relate, but not to “equate” risk groups to the biosafety level of laboratories (See Biosafety level) designed to work with organisms in each risk group. Waste Waste includes substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national law.!!

Id. p. 2 Basel convention on the control of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal (1989) p. 16. 10 11

23

^ÊÖÊ¥ã«ÃÄç½ÄÃã«ÊÊ½Ê¦ù

Correct and sound hazardous waste management includes a long and complex cycle with several procedures. Firstly, hazardous chemical and biological waste is produced, collected, transported, processed or disposed, managed and monitored within certain facilities (public or private): chemical and biological laboratories, medical institutions, medical research facilities, etc. This represents the first big step of the process. After, hazardous wastes are subjected to a second phase of procedures outside the facility before arriving to their ultimate destination for their final disposal. We can therefore identify two phases within the cycle of waste management. They are carried out in different places, with different procedures, by different workers: the first phase is carried out “inside” the facility, while the second is completed “outside” it. The aim of this manual is not to cover the entire hazardous waste management cycle. Instead, the manual focuses its attention to every aspect of the first phase: the waste management “inside” the facility. However, it is important to notice that there is a close link between the “inside” phase and the “outside” phase: for example, some of the activities performed in the facility are meant to be preparatory for those actions that will be carried out “outside”. As a consequence, some mention of this last type of activities is functional to the comprehensiveness of this handbook. In light of these approach, some general terms related to the topic of our interest shall be characterized as follows: “Facility”, generally defined as place, amenity, or piece of equipment provided for a particular purpose12, for the purposes of this manual shall mean “laboratory”. Both expressions, “facility” and “laboratory”, have to be intended as including (both public and private) chemical laboratories, hospital’s laboratories, veterinary laboratories and research centres. 12

Source: http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/facility 25


“In-House Hazardous Waste Management” shall mean segregation, collection, packaging, labelling, treatment, non permanent storage and (if allowed) disposal of hazardous waste “inside” the Facilities. “Out-of-House Hazardous Waste management” shall mean collection, packaging, labelling, treatment, transport and disposal of hazardous wastes or other wastes, including after-care of disposal sites “outside” the facilities. The purpose of this manual is to present an overview of the international practices on Hazardous Chemical and Biological In-House Waste management to raise awareness on the safety and security concerns associated with toxic chemical and bio-hazardous waste materials. The choice to focus the attention on In-House Waste Management is due to many reasons: First of all, in order to properly discuss about hazardous waste, we need to know how and through which procedures the waste has been produced. It is necessary to analyze the characteristics of the facility itself as well as the handled materials and equipments. According to this approach, in order to study both biological and chemical hazardous waste management, we certainly have to start from the structure where potentially hazardous waste production takes place. Secondly, the proper management of hazardous waste in the facility can decrease the amount of waste and the risk connected to handling the materials. Effectively, in some circumstances the entire “waste cycle” could be closed within the facility itself through particular procedures and in other circumstances, we can at least considerably decrease the amount of hazardous waste within the facility itself; in such cases biohazardous waste (e.g. through special autoclaving procedures) and chemical hazardous waste (e.g. neutralizing very strong acid or basic mixtures) could be transformed in non-hazardous waste. Thirdly, the study of the waste management cycle within the facility allows the identification of roles and responsibilities of the staff. Furthermore, a good waste management can contribute to the creation of a safe and secure workplace within a sound safety and security management system. One of the main results of this approach is that, if appropriate measures are taken, the risk of incidents, which may involve not only workers but also the population and the environment, will substantially decrease. Finally, the choice of dealing with hazardous waste management “inside” the facility aims at respecting the requirements of CBRN Centres of Excellence Project 6 Knowledge development and transfer of best practices on chemical and biological waste management13 that gives rise to this manual. Within this framework, this manual is intended as a tool for introducing the theoretical framework of Haz13

26

Source: http://www.cbrn-coe.eu/


– SCOPE OF THE MANUAL AND METHODOLOGY

ardous Waste Management and identify some of the possible recipients of this handbook as follows: Laboratory Staff including: • Laboratory Management Staff (e.g. head of a facility, in charge for the activities planning, structure protection, implementation of National regulations or practices) • Laboratory General Staff (e.g. medical doctors, researchers, laboratory technicians) Large scale practitioners meaning: • Laboratory Support Staff (workers in support services like operators of waste treatment equipment, and all operators involved in waste handling) According to this approach, the manual doesn’t deal with Out-of-house transportation and disposal of procedures, but wishes to promote safe and secure practices of In-House Hazardous Waste for all the above mentioned “In-House” worker categories 1 and 2. Despite the similar methodological approach to both chemical and biological waste and the effort to highlight common issues, the chapters of this manual are divided into two parts (chemical and biological), to reflect the inevitable differences (technical, legal, etc.) between the two areas and to facilitate a focused use of the document.

27

@

ĂͿ ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ͕ ƚƌĞĂƚͲ ŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐƉŽƐĂů ŽĨ ǁĂƐƚĞ͕ ;ďͿĐŽŶƚƌŽů͕ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞŐƵůĂͲ ƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ͕ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĚŝƐƉŽƐĂů ŽĨǁĂƐƚĞ ;ĐͿ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶ ŽĨ ǁĂƐƚĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐͲ ƟŽŶ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŝŶͶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŵŽĚŝĮͲ ĐĂƟŽŶƐ͕ƌĞƵƐĞĂŶĚƌĞĐǇĐůŝŶŐ͘

;ŝͿtĂƐƚĞƐƚŚĂƚďĞůŽŶŐƚŽĂŶǇĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚŝŶR:S :+#$-?(ϭƚŽƚŚŝƐĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƵŶůĞƐƐƚŚĞǇĚŽŶŽƚƉŽƐƐĞƐƐĂŶǇ ŽĨƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚŝŶR::+#$-?(EƚŽƚŚŝƐĞͲ ĐŝƐŝŽŶ͖ ;ŝŝͿtĂƐƚĞƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞŶŽƚĐŽǀĞƌĞĚƵŶĚĞƌƐƵďͲƉĂƌĂŐƌĂƉŚϮ͘;ŝͿ ďƵƚ ĂƌĞ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ĂƐ͕ Žƌ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ͕ ŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐ ǁĂƐƚĞƐďǇƚŚĞĚŽŵĞƐƟĐůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞDĞŵďĞƌĐŽƵŶS 278(&4(+?:&72T(-,:&72(&7(27"#1-2͘DĞŵďĞƌĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐƐŚĂůů ŶŽƚďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĞŶĨŽƌĐĞůĂǁƐŽƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶƚŚĞŝƌŽǁŶ͘

htĂƐƚĞ &ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ŝƌĞĐƟǀĞ

ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ͕ƌĞĐŽǀĞƌǇĂŶĚ ĚŝƐƉŽƐĂů ŽĨ ǁĂƐƚĞ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƐƵĐŚ ŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚƚŚĞĂŌĞƌĐĂƌĞŽĨĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůƐŝƚĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ĂĐƟŽŶƐ ƚĂŬĞŶ ĂƐ Ă ĚĞĂůĞƌŽƌďƌŽŬĞƌ

;ĂͿǁĂƐƚĞ ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĞĚ ĂƐ ŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐ ǁĂƐƚĞ ĨĞĂƚƵƌŝŶŐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ůŝƐƚĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚďǇŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶĞĐŝƐŝŽŶϮϬϬϬͬϱϯϮͬ;ϭͿ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ďĂƐŝƐ ŽĨ R##+?+1( >( "#$( >> ƚŽ ͞tĂƐƚĞ &ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ŝƌĞĐƟǀĞ͘͟dŚŝƐǁĂƐƚĞŵƵƐƚŚĂǀĞŽŶĞŽƌŵŽƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽƉͲ ĞƌƟĞƐůŝƐƚĞĚŝŶR##+?(>>>>>͘

ĂŵĂŬŽ ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ

ƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŚĂǌͲ ĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ͕ ƐƚŽƌĂŐĞ͕ ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ ĞŝͲ ƚŚĞƌĨŽƌƌĞͲƵƐĞŽƌĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨŚĂǌͲ ĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŌĞƌͲĐĂƌĞ ŽĨĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůƐŝƚĞƐ

;ĂͿtĂƐƚĞƐƚŚĂƚďĞůŽŶŐƚŽĂŶǇĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚŝŶR#S #+?(>ŽĨƚŚŝƐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ͖ ;ďͿ tĂƐƚĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ŶŽƚ ĐŽǀĞƌĞĚ ƵŶĚĞƌ ƉĂƌĂŐƌĂƉŚ ;ĂͿ ĂďŽǀĞďƵƚĂƌĞĚĞĮŶĞĚĂƐ͕ŽƌĂƌĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚƚŽďĞ͕ŚĂǌͲ ĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞƐďǇƚŚĞĚŽŵĞƐƟĐůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ^ƚĂƚ ĞŽĨĞǆƉŽƌƚ͕ŝŵƉŽƌƚŽƌƚƌĂŶƐŝƚ͖ ;ĐͿtĂƐƚĞƐǁŚŝĐŚƉŽƐƐĞƐƐĂŶǇŽĨƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐĐŽŶͲ ƚĂŝŶĞĚŝŶR##+?(>>ŽĨƚŚŝƐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ͖ ;ĚͿ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚŝĐŚŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶďĂŶŶĞĚ͕ĐĂŶͲ ĐĞůĞĚ Žƌ ƌĞĨƵƐĞĚ ƌĞŐŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ ďǇ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ƌĞŐƵůĂƚŽƌǇ ĂĐƟŽŶ͕ŽƌǀŽůƵŶƚĂƌŝůǇǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŶĨƌŽŵƌĞŐŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ͕ŝŶƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇŽĨŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌĞ͕ĨŽƌŚƵŵĂŶŚĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶͲ ŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞĂƐŽŶƐ

>ŽŶĚŽŶWƌŽƚŽĐŽů

38


– GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

tĂŝŐĂŵŝ ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ

ƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŚĂǌͲ ĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ͕ƐƚŽƌĂŐĞ͕ĂŶĚƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ Žƌ ĚŝƐƉŽƐĂů͕ ŽĨ ŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐ ǁĂƐƚĞƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŌĞƌͲĐĂƌĞŽĨ ĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůƐŝƚĞƐ

;ĂͿtĂƐƚĞƐƚŚĂƚďĞůŽŶŐƚŽĂŶǇĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚŝŶŶͲ ŶĞǆ/ŽĨƚŚŝƐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ͕ƵŶůĞƐƐƚŚĞǇĚŽŶŽƚƉŽƐƐĞƐƐĂŶǇŽĨ ƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚŝŶŶŶĞǆ//ŽĨƚŚŝƐ ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ͖ ;ďͿtĂƐƚĞƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞŶŽƚĐŽǀĞƌĞĚƵŶĚĞƌƐƵďͲƉĂƌĂŐƌĂƉŚ;ĂͿ ĂďŽǀĞ͕ďƵƚǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞĚĞĮŶĞĚĂƐ͕ŽƌĂƌĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚƚŽďĞ͕ ŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐ ǁĂƐƚĞƐ ďǇ ƚŚĞ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů ůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞǆƉŽƌƟŶŐ͕ ŝŵͲ ƉŽƌƟŶŐ Žƌ ƚƌĂŶƐŝƚ WĂƌƚǇ ƚŽ͕ ĨƌŽŵ Žƌ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƐƵĐŚ ǁĂƐƚĞƐĂƌĞƚŽďĞƐĞŶƚ

ZZ ZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ZĞĐŽǀĞƌǇĐƚ

ƚŚĞ ƐǇƐƚĞŵĂƟĐ ĐŽŶƚƌŽů ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽůͲ ĂǁĂƐƚĞǁŝƚŚƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐƚŚĂƚŵĂŬĞŝƚĚĂŶŐĞƌŽƵƐŽƌƉŽƚĞŶͲ ůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ ƐŽƵƌĐĞ ƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ͕ ƐƚŽƌͲ ƟĂůůǇŚĂƌŵĨƵůƚŽŚƵŵĂŶŚĞĂůƚŚŽƌƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘ ĂŐĞ͕ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶ͕ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ͕ ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ͕ ƌĞĐŽǀĞƌǇ͕ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐƉŽƐĂů ŽĨŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞ͘

^ƵŵŵĂƌǇŽĨŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůůǇĐŽͲƐŚĂƌĞĚĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨ͞,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞ͟ĂŶĚ͞,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞDĂŶͲ ĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͟

@ĂďĞůůŝŶŐŽĨŚĞŵͲ ŝĐĂůƐ;',^Ϳ The “Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)” (developed and implemented by UNECE-United Nations) addresses classification of chemicals by types of hazard and proposes harmonized hazard communication elements, including labels and Safety Data Sheets. It aims at ensuring that information on physical hazards and toxicity from chemicals be available in order to enhance the protection of human health and the environment during the handling, transport and use of these chemicals. The GHS also provides a basis for harmonization of rules and regulations on chemicals at national, regional and worldwide level, an important factor also for trade facilitation. While governments, regional institutions and international organizations are the primary audiences for the GHS, it also contains sufficient context and guidance for those in industry who will ultimately be implementing the requirements which have been adopted. The first edition of the GHS (2002) was intended to serve as the initial basis for the global implementation of the system, Afterwards the GHS has been updated, revised and improved every two years as needs arise and experience is gained in its implementation. In a schematic way, GHS Provides: • harmonized criteria for classification of substances and mixtures according to their physical, health and environmental hazards • harmonized hazard communication element (e.g. Pictograms) including requirements for labels and safety data sheets GHS covers: • all hazardous chemicals (The mode of application of its hazard communication elements may vary by product category or stage in the life cycle) GHS’s target audiences: • consumers • workers, including transport workers • emergency responders

100

HANDBOOK ON CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT – IDENTIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES AND BIOLOGICAL AGENTS

The fourth GHS revised Edition (2011)227 is divided in 4 part (plus 10 Annexes): Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Physical Hazard Part 3: Health Hazard Part 4: Environmental hazard

PART 1: Introduction Purpose and scope GHS: • “describes the classification criteria and the hazard communication elements by type of hazard (e.g. acute toxicity, flammability)” • “does NOT include establishment of uniform test methods or promotion of further testing to address adverse health outcomes” • “is NOT intended to harmonize risk assessment procedure or risk management decision (such as establishment of a permissible exposure limit for employee exposure)” • Set up the “building block approach” Hazard definition: GHS document defines three hazard groups: Hazard Group are three: • Physical hazard • Health Hazard • Environmental Hazard Hazard Class: the different types of hazards comprised within the Hazard Group (e.g. gases under pressure is an hazard class in the physical hazards group) Hazard Category: the sub-sections of classes (e.g. Self-Reactive Chemicals have 7 categories) Each Category has rules or criteria to determine what chemicals are assigned to that category. Each Category has numbers (or letters) with category 1 (or A) being the most hazardous. An example of Classification is: Hazard Group (e.g. Health Hazard) Hazard Class (e.g. Carcinogenicity) Hazard Categories (e.g. Carcinogenicity Category 1A). 227

Source: http://www.unece.org/?id=25985. 101


Methodology: The Building Block Approach Each Hazard Class/Categories is a “building block”: any Competent Authorities may decide which Building Block they apply for the classification of substance or mixture of substance (even if once a building block is chosen, it is not possible to change the related criteria). In other word “countries are free to determine which of the building blocks will be applied in different parts of their systems228” Competent Authorities have the possibility not to apply all the categories229. Classification of Hazardous Substance and Mixtures Concept of “classification” The term “hazard classification” indicates that only the intrinsic hazardous properties of substances or mixtures are considered. Hazard classification incorporates 3 consecutive steps: 1) identification of relevant data regarding the hazards of a substance or mixture. 2) review of those data to ascertain the hazards associated with the substance or mixture 3) a decision on whether the substance or mixture will be classified as a hazardous substance or mixture and the degree of hazard, where appropriate, by comparison of the data with agreed hazard classification criteria. Classification criteria230 The classification criteria for substances and mixtures are specifically described for each hazard class or a group. The recommended process of classification of mixtures is based on the following sequence: 1) if test data are available, the classification of the mixture will always be based on that data. 2) if test data are not available, then “bridging principles” included and explained in each specific chapter should be considered to see whether they permit classification of the mixture itself. 3) If test data are not available, and the available information are not sufficient to allow application of the above mentioned bridging principles, then the agreed method(s) described in each chapter for estimating the hazards based on the information known will be applied to classify the mixture.

228 Source: http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/danger/publi/ghs/GHS_presentations/ English/purpose_e.pdf 229 Id. p. 9. 230 Id. p. 18.

102


GHS “Working” definition of: Substance, Mixture and Alloy231 Substance Chemical elements and their compounds in the natural state or obtained by any production process, including any additive necessary to preserve the stability of the product and any impurities deriving from the process used, but excluding any solvent which may be separated without affecting the stability of the substance or changing its composition. Mixture Mixtures or solutions composed of two or more substances in which they do not react. Alloy An alloy is a metallic material, homogeneous on a macroscopic scale, consisting of two or more elements so combined that they cannot be readily separated by mechanical means. Alloys are considered to be mixtures for the purpose of classification under the GHS. Cut-off values/concentration limits232 Generic cut-off values or concentration limits for the classified ingredients of the mixture are used to classify an untested mixture; this procedure is used for several hazard classes in the GHS. Hazard Communication: Labelling GHS aims to develop an harmonized hazard communication system, including labelling, safety data sheets and easily understandable symbols, based on the classification criteria developed for the GHS. The labelling standard is basically the same as UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Model Regulations but with some exception233:”UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Model Regulations, encompasses only the most severe hazard categories of the acute toxicity hazard class. This system would not label substances or mixtures falling within the scope of the less severe hazard categories (e.g. those falling within the oral range > 300 mg/kg). However, should the scope of that system be amended to incorporate substances and mixtures falling in these less severe hazard categories, they should be labelled with the appropriate GHS labelling tools. The use of different cut-off values to determine which products are labelled in a hazard category would be contrary to harmonization”. Target Audience: Workers, Consumers, Emergency Responders and Transporters.

Id. p. 21. Id. p. 22. 233 Id. p. 23. 231 232

103


Application of standardization in the harmonized system234 Labels, hazard symbols, signal words and hazard statements have all been standardized and should not be subject to variation (requirements indicated in the document should be followed). As for Safety Data Sheet, GHS provides a standardized format for the presentation of information on SDS. Total Harmonization of the precautionary statements has not been still achieved in the current GHS, anyway a guidance to aid in the selection of appropriate statements is provided. Use of non-standardized or supplemental information235 Several other label elements could appear on the GHS’s standardized label; sometimes these clearly need to be included on the label (e.g. precautionary statements); in such cases, the competent authorities may require additional information (or suppliers may choose to add supplementary information on their own initiative). In order to ensure that the use of non-standardized information does not lead to unnecessarily wide variation in information or undermine GHS information, the use of supplementary information should be limited to the following circumstances: the supplementary information provides further detail and does not contradict or pose doubt on the validity of the standardized hazard information. In either instance, the supplementary information should not lower standards of protection. Labelling Procedures The standard procedure for preparing labels: • Allocation of label elements; • Reproduction of the symbol; • Reproduction of the hazard pictogram; • Signal words; • Hazard statements; • Precautionary statements and pictograms; • Product and supplier identification; • Multiple hazards and precedence of information; • Arrangements for presenting the GHS label elements; • Special labelling arrangements Label elements: The label elements (symbol, signal word, hazard statement) of each hazard class are described in details in the tables in the individual chapters of GHS. 234 235

104

Id. p. 25. Id. p. 26.


Hazard categories reflect the harmonized classification criteria. Allocation of label elements is schematically provided. Hazard symbols: These are the standard symbols236 which should be used in the GHS.

dŚĞ',^͛ƐŶŝŶĞŽĸĐŝĂůƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ,ĂǌĂƌĚƐǇŵďŽů͘

Pictograms237 Definitions: A pictogram means a graphical composition that may include a symbol plus other graphic elements, such as a border, background pattern or colour that is intended to convey specific information. Shape and colour All hazard pictograms used in the GHS should be in the shape of a square set at a point. For transport, the pictograms (commonly referred to as labels in transport regulations) prescribed by the UN Model Regulations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods should be used. The UN Model Regulations prescribe transport pictogram specifications including colour, symbols, size, background contrast, additional safety information (e.g. hazard class) and general format. Transport pictograms are required to have minimum dimensions of 100 mm by 100 mm, with some exceptions for allowing 236 Id. p. 29:“With the exception of the new symbol which will be used for certain health hazards and the exclamation mark, they are part of the standard symbol set used in the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Model Regulations”. 237 Id. p. 29.

105


smaller pictograms for very small packaging and for gas cylinders. Transport pictograms include the symbol in the upper half of the label. The UN Model Regulations require that transport pictograms be printed or affixed to a packaging on a background of contrasting colour. The picture below238 shows respectively, for example, the assigned pictogram, signal word and hazard statement for each hazard category of the hazard class “Explosives”. Where the hazard class and or categories are covered under the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Model Regulations, the assigned corresponding pictogram is given for each category below the GHS requirements.

',^͛ƐƉŝĐƚŽŐƌĂŵ͕ƐŝŐŶĂůǁŽƌĚĂŶĚŚĂǌĂƌĚƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌĞĂĐŚ,ĂǌĂƌĚĂƚĞŐŽƌǇŽĨƚŚĞ,ĂǌĂƌĚůĂƐƐ͗ ͞ǆƉůŽƐŝǀĞƐ͟

238 Source: http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev04/English/05e_ annex1.pdf

106


Allocation of label elements Where a UN Model Regulations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods pictogram appears on a label, a GHS pictogram for the same hazard should not appear. The GHS pictograms not required for the transport of dangerous goods should not be displayed on freight containers, road vehicles or railway wagons/tanks. Information required on a GHS label 1) Signal words A signal word is a word used to indicate the relative level of severity of hazard and alert the reader to a potential hazard on the label. The signal words used in the GHS are: • Danger • Warning “Danger” is mostly used for the more severe hazard categories (i.e. in the main for hazard categories 1 and 2), while “Warning” is mostly used for the less severe. The tables in the individual Chapters for each hazard class detail the signal words that have been assigned to each of the hazard categories of the GHS. 2) Hazard statements A hazard statement: a phrase assigned to a hazard class and category that describes the nature of the hazards of a hazardous product, including, where appropriate, the degree of hazard. The tables of label elements in the individual chapters for each hazard class detail the hazard statements that have been assigned to each of the hazard categories of the GHS; Hazard statements and a code uniquely identifying each one are listed in section 1 of GHS’s Annex 3. The hazard statement code is intended to be used for reference purposes. It is not part of the hazard statement text and should not be used to replace it. There are 72 individual and 17 combined Hazard statements where a unique alphanumerical code is assigned (made by one letter and three numbers): 1. the letter “H” (for “hazard statement”); 2. a number for each Hazard Category: “2 “ = Physical Hazard “3” = Health Hazard “4” = Environmental Hazard 3. two numbers corresponding to the sequential numbering of hazards arising from the intrinsic properties of the substance or mixture, such as explosive properties (codes from 200 to 210), flammability (codes from 220 to 230), etc.

107


Examples: H201: Explosive; mass explosion hazard H224: Extremely flammable liquid and vapour H303: May be harmful if swallowed H401: Toxic to aquatic life 3) Precautionary statements and pictograms A precautionary statement it a phrase (and/or pictogram) that describes recommended measures that should be taken to minimize or prevent adverse effects resulting from exposure to a hazardous product, or improper storage or handling of a hazardous product. The GHS label should include appropriate precautionary information, the choice of which is with the labeller or the competent authority. Examples of precautionary statements, which can be used, and also examples of precautionary pictograms, which can be used where allowed by the competent authority are reported. There are 116 individual and 33 combined Precautionary statements where a unique alphanumerical code is assigned (made by one letter and three numbers): • the letter “P” (for “precautionary statement”); • one number designating the type of precautionary statement as follows: - “1” for general precautionary statements - “2” for prevention precautionary statements - “3” for response precautionary statement - “4” for storage precautionary statements - “5” for disposal precautionary statements • Two numbers (corresponding to the sequential numbering of precautionary statements) Examples: P222: Don’t allow contact with air P331: Do NOT induce vomiting P402: Store in a dry place P502: Refer to manufacturer/supplier for information on recovery/recycling 4) Product identifier A product identifier should be used on a GHS label and it should match the product identifier used on the SDS. Where a substance or mixture is covered by the UN Model Regulations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, the UN proper shipping name should also be used on the package 5) Supplier identification The name, address and telephone number of the manufacturer or supplier of the substance or mixture should be provided on the label 108


Hazard Communication: safety data sheets (SDS)239 The SDS provide information about a substance or mixture for use in workplace for both employers and workers; it’s a reference source of information about hazards (e.g. environmental hazards) and includes advice on safety precautions. SDS is the cornerstone for the management of hazardous chemicals enabling the employer 1) to take any measure necessary to protect workers (including training, which is specific to the individual workplace). 2) to consider any measures which may be necessary to protect the environment. Hazard class cut-off value/concentration limit An SDS should be provided based on the generic cut-off values/concentration limits indicated in the table below. ,ĂǌĂƌĚůĂƐƐ

ƵƚŽīsĂůƵĞͬŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ>ŝŵŝƚƐ@

ĐƵƚĞƚŽǆŝĐŝƚǇ

шϭ͘Ϭй

^ŬŝŶĐŽƌƌŽƐŝŽŶͬ/ƌƌŝƚĂƟŽŶ

шϭ͘Ϭй

^ĞƌŝŽƵƐĞǇĞĚĂŵĂŐĞͬĞǇĞŝƌƌŝƚĂƟŽŶ

шϭ͘Ϭй

ZĞƐƉŝƌĂƚŽƌǇͬ^ŬŝŶƐĞŶƐŝƟǌĂƟŽŶ

шϬ͘ϭй

'ĞƌŵĐĞůůŵƵƚĂŐĞŶŝĐŝƚǇ;ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϭͿ

шϬ͘ϭй

'ĞƌŵĐĞůůŵƵƚĂŐĞŶŝĐŝƚǇ;ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϮͿ

шϭ͘Ϭй

ĂƌĐŝŶŽŐĞŶŝĐŝƚǇ

шϬ͘ϭй

ZĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞƚŽǆŝĐŝƚǇ

шϬ͘ϭй

^ƉĞĐŝĮĐƚĂƌŐĞƚŽƌŐĂŶƚŽǆŝĐŝƚǇ;ƐŝŶŐůĞĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞͿ

шϭ͘Ϭй

ƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶŚĂǌĂƌĚ;ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϭͿ

шϭϬйŽĨĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϭŝŶŐƌĞĚŝĞŶƚ;ƐͿĂŶĚŬŝŶĞŵĂƟĐ ǀŝƐĐŽƐŝƚǇхϮϬ͘ϱŵŵϮͬƐĂƚϰϬȗ

ƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶŚĂǌĂƌĚ;ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϮͿ

шϭϬйŽĨĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϮŝŶŐƌĞĚŝĞŶƚ;ƐͿĂŶĚŬŝŶĞŵĂƟĐ ǀŝƐĐŽƐŝƚǇхϭϰŵŵϮͬƐĂƚϰϬȗ

,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐƚŽƚŚĞĂƋƵĂƟĐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ

шϭ͘Ϭй

ƵƚŽīǀĂůƵĞƐͬĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶůŝŵŝƚƐĨŽƌĞĂĐŚŚĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŚĂǌĂƌĚĐůĂƐƐ

SDS format240 The information in the SDS should be presented using the following 16 headings in the following order: 1. Identification 2. Hazard(s) identification 3. Composition/information on ingredients 239 240

Id. p. 35. Id. p. 37. 109


4. First-aid measures 5. Fire-fighting measures 6. Accidental release measures 7. Handling and storage 8. Exposure controls/personal protection 9. Physical and chemical properties 10. Stability and reactivity 11. Toxicological information 12. Ecological information 13. Disposal considerations 14. Transport information 15. Regulatory information 16. Other information. The SDS should provide a clear description of the data used to identify the hazards. The minimum information (see Table below) should be included, where applicable241 and available, on the SDS . If specific information is not applicable or not available under a particular subheading, the SDS should clearly state this. Additional information may be required by competent authorities. From the point of view of this manual, section 13 of SDS is preeminent: it deals with “Description of WASTE residues and information on their safe handling and methods of disposal, including the disposal of any contaminated packaging”. Technical information for the correct disposal procedures will be provided in Chapter 5 of this book. Minimum information for an SDS !

/ĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨƚŚĞ ƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ ŽƌŵŝǆƚƵƌĞĂŶĚ ŽĨƚŚĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞƌ

;ĂͿ',^WƌŽĚƵĐƚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞƌ͖ ;ďͿKƚŚĞƌŵĞĂŶƐŽĨŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ͖ ;ĐͿZĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĞĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĂŶĚƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƟŽŶƐŽŶƵƐĞ͖ ;ĚͿ^ƵƉƉůŝĞƌ͛ƐĚĞƚĂŝůƐ;ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶĂŵĞ͕ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ͕ƉŚŽŶĞŶƵŵďĞƌĞƚĐ͘Ϳ͖ ;ĞͿŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇƉŚŽŶĞŶƵŵďĞƌ

%

,ĂǌĂƌĚƐ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ

ĂͿ',^ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞͬŵŝǆƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĂŶǇŶĂƟŽŶĂůŽƌƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͖ ;ďͿ',^ůĂďĞůĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĐĂƵƟŽŶĂƌǇƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘;,ĂǌĂƌĚƐǇŵďŽůƐ ŵĂǇďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĂƐĂŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐǇŵďŽůƐŝŶďůĂĐŬĂŶĚǁŚŝƚĞ ŽƌƚŚĞŶĂŵĞŽĨƚŚĞƐǇŵďŽůĞ͘Ő͘͞ŇĂŵĞ͕͟͞ƐŬƵůůĂŶĚĐƌŽƐƐďŽŶĞƐ͟Ϳ͖ ;ĐͿKƚŚĞƌŚĂǌĂƌĚƐǁŚŝĐŚĚŽŶŽƚƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ;Ğ͘Ő͘͞ĚƵƐƚĞǆƉůŽƐŝŽŶ ŚĂǌĂƌĚ͟ͿŽƌĂƌĞŶŽƚĐŽǀĞƌĞĚďǇƚŚĞ',^

241 Id pg 37 Where “applicable” means where the information is applicable to the specific product covered by the SDS. Where “available” means where the information is available to the supplier or other entity that is preparing the SDS.

110


"

ŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶͬ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŽŶŝŶŐƌĞĚŝĞŶƚƐ

^ƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ ;ĂͿŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝĚĞŶƟƚǇ͖ ;ďͿŽŵŵŽŶŶĂŵĞ͕ƐǇŶŽŶǇŵƐ͕ĞƚĐ͖͘ ;ĐͿ^ŶƵŵďĞƌĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƵŶŝƋƵĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĞƌƐ͖ ;ĚͿ/ŵƉƵƌŝƟĞƐĂŶĚƐƚĂďŝůŝǌŝŶŐĂĚĚŝƟǀĞƐǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐĐůĂƐƐŝĮĞĚĂŶĚ ǁŚŝĐŚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽƚŚĞĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ͘ DŝǆƚƵƌĞ dŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝĚĞŶƟƚǇĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƌĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĂůů ŝŶŐƌĞĚŝĞŶƚƐǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĂŶŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞ',^ĂŶĚĂƌĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂďŽǀĞƚŚĞŝƌĐƵƚͲŽīůĞǀĞůƐ͘ EKd͗&ŽƌŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶŝŶŐƌĞĚŝĞŶƚƐ͕ƚŚĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶƚĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƚǇƌƵůĞƐĨŽƌ/ ƚĂŬĞƉƌŝŽƌŝƚǇŽǀĞƌƚŚĞƌƵůĞƐĨŽƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ

'

&ŝƌƐƚͲĂŝĚ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ

;ĂͿĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶŽĨŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ͕ƐƵďĚŝǀŝĚĞĚĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƌŽƵƚĞƐŽĨĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ͕ŝ͘Ğ͘ŝŶŚĂůĂƟŽŶ͕ƐŬŝŶĂŶĚĞǇĞĐŽŶƚĂĐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐĞƐƟŽŶ͖ ;ďͿDŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƐǇŵƉƚŽŵƐͬĞīĞĐƚƐ͕ĂĐƵƚĞĂŶĚĚĞůĂǇĞĚ͘ ;ĐͿ/ŶĚŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞŵĞĚŝĐĂůĂƩĞŶƟŽŶĂŶĚƐƉĞĐŝĂůƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŶĞĞĚĞĚ͕ŝĨ ŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇ͘

#

&ŝƌĞͲĮŐŚƟŶŐ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ

;ĂͿ^ƵŝƚĂďůĞ;ĂŶĚƵŶƐƵŝƚĂďůĞͿĞǆƟŶŐƵŝƐŚŝŶŐŵĞĚŝĂ͘ ;ďͿ^ƉĞĐŝĮĐŚĂǌĂƌĚƐĂƌŝƐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŚĞŵŝĐĂů;Ğ͘Ő͘ŶĂƚƵƌĞŽĨĂŶǇŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐ ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐͿ͘ ;ĐͿ^ƉĞĐŝĂůƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƉƌĞĐĂƵƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĮƌĞͲĮŐŚƚĞƌƐ

(

ĐĐŝĚĞŶƚĂů ƌĞůĞĂƐĞ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ

;ĂͿWĞƌƐŽŶĂůƉƌĞĐĂƵƟŽŶƐ͕ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐ͘ ;ďͿŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůƉƌĞĐĂƵƟŽŶƐ͘ ;ĐͿDĞƚŚŽĚƐĂŶĚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĨŽƌĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĐůĞĂŶŝŶŐƵƉ

)

,ĂŶĚůŝŶŐĂŶĚ ƐƚŽƌĂŐĞ

;ĂͿWƌĞĐĂƵƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐĂĨĞŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐ͘ ;ďͿŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐĂĨĞƐƚŽƌĂŐĞ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŶǇŝŶĐŽŵƉĂƟďŝůŝƟĞƐ͘

ϴ

ǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ ĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐͬ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ

;ĂͿŽŶƚƌŽůƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐĞ͘Ő͘ŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶĂůĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞůŝŵŝƚǀĂůƵĞƐŽƌďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ůŝŵŝƚǀĂůƵĞƐ͘ ;ďͿƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐ͘ ;ĐͿ/ŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ

$

WŚǇƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚ ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂů ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ

ĂͿƉƉĞĂƌĂŶĐĞ;ƉŚǇƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞ͕ĐŽůŽƵƌĞƚĐͿ͖ ;ďͿKĚŽƵƌ͖ ;ĐͿKĚŽƵƌƚŚƌĞƐŚŽůĚ͖ ;ĚͿƉ,͖ ;ĞͿDĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚͬĨƌĞĞǌŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚ͖ ;ĨͿ/ŶŝƟĂůďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƌĂŶŐĞ͖ ;ŐͿ&ůĂƐŚƉŽŝŶƚ͖ ;ŚͿǀĂƉŽƌĂƟŽŶƌĂƚĞ͖ ;ŝͿ&ůĂŵŵĂďŝůŝƚǇ;ƐŽůŝĚ͕ŐĂƐͿ͖ ;ũͿhƉƉĞƌͬůŽǁĞƌŇĂŵŵĂďŝůŝƚǇŽƌĞǆƉůŽƐŝǀĞůŝŵŝƚƐ͖ ;ŬͿsĂƉŽƵƌƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ͖ ;ůͿsĂƉŽƵƌĚĞŶƐŝƚǇ͖ ;ŵͿZĞůĂƟǀĞĚĞŶƐŝƚǇ͖ ;ŶͿ^ŽůƵďŝůŝƚǇ;ŝĞƐͿ͖ ;ŽͿWĂƌƟƟŽŶĐŽĞĸĐŝĞŶƚ͗ŶͲŽĐƚĂŶŽůͬǁĂƚĞƌ͖ ;ƉͿƵƚŽͲŝŐŶŝƟŽŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͖ ;ƋͿĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͖ ;ƌͿsŝƐĐŽƐŝƚǇ͘

111


!&

^ƚĂďŝůŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚǇ

;ĂͿZĞĂĐƟǀŝƚǇ ;ďͿŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚĂďŝůŝƚǇ͖ ;ĐͿWŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚǇŽĨŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ͖ ;ĚͿŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƚŽĂǀŽŝĚ;Ğ͘Ő͘ƐƚĂƟĐĚŝƐĐŚĂƌŐĞ͕ƐŚŽĐŬŽƌǀŝďƌĂƟŽŶͿ͖ ;ĞͿ/ŶĐŽŵƉĂƟďůĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͖ ;ĨͿ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͘

!!

dŽǆŝĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ

ŽŶĐŝƐĞďƵƚĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝďůĞĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ƚŽǆŝĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů;ŚĞĂůƚŚͿĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĚĂƚĂƵƐĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨǇƚŚŽƐĞ ĞīĞĐƚƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ͗ ;ĂͿŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞůŝŬĞůǇƌŽƵƚĞƐŽĨĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ;ŝŶŚĂůĂƟŽŶ͕ŝŶŐĞƐƟŽŶ͕ƐŬŝŶĂŶĚ ĞǇĞĐŽŶƚĂĐƚͿ͖ ;ďͿ^ǇŵƉƚŽŵƐƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƉŚǇƐŝĐĂů͕ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĂŶĚƚŽǆŝĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ͖ ;ĐͿĞůĂǇĞĚĂŶĚŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚĂůƐŽĐŚƌŽŶŝĐĞīĞĐƚƐĨƌŽŵƐŚŽƌƚĂŶĚůŽŶŐ ƚĞƌŵĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ͖ ;ĚͿEƵŵĞƌŝĐĂůŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŽĨƚŽǆŝĐŝƚǇ;ƐƵĐŚĂƐĂĐƵƚĞƚŽǆŝĐŝƚǇĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐͿ͘

!%

ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ

ĂͿĐŽƚŽǆŝĐŝƚǇ;ĂƋƵĂƟĐĂŶĚƚĞƌƌĞƐƚƌŝĂů͕ǁŚĞƌĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞͿ͖ ;ďͿWĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶĐĞĂŶĚĚĞŐƌĂĚĂďŝůŝƚǇ͖ ;ĐͿŝŽĂĐĐƵŵƵůĂƟǀĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů͖ ;ĚͿDŽďŝůŝƚǇŝŶƐŽŝů͖ ;ĞͿKƚŚĞƌĂĚǀĞƌƐĞĞīĞĐƚƐ͘

!"

ŝƐƉŽƐĂů ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ

ĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶŽĨt^dƌĞƐŝĚƵĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞŝƌƐĂĨĞŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐĂŶĚ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĚŝƐƉŽƐĂů͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨĂŶǇĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚƉĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐ

!'

dƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ

;ĂͿhEŶƵŵďĞƌ͖ ;ďͿhEƉƌŽƉĞƌƐŚŝƉƉŝŶŐŶĂŵĞ͖ ;ĐͿdƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚŚĂǌĂƌĚĐůĂƐƐ;ĞƐͿ͖ ;ĚͿWĂĐŬŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉ͕ŝĨĂƉƉůŝĐĂďůĞ͖ ;ĞͿŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŚĂǌĂƌĚƐ;Ğ͘Ő͗͘DĂƌŝŶĞƉŽůůƵƚĂŶƚ;zĞƐͬEŽͿͿ͖ ;ĨͿdƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚŝŶďƵůŬ;ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽŶŶĞǆ//ŽĨDZWK>ϳϯͬϳϴĂŶĚƚŚĞ/ ŽĚĞͿ͖ ;ŐͿ^ƉĞĐŝĂůƉƌĞĐĂƵƟŽŶƐǁŚŝĐŚĂƵƐĞƌŶĞĞĚƐƚŽďĞĂǁĂƌĞŽĨ͕ŽƌŶĞĞĚƐƚŽĐŽŵƉůǇ ǁŝƚŚ͕ŝŶĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚŽƌĐŽŶǀĞǇĂŶĐĞĞŝƚŚĞƌǁŝƚŚŝŶŽƌŽƵƚƐŝĚĞƚŚĞŝƌ ƉƌĞŵŝƐĞƐ

!#

ZĞŐƵůĂƚŽƌǇ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ

^ĂĨĞƚǇ͕ŚĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĨŽƌƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ

!(

KƚŚĞƌ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶ ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚƌĞǀŝƐŝŽŶ ŽĨƚŚĞ^^

The 16 headings requested (as minimum information) by the GHS official format of the Safety Data Sheet; section 13 is specifically concerning Waste Management practices.

112


PART 2: Physical Hazard In part 2 of GHS the following physical hazard classes are defined: Explosives: an explosive substance (or mixture) is a solid or liquid substance (or mixture of substances) which is in itself capable by chemical reaction of producing gas at such a temperature and pressure and at such a speed as to cause damage to the surroundings. Pyrotechnic substances are included even when they do not evolve gases Flammable gases: a gas having a flammable range with air at 20 °C and a standard pressure of 101.3 kPa Flammable aerosols: aerosols should be considered for classification as flammable if they contain any component which is classified as flammable according to the GHS criteria, i.e.: • Flammable liquids • Flammable gases • Flammable solids Oxidizing gases: any gas which may, generally by providing oxygen, cause or contribute to the combustion of other material more than air does. Gases under pressure: gases which are contained in a receptacle at a pressure not less than 280 kPa at 20 °C or as a refrigerated liquid. Flammable liquids: means a liquid having a flash point of not more than 93 °C Flammable solids: is a solid which is readily combustible, or may cause or contribute to fire through friction. Readily combustible solids are powdered, granular, or pasty substances which are dangerous if they can be easily ignited by brief contact with an ignition source, such as a burning match, and if the flame spreads rapidly. Self-reactive substances and mixtures: thermally unstable liquid or solid substances or mixtures liable to undergo a strongly exothermic decom position even without participation of oxygen (air). This definition excludes substances and mixtures classified under the GHS as explosives, organic peroxides or as oxidizing. Pyrophoric liquids: a liquid which, even in small quantities, is liable to ignite within five minutes after coming into contact with air Pyrophoric solids: a pyrophoric solid is a solid which, even in small quantities, is liable to ignite within five minutes after coming into contact with air. Self-heating substances and mixtures: a self-heating substance or mixture is a solid or liquid substance or mixture, other than a pyrophoric liquid or solid, which, by reaction with air and without energy supply, is liable to self-heat; this substance or mixture differs from a pyrophoric liquid or solid in that it will ignite only when in large amounts (kilograms) and after long periods of time (hours or days) Substances and mixtures which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases: substances or mixtures which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases are

113


solid or liquid substances or mixtures which, by interaction with water, are liable to become spontaneously flammable or to give off flammable gases in dangerous quantities. Oxidizing liquids: a liquid which, while in itself not necessarily combustible, may, generally by yielding oxygen, cause, or contribute to, the combustion of other material. Oxidizing solids: solid which, while in itself is not necessarily combustible, may, generally by yielding oxygen, cause, or contribute to, the combustion of other material. Organic peroxides: liquid or solid organic substances which contain the bivalent -0-0 structure and may be considered derivatives of hydrogen peroxide, where one or both of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by organic radicals. The term al so includes organic peroxide formulations (mixtures).Organic peroxides are thermally unstable substances or mixtures, which may undergo exothermic self accelerating decomposition. In addition, they may have one or more of the following properties: (a) be liable to explosive decomposition; (b) burn rapidly; (c) be sensitive to impact or friction; (d) react dangerously with other substances Corrosive to metals: a substance or a mixture that is corrosive to metal is a substance or a mixture which by chemical action will materially damage, or even destroy, metals. For any Physical Hazard, Classification Criteria are described in the GHS Official Document. The following scheme summarizes the Building Block Scheme for the Physical Hazard.

,ĂǌĂƌĚĐůĂƐƐĞƐ ǆƉůŽƐŝǀĞƐ &ůĂŵŵĂďůĞŐĂƐĞƐ &ůĂŵŵĂďůĞĂĞƌŽƐŽůƐ KǆŝĚŝƐŝŶŐŐĂƐĞƐ 'ĂƐĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ

',^ƵŝůĚŝŶŐůŽĐŬ^ĐŚĞŵĞ;WŚǇƐŝĐĂů,ĂǌĂƌĚƐͿ ĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐͬŝǀŝƐŝŽŶƐͬdǇƉĞƐ hŶƐƚĂďůĞ ŝǀϭ͘ϭ ŝǀϭ͘Ϯ ŝǀϭ͘ϯ ŝǀϭ͘ϰ ! % ! % !

ŽŵƉƌĞƐƐĞĚŐĂƐ

!

>ŝƋƵĞĮĞĚŐĂƐ

!

ZĞĨƌŝŐĞƌĂƚĞĚůŝƋƵĞĮĞĚŐĂƐ

!

ŝƐƐŽůǀĞĚŐĂƐ

!

&ůĂŵŵĂďůĞůŝƋƵŝĚƐ &ůĂŵŵĂďůĞƐŽůŝĚƐ ^ĞůĨͲƌĞĂĐƟǀĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ ĂŶĚŵŝǆƚƵƌĞƐ

!

%

"

'

dǇƉĞ

dǇƉĞ

dǇƉĞ

dǇƉĞ

114

dǇƉĞ

ŝǀϭ͘ϱ

ŝǀϭ͘ϲ

dǇƉĞ&

dǇƉĞ'


WǇƌŽƉŚŽƌŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ WǇƌŽƉŚŽƌŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐ ^ĞůĨͲŚĞĂƟŶŐŽĨƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐŽƌ ŵŝǆƚƵƌĞƐ ^ƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐŽƌŵŝǆƚƵƌĞƐǁŚŝĐŚ ŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚ ǁĂƚĞƌĞŵŝƚŇĂŵŵĂďůĞŐĂƐĞƐ KǆŝĚŝƐŝŶŐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ KǆŝĚŝƐŝŶŐƐŽůŝĚƐ KƌŐĂŶŝĐƉĞƌŽǆŝĚĞƐ ŽƌƌŽƐŝǀĞƚŽŵĞƚĂůƐ

! ! !

%

!

%

"

! ! dǇƉĞ !

% %

" "

dǇƉĞ

dǇƉĞ

dǇƉĞ

dǇƉĞ

dǇƉĞ&

dǇƉĞ'

dŚĞ',^ƵŝůĚŝŶŐůŽĐŬ^ĐŚĞŵĞĨŽƌƚŚĞWŚǇƐŝĐĂů,ĂǌĂƌĚƐ

PART 3: Health Hazard Acute Toxicity Acute toxicity refers to those adverse effects occurring following oral or dermal administration of a single dose of a substance, or multiple doses given within 24 hours, or an inhalation exposure of 4 hours. It includes five GHS categories from which the appropriate elements relevant to transport, consumer, worker and environment protection can be selected. Substances are assigned to one of the five ƚŽǆŝĐŝƚǇ categories on the basis of LD50 (oral, dermal) or LC50 (inhalation). Acute toxicity hazard categories and acute toxicity estimates (ATE) values defining the respective categories. ǆƉŽƐƵƌĞƌŽƵƚĞ KƌĂů ;ŵŐͬŬŐďŽĚǇǁĞŝŐŚƚͿ ĞƌŵĂů ;ŵŐͬŬŐďŽĚǇǁĞŝŐŚƚͿ 'ĂƐĞƐ ;ƉƉŵsͿ sĂƉŽƵƌƐ ;ŵŐͬůͿ ƵƐƚƐĂŶĚDŝƐƚƐ ;ŵŐͬůͿ

ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϭ

ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϮ

ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϯ

ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϰ

#

#&

"&&

%&&&

#&

%&&

!&&&

%&&&

!&&

#&&

%#&&

#&&&

Ϭ͘ϱ

Ϯ͘Ϭ

!&

%&

Ϭ͘Ϭϱ

Ϭ͘ϱ

ϭ͘Ϭ

ϱ͘Ϭ

ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϱ

#&&&

ĐƵƚĞƚŽǆŝĐŝƚǇŚĂǌĂƌĚĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐĂŶĚĂĐƵƚĞƚŽǆŝĐŝƚǇĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐ;dͿǀĂůƵĞƐĚĞĮŶŝŶŐĞĂĐŚĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ ;'ĂƐĞƐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂƌĞĞǆƉƌĞƐƐĞĚŝŶƉĂƌƚƐƉĞƌŵŝůůŝŽŶƉĞƌǀŽůƵŵĞ;ƉƉŵsͿͿ

Skin corrosion/irritation Skin Corrosion is the production of irreversible damage to the skin; namely, visible necrosis through the epidermis and into the dermis, following the application of a test substance for up to 4 hours. Skin Irritation is the production of reversible damage to the skin following the application of a test substance for up to 4 hours 115


Serious eye damage/eye irritation Serious eye damage is the production of tissue damage in the eye, or serious physical decay of vision, following application of a test substance to the anterior surface of the eye, which is not fully reversible within 21 days of application. Eye irritation is the production of changes in the eye following the application of test substance to the anterior surface of the eye, which are fully reversible within 21 days of application Respiratory or skin sensitization A respiratory sensitizer is a substance that will induce hypersensitivity of the airways following inhalation of the substance. A skin sensitizer is a substance that will induce an allergic response following skin contact Germ cell mutagenicity Chemicals that may cause mutations in the germ cells of humans that can be transmitted to the progeny. A mutation is defined as a permanent change in the amount or structure of the genetic material in a cell. The term “mutation” applies both to heritable genetic changes that may be manifested at the phenotypic level and to the underlying DNA modifications when known (including, for example, specific base pair changes and chromosomal translocations). The term mutagenic and mutagen will be used for agents giving rise to an increased occurrence of mutations in populations of cells and/ or organisms. The more general terms genotoxic and genotoxicity apply to agents or processes which alter the structure, information content, or segregation of DNA, including those which cause DNA damage by interfering with normal replication processes, or which in a non-physiological manner (temporarily) alter its replication. Carcinogenicity A chemical substance or a mixture of chemical substances which induce cancer or increase its incidence. Substances which have induced benign and malignant tumours in well performed experimental studies on animals are considered also to be presumed or suspected human carcinogens unless there is strong evidence that the mechanism of tumour formation is not relevant for humans. Classification of a chemical as posing carcinogenic hazard is based on the inherent properties of the substance and does not provide information on the level of the human cancer risk which the use of the chemical may represent Reproductive toxicity In this classification system, reproductive toxicity is subdivided under two main headings: (a) Adverse effects on sexual function and fertility;

116


(b) Adverse effects on development of the offspring. Some reproductive toxic effects cannot be clearly assigned to either impairment of sexual function and fertility or to developmental toxicity. Nonetheless, chemicals with these effects would be classified as reproductive toxicants with a general hazard statement. Adverse effects on sexual function and fertility Any effect of chemicals that would interfere with sexual function and fertility. This may include, but not be limited to, alterations to the female and male reproductive system, adverse effects on onset of puberty, gamete production and transport, reproductive cycle normality, sexual behaviour, fertility, parturition, pregnancy outcomes, premature reproductive senescence, or modifications in other functions that are dependent on the integrity of the reproductive systems. Adverse effects on development of the offspring Taken in its widest sense, developmental toxicity includes any effect which interferes with normal development of the conceptus, either before or after birth, and resulting from exposure of either parent prior to conception, or exposure of the developing offspring during prenatal development, or postnatal, to the time of sexual maturation. However, it is considered that classification under the heading of developmental toxicity is primarily intended to provide a hazard warning for pregnant women and men and women of reproductive capacity. Therefore, for pragmatic purposes of classification, developmental toxicity essentially means adverse effects induced during pregnancy, or as a result of parental exposure. These effects can be manifested at any point in the lifespan of the organism. The major manifestations of developmental toxicity include (a) death of the developing organism, (b) structural abnormality, (c) altered growth, and (d) functional deficiency Specific target organ systemic toxicity - single exposure A chemical substance as being a specific target organ/systemic toxicant and, as such, it may present a potential for adverse health effects in people who are exposed to. Specific target organ systemic toxicity - repeated exposure A chemical substance as being a specific target organ/systemic toxicant and, as such, it may present a potential for adverse health effects in people who are exposed to. Aspiration hazard Aspiration means the entry of a liquid or solid chemical product directly through the oral or nasal cavity, or indirectly from vomiting, into the trachea and lower re-

117


spiratory system. Aspiration toxicity includes severe acute effects such as chemical pneumonia, varying degrees of pulmonary injury or death following aspiration. Aspiration is initiated at the moment of inspiration, in the time required to take one breath, as the causative material lodges at the crossroad of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts in the laryngopharyngeal region. Aspiration of a substance or mixture can occur as it is vomited following ingestion. This may have consequences for labelling, particularly where, due to acute toxicity, a recommendation may be considered to induce vomiting after ingestion. However,if the substance/mixture also presents an aspiration toxicity hazard, the recommendation to induce vomiting may need to be modified ',^ƵŝůĚŝŶŐůŽĐŬ^ĐŚĞŵĞ;,ĞĂůƚŚ,ĂǌĂƌĚƐͿ ,ĂǌĂƌĚĐůĂƐƐĞƐ ĐƵƚĞƚŽǆŝĐŝƚǇ

ĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐͬŝǀŝƐŝŽŶƐͬdǇƉĞƐ !

%

"

^ŬŝŶĐŽƌƌŽƐŝŽŶͬŝƌƌŝƚĂƟŽŶ

!*

ϭ

^ĞƌŝŽƵƐĞǇĞĚĂŵĂŐĞͬĞǇĞ ŝƌƌŝƚĂƟŽŶ

!

%

ZĞƐƉŝƌĂƚŽƌǇŽƌƐŬŝŶ ƐĞŶƐŝƟƐĂƟŽŶ

!

'ĞƌŵĐĞůůŵƵƚĂŐĞŶŝĐŝƚǇ

!*

'

ϭ

# %

%* !*

" Ϯ

ϭ

ϭ

%

ĂƌĐŝŶŽŐĞŶŝĐŝƚǇ

!*

ϭ

ZĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞƚŽǆŝĐŝƚǇ

!*

ϭ

^dKdͲ^ŝŶŐůĞĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ

!

%

^dKdͲZĞƉĞĂƚĞĚĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ

!

%

ƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶŚĂǌĂƌĚ

!

% %

ůĂĐƚĂƟŽŶ "

%

dŚĞ',^ƵŝůĚŝŶŐůŽĐŬ^ĐŚĞŵĞĨŽƌƚŚĞ,ĞĂůƚŚ,ĂǌĂƌĚƐ

PART 4: Environmental Hazard Acute aquatic toxicity The intrinsic property of a substance to be injurious to an organism in a short-term exposure to that substance. Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to one of three toxicity categories on the basis of acute toxicity data: LC50 (fish) or EC50 (crustacean) or ErC50 (for algae or other aquatic plants). In some regulatory systems these acute toxicity categories may be subdivided or extended for certain sectors. Availability of a substance The extent to which this substance becomes a soluble or disaggregate species. For metal availability, the extent to which the metal ion portion of a metal (M°) compound can disaggregate from the rest of the compound (molecule). 118


Bioavailability (or biological availability) The extent to which a substance is taken up by an organism, and distributed to an area within the organism. It is dependent upon physico-chemical properties of the substance, anatomy and physiology of the organism, pharmacokinetics, and route of exposure. Availability is not a prerequisite for bio availability. Bioaccumulation Net result of uptake, transformation and elimination of a substance in an organism due to all routes of exposure (i.e. air, water, sediment/soil and food) Bioconcentration Net result of uptake, transformation and elimination of a substance in an organism due to waterborne exposure. Chronic aquatic toxicity potential or actual properties of a substance to cause adverse effects to aquatic organisms during exposures which are determined in relation to the life-cycle of the organism. Complex mixtures or multi-component substances or complex substances means mixtures comprising a complex mix of individual substances with different solubilities and physico-chemical properties. Substances and mixtures in this hazard class are assigned to one of four toxicity categories on the basis of acute data and environmental fate data: LC50 (fish) or EC50 (crustacea) or ErC50 (for algae or other aquatic plants) and degradation or bioaccumulation. Degradation the decomposition of organic molecules to smaller molecules and eventually to carbon dioxide, water and salts. ',^ƵŝůĚŝŶŐůŽĐŬ^ĐŚĞŵĞ;ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů,ĂǌĂƌĚƐͿ ,ĂǌĂƌĚĐůĂƐƐĞƐ

L"2+/&7-+1

,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐƚŽƚŚĞĂƋƵĂƟĐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚͲĂĐƵƚĞ

!

%

"

,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐƚŽƚŚĞĂƋƵĂƟĐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶͲĐŚƌŽŶŝĐ

!

%

"

,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐƚŽƚŚĞŽǌŽŶĞůĂǇĞƌ

!

'

dŚĞ',^ƵŝůĚŝŶŐůŽĐŬ^ĐŚĞŵĞĨŽƌƚŚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů,ĂǌĂƌĚƐ

%"!"%"$"#',^ƌĞǀŝƐĞĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶŶĞǆĞƐůŝƐƚ Annex 1 – Allocation of label elements http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev01/English/05e_ nnex1.pdf Annex 2 – Classification and labelling summary tables http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev01/English/06e_ annex2.pdf

119


Annex 3 – Precautionary statements and precautionary pictograms http://www.unece. org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev01/English/07e_annex3.pdf Annex 4 – Guidance on the preparation of Safety Data Sheets http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev01/English/08e_annex4.pdf Annex 5 – Consumer product labelling based on the likelihood of injury http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev01/English/09e_annex5.pdf Annex 6 – Comprehensibility testing methodology http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev01/English/10e_annex6.pdf Annex 7 – Examples of arrangements of the GHS label elements http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev01/English/11e_annex7.pdf Annex 8 – An example of classification in the Globally Harmonized Systems http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev01/English/12e_annex8.pdf Annex 9 – Guidance on hazards to the aquatic environment http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev01/English/13e_annex9.pdf Annex 10 – Guidance on transformation/dissolution of metals and metal compounds http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev01/English/14e_annex10.pdf

MĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞƐ ŵĂǇĐĂƵƐĞƐĞƌŝŽƵƐŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶ͕ďƵƚĞīĞĐƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƚĂƟǀĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ĂƌĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌŝƐŬŽĨƐƉƌĞĂĚŽĨŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶŝƐůŝŵŝƚĞĚ͘ ;ŚŝŐŚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ƌŝƐŬ͕ ůŽǁ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ ƌŝƐŬͿ͘ ƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƵƐƵĂůůǇ ĐĂƵƐĞƐ ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐ ŚƵŵĂŶ Žƌ ĂŶŝŵĂů ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ ďƵƚ ĚŽĞƐ ŶŽƚ ŽƌĚŝŶĂƌŝůǇ ƐƉƌĞĂĚ ĨƌŽŵ ŽŶĞ ŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƚŽĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ͘īĞĐƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟǀĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐĂƌĞ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘ ;ŚŝŐŚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ ƌŝƐŬͿ͘ ƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƵƐƵĂůůǇ ĐĂƵƐĞƐ ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐ ŚƵŵĂŶŽƌĂŶŝŵĂůĚŝƐĞĂƐĞĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĐĂŶďĞƌĞĂĚŝůǇƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƩĞĚĨƌŽŵŽŶĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ƚŽĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ͕ĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇŽƌŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇ͘īĞĐƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟǀĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ĂƌĞŶŽƚƵƐƵĂůůǇĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘

9!B(C-1'(D7&6:(E

9!B(C-1'(D7&6:(M

9!B(C-1'(D7&6:(N

t,KůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶďǇƌŝƐŬŐƌŽƵƉƐ

Australian/New Zealand Standard (2002)255 The standard for risk group classification (Standard AS/NZS 2243.3:2002) is provided for in Safety in laboratories Part 3: Microbiological aspects and containment facilities. The classification is based on the pathogenicity of the agent, the mode of transmission and host range of the agent, the availability of effective preventive measures and the availability of effective treatment.

255 Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 2243.3:2002. Safety in laboratories Part 3: Microbiological aspects and containment facilities. (www.standards.com.au and www.standards.com.nz)

128


Table below describes Australian/New Zealand Standard groups. ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶͬEĞǁĞĂůĂŶĚ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶďǇƌŝƐŬŐƌŽƵƉƐ C-1'(D7&6:

ĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶ

D7&6:(@

;ůŽǁŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂŶĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇƌŝƐŬͿ͘ŵŝĐƌŽŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĂƚŝƐƵŶůŝŬĞůǇƚŽĐĂƵƐĞ ŚƵŵĂŶ͕ƉůĂŶƚŽƌĂŶŝŵĂůĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͘ ;ŵŽĚĞƌĂƚĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƌŝƐŬ͕ůŝŵŝƚĞĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇƌŝƐŬͿ͘ƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĐĂƵƐĞ ŚƵŵĂŶ͕ĂŶŝŵĂůŽƌƉůĂŶƚĚŝƐĞĂƐĞďƵƚŝƐƵŶůŝŬĞůǇƚŽďĞĂƐĞƌŝŽƵƐŚĂǌĂƌĚƚŽůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ͕ ůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬ Žƌ ƚŚĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘ >ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞƐ ŵĂǇ ĐĂƵƐĞ ŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶ͕ ďƵƚ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞ ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƟǀĞ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌŝƐŬŽĨƐƉƌĞĂĚŝƐůŝŵŝƚĞĚ͘ ;ŚŝŐŚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ƌŝƐŬ͕ ůŝŵŝƚĞĚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ ƌŝƐŬͿ͘ ƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƵƐƵĂůůǇ ĐĂƵƐĞƐ ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐŚƵŵĂŶŽƌĂŶŝŵĂůĚŝƐĞĂƐĞĂŶĚŵĂǇƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƐĞƌŝŽƵƐŚĂǌĂƌĚƚŽůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͘/ƚĐŽƵůĚƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƌŝƐŬŝĨƐƉƌĞĂĚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇŽƌƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕ ďƵƚƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƵƐƵĂůůǇĞīĞĐƟǀĞƉƌĞǀĞŶƟǀĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŽƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘ ;ŚŝŐŚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ ƌŝƐŬͿ͘ ƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƵƐƵĂůůǇ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƐ ůŝĨĞͲ ƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶŝŶŐŚƵŵĂŶŽƌĂŶŝŵĂůĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐĂƐĞƌŝŽƵƐŚĂǌĂƌĚƚŽůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŝƐ ƌĞĂĚŝůǇ ƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƐƐŝďůĞ ĨƌŽŵ ŽŶĞ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ƚŽ ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ͘ īĞĐƟǀĞ ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟǀĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐĂƌĞŶŽƚƵƐƵĂůůǇĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘

D7&6:(E

D7&6:(M

D7&6:(N

ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶͬEĞǁĞĂůĂŶĚ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶďǇƌŝƐŬŐƌŽƵƉƐ

Canadian Laboratory Safety Guidelines (2004; list not available)256 Canadian Laboratory Safety Guidelines classification by risk groups is based on the following factors: inherent risks of a pathogen made on basis of factors such as severity of disease caused, routes of infection, virulence and infectivity takes into account existence of effective therapies, possibilities for immunization, presence of vectors, quantity of agent and whether agent is indigenous to Canada, possible effects on other species, including plants, or possible economic environmental effects. The Table here describes Canadian Laboratory Safety Guidelines groups. ĂŶĂĚŝĂŶ>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ^ĂĨĞƚǇ'ƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶďǇƌŝƐŬŐƌŽƵƉƐ C-1'(D7&6:

ĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶ

C-1'(D7&6:(@

;ůŽǁ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ ƌŝƐŬͿ͘ ŶǇ ďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĂŐĞŶƚ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ƵŶůŝŬĞůǇ ƚŽ ĐĂƵƐĞĚŝƐĞĂƐĞŝŶŚĞĂůƚŚǇǁŽƌŬĞƌƐŽƌĂŶŝŵĂůƐ͘ ;ŵŽĚĞƌĂƚĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƌŝƐŬ͕ůŝŵŝƚĞĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇƌŝƐŬͿ͘ŶǇƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĐĂƵƐĞ ŚƵŵĂŶĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͕ďƵƚƵŶĚĞƌŶŽƌŵĂůĐŝƌĐƵŵƐƚĂŶĐĞƐŝƐƵŶůŝŬĞůǇƚŽďĞĂƐĞƌŝŽƵƐŚĂǌĂƌĚ ƚŽůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͕ƚŚĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ͕ůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬŽƌƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞƐƌĂƌĞůǇĐĂƵƐĞŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽƐĞƌŝŽƵƐĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͕ĞīĞĐƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟǀĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐĂƌĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌŝƐŬŽĨƐƉƌĞĂĚŝƐůŝŵŝƚĞĚ͘

C-1'(D7&6:(E

256 Canada. Minister of Health. Population and Public Health Branch. Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response. 2004. “Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines”. 3rd Edition http://www. phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/lbg-ldmbl- 04/index.html2.CDC/NIH. 1999. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories” 4th Edition. Government Printing Office http://www.cdc.gov/od/ ohs/biosfty/bmbl4/bmbl4toc.htm (5th edition in press)

129


C-1'(D7&6:(M

C-1'(D7&6:(N

;ŚŝŐŚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ƌŝƐŬ͕ ůŽǁ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ ƌŝƐŬͿ͘ ŶǇ ƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƵƐƵĂůůǇ ĐĂƵƐĞƐ ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐ ŚƵŵĂŶ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͕ Žƌ ĐĂŶ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŝŶ ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐ ďƵƚ ĚŽĞƐŶŽƚŽƌĚŝŶĂƌŝůǇƐƉƌĞĂĚďǇĐĂƐƵĂůĐŽŶƚĂĐƚĨƌŽŵŽŶĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƚŽĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ͕Žƌ ƚŚĂƚĐĂƵƐĞƐĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƚƌĞĂƚĂďůĞďǇĂŶƟŵŝĐƌŽďŝĂůŽƌĂŶƟƉĂƌĂƐŝƟĐĂŐĞŶƚƐ͘ ;ŚŝŐŚŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂŶĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇƌŝƐŬͿ͘ŶǇƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶƚŚĂƚƵƐƵĂůůǇƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƐǀĞƌǇ ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐŚƵŵĂŶĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͕ŽŌĞŶƵŶƚƌĞĂƚĂďůĞ͕ĂŶĚŵĂǇďĞƌĞĂĚŝůǇƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƩĞĚĨƌŽŵ ŽŶĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƚŽĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ͕ŽƌĨƌŽŵĂŶŝŵĂůƚŽŚƵŵĂŶŽƌǀŝĐĞͲǀĞƌƐĂ͕ĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇŽƌ ŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇ͕ŽƌďǇĐĂƐƵĂůĐŽŶƚĂĐƚ͘

ĂŶĂĚŝĂŶ>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ^ĂĨĞƚǇ'ƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶďǇƌŝƐŬŐƌŽƵƉƐ

European Economic Community (2000)257 Directive 2000/54/EC and Directive 90/679/EEC (adopted 20 November, 1990; revised 18 September 2000) on the protection of workers from risks related to exposure to biological agents at work provides for the classification of biological agents into four infection risk groups, as described in the following table. ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶďǇŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶƌŝƐŬŐƌŽƵƉƐ C-1'(D7&6:

ĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶ

D7&6:(@ D7&6:(E

ďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĂŐĞŶƚŵĞĂŶƐŽŶĞƚŚĂƚŝƐƵŶůŝŬĞůǇƚŽĐĂƵƐĞŚƵŵĂŶĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͘ ďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĂŐĞŶƚŵĞĂŶƐŽŶĞƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĐĂƵƐĞŚƵŵĂŶĚŝƐĞĂƐĞĂŶĚŵŝŐŚƚďĞĂŚĂǌĂƌĚ ƚŽǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͖ŝƚŝƐƵŶůŝŬĞůǇƚŽƐƉƌĞĂĚƚŽƚŚĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ͖ƚŚĞƌĞŝƐƵƐƵĂůůǇĞīĞĐƟǀĞ ƉƌŽƉŚǇůĂǆŝƐŽƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘ ďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĂŐĞŶƚŵĞĂŶƐŽŶĞƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĞǀĞƌĞŚƵŵĂŶĚŝƐĞĂƐĞĂŶĚƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂ ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐŚĂǌĂƌĚƚŽǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͖ŝƚŵĂǇƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƌŝƐŬŽĨƐƉƌĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ͕ ďƵƚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐƵƐƵĂůůǇĞīĞĐƟǀĞƉƌŽƉŚǇůĂǆŝƐŽƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘ ďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĂŐĞŶƚŵĞĂŶƐŽŶĞƚŚĂƚĐĂƵƐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĞŚƵŵĂŶĚŝƐĞĂƐĞĂŶĚŝƐĂƐĞƌŝŽƵƐ ŚĂǌĂƌĚƚŽǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͖ŝƚŵĂǇƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂŚŝŐŚƌŝƐŬŽĨƐƉƌĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ͖ ƚŚĞƌĞŝƐƵƐƵĂůůǇŶŽĞīĞĐƟǀĞƉƌŽƉŚǇůĂǆŝƐŽƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘;^ĞĞĂůƐŽKĸĐŝĂů :ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨƚŚĞƵƌŽƉĞĂŶŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐEŽ>ϮϲϮͬϮϭĚĂƚĞĚ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌϭϴ͕ϮϬϬϬ͘Ϳ

D7&6:(M

D7&6:(N

ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶďǇŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶƌŝƐŬŐƌŽƵƉƐ

CDC/NIH Guidelines (2009)258 Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories 5th Edition, 2009. Section III gives criteria for placing work into a biosafety containment level, not yet translated into Risk groups as described in the following table.

257 European Union. 2000. Directive 2000/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 September 2000 on the protection of workers from risks related to exposure to biological agents at work.(seventh individual directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/ EC Official Journal of the European Communities L262/21. October 17,2000 258 “Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories” 5th Edition, 2009

130


=5Y =-&1"4+28(Y+F+.(@(W=5Y(@X =-&1"4+28(Y+F+.(E(W=5Y(EX

=-&1"4+28(Y+F+.(M(W=5Y(MX =-&1"4+28(Y+F+.(N(W=5Y(NX

ͬE/,'ƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶďǇ^> ĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶ ŐĞŶƚƐŶŽƚŬŶŽǁŶƚŽĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚůǇĐĂƵƐĞĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐŝŶŚĞĂůƚŚǇĂĚƵůƚƐ ŐĞŶƚƐĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŚƵŵĂŶĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͘ ZŽƵƚĞŽĨƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƐƐŝŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƉĞƌĐƵƚĂŶĞŽƵƐŝŶũƵƌǇ͕ŝŶŐĞƐƟŽŶ͕ŵƵĐŽƵƐ ŵĞŵďƌĂŶĞĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ͘ /ŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐ Žƌ ĞǆŽƟĐ ĂŐĞŶƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŵĂǇ ĐĂƵƐĞ ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐ Žƌ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇ ůĞƚŚĂůĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞŝŶŚĂůĂƟŽŶƌŽƵƚĞĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ͘ ĂŶŐĞƌŽƵƐͬĞǆŽƟĐĂŐĞŶƚƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚƉŽƐƚŚŝŐŚŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƌŝƐŬŽĨĂĞƌŽƐŽůͲ ƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƩĞĚůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚ͕ĂƌĞĨƌĞƋƵĞŶƚůǇĨĂƚĂů͕ĨŽƌǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŶŽǀĂĐĐŝŶĞƐŽƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚƐ͘ ŐĞŶƚƐ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ĐůŽƐĞ Žƌ ŝĚĞŶƟĐĂů ĂŶƟŐĞŶŝĐ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉ ƚŽ ĂŶ ĂŐĞŶƚ ƌĞƋƵŝƌŝŶŐ^>ͲϰƵŶƟůĚĂƚĂĂƌĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚŽƌĞĚĞƐŝŐŶĂƚĞƚŚĞůĞǀĞů͘ ZĞůĂƚĞĚĂŐĞŶƚƐǁŝƚŚƵŶŬŶŽǁŶƌŝƐŬŽĨƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ͘

ͬE/,'ƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶďǇ^>

131

NŝƐƚ͗ǁĂƐƚĞĚĞƌŝǀĞĚĨƌŽŵĚŝƐĐĂƌĚĞĚĂŶĚƵŶƵƐĞĚĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ

The above mentioned mixture rule277and derived-from rule278 refer to the possibility that the waste has been delisted279, or that the mixture/derived-from residue qualifies for any of the exclusions from the mixture and derived-from rules. See Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 40 CFR §§261.3(a)(2)(iii) and (iv), See Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 40 CFR §261.3(c)(2) 279 See Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 40 CFR §§260.20 and 260.22 277 278

152


– WASTE CLASSIFICATION

Mixtures of listed hazardous wastes and solid nonhazardous wastes are defined as hazardous wastes and retain their listing designations unless the hazardous waste in the mixture is listed solely based on a particular characteristic (ignitability [I], corrosivity [C], reactivity [R], toxicity [E]) and the mixture no longer exhibits any of these hazardous waste characteristics. For example, a mixture of a spent methylene chloride formulation (listed as F002 because of its hazardous constituents) and used oil would be defined as a hazardous waste and be designated as F002 whether or not the mixture exhibited a hazardous waste characteristic. The hazardous waste listings also apply to solid wastes that are derived from the “treatment, storage, or disposal of a listed hazardous waste” stating the so-called derived-from rule which defines the residual solid wastes derived from the treatment, storage, or disposal of a listed hazardous waste as a hazardous waste. Examples are: ash resulting from the incineration of offspecification toluene (U220), and leachate resulting from the disposal of API separator sludge from the petroleum refining industry (K051) in a landfill. 4. Does the waste exhibit a characteristic of hazardous waste280? A solid waste,which is not excluded from regulation as a hazardous waste is a hazardous waste if it exhibits any of the following characteristics. Ignitability (I) If a representative sample of the waste has any of the following properties 1)It is a liquid, other than an aqueous solution containing less than 24 percent alcohol by volume and has flash point less than 60 °C (140 °F), as determined by a Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester, using the test method specified in ASTM Standard D 93-79 or D 93-80281, or a Setaflash Closed Cup Tester, using the test method specified in ASTM Standard D 3278-78. 2) It is not a liquid and is capable, under standard temperature and pressure, of causing fire through friction, absorption of moisture or spontaneous chemical changes and, when ignited, burns so vigorously and persistently that it creates a hazard. 3) It is an ignitable compressed gas 4) It is an oxidizer. An oxidizer is a substance such as a chlorate, permanganate, inorganic peroxide, or a nitrate, that yields oxygen readily to stimulate the combustion of organic matter Example: certain spent solvents (e.g., mineral spirits) and offspecification jet fuels. 280 281

See Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 40 CFR Part 261, Subpart C See Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 40 CFR § 260.11 153


Corrosivity (C) If a representative sample of the waste has either of the following properties 1) It is aqueous and has a pH less than or equal to 2 or greater than or equal to 12.5, as determined by a pH meter using Method 9040C in “Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods,” EPA Publication SW-846. 2) It is a liquid and corrodes steel (SAE 1020) at a rate greater than 6.35 mm (0.250 inch) per year at a test temperature of 55 °C (130 °F) as determined by Method 1110A in Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods,” EPA Publication SW-846. Examples: spent sulfuric acid and concentrated waste sodium hydroxide solutions that have not been neutralized. Reactivity (R) If a representative sample of the waste has any of the following properties It is normally unstable and readily undergoes violent change without detonating. It reacts violently with water. It forms potentially explosive mixtures with water. When mixed with water, it generates toxic gases, vapors or fumes in a quantity sufficient to present a danger to human health or the environment. It is a cyanide or sulfide bearing waste which, when exposed to pH conditions between 2 and 12.5, can generate toxic gases, vapors or fumes in a quantity sufficient to present a danger to human health or the environment. It is capable of detonation or explosive reaction if it is subjected to a strong initiating source or if heated under confinement. It is readily capable of detonation or explosive decomposition or reaction at standard temperature and pressure. It is a forbidden explosive282, or is a Division 1.1, 1.2 or 1.3 explosive283. Toxicity (T) A solid waste (except manufactured gas plant waste) exhibits the characteristic of toxicity if, using the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure, test Method 1311 in “Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods,” EPA Publication SW-846, the extract from a representative sample of the waste contains any of the contaminants listed in table 1 at the concentration equal to or greater than the respective value given in that table. Where the waste contains less than 0.5 percent filterable solids, the waste itself, after filtering using the methodology outlined in Method 1311, is considered to be the extract for the purpose of this section. 282 283

154

See Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 49 CFR 173.54 See Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 49 CFR 173.50 and 173.53


– WASTE CLASSIFICATION

A solid waste that exhibits the characteristic of toxicity has the EPA Hazardous Waste Number specified in Table 1 which corresponds to the toxic contaminant causing it to be hazardous. Toxicity characteristic (TC): An extract of the waste must be tested according to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP - EPA Test Method 1311)Ϯϴϰ. The extract is then subsequently analyzed using one or more of several methods listed below. The results of the analysis are compared to regulatory thresholds for 40 constituentsϮϴϱ. Test methods in this step may include the following: EPA Test Methods 3010 and 6010 - for arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, silver, and selenium EPA Test Method 7470 - mercury EPA Test Methods 3510 and 8080 - pesticides EPA Test Method 8260 - for volatile organics EPA Methods 3510 and 8270 - semivolatile organics EPA Test Method 8151 - herbicides. If the extract from the TCLP procedure contains levels of any of the 40 constituents at or above regulatory thresholds, the waste is considered a hazardous waste. Wastes that exhibit the toxicity characteristic are classified as EPA Hazardous Waste Codes D004 through D043. Examples: petroleum wastes, wastes from organic chemical manufacturing, and pesticide and herbicide wastes.

NKE^/Zd/KE^ @MĂď

tĞĚŶĞƐĚĂǇ >Ăď

dŚƵƌƐĚĂǇ >Ăď

&ƌǇĚĂǇ >Ăď

^ĂƚƵƌĚĂǇ

ǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨƐĐŚĞĚƵůĞĚWŝĐŬͲƵƉĨŽƌƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌŝĞƐ

;ĂďĞůůŝŶŐ All waste bags or containers should be labeled with basic information on their content and on the waste producer. This information may be written directly on the bag or container or on preprinted labels, securely attached. It is possible to identify two labeling activities inside the laboratories: while the first one is concerned with purely internal activities, the other, in spite of its internal nature, it is oriented toward the “out of house” phase of the waste cycle. The first activity is represented by the labeling of the first collection of waste, namely the labeling of each single item according to its potential risk of infection. The following table lists the different possible sentences adopted on each container depending on the category of HCW. 336 337

“Safe management of waste from health-care activities”, 2nd edition, WHO, 2013, p. 82. Id. 187


=@( =E( =NT(=;T(L@( LE ϯϮ͕ϯϯ͕ K(

ͨĂŶŐĞƌ͊ŶĂƚŽŵŝĐĂůǁĂƐƚĞ͕ƚŽďĞŝŶĐŝŶĞƌĂƚĞĚŽƌĚĞĞƉůǇďƵƌŝĞĚͩ ͨĂŶŐĞƌ͊ŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚƐŚĂƌƉƐ͕ĚŽŶŽƚŽƉĞŶͩ ͨĂŶŐĞƌ͊,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞͩ ͨĂŶŐĞƌ͊,ŝŐŚůǇŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞ͕ƚŽďĞƉƌĞͲƚƌĞĂƚĞĚͩ ͨĂŶŐĞƌ͊dŽďĞĚŝƐĐĂƌĚĞĚďǇĂƵƚŚŽƌŝǌĞĚƐƚĂīŽŶůǇͩ ͨĂŶŐĞƌ͊ZĂĚŝŽĂĐƟǀĞǁĂƐƚĞͩ

ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇ>ĂďĞůůŝŶŐ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůƐǇŵďŽůƐ

The second kind of activity, as previously mentioned is carried out “in house”, but it aims at preparing the wastes for their transportation outside the facility. According to the United Nations recommendations for dangerous substances, the following indications should appear on the label: • the United Nations substance class, e.g. Class 6.2 for infectious waste338; • the United Nations packaging symbol, e.g. the international symbol for infectious substances; • the proper shipping name and the UN number339; • the total quantity (mass or volume) of waste covered by the description; • the country authorizing the allocation of the label (identified by international code system used on motor vehicles). It is also recommended that the last two digits of the year of manufacture of the packaging specified by the competent authority are marked on the package, as well as a special code designating the type of packaging. The following additional information should be marked on the label: waste category, date of collection, place in the facility where produced (e.g. ward), waste destination. In case of problems involving questions of liability, full and correct labelling allows the origin of the waste to be traced. Labelling also warns operative staff and the general public of the hazardous nature of the waste. The hazards posed by container contents can be quickly identified in case of accident, enabling emergency services to take appropriate action340.

338 “Safe management of waste from health-care activities”, 1st edition, WHO, 1999, p. 80, refers to the following UN classification: Class 5.1: Oxidizing substances Class 6.1: Toxic substances Class 6.2: Infectious substances (containers of sharps should in addition be marked with “Danger, contaminated sharps”) Class 7: Radioactive material Class 8: Corrosive substances 339 For example, category 6.2 3291 CLINICAL WASTE, or (BIO)MEDICAL WASTE, or REGULATED MEDICAL WASTE; 6.2 2814 INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCE, AFFECTING HUMANS; 6.2 2900 INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCE, AFFECTING ANIMALS 340 “Safe management of waste from health-care activities”, 1st edition, WHO, 1999, p. 80.

188


– WASTE HANDLING GENERAL PROCEDURE

'"$"%"$"#ŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ In order to avoid accumulation of the waste, it must be collected on a regular basis and transported to a central storage area within the HCF before being treated or removed. The collection must follow specific routes through the HCF to reduce the passage of loaded carts through wards and other clean areas. Great care should be taken when handling HCW. The most important risks are linked with the injuries that sharps can produce. When handling HCW, staff and cleaners should always wear protective clothing including, as minimum, overalls or industrial aprons, boots and heavy duty gloves341. Nursing and other clinical staff should ensure that waste bags are tightly closed or sealed when they are about three-quarters full. Light-gauge bags can be closed by tying the neck, but heavier-gauge bags probably require a plastic sealing tag of the self-locking type. Bags should not be closed by stapling. Sealed sharps containers should be placed in a labelled, yellow infectious health-care waste bag before removal from the facility. Wastes should not be allowed to accumulate at the point of production. A routine programme for their collection should be established as part of the health-care waste management plan. Certain recommendations should be followed by the ancillary workers in charge of waste collection: • Waste should be collected daily (or as frequently as required) and transported to the designated central storage site. • No bags should be removed unless they are labelled with their point of production (hospital and ward or department) and contents. • The bags or containers should be replaced immediately with new ones of the same type. • A supply of fresh collection bags or containers should be readily available at all locations where waste is produced342. '"$"%"%"#dƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶ Onsite transport should take place during less busy times whenever possible. Set routes should be used to prevent exposure to staff and patients and to minimize the passage of loaded carts through patient care and other clean areas. Depending on the design of the health-care facility, the internal transport of waste should use separate floors, stairways or elevators as far as possible. Regular transport routes and collection times should be fixed and reliable. 341 “Preparation of Health Care Waste Management Plan in Sub-Saharan Countries”, United Nation Environmental Programme and World Health Organization, 2004, pp. 15-16. 342 “Safe management of waste from health-care activities”, 1st edition, WHO, 1999, p. 64.

189


Transport staff should wear adequate personal protective equipment, gloves, strong and closed shoes, overalls and masks. Hazardous and non-hazardous waste should always be transported separately. Infectious waste can be transported together with used sharps waste. Infectious waste should not be transported together with other hazardous waste, to prevent the possible spread of infectious agents. Trolleys should be coloured in the appropriate colour code for infectious waste (yellow) and should be labelled with an “Infectious waste” sign343. Health-care waste should be transported within the hospital or other facility by means of wheeled trolleys, containers, or carts that are not used for any other purpose and meet the following specifications: • easy to load and unload; • no sharp edges that could damage waste bags or containers during loading and unloading; • easy to clean and, if enclosed, fitted with a drainage hole and plug; • be labelled and dedicated to a particular waste type; • be easy to push and pull; • not be too high (to avoid restricting the view of staff transporting waste); • be secured with a lock (for hazardous waste); • be appropriately sized according to the volumes of waste generated at a health-care facility. Waste, especially hazardous waste, should never be transported by hand due to the risk of accident or injury from infectious material or incorrectly disposed sharps that may protrude from a container. The vehicles should be cleaned and disinfected on a daily basis with an appropriate disinfectant. All waste-bag seals should be in place and intact at the end of transportation344.

&ŝŐƵƌĞϱ͘ϱ 343 344

190

“Safe management of waste from health-care activities”, 2nd edition, WHO, 2013, p. 87. Id. pp. 87-88.



&ŝŐƵƌĞϱ͘ϲ ͻ ͻ ͻ ͻ

ĂĐŚ,&ƐŚŽƵůĚŚĂǀĞĂŶ,tDƉůĂŶǁŚŝĐŚƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƉŽŝŶƚƐĂŶĚƌŽƵƚĞƐŽĨǁĂƐƚĞƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ͘ ƟŵĞƚĂďůĞŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐǇŽĨĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƐŚŽƵůĚĂůƐŽďĞƐĞƚͲƵƉ͖ WƌŽǀŝĚĞŚĞĂǀǇĚƵƚǇŐůŽǀĞƐ͕ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůďŽŽƚƐĂŶĚĂƉƌŽŶĨŽƌǁĂƐƚĞĐŽůůĞĐƚŽƌƐ͖ ŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚǁĂƐƚĞĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞůǇƐĞĂůĞĚ͕ƌĞŵŽǀĞĚĂŶĚƌĞƉůĂĐĞĚŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůǇǁŚĞŶƚŚĞǇĂƌĞ ŶŽŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶƚŚƌĞĞͲƋƵĂƌƚĞƌƐĨƵůů͖ ŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐͬŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐ,tĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƌŝƐŬ,tĂƌĞĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚŽŶƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞƚƌŽůůĞǇƐǁŚŝĐŚƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞŵĂƌŬĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌ;ďůĂĐŬͬǇĞůůŽǁͿĂŶĚǁĂƐŚĞĚƌĞŐƵůĂƌůǇ͘%

DŝŶŝŵĂůŽďƐĞƌǀĂŶĐĞĨŽƌǁĂƐƚĞĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶ

'"$"%"&"#^ƚŽƌĂŐĞ HCW are temporarily stored before being treated/disposed of on-site or transported off-site. The storage place must be identified as an infectious waste area by using the biohazard sign. Floors and walls should be sealed or tiled to allow easy disinfection. If present, the storage room should be connected to a special sewage system for infectious facility wastewater. The compacting of untreated infectious waste or waste with a high content of blood or other body fluids destined for offsite disposal (for which there is a risk of spilling) is not permitted. Sharps can be stored without problems, but other infectious waste should be kept cool or refrigerated at a temperature preferably no higher than 3 °C to 8 °C if stored for more than a week. Unless a refrigerated storage room is available, storage times for infectious waste (e.g. the time gap between generation and treatment) should not exceed the following periods: • Temperate climate: 72 hours in winter, 48 hours in summer. • Warm climate: 48 hours during the cool season; 24 hours during the hot season345. 345

“Safe management of waste from health-care activities”, 2nd edition, WHO, 2013, P 91. 191


Non hazardous HCW should always be stored in a separate location from the infectious/hazardous HCW in order to avoid cross-contamination. A storage facility, sized according to the volume of waste generated as well as the frequency of collection, should not be situated near to food stores or food preparation areas and its access should always be limited to authorized personnel. It should also be easy to clean, have good lighting and ventilation, and designed to prevent rodents, insects or birds from entering"'(. ͻ dŚĞƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĂƌĞĂƐŚŽƵůĚŚĂǀĞĂŶŝŵƉĞƌŵĞĂďůĞ͕ŚĂƌĚͲƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŇŽŽƌǁŝƚŚŐŽŽĚĚƌĂŝŶĂŐĞ͖ŝƚƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĞĂƐǇƚŽ ĐůĞĂŶĂŶĚĚŝƐŝŶĨĞĐƚ͘ ͻ dŚĞƌĞƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǁĂƚĞƌƐƵƉƉůǇĨŽƌĐůĞĂŶŝŶŐƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐ͘ ͻ dŚĞƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĂƌĞĂƐŚŽƵůĚĂīŽƌĚĞĂƐǇĂĐĐĞƐƐĨŽƌƐƚĂīŝŶĐŚĂƌŐĞŽĨŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐƚŚĞǁĂƐƚĞ͘ ͻ /ƚƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƚŽůŽĐŬƚŚĞƐƚŽƌĞƚŽƉƌĞǀĞŶƚĂĐĐĞƐƐďǇƵŶĂƵƚŚŽƌŝǌĞĚƉĞƌƐŽŶƐ͘ ͻ ĂƐǇĂĐĐĞƐƐĨŽƌǁĂƐƚĞͲĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶǀĞŚŝĐůĞƐŝƐĞƐƐĞŶƟĂů͘ ͻ dŚĞƌĞƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐƵŶ͘ ͻ dŚĞƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĂƌĞĂƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞĨŽƌĂŶŝŵĂůƐ͕ŝŶƐĞĐƚƐ͕ĂŶĚďŝƌĚƐ͘ ͻ dŚĞƌĞƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŐŽŽĚůŝŐŚƟŶŐĂŶĚĂƚůĞĂƐƚƉĂƐƐŝǀĞǀĞŶƟůĂƟŽŶ͘ ͻ dŚĞƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĂƌĞĂƐŚŽƵůĚŶŽƚďĞŶĞĂƌĨƌĞƐŚĨŽŽĚƐƚŽƌĞƐŽƌĨŽŽĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂƌĞĂƐ͘ ͻ ƐƵƉƉůǇŽĨĐůĞĂŶŝŶŐĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ͕ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚǁĂƐƚĞďĂŐƐŽƌĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞůŽĐĂƚĞĚ ĐŽŶǀĞŶŝĞŶƚůǇĐůŽƐĞƚŽƚŚĞƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĂƌĞĂ"͘

ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐĨŽƌŚĞĂůƚŚͲĐĂƌĞǁĂƐƚĞ

;ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇͲŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ All manipulations of infectious materials within the laboratory must be conducted in the Class III biological safety cabinet. Double-door, pass through autoclaves must be provided for decontaminating materials passing out of the Class III BSC(s). The autoclave doors must be interlocked so that only one can be opened at any time and be automatically controlled so that the outside door to the autoclave can only be opened after the decontamination cycle has been completed. • The Class III cabinet must also have a pass-through dunk tank, fumigation chamber, or equivalent decontamination method so that materials and equipment that cannot be decontaminated in the autoclave can be safely removed from the cabinet. Containment must be maintained at all times384. • All protective clothing must be removed in the dirty side change room before showering. Reusable clothing must be autoclaved prior to removal from the laboratory for laundering385. • Do not wash or reuse disposable gloves. Dispose of used gloves with other contaminated laboratory waste386. • A double-door autoclave, dunk tank, fumigation chamber, or ventilated airlock must be provided at the containment barrier for the passage of materials, supplies, or equipment387 • A hands-free sink must be provided near the door of the cabinet room(s) and the inner change room. A sink must be provided in the outer change room. All sinks in the room(s) containing the Class III BSC must be connected to the wastewater decontamination system388.

384 “Preparation of Health Care Waste Management Plan in Sub-Saharan Countries”, United Nation Environmental Programme and World Health Organization, 2004, p. 49. 385 Id. p. 50. 386 “Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories”, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 5th edition, 2009, p. 51. 387 Id. p. 52. 388 Id. p. 52.

214



• Drains in the laboratory floor (if present) must be connected directly to the liquid waste decontamination system389 390. • Pass through dunk tanks, fumigation chambers, or equivalent decontamination methods must be provided so that materials and equipment that cannot be decontaminated in the autoclave can be safely removed from the cabinet room(s)391. • Liquid effluents from cabinet room sinks, floor drains, autoclave chambers, and other sources within the cabinet room must be decontaminated by a proven method, preferably heat treatment, before being discharged to the sanitary sewer. • Decontamination of all liquid wastes must be documented. The decontamination process for liquid wastes must be validated physically and biologically. Biological validation must be performed annually or more often if required by institutional policy. • Effluents from showers and toilets may be discharged to the sanitary sewer without treatment392. • Gas and liquid discharge from the autoclave chamber must be decontaminated. When feasible, autoclave decontamination processes should be designed so that unfiltered air or steam exposed to infectious material cannot be released to the environment393. 389 Effluent Decontamination Systems (EDS) are required to treat all laboratory wastewater/effluent produced within biocontainment boundaries. This effluent typically originates from the laboratory sinks, showers, floor drains, and autoclaves. Effluent Decontamination Systems use a combination of heat and pressure to ensure that any potentially dangerous microbiological agents in the effluent are destroyed before release to the public sewer. Typically these systems are located in sub-contained basement areas directly below the laboratories which they serve. An EDS process involves: Filling - Waste effluent is either pumped or gravity flows into the receiving tank via the inlet waste lines. Heating - To ensure a uniform temperature rise across the system, the recirculation pump will start, providing agitation to the vessel contents. Sterilizing - During this phase the vessel contents will be held at (or slightly above) 132°C for a period of one hour. Cooling - EDS typically cool in one of two ways depending on each individual facility and its corresponding waste effluent stream. Draining - When the sterile effluent has cooled to the desired temperature, it is then pumped to the drain. When the vessel is empty it automatically shuts down and the vessel will go into Stand by Mode. For more information see: http://www.biosafelifesciences.com/effluent_decontamination_systems. 390 “Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories”, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 5th edition, 2009, p. 52. 391 Id. p. 54. 392 “Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories”, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 5th edition, 2009, p. 54. 393 Id.

215


'"$"("$"#^ƵŝƚůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌŝĞƐͲŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ • Inner gloves must be removed and discarded in the inner change room prior to entering the personal shower. Dispose of used gloves with other contaminated waste394. • A double-door autoclave, dunk tank, or fumigation chamber must be provided at the containment barrier for the passage of materials, supplies, or equipment in or out of the laboratory395. • Sinks inside the suit laboratory should be placed near procedure areas and be connected to the wastewater decontamination system396. • Drains, if present, in the laboratory floor must be connected directly to the liquid waste decontamination system397 398. • Pass through dunk tanks, fumigation chambers, or equivalent decontamination methods must be provided so that materials and equipment that cannot be decontaminated in the autoclave can be safely removed from the BSL-4 laboratory. Access to the exit side of the pass-through shall be limited to those individuals authorized to be in the BSL-4 laboratory399. • Liquid effluents from chemical showers, sinks, floor drains, autoclave chambers, and other sources within the laboratory must be decontaminated by a proven method, preferably heat treatment, before being discharged to the sanitary sewer. • Decontamination of all liquid wastes must be documented. The decontamination process for liquid wastes must be validated physically and biolog394 “Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories”, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 5th edition, 2009, p. 51. 395 Id. p. 56. 396 Id. 397 Id. 398 Effluent Decontamination Systems (EDS) are required to treat all laboratory wastewater/effluent produced within biocontainment boundaries. This effluent typically originates from the laboratory sinks, showers, floor drains, and autoclaves. Effluent Decontamination Systems use a combination of heat and pressure to ensure that any potentially dangerous microbiological agents in the effluent are destroyed before release to the public sewer. Typically these systems are located in sub-contained basement areas directly below the laboratories which they serve. An EDS process involves: Filling - Waste effluent is either pumped or gravity flows into the receiving tank via the inlet waste lines. Heating - To ensure a uniform temperature rise across the system, the recirculation pump will start, providing agitation to the vessel contents. Sterilizing - During this phase the vessel contents will be held at (or slightly above) 132°C for a period of one hour. Cooling - EDS typically cool in one of two ways depending on each individual facility and its corresponding waste effluent stream. Draining - When the sterile effluent has cooled to the desired temperature, it is then pumped to the drain. When the vessel is empty it automatically shuts down and the vessel will go into Stand by Mode. For more information see: http://www.biosafelifesciences.com/effluent_decontamination_systems. 399 “Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories”, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 5th edition, 2009, p. 58.

216



ically. Biological validation must be performed annually or more often if required by institutional policy. • Effluents from personal body showers and toilets may be discharged to the sanitary sewer without treatment400. • A double-door, pass through autoclave(s) must be provided for decontaminating materials passing out of the cabinet laboratory. Autoclaves that open outside of the laboratory must be sealed to the interior wall. This bioseal must be durable, airtight, and capable of expansion and contraction. Positioning the bioseal so that the equipment can be accessed and maintained from outside the laboratory is strongly recommended. The autoclave doors must be interlocked so that only one can be opened at any time and be automatically controlled so that the outside door to the autoclave can only be opened after the decontamination cycle has been completed. • Gas and liquid discharge from the autoclave chamber must be decontaminated. When feasible, autoclave decontamination processes should be designed so that unfiltered air or steam exposed to infectious material cannot be released to the environment401.

400 “Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories”, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 5th edition, 2009, p. 58. 401 Id.

217

\ĂďĞůůŝŶŐĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐZĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶ;ͿEŽϭϮϳϮͬϮϬϬϴ΀>W΁ WŝĐƚŽŐƌĂŵ ^ŝŐŶĂůǁŽƌĚ͗ĂŶŐĞƌ ,ĂǌĂƌĚƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ ,ϮϮϬǆƚƌĞŵĞůǇŇĂŵŵĂďůĞŐĂƐ͘ ,ϮϴϬŽŶƚĂŝŶƐŐĂƐƵŶĚĞƌƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ͖ŵĂǇĞǆƉůŽĚĞŝĨŚĞĂƚĞĚ͘ ,ϯϭϱĂƵƐĞƐƐŬŝŶŝƌƌŝƚĂƟŽŶ͘ ,ϯϭϴĂƵƐĞƐƐĞƌŝŽƵƐĞǇĞĚĂŵĂŐĞ͘ ,ϯϯϮ,ĂƌŵĨƵůŝĨŝŶŚĂůĞĚ ,ϯϯϱDĂǇĐĂƵƐĞƌĞƐƉŝƌĂƚŽǇŝƌƌŝƚĂƟŽŶ

ŶĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͗dŚĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϮ͘Ϯ;>ĂďĞůůĞŵĞŶƚͿŽĨƚŚĞD^^ŽĨĂƉƵƌĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ;DĞƚŚǇůͲŵŝŶĞͿ

Section 4: First Aid Measure ϰ͘&/Z^d/D^hZ^ ϰ͘ϭĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶŽĨĮƌƐƚĂŝĚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ D+#+7".("$-F)+ ŽŶƐƵůƚĂƉŚǇƐŝĐŝĂŶ͘^ŚŽǁƚŚŝƐƐĂĨĞƚǇĚĂƚĂƐŚĞĞƚƚŽƚŚĞĚŽĐƚŽƌŝŶĂƩĞŶĚĂŶĐĞ͘ >4(-#*".+$ /ĨďƌĞĂƚŚĞĚŝŶ͕ŵŽǀĞƉĞƌƐŽŶŝŶƚŽĨƌĞƐŚĂŝƌ͘/ĨŶŽƚďƌĞĂƚŚŝŶŐ͕ŐŝǀĞĂƌƟĮĐŝĂůƌĞƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ͘ŽŶƐƵůƚĂƉŚǇƐŝĐŝĂŶ͘ >#()"1+(&4(1'-#()")2 tĂƐŚŽīǁŝƚŚƐŽĂƉĂŶĚƉůĞŶƚǇŽĨǁĂƚĞƌ͘dĂŬĞǀŝĐƟŵŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůǇƚŽŚŽƐƉŝƚĂů͘ŽŶƐƵůƚĂƉŚǇƐŝĐŝĂŶ͘ >#()"1+(&4(+8+()")2 ZŝŶƐĞƚŚŽƌŽƵŐŚůǇŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨŽƌĂƚůĞĂƐƚϭϱŵŝŶƵƚĞƐĂŶĚĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂƉŚǇƐŝĐŝĂŶ͘

ŶĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͗dŚĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϰ͘ϭ;&ŝƌƐƚͲŝĚDĞĂƐƵƌĞƐͿŽĨƚŚĞD^^ŽĨĂƉƵƌĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ;DĞƚŚǇůͲŵŝŶĞͿ

Note: read carefully all the information! The given advise could be quite basic or more specific depending on the MSDS Chemical Company providing the MSDS. Always remind the technical note shown in the Decision- Making Scheme

234


– RISK MANAGEMENT

Section 5: Fire-fighting Measures ϱ͘&/Z&/',d/E'D^hZ^ ϱ͘ϭǆƟŶŐƵŝƐŚŝŶŐŵĞĚŝĂ ^ƵŝƚĂďůĞĞǆƟŶŐƵŝƐŚŝŶŐŵĞĚŝĂ hƐĞǁĂƚĞƌƐƉƌĂǇ͕ĂůĐŽŚŽůͲƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚĨŽĂŵ͕ĚƌǇĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶĚŝŽǆŝĚĞ͘ ϱ͘Ϯ^ƉĞĐŝĂůŚĂǌĂƌĚƐĂƌŝƐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞŽƌŵŝǆƚƵƌĞ ĂƌďŽŶŽǆŝĚĞƐ͕ŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶŽǆŝĚĞƐ;EKǆͿ ϱ͘ϯĚǀŝĐĞĨŽƌĮƌĞĮŐŚƚĞƌƐ tĞĂƌƐĞůĨĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚďƌĞĂƚŚŝŶŐĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĮƌĞĮŐŚƟŶŐŝĨŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇ͘ ϱ͘ϰ&ƵƌƚŚĞƌŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ hƐĞǁĂƚĞƌƐƉƌĂǇƚŽĐŽŽůƵŶŽƉĞŶĞĚĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌƐ͘

ŶĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͗dŚĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϱ͘ϭ;ǆƟŶŐƵŝƐŚŝŶŐDĞĚŝĂͿŽĨƚŚĞD^^ŽĨĂƉƵƌĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ;DĞƚŚǇůͲŵŝŶĞͿ

Note: read carefully (e.g. Inappropriate extinguishing media could get much worse the consequence of the fire.)Training course for all the personnel should be attended to gain practice in extinguisher use.

Section 6: Accidental Release Measure ϲ͘/Ed>Z>^D^hZ^ ϲ͘ϭWĞƌƐŽŶĂůƉƌĞĐĂƵƟŽŶƐ͕ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐ tĞĂƌƌĞƐƉŝƌĂƚŽƌǇƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͘ǀŽŝĚďƌĞĂƚŚŝŶŐǀĂƉŽƌƐ͕ŵŝƐƚŽƌŐĂƐ͘ŶƐƵƌĞĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞǀĞŶƟůĂƟŽŶ͘ǀĂĐƵĂƚĞ ƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞůƚŽƐĂĨĞĂƌĞĂƐ͘ ϲ͘ϮŶǀŝƌŽŵĞŶƚĂůƉƌĞĐĂƵƟŽŶƐ WƌĞǀĞŶƚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌůĞĂŬĂŐĞŽƌƐƉŝůůĂŐĞŝĨƐĂĨĞƚŽĚŽƐŽ͘ŽŶŽƚůĞƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚĞŶƚĞƌĚƌĂŝŶƐ͘ ϲ͘ϯDĞƚŚŽĚƐĂŶĚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĨŽƌĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĐůĞĂŶŝŶŐƵƉ

ŶĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͗dŚĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϲ;ĐĐŝĚĞŶƚĂůZĞůĞĂƐĞDĞĂƐƵƌĞƐͿŽĨƚŚĞD^^ŽĨĂƉƵƌĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ;DĞƚŚͲ ǇůͲŵŝŶĞͿ

Note: read carefully! In case of accident (e.g. spill, leakage) is truly important the first responder quickness to limit potentially worst consequence (e.g. drain water contamination) both for people and environment. Case 2: the Hazardous Waste is a complex mixture: In case of a hazardous Waste mixture (not pure product!) correct procedure will be: Step 1 Make the GHS Hazardous Classification of the Waste browsing MSDS of any component present in the mixture Note: see previous Chapter 4 and 5 for GHS Hazard identification procedure. Note: consult Hazardous Waste labeling (in case HW has been already classified and stored)! 235


Step 2 Use the decision-making Scheme (see next paragraph) as guide document. Note: consider the suggested best practice! Step 3 Take (if necessary) further decision(s). In doing so, choose the most conservative decision considering the real situation! Consider, for example: Knowledge of: facilities structure(e.g. presence of windows)/ laboratory emergency equipment dislocation/ laboratory staff training level/presence of physician) Un-expected reaction of people injured, Awareness of potential situation of risk (e.g.flammable materials stored near accidental fire, electric equipment not turned off) ("!"&"&"#hƐŝŶŐƚŚĞĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬŝŶŐƐĐŚĞŵĞ Starting from the assumptions of the previous paragraph (Step 2)a decision-making scheme can be helpful to develop a more complete and safe first response practice to face any kind of emergency. The scheme is constituted by a series of 15 consecutive easy question guiding the decision-making process. Note: No*= see decision-making scheme Questions: 1)is the phase of the waste solid, liquid or gaseous? Yes/No? The phase helps determine which exposure routes and first-aid measures are relevant for a particular waste. Example: ingestion is not a relevant route of exposure for a gas. 2)Is the waste soluble in water? Yes: flush with water No: reduce contact of the chemical with water, by quickly blotting or brushing the chemical away, prior to flushing. (In addition, mild, non-abrasive soap may facilitate the removal of products that are not water soluble or are oily or adherent). 3)Does the waste react with water to produce heat or a more hazardous chemical? Yes: reduce contact of the chemical with water, by quickly blotting or brushing the chemical away, prior to flushing. No*.

236


– RISK MANAGEMENT

4)Is the waste an oxidizer406? Yes: remove contaminated clothing immediately and submerse in water so that it does not become a fire hazard. No*. 5)Is the waste flammable? Yes: Remove all sources of ignition; remove waste from the exposed person. No*. 6)Does the waste pose an immediate health threat to the first-aid provider407? Yes: be protected when responding to incidents involving these chemicals. Note: use of specific protective equipment, for example, butyl rubber gloves rather than lattice gloves. No* 7)Is the waste toxic? Yes: Take minimal precautionary measures. No*. 8) Is the waste non-irritating, or a mild, moderate or severe irritant? Yes: rinse immediately for skin or eye contact. Note: The degree of irritancy can be used to determine the duration of rinsing. For example, a non-irritant or mild irritant should only need 5 minutes of rinsing/washing. A moderate or severe irritant may require 15-20 minutes of rinsing/washing to ensure complete removal. No*. 9)Is the waste corrosive? Yes: Rinse/wash immediately. Note: Corrosives may require longer rinsing/washing than irritants to ensure their complete removal. (e.g. strong alkalis, like sodium hydroxide, may require 60 minutes; hydrochloric acid may require 30 minutes). No*. 10)Is the waste capable of causing frostbite or freezing tissue408? Yes: a)re-warm with body heat (brief contact with a small amount of the liquefied gas) b)immediately call a Poison Center/doctor for more extensive contact or contact with a large amount. No*. 11)Can the waste cause pulmonary edema409? Oxidizers create a fire hazard by producing oxygen or another oxidizing substance A chemical can pose an immediate health threat to the first-aid provider if it is a simple asphyxiant, very acutely toxic by any route of exposure, or corrosive. 408 Chemicals can cause frostbite or freeze tissue if they have a low boiling point (below 0 °C) 409 Pulmonary edema is a life-threatening accumulation in the lungs of fluid corrosive to the respiratory tract. It interferes with the ability of oxygen to cross through the lungs into the body. 406 407

237


Yes: Provide Oxygen, as a first-aid measure, to victims who develop symptoms of pulmonary edema. Note: Symptoms of pulmonary edema may not appear for up to 48 hours after exposure. Anyone with a significant exposure to a chemical that can cause pulmonary edema must be made aware of this delay. Chlorine and ammonia are examples of chemicals that can cause rapid pulmonary edema. Phosgene and nitrogen dioxides can cause delayed pulmonary edema. No*. 12)Is the waste capable of interfering with the body’s ability to use oxygen? Yes: provide oxygen. Note: example of chemicals that can interfere with the body’s use of oxygen are: 1) carbon monoxide (impairs oxygen transport in the blood) 2) cyanide anion (affects use of oxygen in the cells) 3) toluene diisocyanate (causes a severe asthmatic attack, interfering with the exchange of oxygen and carbon) No*. 13)Is the waste fatal410/toxic? Yes: start rescue breathing, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation or automated external defibrillation as appropriate. Note: cardiopulmonary resuscitation or automated external defibrillation require advanced first-aid training. No*. 14)Is the product an aspiration hazard411? Yes: Call a Poison Center or doctor immediately; never induce vomiting No*. 15)Is the product capable of causing toxicity to the first-aid provider through mouth-to-mouth contact? Yes: Avoid direct mouth-to-mouth contact and use barrier. Note: Chemicals that are fatal/toxic if absorbed through the skin (e.g. cyanide compounds) could harm the first-aid provider during rescue breathing. No*

Fatal by any route of exposure Some chemicals (e.g. low viscosity hydrocarbons) can easily be aspirated during ingestion or vomiting and attack lung tissue. 410 411

238


– RISK MANAGEMENT

ĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲDĂŬŝŶŐ^ĐŚĞŵĞ ϭͿWŚǇƐŝĐĂů^ƚĂƚĞ

'ĂƐͬ>ŝƋƵŝĚͬ^Žů

ϮͿtĂƚĞƌ^ŽůƵďůĞ

zĞƐͬEŽ-

ϯͿZĞĂĐƚƐǁŝƚŚtĂƚĞƌƚŽWƌŽĚƵĐĞ,ĞĂƚ ŽƌĂDŽƌĞ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐŚĞŵŝĐĂů

zĞƐ-ͬEŽ

ϰͿKǆŝĚŝǌĞƌ

zĞƐ-ͬEŽ

ϱͿ&ůĂŵŵĂďůĞ

zĞƐ-ͬEŽ

ϲͿ/ŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞ,ĞĂůƚŚdŚƌĞĂƚƚŽ&ŝƌƐƚͲŝĚ zĞƐ-ͬEŽ WƌŽǀŝĚĞƌ ϳͿZŝƐŬŽĨdŽǆŝĐŝƚǇƚŽ&ŝƌƐƚͲŝĚWƌŽǀŝĚĞƌ zĞƐ-ͬEŽ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚDŽƵƚŚͲƚŽͲDŽƵƚŚŽŶƚĂĐƚ ϴͿEŽŶͲdŽǆŝĐ

zĞƐ-ͬEŽ

ϵͿĞŐƌĞĞŽĨ/ƌƌŝƚĂƟŽŶ

EŽŶͲŝƌƌŝƚĂƟŶŐͬDŝůĚͬDŽĚĞƌĂƚĞͬ^ĞǀĞƌĞ-

ϭϬͿŽƌƌŽƐŝǀĞ

zĞƐ-ͬEŽ

ϭϭͿĂƵƐĞƐ&ƌŽƐƚďŝƚĞŽƌ&ƌĞĞǌŝŶŐŽĨ dŝƐƐƵĞ ϭϮͿĂƵƐĞƐWƵůŵŽŶĂƌǇĚĞŵĂ ;ŽƌƌŽƐŝǀĞƚŽZĞƐƉŝƌĂƚŽƌǇdƌĂĐƚͿ ϭϯͿ/ŶƚĞƌĨĞƌĞƐǁŝƚŚŽĚǇ͛ƐhƐĞŽĨ KǆǇŐĞŶ

zĞƐ-ͬEŽ zĞƐ-ͬEŽ zĞƐ-ͬEŽ

ϭϰͿ&ĂƚĂůͬdŽǆŝĐ

zĞƐ-ͬEŽ

ϭϱͿƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ,ĂǌĂƌĚ

zĞƐ-ͬEŽ

-

ĐŚŽŽƐĞƚŚĞŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŵŽƐƚĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟǀĞĮƌƐƚͲĂŝĚƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐ ŶĞǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨĂĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲDĂŬŝŶŐƐĐŚĞŵĞƵƐĞĨƵůŝŶĐĂƐĞŽĨĮƌƐƚͲĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞ

("!"&"'"#,tĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇĮƌƐƚƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞĞǆĂŵƉůĞ Hereafter four hypothetical example of suggested first response practice following different exposure scenarios are shown: Example 1: Inhalation Route Example 2: Skin Contact Example 3: Eyes contact Example 4: Ingestion The three steps procedure adopted has been outlined in the previous paragraph.

239


K?",:.+(@ ,tǆƉŽƐƵƌĞZŽƵƚĞ͗/ŶŚĂůĂƟŽŶ 52+:(@_(R)[6-7-#/( /ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ

^ƚĞƉϮ͗^ƵŐŐĞƐƚĞĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ

^ƚĞƉϯ͗&ƵƌƚŚĞƌĞĐŝƐŝŽŶ;ĞǆĂŵƉůĞͿ

&ůĂŵŵĂďůĞ dĂŬĞƉƌĞĐĂƵƟŽŶƐƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞǇŽƵƌŽǁŶƐĂĨĞƚǇ dŚƌĞĂƚƚŽƌĞƐĐƵĞƌ ůŝŵŝŶĂƚĞĂůůŝŐŶŝƟŽŶƐŽƵƌĐĞƐŝĨƐĂĨĞƚŽĚŽƐŽͿ͘ ďĞĨŽƌĞ ĂƩĞŵƉƟŶŐ ƌĞƐĐƵĞ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ǁĞĂƌ ĂƉƉƌŽͲ ŝĨŝŶŚĂůĞĚ ƉƌŝĂƚĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ 'ĂƐ sĞƌǇƚŽǆŝĐ ĂƵƐĞƐƉƵůŵŽŶĂƌǇ ĞĚĞŵĂ

ZĞŵŽǀĞƐŽƵƌĐĞŽĨĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞŽƌŵŽǀĞƉĞƌƐŽŶ ƚŽĨƌĞƐŚĂŝƌĂŶĚŬĞĞƉĐŽŵĨŽƌƚĂďůĞĨŽƌďƌĞĂƚŚͲ ŝŶŐ͘/ŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůǇĐĂůůĂWŽŝƐŽŶĞŶƚĞƌŽƌĚŽĐͲ ƚŽƌ͘^ƉĞĐŝĮĐƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŝƐƵƌŐĞŶƚ͘/ĨďƌĞĂƚŚŝŶŐ ŝƐ ĚŝĸĐƵůƚ͕ ƚƌĂŝŶĞĚ ƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞů ƐŚŽƵůĚ ĂĚŵŝŶͲ ŝƐƚĞƌ ĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇ ŽǆǇŐĞŶ ŝĨ ĂĚǀŝƐĞĚ ƚŽ ĚŽ ƐŽ ďǇƚŚĞWŽŝƐŽŶĞŶƚĞƌŽƌĚŽĐƚŽƌ͘^ǇŵƉƚŽŵƐŽĨ ƉƵůŵŽŶĂƌǇ ĞĚĞŵĂ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĚĞůĂǇĞĚ ƵƉ ƚŽ ϰϴ ŚŽƵƌƐĂŌĞƌĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ͘

/Ĩ ďƌĞĂƚŚŝŶŐ ;Žƌ ŚĞĂƌƚͿ ŚĂƐ ƐƚŽƉƉĞĚ͕ ƌĞƐĐƵĞ ďƌĞĂƚŚŝŶŐƐŚŽƵůĚƐƚĂƌƚŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůǇ͘ ĂůůĨŽƌƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞůƚƌĂŝŶĞĚƚŽƉƌĂĐƟĐĞĐĂƌĚŝŽͲ ƉƵůŵŽŶĂƌǇƌĞƐƵƐĐŝƚĂƟŽŶŽƌĂƵƚŽŵĂƚĞĚĞǆƚĞƌͲ ŶĂůĚĞĮďƌŝůůĂƟŽŶ͘

K?",:.+(E !9(K?:&167+(C&62+_(5'-#(L")2( 52+:(@_(R)[6-7-#/( /ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ >ŝƋƵŝĚ &ůĂŵŵĂďůĞ WƌĂĐƟĐĂůůǇ ŝŶƐŽůƵďůĞŝŶǁĂƚĞƌ ^ŬŝŶŝƌƌŝƚĂŶƚ

^ƚĞƉϮ͗ƐƵŐŐĞƐƚĞĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ


dĂŬĞŽīŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůǇĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ͕ /ĨĚĞĞƉƐŬŝŶŝƌƌŝƚĂƟŽŶŽĐĐƵƌƐ͗ĐĂůůĨŽƌŵĞĚŝĐĂůĂŝĚ͊ ƐŚŽĞƐ ĂŶĚ ůĞĂƚŚĞƌ ŐŽŽĚƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ǁĂƚĐŚďĂŶĚƐ͕ ďĞůƚƐͿ͘'ĞŶƚůǇďůŽƚĂǁĂǇĞǆĐĞƐƐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ͘tĂƐŚ ǁŝƚŚƉůĞŶƚǇŽĨůƵŬĞǁĂƌŵ͕ŐĞŶƚůǇŇŽǁŝŶŐǁĂͲ ƚĞƌĂŶĚŵŝůĚƐŽĂƉĨŽƌϭϱͲϮϬŵŝŶƵƚĞƐ͘͘ ^ƚŽƌĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐƵŶĚĞƌǁĂƚĞƌĂŶĚ ǁĂƐŚďĞĨŽƌĞƌĞͲƵƐĞŽƌĚŝƐĐĂƌĚ͘

K?",:.+(M !9(K?:&167+(C&62+_(K8+(L")2( 52+:(@_(R)[6-7-#/( /ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ

^ŽůŝĚ >ŽǁƚŽǆŝĐŝƚǇ EŽŶͲŝƌƌŝƚĂƟŶŐ

^ƚĞƉϮ͗ƐƵŐŐĞƐƚĞĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ


ŽŶŽƚĂůůŽǁǀŝĐƟŵƚŽƌƵďĞǇĞ;ƐͿ͘ >Ğƚ ƚŚĞ ĞǇĞ;ƐͿ ǁĂƚĞƌ ŶĂƚƵƌĂůůǇ ĨŽƌ Ă ĨĞǁ ŵŝŶͲ ƵƚĞƐ͘,ĂǀĞǀŝĐƟŵůŽŽŬƌŝŐŚƚĂŶĚůĞŌ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞŶ ƵƉĂŶĚĚŽǁŶ͘ /Ĩ ƉĂƌƟĐůĞͬĚƵƐƚ ĚŽĞƐ ŶŽƚ ĚŝƐůŽĚŐĞ͕ ŇƵƐŚ ǁŝƚŚ ůƵŬĞǁĂƌŵ͕ ŐĞŶƚůǇ ŇŽǁŝŶŐ ǁĂƚĞƌ ĨŽƌ ĮǀĞ ŵŝŶͲ ƵƚĞƐ Žƌ ƵŶƟů ƉĂƌƟĐůĞͬĚƵƐƚ ŝƐ ƌĞŵŽǀĞĚ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ ŚŽůĚŝŶŐĞǇĞůŝĚ;ƐͿŽƉĞŶ͘

/Ĩ ŝƌƌŝƚĂƟŽŶ ƉĞƌƐŝƐƚƐ͕ ĐĂůů ĨŽƌ ŵĞĚŝĐĂů ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ͘ ŶĚ ĂďƐŽůƵƚĞůǇ K EKd ĂƚͲ ƚĞŵƉƚ ƚŽ ŵĂŶƵĂůůǇ ƌĞŵŽǀĞ ĂŶǇƚŚŝŶŐ ƚƌĂƉƉĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĞǇĞ͘

K?",:.+(N ,tǆƉŽƐƵƌĞZŽƵƚĞ͗/ŶŐĞƐƟŽŶ 52+:(@_(R)[6-7-#/( /ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ >ŝƋƵŝĚ ^ŬŝŶŝƌƌŝƚĂŶƚ ƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ,ĂǌĂƌĚ

240

^ƚĞƉϮ͗ƐƵŐŐĞƐƚĞĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ ZŝŶƐĞŵŽƵƚŚ͘ /ŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůǇĐĂůůĂWŽŝƐŽŶĞŶƚĞƌŽƌĚŽĐƚŽƌ͘ ŽŶŽƚŝŶĚƵĐĞǀŽŵŝƟŶŐ͘

^ƚĞƉϯ͗&ƵƌƚŚĞƌĞĐŝƐŝŽŶ;ĞǆĂŵƉůĞͿ /Ĩ ǀŽŵŝƟŶŐ ŽĐĐƵƌƐ ŶĂƚƵƌĂůůǇ͕ ŚĞůƉ ƚŚĞ ǀŝĐƟŵ ƚŽ ůŝĞ ŽŶ ŚŝƐ ƐŝĚĞ͕ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĐŽǀͲ ĞƌǇ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ EŽƚĞ͗ dŚŝƐ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ůĞƚ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƵƚŚ ďĞ ĚŽǁŶǁĂƌĚ ;ŚĞůƉŝŶŐ ŇƵͲ ŝĚ ĚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ĂŝƌǁĂǇͿ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŚŝŶ ďĞ ǁĞůů ƵƉ ;ƚŽ ŬĞĞƉ ƚŚĞ ĞƉŝŐůŽƫƐ ŽƉĞŶĞĚͿ͘ ƌŵƐ ĂŶĚ ůĞŐƐ ĂƌĞ ůŽĐŬĞĚ ƚŽ ƐƚĂďŝůŝǌĞƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƟĞŶƚ


– RISK MANAGEMENT

\ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĐŽĂƚƐ͕ŐŽǁŶƐ͕ ŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ĐŽǀĞƌĂůůƐ ŽĨĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ WůĂƐƟĐĂƉƌŽŶƐ ŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ ĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ &ŽŽƚǁĞĂƌ /ŵƉĂĐƚĂŶĚƐƉůĂƐŚ 'ŽŐŐůĞƐ /ŵƉĂĐƚĂŶĚƐƉůĂƐŚ

^ĂĨĞƚǇƐƉĞĐƚĂĐůĞƐ

/ŵƉĂĐƚ

&ĂĐĞƐŚŝĞůĚƐ

/ŵƉĂĐƚĂŶĚƐƉůĂƐŚ

ZĞƐƉŝƌĂƚŽƌƐ

/ŶŚĂůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĞƌŽƐŽůƐ

'ůŽǀĞƐ

ŝƌĞĐƚĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚ ŵŝĐƌŽŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵƐ ƵƚƐ

^&dz&dhZ^ ͻĂĐŬŽƉĞŶŝŶŐ ͻŽǀĞƌƐƚƌĞĞƚĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ ͻtĂƚĞƌƉƌŽŽĨ ͻůŽƐĞĚͲƚŽĞ ͻ/ŵƉĂĐƚͲƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚůĞŶƐĞƐ;ŵƵƐƚďĞŽƉƟĐĂůůǇĐŽƌƌĞĐƚŽƌ ǁŽƌŶŽǀĞƌĐŽƌƌĞĐƟǀĞĞǇĞŐůĂƐƐĞƐͿ ͻ^ŝĚĞƐŚŝĞůĚƐ ͻ/ŵƉĂĐƚͲƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚůĞŶƐĞƐ;ŵƵƐƚďĞŽƉƟĐĂůůǇĐŽƌƌĞĐƚͿ ͻ^ŝĚĞƐŚŝĞůĚƐ ͻ^ŚŝĞůĚĞŶƟƌĞĨĂĐĞ ͻĂƐŝůǇƌĞŵŽǀĂďůĞŝŶĐĂƐĞŽĨĂĐĐŝĚĞŶƚ ͻĞƐŝŐŶƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐŝŶŐůĞͲƵƐĞĚŝƐƉŽƐĂďůĞ͖ĨƵůůͲĨĂĐĞ ŽƌŚĂůĨͲĨĂĐĞĂŝƌƉƵƌŝĨǇŝŶŐ͖ĨƵůůͲĨĂĐĞŽƌŚŽŽĚĞĚƉŽǁĞƌĞĚĂŝƌ ƉƵƌŝĨǇŝŶŐ;WWZͿ͖ĂŶĚƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚĂŝƌƌĞƐƉŝƌĂƚŽƌƐ͘ ͻŝƐƉŽƐĂďůĞŵŝĐƌŽďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůůǇĂƉƉƌŽǀĞĚůĂƚĞǆ͕ǀŝŶǇůŽƌ ŶŝƚƌŝůĞ ͻ,ĂŶĚƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ ͻDĞƐŚ

WĞƌƐŽŶĂůƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ

It’s important to notice that industrial boots and heavy-duty gloves are particularly important for waste workers. The thick soles of the boots offer protection in the storage area, as a precaution from spilled sharps, and where floors are slippery. If segregation is inadequate, needles or other sharp items may have been placed in plastic bags; such items may also pierce thin-walled or weak plastic containers. If it is likely that health-care waste bags will come into contact with workers’ legs during handling, leg protectors may also need to be worn. Operators of manually loaded incinerators should wear protective face visors and helmets. During ash and slag removal and other operations that create dust, dust masks should be provided for operators. ("$"$"&"#WĞƌƐŽŶĂůƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ^>ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ Working in a facility with different containment levels, including high containment laboratories, requires a different approach to PPE. For the purposes of this handbook, the tables offered by CDC guidelines on the most important PPE measures are provided below. 247


=5Y(@426 WĞƌƐŽŶĂůWƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ ϭ͘^ƉĞĐŝĂůĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŵĞŶƚĚĞǀŝĐĞƐŽƌĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐ^Ɛ͕ĂƌĞŶŽƚŐĞŶĞƌĂůůǇƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ͘ Ϯ͘WƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĐŽĂƚƐ͕ŐŽǁŶƐ͕ŽƌƵŶŝĨŽƌŵƐĂƌĞƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĞĚƚŽƉƌĞǀĞŶƚĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ͘ ϯ͘tĞĂƌƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĞǇĞǁĞĂƌǁŚĞŶĐŽŶĚƵĐƟŶŐƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐƚŚĂƚŚĂǀĞƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞƐƉůĂƐŚĞƐŽĨŵŝĐƌŽŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵƐ ŽƌŽƚŚĞƌŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͘WĞƌƐŽŶƐǁŚŽǁĞĂƌĐŽŶƚĂĐƚůĞŶƐĞƐŝŶůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌŝĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚĂůƐŽǁĞĂƌĞǇĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͘ ϰ͘ 'ůŽǀĞƐ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ǁŽƌŶ ƚŽ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚ ŚĂŶĚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ ƚŽ ŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͘ 'ůŽǀĞ ƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ďĂƐĞĚŽŶĂŶĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƌŝƐŬĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͘ůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐƚŽůĂƚĞǆŐůŽǀĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘tĂƐŚŚĂŶĚƐƉƌŝŽƌƚŽ ůĞĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕^>ͲϭǁŽƌŬĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚ͗ Ă͘ŚĂŶŐĞŐůŽǀĞƐǁŚĞŶĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ͕ŐůŽǀĞŝŶƚĞŐƌŝƚǇŝƐĐŽŵƉƌŽŵŝƐĞĚ͕ŽƌǁŚĞŶŽƚŚĞƌǁŝƐĞŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇ͘ ď͘ZĞŵŽǀĞŐůŽǀĞƐĂŶĚǁĂƐŚŚĂŶĚƐǁŚĞŶǁŽƌŬǁŝƚŚŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŚĂƐďĞĞŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚĂŶĚďĞĨŽƌĞůĞĂǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘ Đ͘ŽŶŽƚǁĂƐŚŽƌƌĞƵƐĞĚŝƐƉŽƐĂďůĞŐůŽǀĞƐ͘ŝƐƉŽƐĞŽĨƵƐĞĚŐůŽǀĞƐǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇǁĂƐƚĞ͘ ,ĂŶĚǁĂƐŚŝŶŐƉƌŽƚŽĐŽůƐŵƵƐƚďĞƌŝŐŽƌŽƵƐůǇĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ͘ ^ƉĞĐŝĂůWƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ϭ͘ůůƉĞƌƐŽŶƐĞŶƚĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇŵƵƐƚďĞĂĚǀŝƐĞĚŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŚĂǌĂƌĚƐĂŶĚŵĞĞƚƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĞŶƚƌǇͬĞǆŝƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ Ϯ͘ >ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞů ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ŵĞĚŝĐĂů ƐƵƌǀĞŝůůĂŶĐĞ͕ ĂƐ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ŽīĞƌĞĚ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ŝŵŵƵŶŝǌĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂŐĞŶƚƐŚĂŶĚůĞĚŽƌƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘ ϯ͘ĂĐŚŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐŚŽƵůĚĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚĞŶĞĞĚĨŽƌĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƐƚŽƌĂŐĞŽĨƐĞƌƵŵƐĂŵƉůĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƚͲƌŝƐŬƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞů͘ ϰ͘ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇͲƐƉĞĐŝĮĐďŝŽƐĂĨĞƚǇŵĂŶƵĂůŵƵƐƚďĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚĂŶĚĂĚŽƉƚĞĚĂƐƉŽůŝĐǇ͘dŚĞďŝŽƐĂĨĞƚǇŵĂŶƵĂůŵƵƐƚ ďĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ͘ ϱ͘WŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŵƵƐƚďĞƉůĂĐĞĚŝŶĂĚƵƌĂďůĞ͕ůĞĂŬƉƌŽŽĨĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌĚƵƌŝŶŐĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐ͕ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ͕ƐƚŽƌĂŐĞ͕ŽƌƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚǁŝƚŚŝŶĂĨĂĐŝůŝƚǇ͘ ϲ͘ >ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ƌŽƵƟŶĞůǇ ĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ͕ ĂŌĞƌ ƐƉŝůůƐ͕ ƐƉůĂƐŚĞƐ͕ Žƌ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ͘ Ă͘^ƉŝůůƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŵƵƐƚďĞĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ͕ĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ͕ĂŶĚĐůĞĂŶĞĚƵƉďǇƐƚĂīƉƌŽƉĞƌůǇ ƚƌĂŝŶĞĚĂŶĚĞƋƵŝƉƉĞĚƚŽǁŽƌŬǁŝƚŚŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘ ď͘ƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚŵƵƐƚďĞĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚďĞĨŽƌĞƌĞƉĂŝƌ͕ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ͕ŽƌƌĞŵŽǀĂůĨƌŽŵƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘ ϳ͘/ŶĐŝĚĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚŵĂǇƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞƚŽŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŵƵƐƚďĞŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůǇĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚĂŶĚƚƌĞĂƚĞĚĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇďŝŽƐĂĨĞƚǇŵĂŶƵĂů͘ůůƐƵĐŚŝŶĐŝĚĞŶƚƐŵƵƐƚďĞƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ƐƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŽƌ͘DĞĚŝĐĂůĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ͕ƐƵƌǀĞŝůůĂŶĐĞ͕ĂŶĚƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĂŶĚĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƌĞĐŽƌĚƐŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ͘ WĞƌƐŽŶĂůWƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ ϭ͘WƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĐŽĂƚƐ͕ŐŽǁŶƐ͕ƐŵŽĐŬƐ͕ŽƌƵŶŝĨŽƌŵƐĚĞƐŝŐŶĂƚĞĚĨŽƌůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇƵƐĞŵƵƐƚďĞǁŽƌŶǁŚŝůĞ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐǁŝƚŚŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͘ZĞŵŽǀĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐďĞĨŽƌĞůĞĂǀŝŶŐĨŽƌŶŽŶͲůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĂƌĞĂƐ͕Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ĐĂĨĞƚĞƌŝĂ͕ ůŝďƌĂƌǇ͕ ĂŶĚ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞ ŽĸĐĞƐͿ͘ ŝƐƉŽƐĞ ŽĨ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞ ĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞůǇ͕ Žƌ ĚĞƉŽƐŝƚ ŝƚ ĨŽƌ ůĂƵŶĚĞƌŝŶŐďǇƚŚĞŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ͘/ƚŝƐƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĞĚƚŚĂƚůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐŶŽƚďĞƚĂŬĞŶŚŽŵĞ͘ Ϯ͘ ǇĞ ĂŶĚ ĨĂĐĞ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ ;ŐŽŐŐůĞƐ͕ ŵĂƐŬ͕ ĨĂĐĞ ƐŚŝĞůĚ Žƌ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƐƉůĂƩĞƌ ŐƵĂƌĚͿ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ĚŝƐƉŽƐĞĚ ŽĨ ǁŝƚŚ ŽƚŚĞƌĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇǁĂƐƚĞŽƌĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚďĞĨŽƌĞƌĞƵƐĞ͘WĞƌƐŽŶƐǁŚŽǁĞĂƌĐŽŶƚĂĐƚůĞŶƐĞƐŝŶ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌŝĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚĂůƐŽǁĞĂƌĞǇĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͘ ϯ͘'ůŽǀĞƐŵƵƐƚďĞǁŽƌŶƚŽƉƌŽƚĞĐƚŚĂŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞƚŽŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͘'ůŽǀĞƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶƐŚŽƵůĚďĞ ďĂƐĞĚŽŶĂŶĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƌŝƐŬĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͘ůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐƚŽůĂƚĞǆŐůŽǀĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘'ůŽǀĞƐŵƵƐƚŶŽƚďĞ ǁŽƌŶŽƵƚƐŝĚĞƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕^>ͲϮůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇǁŽƌŬĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚ͗ Ă͘ŚĂŶŐĞŐůŽǀĞƐǁŚĞŶĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ͕ŐůŽǀĞŝŶƚĞŐƌŝƚǇŝƐĐŽŵƉƌŽŵŝƐĞĚ͕ŽƌǁŚĞŶŽƚŚĞƌǁŝƐĞŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇ͘ ď͘ZĞŵŽǀĞŐůŽǀĞƐĂŶĚǁĂƐŚŚĂŶĚƐǁŚĞŶǁŽƌŬǁŝƚŚŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŚĂƐďĞĞŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚĂŶĚďĞĨŽƌĞůĞĂǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘ Đ͘ŽŶŽƚǁĂƐŚŽƌƌĞƵƐĞĚŝƐƉŽƐĂďůĞŐůŽǀĞƐ͘ŝƐƉŽƐĞŽĨƵƐĞĚŐůŽǀĞƐǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇǁĂƐƚĞ͘ ,ĂŶĚǁĂƐŚŝŶŐƉƌŽƚŽĐŽůƐŵƵƐƚďĞƌŝŐŽƌŽƵƐůǇĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ͘

426

248

“Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories” CDC, 5th. Edition, 2009, p. 32.


– RISK MANAGEMENT

Depending on national or international guidelines waste operators (laboratory support staff) must or must not accede to BSL3 and BSL4 facilities. In such high containment facilities all waste should be decontaminated through appropriate measures before leaving the facility. Accordingly, in case where access is prohibited to waste operators, the laboratory personnel (medical doctors, biologists technicians), will be charged of handling the wastes along its complete cycle within the facility. They will have to apply the necessary special practices and adopt the PPE in the correct manner. =5Y(M427 ^ƉĞĐŝĂůWƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ϭ͘ ůů ƉĞƌƐŽŶƐ ĞŶƚĞƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ĂĚǀŝƐĞĚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ŚĂǌĂƌĚƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞĞƚ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĞŶƚƌǇͬĞǆŝƚ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ Ϯ͘ >ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞů ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ŵĞĚŝĐĂů ƐƵƌǀĞŝůůĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ŽīĞƌĞĚ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ ŝŵŵƵŶŝǌĂƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ĂŐĞŶƚƐŚĂŶĚůĞĚŽƌƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘ ϯ͘ĂĐŚŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐŚŽƵůĚĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚĞŶĞĞĚĨŽƌĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƐƚŽƌĂŐĞŽĨƐĞƌƵŵƐĂŵƉůĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƚͲƌŝƐŬƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞů͘ ϰ͘ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇͲƐƉĞĐŝĮĐďŝŽƐĂĨĞƚǇŵĂŶƵĂůŵƵƐƚďĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚĂŶĚĂĚŽƉƚĞĚĂƐƉŽůŝĐǇ͘dŚĞďŝŽƐĂĨĞƚǇŵĂŶƵĂůŵƵƐƚ ďĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ͘ ϱ͘WŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŵƵƐƚďĞƉůĂĐĞĚŝŶĂĚƵƌĂďůĞ͕ůĞĂŬƉƌŽŽĨĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌĚƵƌŝŶŐĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐ͕ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ͕ƐƚŽƌĂŐĞ͕ŽƌƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚǁŝƚŚŝŶĂĨĂĐŝůŝƚǇ͘ ϲ͘ >ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ƌŽƵƟŶĞůǇ ĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ͕ ĂŌĞƌ ƐƉŝůůƐ͕ ƐƉůĂƐŚĞƐ͕ Žƌ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ͘ Ă͘^ƉŝůůƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŵƵƐƚďĞĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ͕ĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ͕ĂŶĚĐůĞĂŶĞĚƵƉďǇƐƚĂīƉƌŽƉĞƌůǇ ƚƌĂŝŶĞĚĂŶĚĞƋƵŝƉƉĞĚƚŽǁŽƌŬǁŝƚŚŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘ ď͘ƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚŵƵƐƚďĞĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚďĞĨŽƌĞƌĞƉĂŝƌ͕ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ͕ŽƌƌĞŵŽǀĂůĨƌŽŵƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘ ϳ͘/ŶĐŝĚĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚŵĂǇƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞƚŽŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŵƵƐƚďĞŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůǇĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚĂŶĚƚƌĞĂƚĞĚ ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇďŝŽƐĂĨĞƚǇŵĂŶƵĂů͘ůůƐƵĐŚŝŶĐŝĚĞŶƚƐŵƵƐƚďĞƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚƚŽ ƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇƐƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŽƌ͘DĞĚŝĐĂůĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ͕ƐƵƌǀĞŝůůĂŶĐĞ͕ĂŶĚƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĂŶĚĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ ƌĞĐŽƌĚƐŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ͘ WĞƌƐŽŶĂůWƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ ϭ͘ůůƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĂŶŝƉƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŵƵƐƚďĞĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶĂ^;ƉƌĞĨĞƌĂďůǇ ůĂƐƐ//ŽƌůĂƐƐ///Ϳ͕ŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƉŚǇƐŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŵĞŶƚĚĞǀŝĐĞƐ͘ Ϯ͘tŽƌŬĞƌƐŝŶƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇǁŚĞƌĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂƐŽůŝĚͲĨƌŽŶƚ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƟĞͲďĂĐŬŽƌǁƌĂƉͲ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ŐŽǁŶƐ͕ ƐĐƌƵď ƐƵŝƚƐ͕ Žƌ ĐŽǀĞƌĂůůƐ͘ WƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞ ĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ǁŽƌŶ ŽƵƚƐŝĚĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘ ZĞƵƐĂďůĞ ĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐŝƐĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚďĞĨŽƌĞďĞŝŶŐůĂƵŶĚĞƌĞĚ͘ůŽƚŚŝŶŐŝƐĐŚĂŶŐĞĚǁŚĞŶĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ͘ ϯ͘ ǇĞ ĂŶĚ ĨĂĐĞ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ ;ŐŽŐŐůĞƐ͕ ŵĂƐŬ͕ ĨĂĐĞ ƐŚŝĞůĚ Žƌ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƐƉůĂƐŚ ŐƵĂƌĚͿ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ĚŝƐƉŽƐĞĚ ŽĨ ǁŝƚŚ ŽƚŚĞƌĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇǁĂƐƚĞŽƌĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚďĞĨŽƌĞƌĞƵƐĞ͘WĞƌƐŽŶƐǁŚŽǁĞĂƌĐŽŶƚĂĐƚůĞŶƐĞƐŝŶ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌŝĞƐŵƵƐƚĂůƐŽǁĞĂƌĞǇĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͘ ϰ͘ 'ůŽǀĞƐ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ǁŽƌŶ ƚŽ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚ ŚĂŶĚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ ƚŽ ŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͘ 'ůŽǀĞ ƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ďĂƐĞĚŽŶĂŶĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƌŝƐŬĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͘ůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐƚŽůĂƚĞǆŐůŽǀĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘'ůŽǀĞƐŵƵƐƚŶŽƚďĞ ǁŽƌŶŽƵƚƐŝĚĞƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕^>ͲϯůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͗ Ă͘ŚĂŶŐĞƐŐůŽǀĞƐǁŚĞŶĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ͕ŐůŽǀĞŝŶƚĞŐƌŝƚǇŝƐĐŽŵƉƌŽŵŝƐĞĚ͕ŽƌǁŚĞŶŽƚŚĞƌǁŝƐĞŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇ͘tĞĂƌƚǁŽ ƉĂŝƌƐŽĨŐůŽǀĞƐǁŚĞŶĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ͘ ď͘ZĞŵŽǀĞŐůŽǀĞƐĂŶĚǁĂƐŚŚĂŶĚƐǁŚĞŶǁŽƌŬǁŝƚŚŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŚĂƐďĞĞŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚĂŶĚďĞĨŽƌĞůĞĂǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘ Đ͘ŽŶŽƚǁĂƐŚŽƌƌĞƵƐĞĚŝƐƉŽƐĂďůĞŐůŽǀĞƐ͘ŝƐƉŽƐĞŽĨƵƐĞĚŐůŽǀĞƐǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇǁĂƐƚĞ͘ ,ĂŶĚǁĂƐŚŝŶŐƉƌŽƚŽĐŽůƐŵƵƐƚďĞƌŝŐŽƌŽƵƐůǇĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ͘

427

40-42.

“Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories” CDC, 5th. Edition, 2009, pp.

249


=5Y(N428 ^ƉĞĐŝĂůWƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ϭ͘ ůů ƉĞƌƐŽŶƐ ĞŶƚĞƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ĂĚǀŝƐĞĚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ŚĂǌĂƌĚƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞĞƚ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĞŶƚƌǇ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶĂĐĐŽƌĚĂŶĐĞǁŝƚŚŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂůƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ͘ KŶůǇƉĞƌƐŽŶƐǁŚŽƐĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĨĂĐŝůŝƚǇŽƌŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇƌŽŽŵƐŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐŽƌƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐĂƌĞĂƵƚŚŽƌŝǌĞĚƚŽĞŶƚĞƌ͘ tŚŝůĞƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇŝƐŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂů͕ƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞůŵƵƐƚĞŶƚĞƌĂŶĚĞǆŝƚƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞ ĂŶĚƐŚŽǁĞƌƌŽŽŵƐĞǆĐĞƉƚĚƵƌŝŶŐĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ͘ůůƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐŵƵƐƚďĞƌĞŵŽǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞŽƵƚĞƌĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƌŽŽŵ͘ůůƉĞƌƐŽŶƐĞŶƚĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇŵƵƐƚƵƐĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵŶĚĞƌŐĂƌŵĞŶƚƐ͕ƉĂŶƚƐ͕ ƐŚŝƌƚƐ͕ũƵŵƉƐƵŝƚƐ͕ƐŚŽĞƐ͕ĂŶĚŐůŽǀĞƐ;ĂƐĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞͿ͘ůůƉĞƌƐŽŶƐůĞĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇŵƵƐƚƚĂŬĞĂƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů ďŽĚǇƐŚŽǁĞƌ͘hƐĞĚůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐŵƵƐƚŶŽƚďĞƌĞŵŽǀĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŝŶŶĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƌŽŽŵƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů ƐŚŽǁĞƌ͘dŚĞƐĞŝƚĞŵƐŵƵƐƚďĞƚƌĞĂƚĞĚĂƐĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĂŶĚĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚďĞĨŽƌĞůĂƵŶĚĞƌŝŶŐ͘ ŌĞƌƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇŚĂƐďĞĞŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůǇĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚĂŶĚĂůůŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐĂŐĞŶƚƐĂƌĞƐĞĐƵƌĞĚ͕ŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇƐƚĂī ŵĂǇĞŶƚĞƌĂŶĚĞǆŝƚǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƚŚĞĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞĂŶĚƐŚŽǁĞƌƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚĂďŽǀĞ͘ Ϯ͘>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞůĂŶĚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐƚĂīŵƵƐƚďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶĂůŵĞĚŝĐĂůƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ŵĞĚŝĐĂůƐƵƌǀĞŝůůĂŶĐĞĂŶĚĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞŝŵŵƵŶŝǌĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂŐĞŶƚƐŚĂŶĚůĞĚŽƌƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘ ƐǇƐƚĞŵ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ ĨŽƌ ƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƟŶŐ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ĂĐĐŝĚĞŶƚƐ͕ ĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞƐ͕ ĞŵƉůŽǇĞĞ ĂďƐĞŶƚĞĞŝƐŵĂŶĚĨŽƌƚŚĞŵĞĚŝĐĂůƐƵƌǀĞŝůůĂŶĐĞŽĨƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇͲĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚŝůůŶĞƐƐĞƐ͘ŶĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůĂĚũƵŶĐƚ ƚŽƐƵĐŚĂŶŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶĂůŵĞĚŝĐĂůƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƐǇƐƚĞŵŝƐƚŚĞĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚǇŽĨĂĨĂĐŝůŝƚǇĨŽƌƚŚĞŝƐŽůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŵĞĚŝĐĂůĐĂƌĞ ŽĨƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞůǁŝƚŚƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŽƌŬŶŽǁŶůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇͲĂĐƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶƐ͘ ϯ͘ĂĐŚŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐŚŽƵůĚĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚĞŶĞĞĚĨŽƌĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƐƚŽƌĂŐĞŽĨƐĞƌƵŵƐĂŵƉůĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƚͲƌŝƐŬƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞů͘ ϰ͘ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇͲƐƉĞĐŝĮĐďŝŽƐĂĨĞƚǇŵĂŶƵĂůŵƵƐƚďĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚ͘dŚĞďŝŽƐĂĨĞƚǇŵĂŶƵĂůŵƵƐƚďĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͕ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ͕ ĂŶĚĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ͘ ϱ͘dŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇƐƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŽƌŝƐƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌĞŶƐƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĂƚůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞů͗ ď͘ZĞĐĞŝǀĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐĂŶĚŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƚŽƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĨĂĐŝůŝƚǇ͘ Đ͘ZĞĐĞŝǀĞĂŶŶƵĂůƵƉĚĂƚĞƐĂŶĚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐǁŚĞŶƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĂůŽƌƉŽůŝĐǇĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĐĐƵƌ͘ ϲ͘>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚŵƵƐƚƐďĞƌŽƵƟŶĞůǇĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐĂŌĞƌƐƉŝůůƐ͕ƐƉůĂƐŚĞƐ͕ŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ͘ Ă͘ ^ƉŝůůƐ ŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ ŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ͕ ĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ͕ ĂŶĚ ĐůĞĂŶĞĚ ƵƉ ďǇ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůƐƚĂī͕ŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƉƌŽƉĞƌůǇƚƌĂŝŶĞĚĂŶĚĞƋƵŝƉƉĞĚƚŽǁŽƌŬǁŝƚŚŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘ƐƉŝůůƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞ ŵƵƐƚďĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĂŶĚƉŽƐƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘ ď͘ƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚŵƵƐƚďĞĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚƵƐŝŶŐĂŶĞīĞĐƟǀĞĂŶĚǀĂůŝĚĂƚĞĚŵĞƚŚŽĚďĞĨŽƌĞƌĞƉĂŝƌ͕ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ͕Žƌ ƌĞŵŽǀĂůĨƌŽŵƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘ ϳ͘/ŶĐŝĚĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚŵĂǇƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞƚŽŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŵƵƐƚďĞŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůǇĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚĂŶĚƚƌĞĂƚĞĚ ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐ ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ďŝŽƐĂĨĞƚǇ ŵĂŶƵĂů͘ ůů ŝŶĐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ƐƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŽƌ͕ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂů ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞů ĂƐ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ďŝŽƐĂĨĞƚǇ ŵĂŶƵĂů͘ DĞĚŝĐĂů ĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ͕ ƐƵƌǀĞŝůůĂŶĐĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƌĞĐŽƌĚƐŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ͘ ϴ͘ĂŝůǇŝŶƐƉĞĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŵĞŶƚĂŶĚůŝĨĞƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐǇƐƚĞŵƐŵƵƐƚďĞĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚĂŶĚĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĞĚ ďĞĨŽƌĞ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ǁŽƌŬ ŝƐ ŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚ ƚŽ ĞŶƐƵƌĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ŝƐ ŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐ ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ ƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐ͘ ϵ͘ WƌĂĐƟĐĂů ĂŶĚ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞ ƉƌŽƚŽĐŽůƐ ĨŽƌ ĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇ ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ƉƌŽƚŽĐŽůƐ ŵƵƐƚ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƉůĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĞĚŝĐĂůĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ͕ĨĂĐŝůŝƚǇŵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͕ĮƌĞƐ͕ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ͘dƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ ŝŶĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐŵƵƐƚďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚƚŽĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞůĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞ ƐƚĂīĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂůƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ͘

428

47-51. 250

“Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories” CDC, 5th. Edition, 2009, pp.


– RISK MANAGEMENT

WĞƌƐŽŶĂůWƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ L"%-#+2(Y"%&7"2&78 dŚĞůĂƐƐ///ĐĂďŝŶĞƚŵƵƐƚŚĂǀĞĂ,WĮůƚĞƌŽŶƚŚĞƐƵƉƉůǇĂŝƌŝŶƚĂŬĞĂŶĚƚǁŽ,WĮůƚĞƌƐŝŶƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶƚŚĞĞǆŚĂƵƐƚ ŽƵƚůĞƚŽĨƚŚĞƵŶŝƚ͘dŚĞƌĞŵƵƐƚďĞŐĂƐƟŐŚƚĚĂŵƉĞƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƐƵƉƉůǇĂŶĚĞǆŚĂƵƐƚĚƵĐƚƐŽĨƚŚĞĐĂďŝŶĞƚƚŽƉĞƌŵŝƚ ŐĂƐŽƌǀĂƉŽƌĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƵŶŝƚ͘WŽƌƚƐĨŽƌŝŶũĞĐƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƐƚŵĞĚŝƵŵŵƵƐƚďĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŽŶĂůů,WĮůƚĞƌ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐƐ͘ ůůƐŚĂƌƉĞĚŐĞƐŽŶĐĂďŝŶĞƚĮŶŝƐŚĞƐŵƵƐƚďĞĞůŝŵŝŶĂƚĞĚƚŽƌĞĚƵĐĞƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĨŽƌĐƵƚƐĂŶĚƚĞĂƌƐŽĨŐůŽǀĞƐ͘ ƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚƚŽďĞƉůĂĐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĂƐƐ///ĐĂďŝŶĞƚƐŚŽƵůĚĂůƐŽďĞĨƌĞĞŽĨƐŚĂƌƉĞĚŐĞƐŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƐƚŚĂƚŵĂǇ ĚĂŵĂŐĞŽƌƉƵŶĐƚƵƌĞƚŚĞĐĂďŝŶĞƚŐůŽǀĞƐ͘ ůĂƐƐ///ĐĂďŝŶĞƚŐůŽǀĞƐŵƵƐƚďĞŝŶƐƉĞĐƚĞĚĨŽƌĚĂŵĂŐĞƉƌŝŽƌƚŽƵƐĞĂŶĚĐŚĂŶŐĞĚŝĨŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇ͘'ůŽǀĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞ ƌĞƉůĂĐĞĚĂŶŶƵĂůůǇĚƵƌŝŶŐĐĂďŝŶĞƚƌĞͲĐĞƌƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞůĂƐƐ///ĐĂďŝŶĞƚŵƵƐƚďĞĐĞƌƟĮĞĚĂƚůĞĂƐƚĂŶŶƵĂůůǇ͘ ϭ͘tŽƌŬĞƌƐŝŶƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇŵƵƐƚǁĞĂƌƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂƐŽůŝĚͲĨƌŽŶƚ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƟĞͲďĂĐŬŽƌǁƌĂƉͲ ĂƌŽƵŶĚŐŽǁŶƐ͕ƐĐƌƵďƐƵŝƚƐ͕ŽƌĐŽǀĞƌĂůůƐ͘EŽƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ͕ũĞǁĞůƌǇ͕ŽƌŽƚŚĞƌŝƚĞŵƐĞǆĐĞƉƚĞǇĞŐůĂƐƐĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞƚĂŬĞŶƉĂƐƚƚŚĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůƐŚŽǁĞƌĂƌĞĂ͘ůůƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐŵƵƐƚďĞƌĞŵŽǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚŝƌƚǇƐŝĚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƌŽŽŵ ďĞĨŽƌĞƐŚŽǁĞƌŝŶŐ͘ZĞƵƐĂďůĞĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐŵƵƐƚďĞĂƵƚŽĐůĂǀĞĚƉƌŝŽƌƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĂůĨƌŽŵƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĨŽƌůĂƵŶĚĞƌŝŶŐ͘ Ϯ͘ǇĞ͕ĨĂĐĞĂŶĚƌĞƐƉŝƌĂƚŽƌǇƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƵƐĞĚŝŶƌŽŽŵƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚĂŶŝŵĂůƐĂƐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚďǇ ƚŚĞ ƌŝƐŬ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͘ WƌĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶ ĞǇĞŐůĂƐƐĞƐ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ ďĞĨŽƌĞ ƌĞŵŽǀĂů ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů ďŽĚǇƐŚŽǁĞƌ͘ ϯ͘ ŝƐƉŽƐĂďůĞ ŐůŽǀĞƐ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ǁŽƌŶ ƵŶĚĞƌŶĞĂƚŚ ĐĂďŝŶĞƚ ŐůŽǀĞƐ ƚŽ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌŬĞƌ ĨƌŽŵ ĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ ƐŚŽƵůĚ Ă ďƌĞĂŬ Žƌ ƚĞĂƌ ŽĐĐƵƌ ŝŶ Ă ĐĂďŝŶĞƚ ŐůŽǀĞ͘ 'ůŽǀĞƐ ŵƵƐƚ ŶŽƚ ďĞ ǁŽƌŶ ŽƵƚƐŝĚĞ ƚŚĞ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘ ůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ ƚŽ ůĂƚĞǆŐůŽǀĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘ŽŶŽƚǁĂƐŚŽƌƌĞƵƐĞĚŝƐƉŽƐĂďůĞŐůŽǀĞƐ͘ŝƐƉŽƐĞŽĨƵƐĞĚŐůŽǀĞƐǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌ ĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇǁĂƐƚĞ͘ 56-2(Y"%&7"2&78 ϭ͘ůůƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐŵƵƐƚďĞĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚďǇƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞůǁĞĂƌŝŶŐĂŽŶĞͲƉŝĞĐĞƉŽƐŝƟǀĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚĂŝƌƐƵŝƚ͘ Ϯ͘ tŽƌŬĞƌƐ ŵƵƐƚ ǁĞĂƌ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƐĐƌƵď ƐƵŝƚƐ͕ ďĞĨŽƌĞ ĞŶƚĞƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƌŽŽŵ ƵƐĞĚ ĨŽƌ ĚŽŶŶŝŶŐ ƉŽƐŝƟǀĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞƐƵŝƚƐ͘ůůůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐŵƵƐƚďĞƌĞŵŽǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚŝƌƚǇƐŝĚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƌŽŽŵďĞĨŽƌĞĞŶƚĞƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůƐŚŽǁĞƌ͘ ϯ͘/ŶŶĞƌĚŝƐƉŽƐĂďůĞŐůŽǀĞƐŵƵƐƚďĞǁŽƌŶƚŽƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĂŐĂŝŶƐƚďƌĞĂŬŽƌƚĞĂƌƐŝŶƚŚĞŽƵƚĞƌƐƵŝƚŐůŽǀĞƐ͘ŝƐƉŽƐĂďůĞ ŐůŽǀĞƐŵƵƐƚŶŽƚďĞǁŽƌŶŽƵƚƐŝĚĞƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƌĞĂ͘ůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐƚŽůĂƚĞǆŐůŽǀĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘ŽŶŽƚǁĂƐŚ Žƌ ƌĞƵƐĞ ĚŝƐƉŽƐĂďůĞ ŐůŽǀĞƐ͘ /ŶŶĞƌ ŐůŽǀĞƐ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ƌĞŵŽǀĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐĐĂƌĚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŝŶŶĞƌ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ƌŽŽŵ ƉƌŝŽƌ ƚŽ ĞŶƚĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůƐŚŽǁĞƌ͘ŝƐƉŽƐĞŽĨƵƐĞĚŐůŽǀĞƐǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚǁĂƐƚĞ͘ ϰ͘ĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƵƚĞƌƐƵŝƚŐůŽǀĞƐŝƐƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚĚƵƌŝŶŐůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞŐƌŽƐƐĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚŵŝŶŝŵŝǌĞĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘

("$"$"'"#dƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ In order to be effective, a HCWM policy has to be applied carefully, consistently and universally an training is crucial to its success. Inadequate training in the proper use of personal protective equipment may reduce its effectiveness, provide a false sense of security, and could increase the risk to laboratory workers'%$. Training in health and safety should ensure that workers430 know of and understand the potential risks associated with health-care waste and the importance of consistent use of personal protective equipment431.

“Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories” CDC, 5th. Edition, 2009, p. 15. Workers at risk include health-care providers, hospital cleaners, maintenance workers, operators of waste treatment equipment, and all operators involved in waste handling and disposal within and outside health-care establishments. 431 “Safe management of waste from health-care activities”, WHO, 1999, p. 140. 429

430

251


Staff education programmes should cover: Information on, and justification for, all aspects of the HCWM policy; Information on the role and responsibilities of each hospital staff member in implementing the policy; Technical instructions, relevant for the target group, on the application of waste management practices; Information on monitoring techniques432.

\ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ^ĂĨĞƚǇ'ƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶďǇƌŝƐŬŐƌŽƵƉƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !"& ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶďǇŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶƌŝƐŬŐƌŽƵƉƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !"& ͬE/,'ƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶďǇ^>͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !"! &ůŽǁĐŚĂƌƚŽĨ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚŵĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐǇ ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƵƌŽƉĞĂŶtĂƐƚĞ&ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌƚŬŝƌĞĐƟǀĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !"( tĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶĐŽĚĞƐĨŽƌĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϬϭĂŶĚϬϮ͗ ďƐŽůƵƚĞŶƚƌŝĞƐĂƌĞŝŶƌĞĚ͕DŝƌƌŽƌĞŶƚƌŝĞƐŝŶďůƵĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !") ĂĚŵŝƵŵ^ƵůƉŚŝĚĞĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽ^>;ƉƉƌŽǀĞĚ^ƵƉƉůǇ>ŝƐƚͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !'% ǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨ,tƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚDĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐǇ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !'# 267


ZĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚƌĞƐŚŽůĚůŝŵŝƚĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƉŚĂƐĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !'# ƌĂŌŇŽǁĐŚĂƌƚ,tŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐǇĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽZZ;h^Ϳ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϰϴ ŶĞǆƚƌĂĐƚŽĨƚŚĞZZ;h^Ϳ&Ͳ>ŝƐƚ͗ǁĂƐƚĞĚĞƌŝǀĞĚĨƌŽŵ͞ŶŽƚͲƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƐŽƵƌĐĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͟ !#! ZZ;h^Ϳ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽĚĞƐǇŵďŽů͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !#! ŶĞǆƚƌĂĐƚŽĨƚŚĞZZ;h^ͿŝƐƚ͗ǁĂƐƚĞĚĞƌŝǀĞĚĨƌŽŵ͞ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƐŽƵƌĐĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͟ !#% ŶĞǆƚƌĂĐƚŽĨƚŚĞZZ;h^ͿWĂŶĚhͲ>ŝƐƚ͗ǁĂƐƚĞĚĞƌŝǀĞĚĨƌŽŵĚŝƐĐĂƌĚĞĚ ĂŶĚƵŶƵƐĞĚĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !#% tĂƐƚĞĨƌŽŵĐůŝŶŝĐƐĂŶĚŚŽƐƉŝƚĂůƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !#( ŚĞŵŝĐĂůtĂƐƚĞdŽǆŝĐŝƚǇĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ;ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽh^ŽŵƉĞƚĞŶƚ ƵƚŚŽƌŝƚǇ͛ƐŵĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐǇͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !(( ǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞůĂďĞů͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !)& &ůŽǁͲĐŚĂƌƚƐŚŽǁŝŶŐ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞĐŽƌƌĞĐƚůĂďĞůŝŶŐƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !)! ŶĞǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌ/ŶƐƉĞĐƟŽŶĐŚĞĐŬͲůŝƐƚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !)" &ůŽǁͲĐŚĂƌƚĨŽƌĂĐŽƌƌĞĐƚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌƐƐƚŽƌŝŶŐŚĞŵŝĐĂůtĂƐƚĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !)# DŝŶŝŵƵŵŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚďǇŽĸĐŝĂů',^ĨŽƌŵĂƚ ĨŽƌDĂƚĞƌŝĂů^ĂĨĞƚǇĂƚĂ^ŚĞĞƚ;^ĞĐƟŽŶϭϯͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !)( ǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƚŽďĞƐƵďŵŝƩĞĚďǇ&ĂĐŝůŝƚǇ͛ƐƐƚĂīĨŽƌŽŶůŝŶĞ ĐŚĞĐŬͲƵƉŽĨŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϴϭ ǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨƐĐŚĞĚƵůĞĚWŝĐŬͲƵƉĨŽƌƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌŝĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϴϭ DŝŶŝŵĂůŽďƐĞƌǀĂŶĐĞĨŽƌǁĂƐƚĞŵŝŶŝŵŝǌĂƟŽŶͬƌĞĐǇĐůŝŶŐĂŶĚǁĂƐƚĞŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϴϮ ŽůŽƵƌĐŽĚŝŶŐƐǇƐƚĞŵĨŽƌ,t͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϴϱ ĂŐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌƐĨŽƌŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞŵĂƌŬĞĚ ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǇŵďŽů͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϴϲ ^ĞŐƌĞŐĂƟŽŶŝŶďƌŝĞĨ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϴϳ ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇ>ĂďĞůůŝŶŐ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůƐǇŵďŽůƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϴϴ tĂƐƚĞͲďĂŐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !$& tĂƐƚĞͲďĂŐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !$! DŝŶŝŵĂůŽďƐĞƌǀĂŶĐĞĨŽƌǁĂƐƚĞĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !$! ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐĨŽƌŚĞĂůƚŚͲĐĂƌĞǁĂƐƚĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !$% hŶŝƚĞĚEĂƟŽŶƐƉĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐĨŽƌŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !$" dŚĞďĂƐŝĐƚƌŝƉůĞƉĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐƐǇƐƚĞŵ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !$' DŝŶŝŵĂůŽďƐĞƌǀĂŶĐĞƐĨŽƌǁĂƐƚĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĚŝƐƉŽƐĂů͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !$# &ĂĐƚŽƌƐƚŽďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞĮŶĂůĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚƐǇƐƚĞŵ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ !$( ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐŽĨĚƵĂůͲĐŚĂŵďĞƌƐƚĂƌǀĞĚͲĂŝƌŝŶĐŝŶĞƌĂƚŽƌƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %&! 268


– IMAGES INDEX

^ŵĂůůƐĐĂůĞŝŶĐŝŶĞƌĂƚŽƌƐŽƌƐŝŶŐůĞͲĐŚĂŵďĞƌŝŶĐŝŶĞƌĂƚŽƌƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %&! dǇƉŝĐĂůŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĨŽƌĂŶĂƵƚŽĐůĂǀĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %&" tĂƐƚĞĞŶĐĂƉƐƵůĂƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϮϬϴ ^ƵŵŵĂƌǇŽĨŵĂŝŶĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞƐĂŶĚĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞƐŽĨƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽƉƟŽŶƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %!& ^>ϭͲŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐĂŶĚďĂƐŝĐƌƵůĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %!% ^>ϮͲŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐĂŶĚďĂƐŝĐƌƵůĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %!% ^>ϯʹŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐĂŶĚďĂƐŝĐƌƵůĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %!" ^>ϰʹŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐĂŶĚďĂƐŝĐƌƵůĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %!" 'ĞŶĞƌĂůŬĞǇͲƉŽŝŶƚƐĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĂŽŶƟŶŐĞŶĐǇWůĂŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %%( dŚĞƚŚƌĞĞƉŚĂƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŵĂŝŶĂĐƟŽŶƐ ƚŚĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚŽƌŝƐŝŶĐŚĂƌŐĞŽĨ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %%) ^ĐŚĞŵĞŽĨĂŽŶƟŶŐĞŶĐǇWůĂŶ͗ĨŽƌĂŶǇƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞďĂƐŝĐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĂƌĞƐŚŽǁŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϮϮϴ ',^ŽĸĐŝĂůƚĞƐƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨ^ĞĐƟŽŶϰŽĨĂŐĞŶĞƌŝĐD^^͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %"! ŶĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͗dŚĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϮ͘ϭ;,ĂǌĂƌĚůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶͿ ŽĨƚŚĞD^^ŽĨĂƉƵƌĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ;DĞƚŚǇůͲŵŝŶĞͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %"" ŶĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͗dŚĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϮ͘ϭ;WƌĞĐĂƵƟŽŶĂƌǇ^ƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚͿ ŽĨƚŚĞD^^ŽĨĂƉƵƌĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ;DĞƚŚǇůͲŵŝŶĞͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %"" ŶĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͗dŚĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϮ͘Ϯ;>ĂďĞůůĞŵĞŶƚͿ ŽĨƚŚĞD^^ŽĨĂƉƵƌĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ;DĞƚŚǇůͲŵŝŶĞͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %"' ŶĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͗dŚĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϰ͘ϭ;&ŝƌƐƚͲŝĚDĞĂƐƵƌĞƐͿ ŽĨƚŚĞD^^ŽĨĂƉƵƌĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ;DĞƚŚǇůͲŵŝŶĞͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %"' ŶĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͗dŚĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϱ͘ϭ;ǆƟŶŐƵŝƐŚŝŶŐDĞĚŝĂͿ ŽĨƚŚĞD^^ŽĨĂƉƵƌĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ;DĞƚŚǇůͲŵŝŶĞͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %"# ŶĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͗dŚĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϲ;ĐĐŝĚĞŶƚĂůZĞůĞĂƐĞDĞĂƐƵƌĞƐͿ ŽĨƚŚĞD^^ŽĨĂƉƵƌĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ;DĞƚŚǇůͲŵŝŶĞͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %"# ŶĞǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨĂĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲDĂŬŝŶŐƐĐŚĞŵĞƵƐĞĨƵůŝŶĐĂƐĞ ŽĨĮƌƐƚͲĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %"$ WĞƌƐŽŶĂůƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %') ǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨĂůŝƐƚŽĨŝƚĞŵƐĨŽƌƐƉŝůůĂŐĞĐůĞĂŶŝŶŐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %## ǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨŐĞŶĞƌĂůƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞĨŽƌĚĞĂůŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƐƉŝůůĂŐĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %## ǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨĮƌƐƚĂŝĚĐŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ Ϯϱϴ ǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƚĂĐƚůŝƐƚŝŶĐĂƐĞŽĨĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ Ϯϱϴ ǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ Ϯϱϴ

269

FORMIT Fondazione per la Ricerca sulla Migrazione e Integrazione delle Tecnologie FORMIT Foundation is an independent no-profit organization, recognized by the Italian Ministry of Research (in 1991) and with consultative status by the UN Economic and Social Council (since 2004) on topics related to technological deployment. Its impartiality enables FORMIT to support national and international institutions in their decision making processes, in policy definition actions, in research analysis and training activities. Through its approaches and methodologies FORMIT has established itself as a key player at international level in several research areas including business innovation, security, transportation, information and communication technologies. The fields of action in the security research area are socio-economic modelling, organisation and intervention analysis, training and best practices transfer, technological assessment. FORMIT operates with its offices in Rome, Naples and Brussels with a qualified multidisciplinary team supporting Italian Public Administrations, DGs of the European Commission and the United Nations. www.formit.org

University Hospital “Luigi Sacco” (IT) “Luigi Sacco” University Hospital is a teaching hospital serving about 345.000 people. The institution is a center of excellence in biomedical research and its laboratories are equipped with advanced technology platforms for nanomedicine, gene profiling, molecular and cellular biology, bioinformatics, pharmacogenomics and pharmacokinetics. Moreover, the hospital participates in international, national and regional programs on cardiologic emergency, prevention, infectivology and in several national and international research projects. Among the excellences of L. Sacco University Hospital, the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases is to be mentioned. Sacco can count on a strong network of partnerships and relationships at both national, European and international level. Furthermore, Sacco collaborates with different governmental and non-governmental international organizations and has years of experience in project management at international level. In particular, it has implemented European Commission and United Nation projects on topics involving bio-threats (biorisk, epidemics/pandemics, biosafety, biosecurity) and biohazardous waste management). www.hsacco.it