Hazardous Waste Treatment Technologies - IngentaConnect

Hazardous Waste Treatment Technologies Minghua Li1,2, Po Yen Wang1,3,Yu Han Yu1, C. P. Huang1*

ABSTRACT:

This article reviews the scientific

aqueous solutions in a packed-bed column. The adsorption

literature published in 2016 on physical, chemical, and

capacity of the biosorbent was 18.3 mg/g in eight cycles.

biological treatment of hazardous contaminants and

The biosorbent was fully regenerated by 0.1N H 2 SO 4

environmental bioremediation.

solution. Xu et al. synthesized nano-ZnS particles and evaluated the copper adsorption capability. The authors

KEYWORDS:

hazardous, treatment, remediation,

reported Cu(II) adsorption capacity of 650 mg/g and over

chemical, physical, biological.

99.0% removal under optimal conditions. Wang and Wang (2016) studied Cu(II) removal by chitosan-poly(vinyl

doi: 10.2175/106143017X15023776270520

alcohol)/attapulgite nanocomposite under different pH conditions. The Cu(II) adsorption capacity increased from 0

Physical Treatment

to 35.8 mg/g when pH increased from 2.0 to 6.5. Results of

Adsorption. Akperov et al. (2016) investigated Cu(II)

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier

adsorption

acid-

Transform infrared spectra (FTIR) analysis indicated that

maximum

the removal was mainly attributed to the chelating of Cu(II)

adsorption capacity was 0.71 g/g, and adsorption followed

by -NH 2 and –OH groups. In another study, acrylic acid

the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Results suggested that

and low-molecular-weight chitosan grafted PET fiber was

Cu(II) ions formed complexes with the carboxylic group of

used to remove Cu(II) ions (Niu et al., 2016). The overall

maleic acid units in terpolymer. Amirnia et al. (2016) used

adsorption behavior was pH-dependent and the maximum

Acer saccharum leaves to remove Cu(II) from

Cu(II) adsorption capacity was 68.97 mg/g.

by

the

allylpropionate-styrene

sodium

salt

terpolymer.

of

maleic

The

————————— 1*Department

Cheng et al. (2016) studied As(III) removal by Fe/Al

of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University

bimetallic composite and reported 99% As(III) removal in

of Delaware, Newark, DE 19707; Tel. +1 (302) 831-8428; email:

the presence of 3 g/L of Fe/Al composite and initial As(III)

[email protected] 2School

concentration of 10 mg/L in 60 min. Reactive oxygen

of Metallurgical Science and Engineering, Central South

species (ROS) generated over the bimetallic composite

University, Changsha 410083, PR China

oxidized As(III) followed by As(V) adsorption was the 3Department

of Civil Engineering, Widener University, Chester,

mechanism of As(III) removal. He et al. (2016) used

PA 19013 USA

1461 Water Environment Research, Volume 89, Number 10 - Copyright © 2017 Water Environment Federation

chitosan goethite bionanocomposite (CGB) beads for

Mobil Composition of Matter No. 41 (MCM-41), Mobil

arsenic removal and reported that both As(III) and As(V)

Composition of Matter No. 48 (MCM-48) and Faujasite

could be removed efficiently over the pH range of 5-9.

(FAU), to treat Cr(IV) contaminated water. The removal

Lompe et al. (2016) used biologically magnetized

was 75, 77, and 82% for MCM-41, MCM-48 and FAU,

activated carbon powder to remove lead from drinking

respectively. Roy et al. (2016) used nanofiltration

water and reported that lead removal capacity was 46%

membranes modified by ZnS/TiO 2 nanoparticles to remove

more

arsenic from drinking water. The membrane exhibited 95%

than

regular

activated

carbon

and

loss

of

magnetization was 10-34%.

arsenic removal and could be regenerated and reused

A newly synthesized lanthanum-loaded magnetic

without losing the arsenic removal capability.

cationic hydrogel was tested for fluoride removal capacity

Yu

et

al.

(2016)

compared the

removal

of

(Dong and Wang, 2016). The maximum fluoride adsorption

perfluorooctane

capacity was 136.8 mg F/g and adsorption followed the

hydracore nanofiltration membranes. NF270 membrane

Langmuir isotherm. Results of Fourier transform infrared

showed more than 95% PFOS removal compared to 40-60%

spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman analysis showed that C-O

by the hydracore membrane. Wei et al. (2016) investigated

and C=O functional groups provided the main adsorption

the performance of thin-film composite nanofiltration

sites.

hollow fiber membrane in treating water containing

sulfonates

(PFOS)

by

NF270

and

Filtration. Abdullah et al. (2016) studied Pb(II)

phthalate acid esters (PAEs), including dimethyl phthalate

removal by polysulfone (PSf) and hydrous ferric oxide

(DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP),

nanoparticles (HFO NPs) mixed matrix membrane. Results

di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), and diethylhexyl phthalate

showed that increasing the HFO to NPs weight ratio in the

(DEHP). The rejection for DMP, DEP, BP, DnOP and

PSf membrane enhanced pure water flux from 229 to 942

DEHP was 82.3, 86.7, 91.5, 95.1 and 95.4%, respectively.

L/m2 due to improved membrane hydrophilicity and overall

Kohler et al. (2016) studied the removal of dissolved

porosity. Under optimal conditions, the lead content was

organic carbon using hollow-fiber nanofiltration in

reduced from 101 ppb in the feed to below 15 ppb in the

combination with coagulation and reported > 90% removal

permeate. Polyvinyltetrazole-co-polyacrylonitrile (PVT-co-

of dissolved organic carbon. Mondal and De (2016) used

PAN) adsorptive ultrafiltration membrane was applied to

hollow fiber nanofiltration membranes to treat textile plant

Cu(II) removal from water (Kumar et al., 2016). The

effluent. More than 98.8% dye rejection was achieved at

adsorption capacity, followed the Freundlich adsorption

104 kPa transmembrane pressure drop (TPM) and 30 L/h

isotherm, was 44.3 mg/g and PVT segments provided the

cross flow rate (CRF). A multi-component model was

major binding sites. Basumatary et al. (2016) used zeolite-

developed to predict the system performance.

ceramic composite nanofiltration membranes, including 1462 Water Environment Research, Volume 89, Number 10 - Copyright © 2017 Water Environment Federation

Coagulation and Flocculation. Tian et al. (2016)

Fox et al. (2016) used ferric salt and cactus mucilage

used an air-breathing cathode electrocoagulation (EC)

as flocculent to remove arsenic from water. Up to 96%

process for removing nutrients and suspended solids from

As(III) removal was obtained in 30 min. The study also

wastewater. Up to 99% ammonia and phosphorus, 81%

revealed that the As(III) removal efficiency was decreased

chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 89% total suspended

with increase in pH. Iron was evaluated as the electrode for

solids (TSS) removal were achieved in 4 h with estimated

removing Cr(VI) from drinking water using EC technology

energy consumption of 1.8 kWh/m3 of wastewater. Cui et

(Pan et al., 2016). Adsorbed Fe(II) was responsible for

al. (2016) studied the removal of organic matter from

heterogeneous Cr(IV) reduction. The Cr(VI) concentration

wastewater treatment plant effluent by coagulation and

was reduced to below 10 µg/L.

reported that fulvic acid and humic-like acid were poorly

Lobo et al. studied water treatment via alter current

removed by either AlCl 3 or polyaluminum chloride (PAC)

(AC) powered EC using biochar. Results showed 99%

coagulants, even at high aluminum dosage of 24 mg/L.

turbidity and TSS removal with 0.079 kWh/m3 energy

An iron scrap packed bed anode was used to treat Ni-

assumption. Aswathy et al. (2016) applied the EC process

EDTA (Ni-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) containing

for the removal of organics from bilge water using an

wastewater in electrocoagulation (EC) process (Ye et al.,

aluminum electrode. Maximum COD removal of 85% was

2016). Over 94.3% Ni and 95.8% total organic carbon

achieved, which was significantly higher than conventional

(TOC) removal were achieved with an applied current of

chemical coagulation process. Peng and Wang (2016)

0.5 A at pH 3 in 30 min. A kinetic study demonstrated that

studied the treatment of pulp mill bleaching effluent in a

Ni-EDTA removal could be described by the first order

pilot EC process. Conductivity, TSS, COD, true color and

kinetics equation. Nguyen et al. (2016) studied EC process

hardness removal were 44.2, 98.5, 75.0, 85.9 and 36.9%

for phosphorus removal from municipal wastewater in a

respectively, with 133 A/m2 applied current and hydraulic

pilot system. Results showed that effluent phosphorous

retention time (HRT) of 16.3 min.

concentration was reduced to < 0.2 mg/L within 2-5 min. An EC process was studied for the removal of

Chemical Treatment

perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from water (Yang et al.,

Ozonation methods. Baresel et al. (2016) used

2016). At optimal conditions, > 99% PFOS removal was

ozonation as an intermediate treatment to remove

achieved within 50 min at an initial concentration of 0.25

pharmaceutical residuals in a pilot wastewater treatment

mM. Wang et al. (2016) investigated perfluorooctanoate

plant. At an ozone dose of 5 mg O 3 /L, most substances

(PFOA) removal by EC process using a zinc anode. The in-

were removed with no negative impact on wastewater

situ generated flocs were effective in removing PFOA up to

toxicity. Yao et al. (2016) studied the degradation of

99.7% at optimal conditions.

pharmaceutical compounds by ozonation and electro1463

Water Environment Research, Volume 89, Number 10 - Copyright © 2017 Water Environment Federation

involved

degrading 4-chlorophenol (4-CP). Results demonstrated

electrochemically generated H 2 O 2 in-situ. Both processes

that the nanocomposites had a higher catalytic ability than

rapidly removed target pharmaceuticals, i.e. ibuprofen and

Fe 3 O 4 towards 4-CP degradation, with more than double

clofibric acid, while the E-peroxone process exhibited

the degradation efficiency. Zhang et al. (2016) studied the

higher removal efficiency comparing to ozonation.

degradation of 4-CP by ferrocene-containing silicotungstate

peroxone

(E-peroxone)

processes,

which

Meng et al. (2016) evaluated the degradation and

catalyst (FcSiW) in a Fenton-like process and reported high

mechanism of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) by

catalytic activity and good reusability of the FcSiW catalyst.

ozonation. Results showed that the TOC of EPS solution

Dias et al. (2016) investigated the treatment of textile

was reduced by 13% after ozonation. To remove COD and

dye wastewater by heterogeneous photo-Fenton process

color from dyeing wastewater, ozonation was used (Yang

using a residue-based iron catalyst. Results demonstrated

and Yuan 2016). Up to 93% COD removal was observed

that low pH favored dye degradation with 100% removal

with an ozone flow rate of 6×10 m3/min at pH 11. The

under optimal conditions. Espinoza et al. (2016) studied the

biodegradability index of the dyeing wastewater was also

mineralization of textile dye wastewater by a solar

increased from 0.18 to 0.49 after ozone treatment.

photoelectro-Fenton process with boron-doped diamond anode and an air diffusion cathode. Results showed

A MgO/GAC catalyst was applied in a catalytic

complete decolonization near the 90% level.

ozonation process to remove toluene from air streams (Rezaei et al., 2016). Impregnation of GAC (granular

Fenton reaction using steel converter slag was applied

activated carbon) increased the breakthrough time and the

for the degradation of atrazine in water (Cheng et al., 2016).

removal capacity by 74 and 65%, respectively, comparing

Results showed that 93.7% atrazine was removed under

to GAC alone. Wang et al. (2016) evaluated the activity of

optimal conditions. Hou et al. (2016) reported tetracycline

nano magnetic catalytic ozonation of diethyl phthalate. The

degradation by ultrasound assisted heterogeneous Fenton

catalysts were synthesized with Fe 3 O 4 cores, SiO 2 mid-

process using Fe 3 O 4 catalyst. Results demonstrated 94%

layer and CeO 2 , La 2 O 3 , or Pr 6 O 11 on the outer layer. The

parent compound and 32% TOC removal in 60 min.

degradation

Toxicity study with D. magna indicated that the toxicity of

followed

the

decreasing

order:

treated water was increased during the first 60 min and then

Pr/SiO 2 @Fe 3 O 4 > La/SiO 2 @Fe 3 O 4 > Ce/SiO 2 @Fe 3 O 4 .

decreased afterward.

Fenton/Fenton-like methods. Cai et al. (2016) evaluated heterogeneous Fenton degradation of Orange II

Photocatalytic methods. Adamu et al. (2016)

in water using ZnFe 2 O 4 catalyst. The COD and TOC

used thermally reduced graphene oxide (TGO) TiO 2

removal was 86 and 60%, respectively, in 60 min. Wang et

composite to treat phenol aqueous solution. The TiO 2 -0.25%

al. (2016) evaluated magnetic Fe 3 O 4 @beta-cyclodextrin

TGO exhibited the highest phenol degradation, attributed to

nanocomposites as a heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst in

optimal adsorption efficiency and prolonged lifetime of the 1464


electron-hole pairs. Hosseini et al. (2016) investigated

containing methylene blue, Congo red, and methylene blue

textile dye wastewater treatment by TiO 2 and UV radiation

and reported 76, 83 and 90% removal of methylene orange,

and reported 98.5% and 91% removal of color and COD,

Congo red and methylene blue, respectively, in 80 min. Liu

respectively, under optimum conditions.

et al. (2016) studied nitrate removal from wastewater by the

Soltani and Lee (2016) studied benzene degradation

photocatalytic process using nonlinear optical material and

over Ba-doped BiFeO 3 nanoparticles under visible light

reported 98% nitrate removal with 96% nitrogen selectivity

and reported 97, 93, and 82% removal for benzene, COD,

in 120 min at neutral pH condition.

and TOC, respectively, in 60 min. Zhu et al. (2016)

Electrochemical methods. Wang et al. (2016)

investigated sulfanilamide degradation over WO 3 /Ag

evaluated ciprofloxacin (CIP) oxidation over a SnO 2 -Sb/Ti

photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. Results

electrode. The removal of CIP, COD and TOC was 99.5,

showed that Ag improved the photocatalytic activity of

86.0 and 70.0%, respectively, with 30 mA/cm2 current

WO 3

and 96% removal of the target compound.

density in 120 min. Yang et al. (2016) investigated the

Rhodamine B was degraded by magnetic bentonite in

treatment of cephalosporin pharmaceutical wastewater

visible-light photocatalysis (Li et al., 2016). The magnetic

using sonoelectrochemcial process over a nanocoated

bentonite demonstrated high photocatalytic activity and

electrode and reported 94% COD removal at 8 mA/cm2

magnetic separation with more than 95% target compound

current density and 45 kHz ultrasound frequency.

removal within 3 h under visible light.

Khongthon et al. (2016) reported diuron degradation

Wang et al. (2016) reported synergistic photocatalysis

by an electrochemical oxidation process over graphite sheet

of Cr(VI) reduction and 4-CP degradation by hydroxylated

anode and stainless steel cathode. Results showed 90%

-Fe 2 O 3 under visible light. The catalyst enhanced Cr(VI)

degradation of diuron in 100 s of residence time with 1 mA

reduction from 25 to 70% and 4-CP degradation from 13.5

of direct current. Electrochemical (EC) process was used to

to 47.8% compared to photocatalysis without -Fe 2 O 3 .

degrade trichloroethylene (TCE) over various cathodes,

Zhang et al. (2016) investigated the synergistic effect of

including iron (Fe), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), aluminum (Al)

Cr(VI) reduction and benzyl alcohol oxidation by a

and carbon (C) (Rajic et al., 2016). The Ni foam cathode

photoelectrical process using -C 3 N 4 /TiO 2 -NTs electrode

showed the highest TCE removal (68.4%) compared to

under ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) light. Results showed

other cathodes. Zhang et al. (2016) investigated nitrate

that hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals were the

reduction by an EC process over a graphite electrode in the

major active species for Cr(VI) reduction and organic

presence of Pd-Cu/l 2 O 3 catalyst. The percentage of

pollutant degradation.

nitrate reduction was about 2.5 times higher in the presence

Bai et al. (2016) used a dual heterojunction

of catalysts and the nitrogen selectivity was 80%.

photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) system to treat a wastewater 1465 Water Environment Research, Volume 89, Number 10 - Copyright © 2017 Water Environment Federation

pyrrolidone)

Ling et al. (2016) treated textile effluent using a multi-

for

the

removal

of

arsenic

at

low-

cell EC reactor. The COD was reduced from ~240 to ~50

concentration using CDI process. Results showed 98%

mg/L with 12 mA/cm2 current density in 30 min. Ye et al.

arsenic removal at 2 V, 1 mg/L of arsenate solution and pH

(2016) evaluated the treatment of landfill leachate using an

9.

EC assisted UV/chlorine process. The removal of COD and

Zhang et al (2016) systematically studied the removal

NH 3 -N was 77 and 87%, respectively, and the total energy

of arsenic using a solar-powered CDI system by the Box–

consumption was 216 kWh/kg COD for 8-h treatment. Dai

Behnken statistical experimental design (BBD). The results

et al. (2016) studied EC oxidation of cinnamic acid (CA)

suggested that BBD methodology was able to predict the

with a Mo-modified PbO 2 electrode. A maximum 85%

effect of operational parameters on CDI adsorption

parent compound and 26% COD removal was achieved in

capacity. Huang et al. (2016) studied the removal of heavy

120 min under initial electrolyte concentration of 0.1 M,

metal ions, namely, cadmium (Cd2+), lead (Pb2+) and

initial CA concentration of 300 mg/L, current density of 10

chromium (Cr3+), by CDI as affected by applied voltage

mA/cm2, and pH of 3.4.

and ion concentration. Under the same voltage, the removal

Tang et al. (2016a) studied the removal of fluoride

of Cd2+ and Pb2+ was of the same level and was higher than

from groundwater using single-pass constant-voltage

Cr3+ in single metal containing solution. However, the

capacitive deionization (CDI) and reported effective

removal of Cr3+ was decreased by half while the removal of

fluoride removal from low-salinity groundwater. Tang et al.

Cd2+ and Pb2+ remained largely unchanged when all three

(2016b) investigated the use of single-pass constant-current

ions was present simultaneously.

CDI for the removal of fluoride from brackish groundwater

Dehkhoda et al. (2016) studied the removal of sodium

under different operational parameters. By connecting CDI

(Na+) and zinc (Zn2+) with CDI fabricated by porous

modules in parallel to treat water containing 10 mg/L of

activated biochar electrodes. Results suggested that

fluoride and 700 mg/L of chloride, the eluent fluoride

different porous structures did not contribute to the

concentration was able to meet the target concentration of

adsorption capacity of Na+. However, electrode with the

0.5-1.5 mg/L.

most mesoporous structure yielded high Zn2+adsorption

Fan et al. (2016) investigated the removal of As(V)

capacity and system durability. Liu et al. (2016)

and As(III) using CDI under different voltages and initial

investigated the removal of bromide, a precursor of

arsenic concentrations. Result suggested that under the

disinfection by-product (DBP), from synthetic saline water

same voltage, the adsorption capacity of As(V) was higher

by using CDI. The result suggested that when the applied

than As(III). Lee et al. (2016) fabricated a low-cost

voltage was 0.6 V, DBP formation potential and bromine

electrode using carbon paper and carbon slurry (activated

substitution factors were reduced the most.

carbon powder poly(vinylidene fluoride), and N-methyl-21466 Water Environment Research, Volume 89, Number 10 - Copyright © 2017 Water Environment Federation

Corsino et al. (2016) used aerobic granular sludge for

Biological Treatment Aerobic methods. Amanatidou et al. (2016)

simultaneous nitrification and denitrification of high-

examined the degradation of particulate organic chemicals

strength nitrogen and salt containing wastewater. More than

and sludge minimization in completely stirred tank reactor

90% of nitrogen was removed at a salinity of 50 g NaCl /L.

(CSTR)

solid

The result also indicated that salinity was not a major factor

accumulation under steady state operating conditions. At

affecting organic matter removal and that COD and BOD

high endogenous residue degradation rate of 0.05 and 0.02

removal were both over 90%.

bioreactors.

Results

showed

low

d-1, the calculated solids accumulation was 1.6 and 3.59 ton

Deng et al. (2016) examined the aerobic degradation of

per year, respectively.

sulfadiazine

(SDZ)

by

Arthrobacter

spp.

The

The integration of the air stripping, membrane

degradation of SDZ by two isolated Arthrobacter strains

bioreactor (MBR) and nanofiltration (NF) processes was

followed the first-order decay kinetics. For strains D2 and

evaluated for the treatment of landfill leachate (LFL)

D4, the half-life of SDZ degradation was 11.3 and 46.4 h,

(Amaral et al., 2016). MBR treatment alone eliminated 44%

respectively. Strain D4 was the only species utilizing SDZ

of COD. Post-treatment converted a portion of NH 3 -N to

as the sole carbon source. Derlon et al. (2016) evaluated the formation of aerobic

nitrate and nitrite. Results showed high removal efficiency of COD, ammonia, color, and toxicity (approximately at 88,

granular

sludge

95, 100 and 100%, respectively) by the integrated processes.

wastewater using a column sequencing batch reactor (SBR)

Chamorro et al. (2016) investigated the removal of

operated in fill draw mode (constant volume). A significant

stigmasterol from Kraft mill effluents by a moving bed

fraction of flocs was found in AGS during operation.

biofilm reactor (MBBR). Results showed that MBBR

Results indicated that the formation of AGS was possible

achieved 87.4, 61.5, 24.5, 31.0 and 100% removal of

using constant-volume SBR system. Findlay

biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ), COD, phenol, lignin,

et

(AGS)

al.

in

(2016)

low-strength

studied

the

municipal

role

of

and stigmasterol, respectively. The MBBR treatment also

methanotrophic and etheneotrophic bacteria in the aerobic

produced products such as stigmast-4-en-3-one, 5-pregnan-

metabolism of vinyl chloride (VC) and reported that in the

12-one-20-hydroxy,

absence of VC, the presence of methane would contribute

5-pregnane-3,11,20-trione

and

3-

to the degradation of ethene. The removal rate in the

hydroxy-5-androstane-11,17-dione.

presence of all three substrates was faster than that either

Cordone et al. (2016) studied the recovery of groundwater/landfill

leachate

containing

methane or ethene was present alone, indicating stimulating

1,4-dioxane,

etheneotrophic destruction of VC by methanotrophs.

tetrahydrofuran (THF), and other constituents using an

Jalali et al. (2016) examined the role of aerobic

aerobic fixed film biological treatment system and reported

bacterial flora and isolates Trichoderma asperellum in the

over 98% removal of 1,4-dioxane. 1467


Michalsen et al. (2016) evaluated the biostimulation

biotransformation of phosphogypsum and reported that

and bioaugmentation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5,-

over 52% removal of heavy metals and COD after 7 days. Jesus et al. (2016) investigated the degradation of

triazine in aerobic groundwater environment. The rate

chlorinated and brominated aliphatic compounds under

coefficients were 0.7 and 1.2 d-1 for high carbon

aerobic cometabolism. Results showed that wide range of

biostimulation and bioaugmentation, respectively. Results

halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons (HAHs) could be

also suggested the potential of bioaugmentation in

degraded by aerobic cometabolism. Increasing the degree

minimizing substrate quantities and associated costs and

of chlorination led to decreasing aerobic cometabolism

sequential anaerobic biostimulation processes.

activities, which suggested that aerobic cometabolism was

Montalvo et al. (2016) evaluated the effect of micro-

a preferred process for treating low halogenated HAHs.

aerobic hydrolysis on the anaerobic digestion of sludge as

Lopez et al. (2017) evaluated the influence of

pretreatment. The results indicated that for non-aerated

trickling liquid velocity and flow pattern on oxygen transfer

sludge, the methane yield was increased to 114%.

in aerobic biotrickling filters for biogas desulfurization.

Comparing with the initial values, a 150% increase in

Results showed that without trickling liquid velocity

soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) was observed

regulation and when trickling liquid velocity modulation

along with a 40% decrease in volatile suspended solids

was controlled in between 4.4 and 18.9 m/h, the sulfate

(VSS) content.

selectivity was increased by 9%.

A novel bio-entrapped salt marsh sediment membrane

Margot et al. (2016) investigated the role of ammonia-

reactor (BESMSMR) was evaluated for treating high

oxidation bacteria (AOB) in the removal of micropollutants

salinity pharmaceutical wastewater (Ng et al., 2016). The

from wastewaters. Results revealed that the presence of

marine sediment microorganisms exhibited high COD

AOB enhanced removal of Bisphenol A, naproxen, irgarol,

removal (78%), which indicated that recalcitrant organics

terbutryn, and iohexol, which suggested the co-oxidation of

in the wastewater could be degraded under high saline

ammonia was catalyzed by ammonia monooxygenases.

environment.

Mejia-Avendano et al. (2016) studied the aerobic biotransformation

The effect of dissolved oxygen on the microbial

of cationic quaternary ammonium

community structure on the micro-aerobic hydrolysis of

compounds (QACs) with perfluoroalkyl chains. Results

sludge was studied in an in situ reduction process (Niu et

demonstrated

intermediates

al., 2016). A sludge reduction module was placed before

including perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) during the

conventional activated sludge process for a sludge process

biotransformation of perfluorooctaneamido quaternary

reduction activated sludge (SPRAS) and the module

ammonium salt (PFOAAmS).

contributed to significant pollutants removal and sludge

the

formation

of

three

reduction. The result suggested that applying a micro1468 Water Environment Research, Volume 89, Number 10 - Copyright © 2017 Water Environment Federation

aerobic tank to the module could improve hydrolysis

option to enhance degradation of organic contaminants and

efficiency and enrich fermentation of sludge. Predatory

alleviate membrane fouling in MBRs for OSPW treatment. Yang et al. (2016) studied the removal of phenolic

bacteria were responsible for sludge reduction. An anoxic-aerobic biofilter process was evaluated for

endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including 17α-

improving the bioreactor design of rural domestic

ethynylestradiol (EE2), propylparaben (PP), nonylphenol

wastewater treatment plant using new composite packing

(NP) and 17β-estradiol (E-2) in estuarine aquatic

materials (MZF) (Pan and Han, 2016). Over 90% removal

environment by combined abiotic and biotic processes. At

of COD, ammonia, and total phosphorus was achieved. By

the end of 28 d, over 90% of EDCs were removed under

coupling biological and chemical processes, the system

aerobic conditions. The result indicated that the half-life of

achieved high nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus

17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) was longer than other three

removal simultaneously.

EDCs.

Reino et al. (2016) studied the kinetics and

Zhang et al. (2016) evaluated the efficiency of oxygen

microbiological characterization of ammonia oxidizing

supply in aerobic wastewater treatment using microbubble

bacteria (AOB) for a granular airlift reactor in a low-

aeration in a fixed-bed biofilm reactor. Increasing the

strength wastewater at 10oC. Result yielded a maximum

oxygen supply capacity to 0.93 kg-O 2 /m3-d achieved

specific growth rate of 0.63 d-1, which indicated the co-

around 91.7% of COD and 53.9% of ammonia removal.

existence

Results

of

nitrifying

bacteria

and

heterotrophic

showed

significantly

psychrotolerant microorganisms in the granular sludge.

that

higher

microbubble COD

removal

aeration

had

efficiency

a

than

Singh and Kazmi (2016) investigated a single stage

conventional aeration. The result also indicated that the

aerobic fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) reactor for the

nitrification and denitrification occurred simultaneously

treatment of municipal wastewater and reported COD,

and yielded 50.4% of nitrogen removal.

BOD, TSS, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus removal of

Zhao et al. (2016) studied the treatment of real

92, 91, 90, 88 and 50, respectively, in addition to >99%

domestic wastewater of low carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N =

inactivation of E. coli.

4.03)

in

a

two-sludge

pre-A2 NSBR

(anaerobic/

Xue et al. (2016) used two identical anoxic-aerobic

anoxic/aerobic nitrification) system. The results suggested

membrane bioreactors (MBRs) to treat oil sands process-

that it was necessary to include a post-aeration phase

affected water (OSPW) wastewaters, both raw and

duration the operation as to enhance phosphorus removal.

ozonated. After 742 days, mild ozonation (30 mg O 3 /L)

Under a limited carbon source condition, the pre-A2 NSBR

pretreatment of OSPW remarkably enhanced OSPW

could still achieve 96.86% of denitrifying phosphorus

degradation and decreased membrane fouling. Results

removal.

showed that low-dose ozone pretreatment was a feasible 1469 Water Environment Research, Volume 89, Number 10 - Copyright © 2017 Water Environment Federation

Anaerobic methods.

as 28.8 kg COD/m3-d) and exhibited constant removal of

Amezquita-Garcia

et al. (2016) studied the redox-active functionalities of activated

carbon

fibers

(ACFs)

for

the

COD and terephthalic acid.

anaerobic

Demir and Filibeli (2016) studied sludge reduction in

biotransformation of 4-nitrophenol. Results showed that

an oxic-settling-anaerobic (OSA) process and reported an

surface functionalization increased the interactions between

increase in sludge reduction by 58% compared to control

ethanol and bacteria-ACF surface and resulted in an

system. OSA process showed better performance on the

increase in biotransformation by 1.47 by 2.11 folds

sludge settleability than conventional activated sludge

compared to controls.

process. Higher endogenous respiration resulted in limited

Butkovskyi et al. (2016) examined the removal of

impact on sludge reduction due to lower sludge production

micro-pollutants by composting sludge and waste woods.

and energy uncoupling.

The result showed a 99.9% removal of ibuprofen,

Duppenbecker and Cornel (2016) studied a fluidized

diclofenac, and estrone. Around 87.8% of carbamazepine

bed reactor for treating sulfate-containing municipal

was eliminated with methyltriclosan as the by-product of

wastewater under anaerobic condition at room temperature.

triclosan.

Although the average COD removal was 61%, only around

Cai et al. (2016) investigated the effect biochar on

11-13% of the COD removed were converted to gaseous

anaerobic digestion of food wastes. The presence of

and dissolved methane, respectively.

biochar enhanced the degradation of dissolved organic

Feng et al. (2016) studied the anaerobic digestion of

compounds and volatile fatty acids, which suggested the

kitchen waste for biogas production and reported that the

active role of biochar in solid waste digestion.

concentration of methane generally rose rapidly and then

Chen et al. (2016) studied the performance of

declined. The maximum production of methane was 71.54%

anammox process using a flow switched anaerobic baffled

and 64.31%, respectively, at 15 and 25 d. When the initial

reactor (FSABR). The result showed that FSABR was able

total solids content was 4, 5, 6, and 7 wt%, the accumulated

to achieve 3.49 kg-N/m3-d nitrogen removal due to increase

total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) content in day 30 was 1830,

in specific anammox activity. Comparing with a common

2659, 2647, and 3040 mg/L, respectively.

anaerobic baffled reactor (CABR), FSABR also improved

Fu et al. (2016) studied the effect of microaeration to

sedimentation efficiency compared to common aerobic

the microbial community in an anaerobic digestion process.

baffled reactor (ACBR).

The

result

showed

that

microaeration

significantly

Chen et al. (2016) reported a fast mass transfer

improved methane production in processing corn straw

anaerobic inner loop fluidized bed biofilm reactor for the

fermentation wastewater. In addition to the presence of

treatment of terephthalic acid (TPA) wastewater. The result

oxytolerant microbes, the microaeration contributed to

indicated that the reactor tolerated shock loadings (as high 1470 Water Environment Research, Volume 89, Number 10 - Copyright © 2017 Water Environment Federation

phylum Firmicutes, class Clostridia and order Clostridiales

wastewater as the carbon source. Results showed enhanced

in relative abundance.

denitrification in a total of 180 operation cycles. The dominant microorganism was Trichococcus.

Gupta et al. (2016) studied cyanide tolerability as a key factor for the performance of an anaerobic reactor. It

Pereira et al. (2016) investigated the role of activated

was concluded that certain hydrogenotrophic methanogens

carbon (AC) and macroporous carbon nanotubes (CNT) for

and bacterial groups could grow in the presence of cyanide.

the decolorization of dye wastewater, Acid Orange 10

The result suggested that wastewater with high cyanide

(AO10), in anaerobic bioreactors. Results showed the

concentration could be treated in the presence the cyanide-

application of CNT (diameter Mn > Zn > Co > Cu > Pb > Cr > Ni > Cd. The

goethite occurred during the transition from anaerobic to

result suggested that the combination of Potamogeton and

aerobic conditions was reported (Yan et al., 2016). ENR

Ceratophyllum could remove Co, Mn and Cd from the

was aerobically removed within 5 min by goethite with

contaminated soil.

adsorbed Fe(II). The electrophilic attack by OH radicals

Akar et al. (2016) studied the removal of cadmium and

opened the quinolone ring of ENR and initiated further

manganese from aqueous solutions using Borago officinalis

transformation reactions. Both the surface adsorption and

(B. officinalis) as a biosorbent. The monolayer adsorption capacity for Cd was 40.26 mg/g, which was higher than Mn 1472


(at 20.42 mg/g). Electrostatic interactions, complexation,

achieved the removal of 69.7% of solid, 84.0% of

and ion exchange were responsible for heavy meal removal.

ammonium nitrogen and 38.1% of total phosphorus.

Allam et al. (2016) evaluated the use of duckweed

Boto et al. (2016) evaluated constructed wetlands

(Lemna gibba) for the treatment of mono ethylene glycol

(CWs) as a potential treatment for the removal of

(MEG) containing drainage water. The result revealed that

antibiotics from saline aquaculture wastewaters. Results

when the hydraulic retention time increased, a higher MEG

showed over 99% removal of tested antibiotics and over 95%

removal efficiency was observed. Results also showed that

removal of antibiotic-resistant bacteria by CWs. The results

the removal of MEG followed the first-order kinetics.

also suggested that the presence of antibiotic did not affect the removal of nutrients, organic matter and metals.

Al-Sbani et al. (2016) tested the capability to resist diesel toxicity and ability to degrade polycyclic aromatic

Charris and Caselles-Osorio (2016) evaluated the

hydrocarbons (PAHs) of Lepironia articulate in wastewater.

removal of organic matters, nitrogen, orthophosphate, and

The result indicated that the removal of PAH and TSS were

total and fecal coliforms by a CW. Removal of COD,

96.6, 90.3, 79.9 and 79.6 89.6, 90, 88.7 and 86.3%,

ammonium, nitrate and orthophosphate were 93, 65, 71 and

respectively, at V-diesel/V-water concentration of 1, 2, 3

32%, respectively for C. ligularis and of 85, 54, 67 and

and 5% (V-Diesel/V-Water), respectively. Results also

57%, respectively for E. colonum. Removal of total and

suggested that L. articulate could be potentially used for

fecal coliforms was 99.9%. Chen et al. (2016) studied the removal of PAHs and

the phytoremediation of PAH contaminated soils.

Cd and Zn from actual wastewater using microbial

Sylvain et al. (2016) assessed two willow species, Salix viminalis (S. viminalis) and Salix purpurea (S.

remediation,

phytoremediation,

and

microbe-assisted

purpurea), for the phytostabilization of gold mining waste

phytoremediation over a period of two years. The

site contaminated by heavy metals, such as As, Sb and Pb.

maximum removal was 96.4, 36.1 and 12.7% for PAH, Cd

The result suggested that all three heavy metals were

and Zn, respectively.

mainly accumulated in the rhizosphere. Different from S.

The hyperaccumulation potential and tolerance to

viminalis that transported Pb and Sb to the shoots, the

cadmium (Cd) of the wetland macrophyte Hydrilla

translocation of heavy metals was not observed from S.

verticillata (L.f.) in a hydroponics system was examined

purpurea.

(Chen et al., 2016). The accumulation amount of Cd in H. verticillata

A native macrophyte Spirodela intermedia and algae

was

extremely

high,

with

maximum

periphyton were studied for the removal of solids, nitrogen,

concentration of 2.22 and 1.36 g /kg-dw in the leaves and

and phosphorus from poultry industry wastewater (Basilico

stems, respectively. The toxicity tolerance threshold for Cd

et al., 2016). Results showed that that the treatment

was in the range of 22.11-28.74 µM.


Christofilopoulos

et

al.

(2016)

evaluated

water treated with bark and leaf occurred in addition to the

the

removal of BOD, COD, nitrate, phosphate and turbidity.

phytoremediation efficiency of Juncus acutus L. (J. acutus) in the removal of antibiotics, bisphenol A (BPA) and heavy

Ijaz et al. (2016) studied the treatment of industrial

metals. The result showed that J. acutus effectively

wastewater by the endophyte-assisted floating treatment

removed

and

wetlands (FTWs). The percentage reduction in COD and

sulfamethoxazole), BPA and heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cd and

BOD 5 were 87.0 and 87.5%, respectively, in 96 h by

Zn) in 28 d. Results also suggested the potential of J.

coupling the plant species with a consortium of bacterial

acutus

endophytes. FTWs can be a sustainable and affordable

tested

in

abating

antibiotics

organic

(ciprofloxacin

and

inorganic

mixed

contamination in a CW system.

system for in situ remediation of sewage and industrial

The effect of the presence of Typha domingensis

wastewater.

plants in aquatic sediments on the accumulation and

Keshtkar et al. (2016) evaluated vetiver grass

speciation of high concentrations of Zn was examined (Di

(Vetiveria zizanioides L. Nash) for the treatment of mining

Luca et al., 2016). Results indicated that the accumulation

wastewater

of Zn was mainly at the submerged parts of leaves. Since

phytoremediation system. The accumulation of all five

no toxic symptoms were observed during the 30-day trials,

elements, i.e., Na, Cl, Ca, Mg and K, mainly occurred at

Typha domingensis plants might continue to take up Zn for

the grass shoots at 74.7, 2.0, 55.9, 43, and 60.2%,

an extended period of time.

respectively.

and

saline

groundwater

in

a

pilot

Escobar and Dussan (2016) tested a native tree

The effectiveness of phytoremediation on removal of

species (Alnus acuminata ssp. acuminata) in the Bogota

benzene, toluene, naphthalene, and dissolved oxygen from

River region for the phytoremediation removal of heavy

groundwater was examined (Landmeyer and Effinger 2016).

metals such as Cr and Pb from river banks. The result

Results indicated significant decrease of benzene, toluene,

indicated that the accumulation of Cr and Pb mainly

and naphthalene concentration in the groundwater, while

occurred at stems and roots, respectively. No toxicity

seasonal fluctuation for the concentration of contaminants

effects were observed, which suggested that Alnus

was also observed.

acuminata ssp. acuminata could be an ideal candidate for

Li et al. (2016) used long-root Eichhornia crassipes

Cr and Pb removal from contaminated soils in the Bogota

(L.R.E. crassipes), traditional Eichhornia crassipes (E.

River region.

crassipes) as the control, to evaluate the removal efficiency

George et al. (2016) investigated the potential of

of heavy metals, namely, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd. Results

Moringa leaf and bark extract in the bioremediation of

indicated that the removal efficiency of L.R.E. crassipes

heavy metals contaminated water collected from various

was better than E. crassipes, and the accumulation of heavy

Lakes in Bangalore. Biosorption of heavy metals from the

metals was mainly at the root surface for Pb and Cd. 1474


Qin et al. (2016) studied the removal of nutrients

Sitarska et al. (2016) evaluated two spcies of

(nitrogen and phosphorus) and algal interception from a

pleustophytes, Salvinia natans and Lemna minor for the

domestic sewage contaminated pond using water hyacinth

removal of mercury (II) from water using phytoremediation.

(Eichornia crassipes) and water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.).

A significant accumulation of mercury (238.34 mg/kg-dm)

Water hyacinth, which exhibited hyperactive nitrogen

was observed, suggesting the ability of the two species of

accumulation capacity for nitrogen (58.64% of total

pleustophytes for eliminating mercury (II) from the aquatic

reduction), was more suitable than water lettuce for the

environment.

intensive purification of domestic sewage with high

Zhao et al. (2016) studied the removal of lead by

nitrogen concentration. In addition, water lettuce exhibited

mining ecotype (ME) and non-mining ecotype (NME),

a higher total phosphorus removal efficiency, which

Athyrium wardii. The result indicated that the accumulation

benefitted higher P adsorption and accumulation. A

of Pb in the roots of ME was much higher than that of

combined

was

NME, and ME showed a greater Pb tolerance than NME,

recommended for the phytoremediation of nitrogen and

suggesting ME was more suitable phytostabilization

phosphorus containing wastewater.

application.

system

using

both

macrophytes

Rane et al. (2016) investigated the degradation of dye References

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