3.4 How do we know when a substance is pure? 19. Chapter 4 Atoms and
molecules. 4.1 How small are atoms and molecules? 29. 4.2 A short history of
atomic ...
Contents
Introduction Chapter 1 What is chemistry?
vii 1
Chapter 2 What is matter? 2.1 Solids, liquids and gases 2.2 Matter is made of particles
6 7
Chapter 3 Mixtures and substances 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
Solutions Methods of purifying substances Finding out how pure a substance is How do we know when a substance is pure?
How small are atoms and molecules? A short history of atomic theories Using symbols to represent elements How many protons, neutrons and electrons are there in the atom? Isotopes Atomic mass and molecular mass A pattern of elements – the Periodic Table The electronic structure of the elements Radioactive isotopes
Classifying materials Covalent bonds Double and triple covalent bonds The properties of covalent compounds Ionic bonds The properties of ionic compounds Macromolecules Metallic bonds
Blocks of elements in the Periodic Table Group I: the alkali metals Group VII: the halogens Group VIII: the inert gases The transition metals Trends across the periods
What are acids and what do they do? A pattern in acids and alkalis – pH How we use acids and alkalis Oxides and pH What happens when acids and bases react together? Making salts Identifying ions in salts
Reducing metal ores Oxidation of metals Oxidation state Another definition of oxidation and reduction Electrolysis Explaining electrolysis Applications of electrolysis
95 95 95 96 98 101 105
Chapter 9 Metals 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6
Why metals are so useful A pattern of metals – the reactivity series How readily will a metal form its positive ion? How stable are metal compounds? The names of some chemical compounds Corrosion and its prevention
107 112 116 118 120 121
Chapter 10 Chemistry and energy 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5
Conservation of energy Energy changes during chemical reactions Fuels Sustainable fuel supplies Cells and batteries
126 126 130 133 136
Chapter 11 Extracting and using metals 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8
Mining and concentrating the ore Reducing the ore to metal Extraction of metals and the reactivity series Making iron and steel Making aluminium Making zinc Uses of metals Alloys
143 144 147 147 149 150 151 153
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Chapter 12 Chemistry and the environment 12.1 Our atmosphere 12.2 Pollution of the atmosphere 12.3 Water
159 164 168
Chapter 13 Fast and slow reactions 13.1 Making reactions go faster 13.2 Light and chemical reactions 13.3 Reactions that go both ways
