IEEE AWPL Special Cluster on Wireless Power and ... - IEEE Xplore

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Mar 20, 2009 - THE EVOLUTION of wireless power and data telemetry technologies ... plications has spurred engineers to reevaluate existing perfor- mance tradeoffs and ... After rigorous review of the submitted letters, 19 letters were selected to be ... plant Communication Service band (MICS, 402–405 MHz) is expanded ...
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IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 11, 2012

Guest Editorial: IEEE AWPL Special Cluster on Wireless Power and Data Telemetry for Medical Applications

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HE EVOLUTION of wireless power and data telemetry technologies fueled by continued advances in electronic systems and miniaturization of antennas and components played an important role in design and development of wireless medical devices in personal healthcare. This has led to numerous applications in medical diagnostics and therapeutics ranging from in vivo cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators to emerging devices in visual prosthesis, brain computer interfaces, and body area networks for sensing oxygen, glucose, pH level, pressure, temperature, and other medically useful quantities. These practical applications impose stringent requirements at all levels of design. One of the critical design requirements is the data telemetry due to the challenges associated with wireless power and data transfer within or to/from the human body. The performance tradeoffs depend on numerous factors, including but not limited to the operating range, power transmission efficiency, heat dissipation, power delivered to the load, device size, location in the body, body posture, data rate, frequency and bandwidth, system complexity and functionality, and safety and regulatory standards. The increased interest in wireless medical applications has spurred engineers to reevaluate existing performance tradeoffs and propose new devices. The impact on antennas and propagation for wireless power and data telemetry includes: novel antenna and coil designs, low-power electronic front ends, adaptive impedance matching, analysis and numerical techniques, signal propagation and interaction with biological tissues, and heat effects. This Special Cluster consists of letters addressing some of these challenging issues. After rigorous review of the submitted letters, 19 letters were selected to be included in this Special Cluster. Of those 19 accepted letters, 12 are focused on implantable systems, while the remaining 7 are primarily concentrated on body-worn/bodycentric and close-proximity systems. Implantable Wireless Telemetry Systems: Since the first implants of the cardiac pacemaker in humans in 1950’s, implantable systems have played a critical role in medicine, attracting a great deal of interest among researchers worldwide. Within the past two decades, advances in low-power electronics and biocompatible materials coupled with new sensor technologies have enabled new implantable wireless telemetry systems for clinical use. One of the biggest ongoing challenges is the design of power and spectrally efficient power/data telemetry links that operate in biological tissue using very small antenna footprints and in designated FCC regulated frequency bands. These bands include Medical Device Radiocommunication Ser-

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/LAWP.2013.2241206

vice (MedRadio, 401–406 MHz) and Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM, 433–434.8 MHz, 902–928 MHz, 2.4–2.5 GHz, 5.725–5.875 GHz) bands. The formerly known Medical Implant Communication Service band (MICS, 402–405 MHz) is expanded and replaced with the newly established MedRadio band based on rules adopted by the FCC on March 20, 2009. Although there are higher-frequency ISM bands, the increased losses in the tissue make it difficult to use such higher frequencies for implantable wireless telemetry. Clearly, designing small antennas that are implanted in the human body and made to operate at such low frequencies is a great challenge. Such designs require marrying optimization and miniaturization techniques. The first letter in this Special Cluster by Ung et al. introduces a small antenna that operates in both MedRadio and ISM bands with a small footprint, 18 x 16 x 1.27 mm3. They provide design details and in vitro measurements in skin-mimicking gels. Liu et al. propose an implantable MedRadio antenna operating from 372–468 MHz with a 22.8% bandwidth. The antenna consists of patch/slot configuration with loaded slots. The footprint of the antenna is 10 16 1.27 mm . The measurements are based on in vitro testing in skin-mimicking gels. The next letter by Merli et al. present an example of in vivo verification of implantable systems. The group implanted a small telemetry system in pigs and continuously monitored internal skin temperature for over two weeks. The results show reliable data transmission with relatively low error rate. The letter by Kiourti et al. describe a technique to accelerate the implantable antenna design for single- and multiple-layer tissue models. The proposed technique is also supported by numerical simulations provided in the letter. Hong et al. present an integrated wireless power (6.78 MHz) and data telemetry (402–405 MHz) system. The group provides both numerical simulations and measurements to verify the proper functioning of the proposed system. The letter by Björninen et al. presents a monolithic integration of an antenna with an array of neural recording electrodes on a flexible thin film. The structure was designed for long-term neural recording in a wireless brain-machine interface (BCI) system. BCI and neural recording are rapidly growing areas, and antennas are essential parts of such systems. In the next letter, Cheng et al. propose an omnidirectional wrappable compact patch antenna for wireless endoscope applications. An inductively loaded compact patch antenna for a radiation frequency of 433 MHz is designed taking into consideration a human body model and fabricated on a flexible liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) substrate, which is subsequently wrapped into a cylindrical shape to achieve a

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GUEST EDITORIAL: IEEE AWPL SPECIAL CLUSTER ON WIRELESS POWER AND DATA TELEMETRY FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS

monopole-like omnidirectional radiation pattern for wireless endoscope applications. The resulting cylindrical antenna is 10 mm in diameter and 18.5 mm in height. The use of implantable antennas for endoscopic applications is another challenging problem where the antenna needs to be matched to the external environment as it travels through the digestive tract. In their letter, Marnat et al. show separate transmit and receive on-chip antennas for implantable intraocular pressure monitoring application. The miniaturized antennas fit on a 1.4-mm 0.18- m CMOS chip with the rest of the circuitry. They utilized a 5.2-GHz monopole antenna for wireless powering of the chip. Ramrakhyani et al. present a multicoil intraocular implant for wireless power transfer achieving high tolerance for system power efficiency and data bandwidth. The group elegantly demonstrated that the multicoil system can reduce variations by half in power transfer efficiency and by one third in frequency bandwidth compared to a two-coil wireless power transfer system with the same dimensions and operating conditions. Next, Rajagopalan et al. presents a comprehensive and systematic antenna performance evaluation and wireless medical telemetry characterization between two different ingestible antenna designs, an inverted conical helical antenna and a reference conformal meandered offset dipole antenna. The letter discusses the frequency and power limitations for reliable data transmission from inside the body to an outside receiver. In the following letter, Asili et al. propose a small implantable antenna for MedRadio (401–406 MHz) and ISM (433–434.8 MHz) bands. The resulting antenna operates from 360 to 540 MHz. The antenna dimensions are 10 12 1.5 mm , and it is tested using skin-mimicking gels. Finally, the last letter of the implantable wireless telemetry systems section is devoted to in vivo testing of an implantable antenna. Karacolak et al. implant a dual MICS/ISM band antenna into two pigs and observe the antenna performance for two weeks. The letter provides histopathalogical data discussing the tissue’s reaction to the implant. Body-Worn/Body-Centric and Close-Proximity Wireless Telemetry Systems: This second subcluster is devoted to body-worn/body-centric and close-proximity wireless telemetry systems. The design of such systems has its unique set of challenges. These systems should be able operate in the vicinity of a very lossy medium (human body) and should be affected minimally by the body movements and position. They should be worn comfortably and be operated easily. The first letter of this subcluster is by Zhang et al. The letter presents novel body-worn antennas and medical sensors based on embroidered conductive polymer fibers (e-fibers) on textiles. Such technology offers attractive mechanical and RF performance compared to traditional flat and rigid antennas and circuits. The letter consists of both simulation and measurement data. Next, Salman et al. propose a body-worn sensor that can effectively predict the average relative permittivity of the deep embedded tissues using 16-MHz/40-MHz electrode arrays. The array proposed in this letter can be potentially used for early detection of certain diseases such as pulmonary edema.

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The letter by Soh et al. proposes a noncontact dual-band planar bowtie monopole for a fall-detection telemetry radar system. The letter presents results from patient experiments. Also, the letter by Kao et al. discusses a noncontact 60-GHz micro-radar system for sensing of vital signs. The authors present a circularly polarized sequential-rotation 2 2 patch antenna array integrated with a 60-GHz doppler radar system on low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) substrate. Next, a new miniaturized (below 1 mm ) temperature sensor based on microfluidic technology and radar passive interrogation techniques is proposed by Tentzeris et al. Their data show a sensitivity of 0.4 dBm/ C over a 9 C temperature range (24 C–33 C). In the next letter, Mori et al. present a magnetically resonant wireless power transmission sheet (WPTS) on a printed circuit board. The WPTS wirelessly supplies the power to electronic devices including the wearable wireless healthcare devices anywhere on the sheet with high efficiency. The authors provide both simulation and measurement results to show the effectiveness of the proposed system. The final letter of this subcluster by Agneessens et al. is focused on designing an on-body wearable repeater as a data-link relay for in-body wireless implants. To increase the transmission characteristics, they present a flexible on-body textile patch antenna that is robustly matched directly to the human body acting as a wearable repeater. The authors experimentally assess the performance of the data link. There is no doubt that e-/mobile health will be an integral part of the global healthcare of the future, and the tools, techniques, and devices presented in this Special Cluster will play a key role in designing the devices to deliver the needed healthcare around the world, especially in developing countries with limited resources In closing, the Guest Editors would like to thank the authors and the reviewers for their efforts in making this Special Cluster a timely one and hope that it will serve as a well-referenced publication in the rapidly evolving field of medical wireless telemetry. We would also like to thank the IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS Editor-in-Chief, Prof. Gianluca Lazzi, for his support during the completion of this Special Cluster.

ERDEM TOPSAKAL, Guest Editor Mississippi State University Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA (e-mail: [email protected]) MAYSAM GHOVANLOO, Guest Editor Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA 30308 USA (e-mail: [email protected]) RIZWAN BASHIRULLAH, Guest Editor University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611 USA (e-mail: [email protected])

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IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 11, 2012

Erdem Topsakal (S’92–M’93–SM’03) received the B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees electronics and communication engineering from Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, in 1991, 1993, and 1996, respectively. He was a Post-Doctoral Fellow from 1998 to 2001 and an Assistant Research Scientist from 2001 to 2003 with the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. In 2003, he joined the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, James Worth Bagley College of Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA, as an Assistant Professor. He is currently a tenured Associate Professor in the same department. His research areas include wireless medical telemetry, implantable antennas, cancer monitoring and detection, microwave hyperthermia, fast electromagnetic methods, antenna analysis and design, and direct and inverse scattering. He has published over 150 journal and conference papers in these areas. Dr. Topsakal is an elected member of the URSI Commissions B and K. He currently serves as an Associate Editor for the IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, Associate Editor for the URSI Radio Science Bulletin, and Chair for the URSI United States National Committee Commission K, Electromagnetics in Biology and Medicine. He is on the IEEE USA Committee on Communications & Information Policy as a representative of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. He is a member of National Institute of Health SBIB (10) Biomedical Imaging study section and a member of the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society Technical Committee MTT-10, Biological Effect and Medical Applications of RF and Microwave. In addition, he routinely reviews proposals for NIH, NSF, and DoD. He is a member of the electrical engineering honor society Eta Kappa Nu. He received the URSI young scientist award in 1996 and a NATO fellowship in 1997. He is the recipient of the 2004–2005 Mississippi State University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Outstanding Educator Award, the 2009 Bagley College of Engineering Research Paper of the Year Award, and the 2011 and 2012 Mississippi State University State Pride Award. In addition, he has over 10 national/international awards with his undergraduate and graduate students.

Maysam Ghovanloo (S’00–M’04–SM’10) was born in Tehran, Iran, in 1973. He received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, in 1994, the M.S. degree in biomedical engineering from the Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, in 1997, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, in 2003 and 2004, respectively. From 2004 to 2007, he was an Assistant Professor with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. In 2007, he joined the faculty of the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA, where he is currently an Associate Professor and the Founding Director of the GT-Bionics Lab in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed conference and journal publications and is named on three patents. Dr. Ghovanloo is a member of Tau Beta Pi, the AAAS, Sigma Xi, the IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society, the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society, and the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. He is an Associate Editor of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING and the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS. He is a member of the Imagers, MEMS, Medical, and Displays (IMMD) subcommittee at the ISSCC. He has organized several special sessions and was a member of technical program committees for major conferences in the areas of circuits, systems, sensors, and biomedical engineering. He is the 2010 recipient of a CAREER Award from the National Science Foundation. He has also received awards in the 40th and 41st Design Automation Conference (DAC)/ISSCC Student Design Contest in 2003 and 2004, respectively.

GUEST EDITORIAL: IEEE AWPL SPECIAL CLUSTER ON WIRELESS POWER AND DATA TELEMETRY FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS

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Rizwan Bashirullah (S’98–M’04) received the B.S. degree from the University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC, USA, in 1999 and 2004, respectively, all in electrical engineering. He joined the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, in 2004, where he held the position of Assistant Professor. He is currently an Associate Professor and the Electronics Division Area Chair. He has authored or coauthored over 90 referred technical papers in conferences and journals. His research interests are in mixed-signal circuits for biomedical applications, power delivery systems, and on-chip/off-chip signaling subsystems. Dr. Bashirullah served as an Associate Editor of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING from 2005 to 2009. He has also served as Conference Organizing Co-Chair for Biomedical Wireless (BioWireleSS) of the IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS), Workshop Chair for Radio Wireless Week (RWW), and a member of the technical program committees for ISQED, ISLPED, ISCAS, RWS, and BioCAS. He received the 2005 National Science Foundation (NSF) Early Career Development Award, the 2010 University of Florida Inventor Recognition Award, and the 2011 Microwave Magazine Best Paper Award of the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society (MTT-S).