These terms simply express polarity of the directional choice. Positive and ... no. 39. Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India: Inter- national Crops Research ...
is the r i g h t t i m e to e x p l o i t the pathogen under f i e l d c o n d i -
T h e leaf extracts of A. indica, V. negundo, and C. gigantea
t i o n s t o s t r e n g t h e n t h e e x i s t i n g e f f e c t i v e e c o f r i e n d l y pest
a n d b u l b e x t r a c t o f A . cepa w e r e p r e p a r e d a c c o r d i n g t o
m a n a g e m e n t s t r a t e g i e s . A p a r t f r o m t h i s p a t h o g e n , use o f
S a h a y a r a j ( 1 9 9 8 ) . T e n g r a m s each o f the leaves a n d b u l b s
botanicals, parasitoids, and predators to contain the de-
were macerated i n d i v i d u a l l y in pestle and mortar and extracted
f o l i a t i o n b y less t h a n 1 0 % d a m a g e i n 6 0 - d a y - o l d c r o p h a d
w i t h 1 0 m L o f water. T h e extract was passed t h r o u g h m u s l i n
n o e f f e c t o n t h e p o d y i e l d . P r e l i m i n a r y c o n f i n e d studies o f
c l o t h a n d the f i n a l v o l u m e m a d e u p t o 100 m L t o get 1 0 %
the f u n g a l p a t h o g e n i c i t y against S. litura c o n d u c t e d at the
e x t r a c t s . It w a s t r e a t e d as a s t o c k s o l u t i o n . F r o m t h e s t o c k
R e g i o n a l Research Station, V r i d h a c h a l a m , T a m i l N a d u ,
s o l u t i o n 5 d i f f e r e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , 0 . 5 , 1.0, 2 . 0 , 4 . 0 , a n d
I n d i a revealed that the t h i r d instar larval m u m m i f i c a t i o n was
6 . 0 % w e r e m a d e w i t h required q u a n t i t y o f water. G r o u n d n u t
due to the i n f e c t i o n on the f i f t h day after s p r a y i n g w i t h
seeds ( 5 g ) w e r e d i p p e d i n d i f f e r e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s sepa-
N. rileyi at a c o n c e n t r a t i o n of 1 x 10
8
spores m L
-1
. Assess-
m e n t o n the d y n a m i c s o f c o n i d i a l dispersal and density
r a t e l y f o r 1 5 m i n a n d air d r i e d f o r 1 0 m i n . I n c o n t r o l , t h e g r o u n d n u t seeds w e r e d i p p e d i n w a t e r
w i t h i n the g r o u n d n u t crop ecosystem at field level is in
o n l y . A glass olfactometer was used to f i n d the repellent
progress.
properties of the p l a n t extracts against T. castaneum. An
I n f u t u r e , s t u d i e s a t t h e f i e l d l e v e l o n the u t i l i z a t i o n o f
o l f a c t o m e t e r consists o f a m i d d l e glass c h a m b e r ( 6 0 m m
n a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g f u n g a l p a t h o g e n s s u c h as Beauvaria
d i a m e t e r ) f r o m w h i c h 6 e q u a l l y s p a c e d tubes ( 2 0 c m
bassiana ( w h i t e m u s c a r d i n e f u n g u s ) a n d N.
l e n g t h a n d 2.5 c m d i a m e t e r ) p r o j e c t o u t w a r d s . T h e m i d d l e
rileyi ( g r e e n
m u s c a r d i n e f u n g u s ) t o c o n t a i n the g r o u n d n u t d e f o l i a t o r s
c h a m b e r has a n o p e n i n g o f 2.5 c m d i a m e t e r . T h e d i s t a l e n d
w i t h o u t any r e d u c t i o n in p o d y i e l d w i l l be an accessible
o f each a r m i s attached w i t h a glass b e a k e r ( 7 c m d i a m e t e r
ecofriendly
pest m a n a g e m e n t s t r a t e g y
for sustainable
and 9 cm height). T h e repellent p r o p e r t y of the plants was tested by c h o i c e test. T e n - d a y - o l d
groundnut cultivation.
T.
castaneum a d u l t s
w e r e c o l l e c t e d f r o m the c u l t u r e m e d i u m m a i n t a i n e d i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y a n d used f o r t h i s s t u d y . G r o u n d n u t t r e a t e d w i t h d i f f e r e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f the p l a n t e x t r a c t s w e r e
I m p a c t of Some Plant Products on the
p l a c e d separately i n the beaker attached i n each a r m . T h e n
Behavior of Tribolium castaneum in
t h e y w e r e c l o s e d w i t h m u s l i n c l o t h . S i x t y T . castaneum a d u l t s w e r e i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e o l f a c t o m e t e r t h r o u g h the
G r o u n d n u t Seed
o p e n i n g present i n t h e m i d d l e c h a m b e r a n d c l o s e d w i t h m u s l i n c l o t h a n d a l l o w e d f o r 3 h . A f t e r 3 h , the n u m b e r o f
K
Sahayaraj
and
M
G
Paulraj
(Plant
Protection
beetles present i n each c o n c e n t r a t i o n w a s r e c o r d e d . F r o m
Research Unit, Department of Zoology, St. Xavier's College,
the observed v a l u e the repellence was observed and d e f i n e d
Palayankottai 627 002, T a m i l Nadu, India)
i n t e r m s o f excess p r o p o r t i o n i n d e x ( E P I ) a c c o r d i n g t o S a k u m a and F u k a m i ( 1 9 8 5 ) . E a c h experiment was replicated
Groundnut
(Arachis
hypogaea) is s t o r e d b o t h as p o d s
s i x t i m e s w i t h d i f f e r e n t insects a n d also g r o u n d n u t seeds
a n d seeds. B o t h f o r m s are s u s c e p t i b l e d u r i n g s t o r a g e t o
treated w i t h plant extracts. T h e EPI is defined as f o l l o w s :
attack b y insects, w h i c h cause a p p r o x i m a t e l y 6 - 1 0 % damage i n s t o r e d seed ( S r i v a s t a v a 1 9 7 0 ) . T h e r e d f l o u r b e e t l e , Tribolium castaneum Hcrbst is o n e of t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t
EPI = NS - N C / N S + NC
pests o f s t o r e d g r o u n d n u t seeds ( W i g h t m a n a n d R a n g a R a o 1 9 9 3 ) . A s g r o u n d n u t i s used f o r h u m a n f o o d , t h e use
w h e r e NS = n u m b e r of animals in the sample side and
o f i n s e c t i c i d e s a g a i n s t t h i s s t o r e d p r o d u c t pest m a y r e p -
N C = n u m b e r o f a n i m a l s i n t h e c o n t r o l side. I n a n o t h e r
resent a h e a l t h h a z a r d . U s e o f p l a n t - d e r i v e d p e s t i c i d e s t o
e x p e r i m e n t , ten a d u l t s w e r e p l a c e d i n a p l a s t i c c o n t a i n e r
m a n a g e s t o r e d p r o d u c t pests i s a t r a d i t i o n a l m e t h o d t h a t
( 2 5 0 m l c a p a c i t y ) and p r o v i d e d w i t h 1 g o f g r o u n d n u t seed
i s e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y safe a n d e c o n o m i c a l l y v i a b l e a l t e r n a t i v e
treated w i t h different concentrations of each plant extract
to
separately. C o n t r o l categories w e r e p r o v i d e d w i t h w a t e r
a f f e c t m o r e t h a n 2 0 0 insect pests ( W a r t h e n 1989, N a t i o n a l
treated g r o u n d n u t seeds. M o r t a l i t y w a s r e c o r d e d i n a l l
method.
Azadirachta
indica ( n e e m )
has
been
found
Research C o u n c i l 1992) i n c l u d i n g several stored product
t h e c a t e g o r i e s f o r e v e r y 24 h up to 7 d a y s . S i x r e p l i c a t i o n s
pests ( J a c o b s o n 1 9 8 8 ) . I n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , t h e l e a f e x -
w e r e m a i n t a i n e d i n each c a t e g o r y .
tracts
of A.
gigantea,
EPI values ranged f r o m + 1 t o - 1 . These terms s i m p l y
a n d b u l b e x t r a c t of Allium cepa ( o n i o n ) w e r e e v a l u a t e d
express p o l a r i t y o f the d i r e c t i o n a l choice. Positive and
f o r their repellent and insecticidal properties on the adults
negative values indicated p o s i t i v e and negative a p p r o a c h e s
of T.
r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e results o f the e x p e r i m e n t are s u m m a r i z e d
indica,
Vitex
negundo,
castaneum in g r o u n d n u t seeds.
Calotropis
I A N 20, 2000
75
T a b l e 1. I m p a c t of plant products on the excess p r o p o r t i o n
References
index ( E P I ) b e h a v i o r of Tribolium castaneum. Jacobson, M . 1988. Focus o n p h y t o c h e m i c a l pesticides.
EPI
V o l . 1 . T h e n e e m tree. F l o r i d a , U S A : C R C Press. 0.5 1
Plant
4
2
1
6 N a t i o n a l Research C o u n c i l . 1992. N e e m : A tree f o r s o l v i n g
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-0.953 -1.000
Vitex negundo
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-0.893 -0.933
Allium
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-0.783 -0.900 -0.507 -0.628
Azadirachta
indica
cepa
Calotropis 1.
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(%)
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seed
sprayed
cepa, a n d C.
A. that
A.
71
indica
castaneum
with
A.
indica,
V.
negundo,
gigantea. T h e r e s u l t s c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e d
was
the
followed
C. gigantea. T h e E P I
most by
V.
effective negundo,
repellent A.
cepa,
for and
values f o r all the plant products
S a i n , N . , and M e l o a n , C . E . 1986. C o m p o u n d s f r o m leaves of b a y
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nobilis
Linn.)
as
repellents
for
Tribolium
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German
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74(6):523-525.
most
effective
to
control
Corcyra
cephalonica
Blattella
germanica
(Linn.)
toward
their
stainton in s t o r e d g r o u n d n u t s . I n t h e present i n v e s t i g a t i o n , t h e r e p e l l e n c e increased as the concentration increased. Sain and M e l o a n ( 1 9 8 6 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t p o w d e r of Laurus nobilis leaves a c t e d as a r e p e l l e n t to T. castaneum. H o w e v e r , the m o r t a l i t y e x p e r i -
S e n g u t t u v a n , T . , A b d u l k a r e e m , A . , and R a j e n d r a m , R . 1995. E f f e c t s o f p l a n t p r o d u c t s a n d e d i b l e o i l s against r i c e moth
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m e n t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t a l l t h e f o u r p l a n t s tested here d i d n o t
S r i v a s t a v a , A . S . 1 9 7 0 . I m p o r t a n t i n s e c t pests o f s t o r e d
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oilseeds i n I n d i a . I n t e r n a t i o n a l Pest C o n t r o l 1 2 : 1 8 - 2 0 .
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laboratory facilities and encouragement.
64 pp.
76
I A N 20, 2000
