Implementation of the EU CCS Directive in Europe - NERC Open ...

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ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 63 (2014) 6662 – 6670

GHGT-12

Implementation of the EU CCS Directive in Europe: results and development in 2013 Alla Shogenovaa,*, Kris Piessensb , Sam Hollowayc, Michelle Benthamc, Roberto Martínezd, Kristin M. Flornese, Niels E. Poulsenf, Adam Wójcickig, Saulius Sliaupah, Ludovít Kuchariči, Alexandra Duduj, Sergio Persogliak, Vit Hladikl, Bruno Safticm, Astri Kvassnese, Kazbulat Shogenova, Jüri Ivaska, Isabel Suárezd, Constantin Savaj, Anghel Sorinj and Ananth Chikkaturn a Institute of Geology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn 19086, Estonia Geological Survey of Belgium, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Jennerstreet 13, 1000 Brussels, Belgium c Brtish Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, United Kingdom d Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME), Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain e International Research Institute of Stavanger (IRIS), Prof. Olav Hanssensvei 15, N-4068 Stavanger, Norway f Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Ø. Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Cph. K, Denmark g Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute, 4th Rakowiecka Str., 00-975 Warsaw, Poland h Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, LT–08412 Vilnius, Lithuania i State Geological Institute of Dionýz Štúr (ŠGÚDŠ), Mlynská dolina 1, 817 04 Bratislava, Slovakia j National Institute of Marine Geology and Geoecology Str. Dimitrie Onciul, Nr. 23-25, RO-024053, Bucharest, Romania k Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale (OGS), Borgo Grotta Gigante 42/C, 34010 Sgonico , Italy l Czech Geological Survey, Klarov 3, 118 21 Praha 1, Czech Republic m University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering, Pierottijeva 6, Zagreb, HR-10000, Croatia n ICF International, Kean House, 6 Kean Street, London, WC2B, 4AS, United Kingdom b

Abstract Directive 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament on the geological storage of carbon dioxide, entered into force on June 25 th 2009. By the end 2013 the CCS Directive has been fully transposed into national law to the satisfaction of the EC in 20 out of 28 EU Member States, while six EU countries (Austria, Cyprus, Hungary, Ireland, Sweden and Slovenia) had to complete transposing measures. In July 2014 the European Commission closed infringement procedures against Cyprus, Hungary and Ireland, which have notified the EC that they have taken measures to incorporate the CCS Directive into national law. Among other three countries Sweden has updated its legislation and published a new law in their country in March 2014, permitting CO2

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +372-588-459-77; fax: +372-620-2002. E-mail address: [email protected]

1876-6102 © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of GHGT-12 doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.700

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storage offshore. The evaluation of the national laws in Poland, which were accepted at national level in November 2013, and Croatia, which entered the EU on 7 July 2013 and simultaneously transposed the CCS directive, is still ongoing in 2014. The first storage permit under the Directive (for the ROAD Project in the offshore Netherlands) has been approved by the EC. While CO2 storage is permitted in a number of European countries, temporary restrictions were applied in Czech Republic, Denmark and Poland. CO2 storage is prohibited except for research and development in Estonia, Finland, Luxembourg, two regions in Belgium and Slovenia due to their geological conditions, but also forbidden in Austraia, Ireland and Latvia. The size of exploration areas for CO2 storage sites is limited in Bulgaria and Hungary. In Germany, only limited CO 2 storage will be permitted until 2018 (up to 4 Mt CO2 annually). Several challenges still remain for the large-scale implementation of CCS projects in Europe. These include high investment costs and lack of public and consequently political support for onshore storage (particularly in Denmark, Germany, and The Netherlands). An European atlas matching all storage sites and capacities is still required. Among six projects supported by European Energy Programme for Recovery only Spanish project Compostilla was active and only UK submitted their application for CCS project to the NER300 second call in 2013 receiving support in 2014. The most active countries in pilot and demonstration projects research and development activities in Europe were Norway and the largest CO2 emitters in EU (Germany, UK, Italy, France, Spain and The Netherlands). The most promising driving force for CCS implementation is to combine it with CO2 use, including EOR-CCS, mineral carbonation options and geothermal-CCS, which will cause more trust among Green NGOs and general public. Research on CCUS has started in many countries, including Geothermal-CCS project in France, Norway and Germany. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

© 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Selection and peer-review under responsibility of GHGT.of GHGT-12 Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee

Keywords: CCS Directive; CO2 storage; CO2 emissions; offshore storage; onshore storage; exploration permit; storage permit.

1. Introduction Directive 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament on the geological storage of carbon dioxide, entered into force on June 25th 2009. This directive established a legal framework for the environmentally safe geological storage of CO2. According to the Directive: “Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive by June 25 th 2011”, and they “shall ensure” that any storage sites “are operated in accordance with the requirements of this Directive by June 25th 2012” [1]. The aim of this paper is to give an update of the research on the legal status of CCS in Europe, made during EC FP7 project CGS Europe [2], on the development of European CO2 storage projects and give an indication of the current appetite for CCS amongst European governments. 2. Results 2.1. General progress By June 25th 2011 transposition of the CCS Directive was accepted by the EC only in Spain, while in July 2011 the Commission sent letters of formal notice for non-communication of national measures to other 26 EU Member States. By the end 2013 the CCS Directive has been fully transposed into national law to the satisfaction of the EC in 20 out of 28 EU Member States, while six EU countries (Austria, Cyprus, Hungary, Ireland, Sweden and Slovenia) had to complete transposing measures [3]. In July 2014 the EC has closed infringement procedures against Cyprus, Hungary and Ireland, which have notified the EC that they have taken measures to incorporate the CCS Directive into national law. Among other three countries Sweden (which temporary banned CO 2 storage until end 2013), has already made changes in the national legislation and in March 2014 published a new law, permitting CO2 storage offshore. After long discussions in Poland, their CCS law was published in November 2013, as last of the 27 EU countries. Croatia (the 28th EU Member State) entered the EU on 7 July 2013 and simultaneously transposed the CCS directive

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as a part of the new Law on Exploration and Exploitation of Hydrocarbons complemented by a new by-law on Permanent Disposal of Gases in Geological Structures. The evaluation of the national laws in Poland and Croatia is ongoing in 2014. For Norway as an EEA (European Economic Area) country the CCS Directive entered into force on the 1st June 2013. Until now CCS activities has been regulated in Norway under existing acts and regulations for petroleum activities, and two new sets of regulations on transportation and storage of CO 2 on the continental shelf were under preparation in 2013. In 2014 The Ministry of Petroleum and Energy drafted regulations for transport and storage of CO2 which were available for public consultation up to 28 May 2014. The consultation stated that the added operators-burden for the new regulations is small to negligible compared to the pre-existing regulations. Turkey as an associated EU Member State has to transpose the Directive at a later date, starting with the preparation process to join ETS (European Emission Trading System) in 2014 [4].

Permitting for the whole territory

2.2. Permitting of CO2 storage

Limiting volume of exploration area

Excluding selected areas

Croatia, Cyprus, France, Lithuania, Malta, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, The Netherlands and UK

Limiting volume of Permitting Permanently Temporary only offshore CO2 stored

Permitting with restrictions No permitting except for research (