1 Introduction ... considered a crucially important prerequisite for any image-processing task. ... computer vision designers are forced to proceed only in one possible ..... concise, and specific enough about user's view on the particular task in hand. .... C. Hudelot, N. Maillot, and M. Thonnat, ³Symbol Grounding for Semantic ...
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