Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable ...

9th National Seminar on Water Resources Management in the context of Climate Change for growing India - 2017

Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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Preface..... Water Resource Management in context of climate change for growing India Globally competition over freshwater resources has been increasing during last decades due to a growing population, economic growth, and increased demand for agricultural products for both food and non-food use, and a shift in consumption patterns. India faces major challenges in the water sector with the per capita availability going down and demand growing due to urbanization and industrialization. Inefficient water use in agriculture, over-exploitation of underground water and contamination are major issues associated with water management in the country. All these studies and research univocally suggest that if India has to meet food and water demand, smart solutions are urgently needed to holistically address to ensuring adequate water supply to growing India. Water is a natural resource essential for existence, livelihood enhancement, food security and sustainable development. India has more than 17 percent of the world’s population, but has only 4% of world’s renewable water resources with 2.6% of world’s land area. As per present estimate, India receives on average annual precipitation of about 4000 Billion Cubic Meter (BCM), which is its basic water resource. Out of this, excluding evaporation and transpiration, only about 1869 Billion Cubic Meter (BCM) is average annual natural flow through rivers and aquifers. Due to spatial-temporal variations, an estimated 690 BCM of surface water is utilizable. Add to this 432 BCM of replenishable groundwater resources, only about 1122 BCM is utilizable through the present strategies, if large inter-basin transfers are not considered. India is growing at 7.6% to compete as the fastest-growing economy in the world today. With booming economy, people’s expenditure patterns change and so do their lifestyles. Rapid urbanization is also another major cause. As a result, there is significant change in food consumption patterns causing a considerable impact on future food and water demands. Peculiarly, at places with less water availability, more people live and much of the food crops are grown. According to a report by the 2030 Water Resources Group, India’s water requirement will be about 1,498 BCM in 2030, which is double of the estimated aggregate water demand at present. While there is a wide recognition that around 54% of India faces high to extremely high water stress, smart solutions and sound approaches to the utilization, conservation, protection and governance of the resource are yet to be implemented. The objective of (2)



the this seminar is to converge various stakeholders on a common platform, highlight smart solutions in various sectors, discuss inclusion of these solutions in policy framework and work towards ensuring a more sound future for the world we leave to our children. The go ahead Indian agriculture is facing numerous challenges. While farm income is dwindling due to high input costs and errant weather, quality of natural resources like soil nutrients and water is also degrading at a fast pace. No wonder then that number of farmers declined by 15 million from 1991 to 2011. Meanwhile, the demand for food is rising and land resources are shrinking thanks to urbanisation. As is evident, all these challenges are interlinked and hence need to be tackled simultaneously. Some of the key requirements are to substantially increase public investment in agriculture, ensure better price to farmers, reduce input costs, promotion of climate resilient crop varieties, better and more local storage and distribution of food grains, and improvement of soil and water quality. On the water front In India, water availability per capita has declined from 5000 cubic metres (m3) per annum in 1950 to around 2000 m3 now and is projected to decline to 1500 m3 by 2025 leading to far less water availability for agriculture. The water availability for agricultural use has reached a critical level as the country uses more than 80 per cent of the surface water for this sector alone. On the other hand, inefficient and dilapidated canal irrigation systems have led to a spurt in groundwater development. India is the largest user of groundwater in the world with over 60 per cent of irrigated agriculture and 85 per cent of drinking water supplies dependent on aquifers. The water use may be reduced by as much as 21 per cent by 2020 and this may result in drop of yields of rice in particular, its price rise and reduced food grain availability for poorer sections. Several states offer free electricity to draw out groundwater for irrigation. However, erratic power supply forces farmers to rely on diesel-run generators, which add to the cost. With water table going down drastically due to overexploitation, expenditure on re-digging of borewells and higher capacity motors is also unavoidable. To deal with this crisis, aquifer recharge and rainwater conservation through community ponds and recharge wells should be promoted. Adaptation to climate change Unexpected weather conditions and changing rainfall pattern have been noticed all over the world especially in last few years. These events upset the calculations of farmers thus affecting the normal sowing and harvesting cycle of crops which leads to lower yields. To deal with this scenario, not only the farmers need to take to weatherresilient crops, government also needs to equip them with appropriate information. Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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Strengthening climate risk information and tools should be accorded top priority to minimise crop losses on account of disasters. Weather forecast should be prepared at block level with village level outreach. Promotion of weather-resistant crop varieties like flood and salinity resistant rice and drought-resistant pulses should be promoted and further improved. Likewise shortcycle crops of particular region which can withstand heat and ripen before heavy rains should be given due recognition. Millets could be a suitable replacement wheat and rice. Coarse grains are known to grow in hard conditions and are our best bet against climate change. Mixed cropping like growing paddy with pulses, millets and vegetables should be promoted to ensure food security in case one of the crops fail due to drought or floods. Management under adversities Waterlogging and salinity are also turning fertile fields into waste at many places. While there needs to be a ban on acquisition of farm land for non-agricultural purposes, waste land should be reclaimed. According to the State of Agriculture report 2013, there is 25 million hectare of cultivable fallow land in this country, which can give around 40 million tonne grain. Integration of this reclamation work with rural job guarantee scheme can give good results. Despite being the second highest producer of wheat and rice in the world, India accounts for one third of world’s hungry. Grains rot in the granaries and pilferage has been rampant in the ambitious public distribution system which has failed to reach the needy. We hope As is evident, Indian farming is facing several daunting challenges but the solutions are also at hand. However, these would only be successfully implemented when involvement of people is ensured as decision makers, monitors and evaluators. The 9th seminar organized by Satyasai Charitable and Educational Trust in collaboration with OUAT, Bhubaneswar, a premier Institute in the state will certainly address many issues related to food security in the face of the climate change constraints. Thus, we look forward for a more meaningful deliberations and interactions amongst scientists, scholars, practitioners, and technological innovators, as well as policy and decision-makers, and groups involved in capacity building.

Sangram Keshari Nayak Co-Chairman, Indian Climate Congress (4)



Prof. Sanjay Kumar Samantarai Ph.D. Engg. (IIT, Kharagpur)

President, Indian Climate Congress Chairman, SCET & National Seminar on Climate Change - 2017 Director Awards, Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers, New Delhi Former Dean, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha Former Director, WALMI, Govt. of Odisha E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 0671-2444239, 9438126994

Message At the outset, I am delighted that the Satyasai Charitable and Educational Trust (SCET) is able to hold this 9th National seminar in a row, with the wonderful support and help of all well wishers. This year, I specifically approached all my colleagues of OUAT and amazingly everyone agreed to extend all possible help. Finally, the approval of VC, OUAT to collaborate in this adventure along with logistic support was completely fulfilling which added a new dimension to this noble event. Further, ‘Indian Climate Congress’ under SCET could emerge as a holistic entity to serve the nation. Facing the harsh realities of climate change, let us make use of the next two days exchanging views and learning from each other. After this seminar, we hope we could return home with more knowledge, more thoughts and more intelligence to contribute to our country. It is invariably observed that the local communities unfortunately pay the highest price as a result of the impacts of climate change. The indigenous people’s cultures, traditional knowledge and spiritual wisdom can contribute to the protection of the environment and welfare of mankind, and therefore must be recognized. However, in this regard, the global awareness is still inadequate. Thus, it was impelling to teach and listen to the reactions of the youth and to engaging them in action on climate change. We have taken special care to encourage participation of UG, PG & Research Scholars in this national seminar. Hopefully, the proceedings as documented here will serve as a valuable tool for promoting education and learning on climate change. Water is extremely precious for our survival in this planet and it is increasingly becoming scare and scare. We have to address all related topical issues in their proper prospective and look for mitigation options to optimize water footprints. The range of subjects of the papers in the conference reflects not only the variety of challenges of this region and that of the country, but also the intensity of impact. Let me extend my warmest welcome to all the participants of our country and wish you all a fruitful discussion and successful seminar. Prof. Sanjay K. Samantarai "CONSERVE WATER, SAVE LIFE " Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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Editorial ........ DECISIVE MOMENTS IN CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION FOR GROWING INDIA The possible effects of climate change on India’s surface and ground water resources would impart huge pressure on existing water management strategies in coming decades and so. Recent studies shows that the per capita annual water availability in India has considerably reduced from 1820 m3 (2001 statistics) to 1703.6 m3 (2005 statistics) in a limited periods; and this value is very close to the water stress threshold value of 1700 m3. India is the largest ground water user in world (230 cubic kilometers per year; which is more than quarter of the global total) which covers more than 85% of drinking water supplies and more than 60% of agriculture water are depending on the ground water reserve. Some of the recent studies have highlighted the fact that nearly 29 percent of groundwater blocks in the country fall under the semi-critical, critical, or overexploited categories. The Planning Commission of India has constituted an expert group to identify sustainable management strategies for groundwater use and to provide technical support to enhance outcomes management interventions. The WORLD Bank has warned countries that one of climate change’s most significant impacts will be on a precious resource that many people, particularly in advanced nations, take for granted: water. The concerns go far beyond sea-level rise, which is perhaps the most predictable result of the planet’s increasing temperature, or an uptick in extreme weather. Tropical countries on priority must worry about whether we will have enough fresh water to farm, produce electricity, bathe and drink. Global warming will not change the amount of water in the world, but it will affect water’s distribution across countries, making some much worse. While the intent of this editorial is to offer some insight into the science and policy of climate change, and outline potential implications for organizations and organizational scholars. It is important to recognize that our scholarly community is already grappling with a number of these questions. They are in fact quite knowledgeable on climatic impacts and their repercussions on our life style. We have collected large number of articles under five indentified themes of the seminar such as 1) Water resources: availability and management, 2) Water, sanitation and health, 3) enhancing water use efficiency, 4) smart water solutions and 5) Financial, Institutional, Legal and policy issues. All deliberations will be made under 5 technical sessions besides a Valedictory session to summarize the proceedings. I am sure, the document will serve as a source of reference to view the contemporary issues afflicting the society by climate change but more particularly water (6)



footprint. Climate change presents a moving target – so it will be necessary to assess risk and reduce vulnerabilities to predicted changes. We hope that the knowledge presented here can help the water sector prepare for changes to come through planned adaptation strategies. Issues, such as water sensitive cities, re-use of water, groundwater depletion, aquifer and groundwater contamination, water quality and water/energy interactions are emerging, but to date have received much less governance attention. Importantly, there is a growing acknowledgement that the constraints to achieving adaptive and sustainable water management may lie, not so much in the deficiencies of scientific or technical understanding of water resources, even given climate change, but in a failure to recognise the complexities of institutional, social and cultural change in water governance. Thus a ‘framework for managing water resources to achieve equity and sustainability’ is of dire necessity.

Prof.S.K.Samantarai Editor-in-Chief


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CONT ENTS Sl.No.

Subject

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SESSION - I 1. ROLE OF PROTECTED CULTIVATION AND GREENHOUSE TECHNOLOGY FOR CLIMATE RESILIENT AGRICULTURE B.P.BEHERA1AND B. PANIGRAHI2

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2. PEAK FLOOD FORECAST OF MIDDLE SECTION OF RIVER MAHANADI, ODISHA B. PANIGRAHI1*, KAJAL PANIGRAHI2, J.C. PAUL3 AND B.P. BEHERA3

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3. CHANGING CROP PEST SCENARIO AND CLIMATE CHANGE: AN ISSUE FOR GROWING INDIA Anand Prakash1 and Jagadiswari Rao2

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4. EFFICACY OF PESTICIDES AGAINST PESTS OF RICE UNDER CHANGING CLIMATE P. C. RATH, S. LENKA, A. K. MUKHERJEE, L. K. BOSE, T. ADAK, U. KUMAR AND M. JENA

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5. Climate change and its impact on Marine Eco-system of Odisha, India. Pravat Ranjan Dixit1*, Anjani Kumar1, Amresh Kumar Nayak1, Biswa Bandita Kar2, Partha Chattopadhayay3

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6. WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT ASPECTS OF RIISA-WATERSHED PROJECT OF NAGALAND ZHOHU PURO, R C NAYAK, MANOJ DUTTA*AND SEWAK RAM

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7. EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON OCEANIC ECOSYSTEM’ SATYESH NAIK AND ARUN KUMAR

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8. LABORATORY STUDY OF VELOCITY PROFILE OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOW IN A TILTING HYDRAULIC FLUME SUMAN ROUT1, SMARANIKA MAHPATRA2 AND BALRAM PANIGRAHI3

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9. USE OF FLYASH FOR SEEPAGE CONTROL IN VARIOUS HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES J. C. PAUL1* and B. PANIGRAHI2

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10. MODELLING PROTOCOL FOR CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ASSESSMENT ON WATER RESOURCES 1 DWARIKA MOHAN DAS, 2BALARAM PANIGRAHI and 3ABINASH DALAI 21 11. EARLY WARNING SYSTEM FOR EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS OVER INDIA M. MOHAPATRA

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12. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON RESERVOIR INFLOWS: A CASE STUDY OF UBOLRATANA DAM, THAILAND PROLOY DEB1 AND NIRAKAR PRADHAN2

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13. WEATHER FORECAST BASED AGROMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICES PRIYANKA SINGH, K K SINGH AND A.K BAXLA

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14. A STUDY OF FLORA AND SOIL AND WATER QUALITY OF SELECTED CHROMITE MINING DUMPS IN SUKINDA, ODISHA SUDHAMAYEE BEHURA

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15. CLIMATE CHANGE- AN OFFSHOOT OF GLOBAL WARMING SAROJINI DAS

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16. WATER SCARCITY AND ITS IMPACT ON FRAGMATATION OF WILD HABITATS ASHOK KUMAR PATTNAIK, ADVOCATE

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17. SUSTAINABLE LOW COST WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR DRINKING WATER JOGESWARI ROUT1 AND KAPILESWAR MISHRA2*

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18. HAZARDS OF POOR SANITATION, UNSAFE WATER AND PREVENTION Prof (Dr.) Rabindranath Sahoo

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19. BIOEFFICACY OF NEW AND COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FUNGICIDES AGAINST SHEATH BLIGHT DISEASE IN RICE CAUSED BY RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI KUHN UNER FIELD CONDITION S.LENKA*, RAGHU S, A.K.MUKHERJEE, T.ADAK, P.C.RATH AND M.JENA

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20. INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN KHARIF GROUNDNUT UNDER CLIMATE STRESS CONDITIONS A.DHAL1 , A.K. SENAPATI 2, S.K. SWAIN 3 , S. R. DASH 4AND S. SAHU5

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21. VECTOR BORNE DISEASE - JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS IN RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE BIRA KISHORE PARIDA

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22. Influences of Rhizobium Inoculation on quality Seedling production of Woody Legume Tree (Karanj) Diptimayee Dash*, Sujata Darpan, S. B. Gupta


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23. EFFECT OF WATER USE IN MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS IN SUGARCANE B C JENA

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24. STUDIES ON SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWERED MICRO-IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN WATER SAVING AEROBIC RICE CULTIVATION M.K.GHOSAL1 AND N.SAHOO2

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25. IEFFECT OF WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HEAT TOLERANT POTATO CV. KUFRI SURYA IN THE COASTAL ZONE OF ODISHA D. GHOSAL, A. MISHRA, A.K.MOHANTY, P.C. SATPATHY AND A. SASMAL

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26. EMERGING IRRIGATION TECHINIQUES-A CASE STUDY SUSHREE SANGITA DASH* AND C.R SUBUDHI**37 27. CROP DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGY FOR DORIKA WATERSHED UNDER CHANGING CLIMATIC CONDITION M.C. TALUKDAR, A. GOGOI AND G. GOSWAMI KANDALI 38 28. FORESTS ARE KEY FOR HIGH QUALITY WATER SUPPLY ARUN KUMAR SWAIN1 AND ASHOK KUMAR PATTANAIK2

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29. MODELING REFERENCE CROP EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION USING WATER LEVEL DEPLETION IN CONVENTIONAL PLASTIC JARS Tridev Rath & Dr. B. C. Sahoo

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30. DEVELOPMENT OF CROP COEFFICIENT FOR GREEN CHILLI GROWN UNDER ROOF TOP GREEN HOUSE A.P. SAHU1 , A. CHOPDA2, S. C. SENAPATI3 AND B. PANIGRAHI4

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31. ESTIMATION OF REFERENCE CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION BASED ON VARIOUS INPUT PARAMETER COMBINATIONS USING ANN SUMAN ROUT* AND B C SAHOO1

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32. HYDRAULICS OF SURGE DRIP IRRIGATION D.PARAMJITA1*, S.C.NAYAK2, A.P.SAHU3AND B.PANIGRAHI4

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33. COMPARATIVE STUDY ON YIELD AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF RICE UNDER AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS DURING WET SEASON PRIYANKA DAS AND J.M.L GULATI

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34. PERFORMANCE OF MARIGOLD FLOWER GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT MULCHING CONDITION 43 A. P. SAHU1, S. B. MANSINGH2 AND B. PANIGRAHI3 ( 10 )



SESSION - II 35. HYDRO POWER FOR MITIGATION OF EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE MAYADHAR SWAIN

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36. WATER HARVESTING BASED INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM MODELS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE S. MOHANTY*, S. K. RAUTARAY, K. G. MANDAL, S. GHOSH, R. K. MOHANTY, B. BEHERA , AND S. K. AMBAST

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37. REDUCTION OF WATER FOOTPRINTS IN AGRICULTURE : A CHALLENGE IN THE REGIME OF CLIMATE CHANGE GOURANGA KAR, P.K.PANDA AND S.K.AMBAST

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SESSION - III 38. SOIL MOISTURE CONSERVATION AND IMPROVEMENT IN SOIL FERTILITY THROUGH SILVIPASTORAL SYSTEM IN COASTAL ODISHA P. J. MISHRA, B. B. BEHERA, S. BEHERA, SUNITA PATI, ASESH DASH, S.R.BARIK AND GANGADHAR NANDA 39. INVESTIGATIVE RESTRAINING OF DUCK MORTALITY IN AN ORGANIZED FARM THROUGH AQUA-CUM- MICROHABITAT SANITARY MANAGEMENT ANANGA KUMAR DAS1*, SHIBANI PANDA2, KURESH KUMAR NAYAK3, SUBHRANSHU SEKHAR BISWAL4, TAPAS KUMAR ROUL5, SUBHASHISH DASH6 AND TILOTTAMMA PATTNAIK7 40. SITE SPECIFIC NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT FOR SOME IMPORTANT PULSE CROPS UNDER WATER STRESS SCENARIO IN ODISHA SUBHASHIS SAREN AND ANTARYAMI MISHRA

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41. PILOT TESTING OF HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP WASTE WATER FED DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM FOR TERRACE CULTIVATION OF TOMATO IN HILLY TERRAIN OF ASSAM MANJUL BORAH1, L. N. SETHI*2, DIPLINA PAUL3, KAMAKSHI PADHY4

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42. MANGROVE FOREST: A NATURAL SHIELD AGAINST ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ASESH KUMAR DASH1, M.M.HOSSAIN2, P.J.MISHRA3, B.B.BEHERA4, S BEHERA5

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43. EVALUATION OF PLASTIC TUNNEL IN RAISING VEGETABLE SEEDLINGS IN SOUTH EASTERN COASTAL PLAIN ZONE OF ODISHA P. C. PRADHAN1 and B. PANIGRAHI2 Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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44. WATER FOOTPRINT : A RECENT CONCEPT IN WATER USE EFFICIENCY S. R. PRADHAN, S. MANGARAJ, R. JENA AND T. R. SAHOO

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45. YIELD AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF FORAGE CROPS AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT MULCHING MANAGEMENT UNDER RAINFED ECOSYSTEM HIMANGSHU DAS1*, C. K. KUNDU2, B. R. BEHERA3 AND N.SENAPATI4

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46. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF USED PLASTIC MATERIALS AS MULCHES UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF IRRIGATION ON WATER USE EFFICIENCY FOR RABI MARIGOLD (TAGETES ERECTA) *JITENDRA SINHA, SHASHI KANT, MANISHA, RADHIKA SAHU AND GAURAV KANT NIGAM

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SESSION - IV 47. CLIMATIC MANEUVER ON AQUATIC BIOMASS AND INNOVATIVE WAY OF SANITATION INVOLVING POULTRY REARING ANANGA KUMAR DAS1, SHIBANI PANDA2, TAPAS KUMAR ROUL3, KURESH KUMAR NAYAK4, BABITA MISHRA5, BIJAYLAXMI MOHANTA6, DHARITRI PATRA7, SUBHASHISH DASH8, BIPRA CHARAN SWAIN9

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48. SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION TO INCREASE WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF CROPS S. MANGARAJ1, S. R. PRADHAN1, T.R. SAHOO1 AND R. JENA2

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49. VALIDATION OF DETERMINING HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY USING PEDOTRANSFER FUNCTIONS Navpreet Singh1), Zijian Wang1), and Hartmut M. Holländer1)

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50. SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION MEASURES: AN EFFECTIVE STRATEGY TO MITIGATE CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE B.P.BEHERA 1 AND B.PANIGRAHI2

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51. VULNERABILITY OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS TO AGRICULTURAL RISKS DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS MANAGEMENT BISHNUPRIYA MISHRA*, R. MISHRA** and P.K.PANDA***

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52. PHYTOSORPTION POTENTIAL OF EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES AND PISTIA STRATIOTES FOR AZO DYES - METHYL ORANGE, METHYL RED AND ERIOCHROME BLACK T SRI GOWRI REDDY1 AND KAPILESWAR MISHRA2,

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53. DEVELOPMENT OF RICE - FISH - LIVESTOCK AND AGRO-FORESTRY BASED ( 12 )



INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM: A CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY FOR SMALL AND MARGINAL FARMERS P. K. NAYAK, B. B. PANDA, A. POONAM, M. SAHEED, B. LAL , R. TRIPATHI, S. D. MOHAPATRA AND A. K. NAYAK

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54. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON GOPALPUR COAST LINE: A CASE STUDY SWATISMITA PATRO

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55. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) FOR WATER MANAGEMENT A CASE STUDY SOUMITRI PATRO* AND C.R.SUBUDHI**

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56. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION OF TRIBAL PEOPLE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME IN ODISHA S.R. DASH1, B.K RAUTARAY, D .MISHRA AND A. DHAL2

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SESSION - V 57. EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION OF HARVESTED WATER FOR MAJOR VEGETABLE CROPS UNDER STRESSED CONDITIONS IN NORTH EASTERN GHAT ZONE OF ODISHA S. K. BEHERA1*, D. K. BASTIA2 AND M. R. PANDA3

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58. WATER MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND APPROACHES FOR SUSTAINABLE CROP PRODUCTION IN ASSAM R. K. THAKURIA

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59. EFFECT OF LAND SLOPE AND RAINFALL INTENSITY ON SEDIMENT OUTFLOW FROM MAIZE CROPLANDS OF DIFFERENT DURATIONS B. K. NANDA1, AKHILESH KUMAR2 AND J. K. SINGH3 (Footnotes)

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60. WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND USE IN AGRICULTURE TAPAS RANJAN SAHOO AND R.K. PAIKRAY

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61. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF SUJALA WATERSHED PROJECT, KARNATAKA SANGEETHA M., R. K. MISHRA, UPASANA MOHAPATRA AND PRANGYA P SAHOO 62. WATER USE EFFICIENCY IN AGRICULTURE: THE ROLE OF NUCLEAR AND ISOTOPIC TECHNIQUES SURAJYOTI PRADHAN AND L.M. GARNAYAK


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SESSION - VI 63. VALUE ADDITION OF AGRICULTURAL FEEDSTOCKS- BIOCHAR MEDIATED REMOVAL OF CHROMIUM FROM WATER SAMPLES ABHISEK SASMAL1*& SUDARSAN SASMAL2

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64. ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) IN SMART WATER MANAGEMENT UPASANA MOHAPATRA, R. K. MISHRA, SANGEETHA M AND PRANGYA P SAHOO

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65. SELF WATERING SYSTEM IN ROOF TOP GARDEN *SUVALAXMI PALEI, A.K.DAS, D.K.DASH

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66. VALIDATION OF DETERMINING HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY USING PEDOTRANSFER FUNCTIONS Navpreet Singh1), Zijian Wang1), and Hartmut M. Holländer1)

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67. ADOPTION AND EVALUATION OF PACKAGE OF BULLOCK DRAWN IMPLEMENTS FOR CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE IN RICE-BASED FARMING SYSTEM IN ODISHA S. K. SWAIN1, A. K. MOHAPATRA2 and A. K. DASH3

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68. MANAGEMENT OF FOOD INDUSTRY WASTE WATER: A CHALLENGE KALPANA RAYAGURU, SANJAYA K DASH and MD. K KHAN

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SESSION - VII 69. IMPACT OF POPULATION GROWTH, URBANIZATION, ECONOMIC AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ON WATER BODIES SEEN THROUGH SMART CITY LENS KUMBHAKARNA MALLIK 70. 71. 72.

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ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Chief Patron: Prof. Surendranath Pasupalak Vice-Chancellor, OUAT, Bhubaneswar Patrons: Prof. Dr. Sanatan Rath, Former President, Neurological Society of India Dr. S.K. Ambast, Director, ICAR-IIWM, Bhubaneswar Dr. Himansu Pathak, Director, ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack Dr. P. Jayasankar, Director, ICAR –CIFA, Bhubaneswar Chairman: Prof. Dr. Sanjay Kumar Samantarai, Former Dean OUAT & Chairman, SCET Vice-Chairman: Mr. S.K. Nayak Former Principal Scientist, ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack Organizing Secretary: Prof. Balram Panigrahi Head, Deptt. of Soil & Water Cons. Engg., CAET, OUAT Co-Organising Secretaries: Prof. Debaraj Behera, Head, Deptt. of Farm Machinery and Power, CAET, OUAT Dr. B.C. Sahoo, Assoc. Professor, Dep. of Soil & Water Cons. Engg., CAET, OUAT Er. Pramod Kumar Nayak, Executive Engineer R&B, Cuttack Legal Advisor: Sri Dharanidhar Naik Senior Advocate Orissa High Court, Cuttack Financial Advisors: Mr. Kishanlal Bharatia, Chairman, Bharatia Charitable Trust, Cuttack Er. Md. Mokim, MD, Metro Builders, Cuttack ( 16 )



NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE: Dr. T. Mohapatra, Director General & Secretary, DARE, ICAR, Govt. of India Dr. K. J. Ramesh, DGM, India Meteorological Department, New Delhi Dr. L. S. Rathore, Ex - DGM, India Meteorological Department, New Delhi Dr. M. Mohapatra, Scientist-G, India Meteorological Department, New Delhi Dr. R. C. Srivastva, Vice-Chancellor, RAU, Samstipur Sri R. Roy, IRTS, Chairman Paradip Port Trust, Odisha Dr. B. Ravindran, Director, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar Dr. P. K. Mishra, Director, ICAR-IISWM, Dehradun Dr. S. N. Panda, Director, NITTT&R, Chennai Sri B. Mukhopadhyaya, ADGM, IMD, Pune Prof. S. K. Das, IIT-New Delhi Dr. R. K. Panda, Dean, SRIC, IIT-Bhubaneswar Dr. Vinay K. Pandey, Dean, SV College of Ag. Engg. & Technology, IGKV, Raipur Dr. V. K. Tiwari, Head Department of AgFE, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Dr. K. K. Singh, Scientist F, IMD, New Delhi Dr. Umakanta Behera, Professor & Head, Agronomy, IARI, New Delhi Dr. A. D. Sarangi, Principal Scientist, IARI, New Delhi Dr. R. C. Nayak, Professor & Head, Deptt. of Agril. Engg., Nagland University Dr. P. K. Sahoo, Professor & Head, Dept. of Food Engg., BCKB, Mohanpur, Nadia, WB Dr. Abhisek Sasmal, Asso. Prof. School of Bio Sciences, MG University, Kottayam, Kerala Dr. Ranjit Kumar Samantaray, Editor in Chief, The e-Planet, Bhubaneswar STATE ADVISORY COMMITTEE: Mr. P. K. Jena, IAS, Principal Secretary, Dept. of Water Resources, Govt. of Odisha Sri Madhusudan Padhi, IAS, Commissioner cum Secretary, Dept. of RD , Govt. of Odisha Sri B. Sethi, IAS, Commissioner cum Secy., Dept. of Fisheries & ARD , Govt. of Odisha Mr. William Bilung, IAS, Registrar, OUAT, Bhubaneswar Er. Janaki Ballav Mahapatra, EIC, Water Resources, Govt. of Odisha Dr. Neelamadhav Rath, Prof. and HOD, Mental Health Institute, SCB MCH, Cuttack Sri Bikash Mohapatra, OAS, Project Director, DRDA, Kendrapada Er. P. K. Paikray, Additional Director, Agricultural Engineering, Govt. of Odisha Sri Abhay Kumar Rout, Joint Commissioner Income Tax, Range-I, Cuttack Mr. Jiban Mahapatra, Chief Manager, NALCO, Bhubaneswar Er. G. K. Behera, Former EIC-Cum-Secretary, Works Dept., Govt. of Odisha Er. Pravakar Swain, Former Secretary, OERC, Govt. of Odisha Prof. R. N. Sahu, Former HOD, SCB Medical College., Cuttack Dr. L. M. Garanayak, Dean, College of Agriculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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Dr. P. N. Jagadev, Dean of Research, OUAT, Bhubaneswar Prof. L. K. Sahu, Former Principal, SCB, Medical College, Cuttack Prof. Kailash Chandra Biswal, Former HOD, SCB Medical College, Cuttack Prof. Bira Kishore Das, Former Director, SCB Medical College, Cuttack Dr. Padan Kumar Jena, Head of Department, Botany, Ravenshaw University Dr. R. C. Patra, Dean, VS&AH, OUAT, Bhubaneswar Dr. D. K. Dora, Dean PGF-Cum-DRI, OUAT, Bhubaneswar Dr. P. K. Roul, Director Planing Monitoring & Evaluation, OUAT, Bhubaneswar Dr. Md. K. Khan, Ex-Dean and Prof. APFE, CAET, OUAT, Bhubaneswar Er. P. K. Pradhan, Director of Physical Plant, OUAT, Bhubaneswar Dr. S. C. Sahu, Director, IMD, Bhubaneswar Dr. Sailabala Padhi, Director, Centre for Environmental Study, Bhubaneswar Dr. Debraj Panda, Former Director, WALMI, Odisha Dr. Ramesh Ch. Parida, Former Professor, OUAT Dr. A.K. Nayak, Head, Crop Management, ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack Dr. Anand Prakash, Ex-Director, ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack Dr. S.K. Dash, Prof. & Head, APFE, CAET, OUAT Dr. R.C. Dash, Prof. & Head, MEED, CAET, OUAT Dr. M.K. Ghosal, Prof., FMP, CAET, OUAT Er. Mayadhar Swain, Ex-DGM, MECON, Ranchi Prof. Basudev Behera, Head, Agronomy, CA, OUAT Dr. S.N. Patro, President, Orissa Environmental Society Dr. J. Panigrahi, Reader, Jaydev College, Bhubaneswar Er. Subrat Sahoo, Executive Engineer, CESU, Chainpal LOCAL ORGANISING COMMITTEE: Dr. Bishnu Charan Jena, Former Professor OUAT, Bhubaneswar Dr. Dinabandhu Jena, Former Professor OUAT, Bhubaneswar Sri Krushna Chandra Aich, Chairman, KIND India Foundation Dr. Sudarshan Sasmal, Former Principal Scientist, ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack Dr. Gauranga Kar, Principal Scientist, ICAR-IIWM, Bhubaneswar Dr. Prakash Ch. Rath, Principal Scientist, ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack Dr. S. K. Jena, Principal Scientist, ICAR-IIWM, Bhubaneswar Dr. Silabhadra Mohanty, Principal Scientist, ICAR-IIWM, Bhubaneswar Dr. M. J. Baig, Principal Scientist, ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack Mr. Sushil Kumar Nanda, Ex-Associate Professor, OUAT Dr. Mrs. Kalpana Rayaguru, Asso. Prof., APFE, CAET, OUAT Mrs. Pratima Samantarai, Director, SCET, Cuttack ( 18 )



Dr. J. C. Paul, Associate Professor, SWCE, CAET, OUAT Mr. C. R. Subudhi, Associate Professor, SWCE, CAET, OUAT Dr. Narayan Sahoo, Associate Professor, SWCE, CAET, OUAT Dr. A.P. Sahu, Associate Professor, SWCE, CAET, OUAT Dr. B.P. Behera, Associate Professor, ASCEE, CAET, OUAT Er. Ramesh Ch. Rout, Former AGM, BSNL, Bhubaneswar Sri Aditya Pratap Dhal, Former Principal Baya Abadhuta College Mr. Durga Prasad Sutar, Lecturer in Chem., Mahanadi Vihar Women’s. College Dr. P. J. Mishra, Senior Scientist, AICRP, AF, OUAT Dr. J. N. Mishra, Associate Professor, CAET, OUAT Dr. S. K. Swain, Associate Professor, CAET, OUAT Dr. A. K. Goel, Associate Professor, CAET, OUAT Mr Pravat Mohan Das, Centre for Environmental Studies, Bhubaneswar Dr. Purnananda Mishra, Former Principal Scientist, ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack Prof. Jatindra Nath Das, Former Professor, OUAT, Bhubaneswar Dr. Bira Kishore Parida, Information Specialist, Deptt. of VS&AH, Govt. of Odisha Dr. Prativa Nanda, Former Reader, Revenshaw University Er. Bhagawan Biswal, MD, AEC Group Er. Akash Bhuyan, IT specialist & Social Activist Er. Satyasri Nayak, Proprietor, Grace Ventures, Bhubaneswar Mr. Manoj Ku. Subudhi, MD, Jagannath Polymers, Cuttack Mr. Jayant Ku. Pradhan, MD, Pradhan Transport, Cuttack Mr. Malaya Ku. Mohanty, Proprietor, Kalinga Metal product Mr. Sammbit Nanda, Social Activist, Cuttack Er. Monalisha Samantarai, TCS, Bhubaneswar Dr. Srikanta Lenka, Senior Scientist, ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack Er. Pratap Chandra Mohapatra, Executive Engineer, RWS&S, Distribution, Deogarh Mrs. Sarojini Das, Social Activist, Kendrapada Mrs. Aliva Mallick, Social Activist, Bhubaneswar Mrs. Bijaya Kumar Behera, Founder, Anima Seeds, Sambalpur Programme of the conference:


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INDIAN CLIMATE CONGRESS 9TH NATIONAL SEMINAR Organized by: Satyasai Charitable and Educational Trust, Cuttack In Collaboration with: OUAT, Bhubaneswar Venue: OUAT, Bhubaneswar on 27th Feb. to 1st Mar., 2017 - : LOCAL CO-ORDINATION COMMITTEE :Chief Patron:

Prof. S. Pasupalak, Vice-Chancellor, OUAT, Bhubaneswar

Patrons:

Prof. Dr. Sanatan Rath, Former President, Neurological Society of India Dr. S.K. Ambast, Director, ICAR-IIWM, Bhubaneswar Dr. Himansu Pathak, Director, ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack

Chairman:

Prof. Dr. Sanjay K. Samantarai, Former Dean OUAT

9438126994

Co- Chairman:

Dr. S. K. Nayak, Ex-Principal Scientist, ICAR-NRRI

9437311135

Organising Secretary:

Prof. Balram Panigrahi, Head, SWCE, CAET, OUAT

Jt. Organising Secretaries:

Prof. Debaraj Behera, Head, FMP, CAET, OUAT Dr. B.C. Sahoo, Assoc. Professor, SWCE, CAET, OUAT Er. Pramod Kumar Nayak, Executive Engineer (R & B ), Cuttack

Financial Advisor:

Er. Md. Moquim, MD, Metro Builder, Cuttack Mr. Kishanlal Bharatia, Chairman, Bharatia Charitable Trust, Cuttack

Financial Committee:

Er. P K Paikray, JDA, Agril. Engg. Dr. D. Behera, Prof. & Head, FMP, CAET Dr. R. C. Dash, Prof. & Head, MEED, CAET Er. Sutanu Pratihari, CBU Manager, New Holland Fiat Pvt. Ltd.

Meeting Arrangement Dr. P K Sarangi, Director (Farms), OUAT Committee: Dr. S. K. Dash, Prof. & Head, APFE, CAET Dr. J. N. Mishra, Assoc. Prof., FMP, CAETDr. R.R. Pattnaik, D.P.P., OUAT Dr. L.K. Rath, Prof., Entomology, C.A. Dr. B. P. Behera, Assoc. Prof., ASCEE, CAET Dr. A.K. Goel, Assoc. Prof., FMP, CAET Reception Committee: Dr. S. K. Samantarai, Former Dean OUAT Dr. B. Panigrahi, Prof. & Head, SWCE, CAET Prof. Md. K. Khan, Former Dean & Prof., APFE, CAET All Deans and Directors, OUAT Invitation Committee: Dr. J. C. Paul, Assoc. Prof., SWCE, CAET Dr. Basudev Behera, Prof. & Head, Agronomy, CA, OUAT ( 20 )



Press and Media:

Dr. S. K. Mohanty, Assot. Prof., FMP, CAET Dr. S. K. Swain, Assoc. Prof., FMP, CAET Dr. M.P. Nayak, Joint Director, (Inf.), OUAT Dr. S.C. Sahoo, Deputy Director (Ext.), OUAT

Food Committee:

Dr. B. K. Behera, Assoc. Prof., FMP, CAET Dr. S. K. Swain, Assoc. Prof., FMP, CAET Dr. A. K. Senapati, Assoc. Prof., Plant Breeding and Genetics, CA Dr. N. Sahoo, Assoc. Prof., SWCE, CAET Dr. R.K. Paikray, Prof. Agronomy, C.A. ,Bhubaneswar

Photography and Recording:

Dr. C. K. Bakhra, Assoc. Prof., APFE, CAET Dr. P.L. Pradhan, Assot. Prof., FMP, CAET Dr. Tapas K. Mishra, Prof. PBG, CA

Transport and Accommodation:

Dr. B. C. Sahoo, Assoc. Prof., SWCE, CAET Dr. M. K. Panda, Assoc. Prof., APFE, CAET Dr. Bansidhar Pradhan, Prof., PBG, CA Dr. K.K. Sardar, Assot. Prof., OVC

Publication Comm.:

Dr. S. K. Samantarai, Former Dean OUAT Dr. S. K. Nayak, Former Principal Scientist, ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack Dr. B. Panigrahi, Prof. & Head, SWCE, CAET

Registration Comm.:

Dr. K. Rayaguru, Assoc. Prof., APFE, CAET Dr. Minati Mohapatra, Asst. Prof., APFE, CAET Dr. M. K. Ghosal, Prof., FMP, CAET Dr. P. K. Sahoo, Assoc. Prof., FMP, CAET

Er. Satyashri Nayak Certificate Comm.:

Er. C. R. Subudhi, Assoc. Prof., SWCE, CAET Dr. Markendya Mohapatra, Assot. Prof, FMP, CAET

Technical Session :

Dr. B. P. Behera, Assoc. Prof., ASCEE, CAET Dr. A. P. Sahu, Assoc. Prof., SWCE, CAET Dr. U. S. Pal, Assoc. Prof., APFE, CAET Dr. N. Panda, Assoc. Prof., Animal Nutrition, CVSc&AH Dr. Simanchal Sahu, PBG, CA, OUAT

Guest Committee:

Dr. S.K. Mohanty, Assot. Prof., FMP, CAET Dr. A.P. Sahu, Assot. Prof., SWCE, CAET Dr. N. Bhola, Assot. Prof., College of Forestry Er. P.K. Barik, Asst. Prof., MEED, CAET

Student Paper Prof. Debaraj Behera, Head, FMP, CAET, OUAT Evaluation Committee: Dr. Narayan sahoo, Assot. Prof., SWCE, CAET Dr. M.K. Mohanty, Assot. Prof., FMP, CAET Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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SESSION - I

WATER RESOURCES AVAILABILITY AND MANAGEMENT Water resources scenario, Trends in utilization of surface & ground water, Hydrological, geophysical, remote Sensing and GIS tools for assessment of water availability, Impact of population growth, urbanization, economic and industrial development on water resources, Climate changes and its impact on water, environment and crop productivity.


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ROLE OF PROTECTED CULTIVATION AND GREENHOUSE TECHNOLOGY FOR CLIMATE RESILIENT AGRICULTURE B.P.BEHERA1, B. PANIGRAHI2 AND S.K. SAMANTARAI3 1

Associate Professor, Dept. of Agril. Structures, Civil & Environmental Engineering, CAET, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 2 Professor & Head, Dept. of Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, CAET, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 3 President, Indian Climate Congress & Chairman cum MD, SCET, Cuttack, Odisha

Growing plants is both an art and a science. About 95% of plants, either food crops or cash crops are grown in open field. Since ancient times, agriculture is an outdoor or open field production of crops. Open field production is climate and weather dependent. In fact, growth and development of crops under a particular set of climate parameters defines geographical location, productivity and production period of different crops. Abiotic and biotic environments govern crop production potential and quality of products. The major constraints in production of horticultural crops are temperature (hot or cold), sunlight (duration and quality), water deficiencies or excesses, atmospheric moisture (relative humidity), weeds, deficiency of nutrients, heavy winds, carbon dioxide and host of diseases and insect pests. There are ecological optimal for obtaining production potential of each of the crops. Deviation from these conditions results in yield losses partially and sometimes totally. However, near optimal climatic conditions could be created by controlling the climate with the help of greenhouse using different protected structures/methods/devices and such cultivation under controlled environmental conditions is termed as protected cultivation. Protected cultivation technologies cover climate control high-tech greenhouses, poly/net-houses, naturally-ventilated green/ polyhouses, plasticulture, drip irrigation, fertigation, mulching, integrated greenhouse pest management, low-cost protected structures like net houses, insect-proof shade houses, plastic tunnels, hydroponics, aeroponics and aquaponic farming. Protected cultivation is a unique and specialized form of agriculture; the primary emphasis is on producing high value horticultural crops like vegetables, fruits, flowers, ornamental and bedding plants. The main purpose of protected cultivation is to create a favourable environment for the sustained growth of crop so as to realize its maximum potential even in adverse climatic conditions. This technology is based on green house effect. Green house effect refers to the absorption of infrared energy by the atmosphere and the earth, which maintains the optimum temperature range on the earth that is suitable for life. The earth would be a frozen planet without the green house effect with an average temperature of about minus (-) 180 C. Green house gases like carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapour, nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) etc. allow incoming short wavelength (0.3-2.3µm) solar radiation to reach the earth surface but restrict the outward flow of long wavelength (>2.3µm).They absorb as well as reradiate the outgoing radiation after storing some heat in the atmosphere, which result in the warming of the earth surface through greenhouse effect. Green house is an inflated structure made with galvanized iron or steel pipes covered ( 24 )



with plastics and nets, which can be used for crop production under controlled environmental conditions. Micro climate inside greenhouse is created and maintained for high quality crop production mainly of vegetables and flowers for round the year. National Scenario of Protected Cultivation The total area covered under protected cultivation in our country is approximately 50, 000 hectares. There has been a very good development in the area expansion of protected cultivation during the last five years in India. The leading states in the area of protected cultivation are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, North-Eastern States, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, and Haryana. The major crops grown in the protected cultivation are tomato, capsicum, cucumber, melons, rose, gerbera, carnation and chrysanthemum. Nursery grown in the protected cultivation is becoming very popular ventures for income and employment generation. Global Scenario of Protected Cultivation Protected cultivation technology has been continuously growing on a commercial scale in more than 55 countries throughout the world. However, it is being practiced in about 115 counties in the world commercially. In Asia, China is the world leader in greenhouse technology due to rapid expansion and adoption of greenhouse technology. Presently, world wide greenhouse scenario is given in Table.1. The total greenhouse area throughout the world was approximately 3 million hectare during the year 2011. Today Dutch protected cultivation is one of the most intensive farming systems in the world with high levels of output by using the latest technologies. In Europe, Spain is leading in protected agriculture with 52,170 ha mostly under low cost poly houses . Table.1 Global total area in major greenhouse vegetables and flowers producing countries Greenhouse area (ha) Country China 27,60,000 Korea 57,444 Spain 52,170 Japan 49,049 Turkey 33,515 Italy 26,500 Mexico 11,759 Netherlands 10,370 France 9,620 United States 8,425 Source: Kacira (2011) CONCLUSION Protected cultivation is relevant to growers in India who have marginal and small land holdings, which helps them to produce more crops each year from their land, particularly during off-season when prices are higher. However, growing vegetables and flowers under protected conditions requires comparatively high input cost and good management practices, which have direct bearing on the economic viability of the production system. Even if the protective structures are cost effective, proper planning, management and attention to details are needed to achieve maximum benefits. Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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PEAK FLOOD FORECAST OF MIDDLE SECTION OF RIVER MAHANADI, ODISHA B. PANIGRAHI1*, KAJAL PANIGRAHI2, J.C. PAUL3 AND B.P. BEHERA3 1,3

Professor & Head, and Associate Professor, respectively, Deptt. of Soil & Water Cons. Engg., College of Agril. Engg. &Tech., Orissa University of Agril. & Tech., Bhubaneswar, Odisha (*Corresponding author, E mail: [email protected]) 2 Assistant Professor, Deptt. of Civil Engineering, Trident Academy of Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 3 Associate Professor, Deptt. of Agril. Structures, Civil & Envn. Engg., CAET, OUAT, Bhubaneswar-3

For investigation and design of river valley projects, assessment of the water resources potential of river basin and peak discharges are highly essential. Collection of daily data especially gauge and discharge is required. It is more difficult to obtain data in ungauged basins. However, development of rating curves relating stage (gauge) and discharge often reduces the problem of measuring daily discharge data. Prediction is done at different probability of excidence by various probability distribution functions. It is important to predict the data at different probability levels by the best fitting distribution. This is done by statistical tests like chi-square test. The present study is undertaken to find out stage-discharge relationship and to predict the stage and discharge data of various stations in the middle reach of Mahanadi river basin by different probability distribution functions using software Flood. The stage and discharge data were predicted by the best fit distribution at different probability levels which will be useful in design of structures. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study is undertaken for the middle reach of the Mahanadi basin. The geographical extent of the basin lies between 80°28’ and 86°43’ east longitudes and 19°8’ and 23°32’ north latitudes. The basin has maximum length and width of 587 km and 400 km, respectively. In the present study, five gauge-discharge stations of middle reach of Mahanadi river basin is considered. These are Tikarpara, Sundergarh, Salebhata, Kesinga and Kantamal. The stage and discharge data (daily basis) of sites Tikarapara, Sundargarh, Salebhata, Kesinga and Kantamal under the Mahanadi basin was collected from Central Water Commission, Bhubaneswar. Last 41 years daily stage and discharge data (from 19721973 to 2012-2013) of Tikarapara site and 23 years daily stage and discharge data (from 1990-1991 to 2012-2013) of Sundargarh, Salebhata, Kesinga and Kantamal sites was collected. The peak daily and daily stage and discharge data of each station were analysed by different statistical parameters i.e. mean, standard deviation, co-efficient of variation, co-efficient of skewness and co-efficient of krutosis. The stage-discharge relation was ( 26 )



developed for each station which gives a power form equation with high values of coefficient of determination (R2). The peak daily stage and discharge data of various stations were analyzed by “FLOOD” software and the values at different probability of exceedences (PE) by different probability distributions like Normal, Log-Normal (3p), Pearson, LogPearson, Weibull, Generalized Pareto, Extreme Value Type III, Gumble-maximum, Gumbleminimum, Generalised Extreme Value, Exponential and Gamma were predicted. The goodness of fit test for the probability distributions were done by root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). The values of these two errors were calculated for each distribution. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION From the study it was found that the highest peak stage and discharge for Kantamal is 14.70 m, 20000.00 m3/s, for Kesinga 12.05 m, 21192.00 m3/s, for Salebhata 9.58 m, 7916.00 m3/s, for Sundargarh 8.30 m, 10404.00 m3/s and for Tikarapara 22.15 m, 33800.00 m3/s respectively. The mean of daily peak stage and discharge is found to be the highest in Tikarapara and the lowest in Salebhata station. The standard deviation of daily peak stage is the highest in Kantamal and the lowest in Sundargarh. Similarly the standard deviation of daily peak discharge is the highest in Tikarapara and the lowest in Salebhata. It shows data are more deviating from mean in Kantamal and less in Sundargarh for stage and similarly more in Tikarapara and less in Salebhata for discharge. The highest co-efficient of variation is obtained in Kantamal and the lowest in Sundargarh for daily peak stage. Likewise the highest co-efficient of variation is obtained in Sundargarh and the lowest in Tikarapara for daily peak discharge. The high co-efficient of variation shows that the data vary a lot which means it is very eratic in nature. Kantamal is found to have the highest coefficient of skewness value whereas Tikarapara has the lowest for daily peak stage. Similarly Sundargarh is found to have the highest co-efficient of skewness value whereas Tikarapara has the lowest for daily peak discharge. The highest co-efficient of kurtosis is obtained in Kantamal and the lowest in Kesinga for daily peak stage. Likewise the highest co-efficient of kurtosis is obtained in Sundargarh and the lowest in Kantamal for daily peak discharge. The daily stage and discharge data were also analysed seasonally for pre, post and monsoon season. The study shows the power form relation between stage and discharge with high value of co-efficient of determination for each station like for Kantamal the obtained equation and R2 value are H = 1.07 Q 0.183 and 0.95 respectively. The variation of peak daily discharge at different probability of exceedence levels (10 to 90%) by different probability distributions like Normal, Log-Normal (3p), Pearson, Log-Pearson, Weibull, Generalized Pareto, Extreme Value Type III, Gumble-maximum, Gumbleminimum, Generalised Extreme Value, Exponential and Gamma of Kantamal, Kesinga, Salebhata, Sundargarh and Tikarapara station are shown. The goodness of fit test for the Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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probability distributions were done by root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). Identification of best fit probability distribution is done from the values of RMSE and MAE. The lowest value of RMSE and MAE of any station will be the best fit probability distribution function for stage or discharge in that station. CONCLUSIONS The mean of daily peak stage and discharge is found to be the highest in Tikarapara and the lowest in Salebhata station. The study shows the power form relation between stage and discharge with high value of co-efficient of determination for each station. The values of stage and discharge are found to be the highest at 10% PE level and lowest at 90% PE level for all distributions and for all stations. The best fit probability distribution for stage data of Kantamal, Kesinga, Salebhata, Sundargarh and Tikarapara station are found to be Generalised Extreme Value, Generalised Pareto, Log-Normal, Generalised Pareto and Normal, respectively. Similarly for discharge, Generalised Pareto in Kantamal and Kesinga station, Log-Pearson in Salebhata and Sundargarh station and Generalised Extreme Value in Tikarapara station are found to be the best fit probability distribution. The recurrence interval of a high flood in the Mahanadi is 5 years for which 20% PE level may be considered for design of hydraulic structures. Values of peak discharge at 20% PE level as predicted by the best fit distributions for Kantamal, Kesinga, Salebhata, Sundargarh and Tikarapara are 14964.51, 13286.95, 4171.32, 3106.23 and 28057.23 m 3/s, respectivelywhich may be considered for design of hydraulic structures in respective stations.

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CHANGING CROP PEST SCENARIO AND CLIMATE CHANGE: AN ISSUE FOR GROWING INDIA ANAND PRAKASH1 AND JAGADISWARI RAO2 1

Ex-Director & Ex-Head, Crop Protection Division, Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack & currently, Founder & General Secretary, Applied Zoologists Research Association (AZRA), K9-B/285, Bhagabanpur, Patrapada, Bhubaneswar-751 019, Odisha

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Ex-Principal Scientist, CRRI, Cuttack and currently, Vice President, Applied Zoologists Research Association (AZRA), K9-B/285, Bhagabanpur, Patrapada, Bhubaneswar-751 019, Odisha ABSTRACT Green Revolution in India during the last five decades has brought major advances in food grains production in India, which included high yielding varieties and intensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and assured irrigation especially under irrigated ecosystem. Use of high yielding varieties, chemical fertilizers and pesticides have invited several new pest problems along with deterioration of the soil health and environment, which are currently being added with climate change/ global warming. Rice and wheat are important food grain crops in India and on research, and production priority for national food security. The crop pests (insects, mites, nematodes etc.), diseases (fungal, bacterial and viral diseases) and weeds collectively cause considerable yield losses (30-40%) every year in India not only in the fields but also during post harvest operations including grain storage. Climate change in terms of increased temperature, elevated CO2 and erratic rainfall leading to draught, flood, submergence, salinity situations, has direct and indirect effects on the crop pests. There has a constant increase in the number of insect and non-insect pests like mites and nematodes, and also a concomitant shift in their pest status/intensity, diversity, and spread in crop varieties. Several minor pests have become major pests, some new pests have entered the crop due to shift in their host range, some invasive pests entered the crop ecology with the shift in their habitat/niche, invisible pests like mites and nematodes upsurged to cause visible yield losses and many vertebrate pests like rodents are increasing in their intensity and population. The major factors that have contributed towards changes in the pest scenario are extensive cultivation of high yielding varieties, growing of varieties lacking resistance to major pests, intensified crop cultivation throughout the year providing constant niches for pest multiplication, imbalanced use of fertilizers, particularly application of high levels of nitrogen, non-judicious use of insecticides resulting in pest resistance to insecticides, and resurgence of pests and out breaks of minor pests Increased temperature and rainfall directly affect the crop pests, whereas elevated CO2 has indirect affect on these pests through hosts/ quality of the food materials produced by the host plants. Under both the circumstances life activities of rice crop pests are Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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affected. In direct affects of climate change on crop pests, pest growth and development, reproduction and survival and indirectly affects breakdown in temperature sensitive host plant resistance. Plant defensive systems are lowered under stress, making them more susceptible to pest attacks. Changes in temperature, rainfall, and wind speed pattern influence their migratory behavior. Natural enemy and host insect-pest population may respond differently. Parasitism could be reduced, if host population emerges and passes through vulnerable life stages more quickly at higher temperature. However, such pest problems will vary with sub-ecologies/ locations of the crop fields, which need to be tackled using appropriate IPM strategies having holistic approach and eco-friendly interventions based on the climate resilient suitable crop varieties tolerant to biotic stresses. The crop pests are directly affected by the climate especially the micro-climate, but concomitantly climate also affects their host plants, competitors, natural enemies and pest management strategies. As climate is an important mechanism for the establishment of crop success or failure, climate pattern mapping and climate mapping of a region are important in terms of risk assessment of pest as well as for bio-control introduction. In long term, climate change will lead to shifts in the geographic range of species, gradually destroying existing combination of species and creating new ones. Local community richness will tend to decline with these changes and invasive alien species may compensate for the loss of native species. Synergistic effects of climate change with habitat destruction have been predicted to be the major cause of extinction. The loss of key species such as pollinators and parasitoids may have critical effects on the whole birth community. A vast range of permutation of climate variable has to be taken in consideration to predict the distribution, and geographical abundance of a number of crop pests. Eco-climatic assessment can provide valuable insight in species distribution, in relation to relevant climate data, particularly relating to the assessment of the potential establishment of a particular bio-control species. In present scenario, detailed climate data has to be associated with GIS system that provides information on land use and topography, and would help to indicate microclimates of species. As climate matching techniques are well known, which summarize monthly mean, maximum & minimum temperature and rainfall patterns, such methods can contribute to pest risk assessment. Crop protection is an important component and requires priority attention. For sustainable rice production, in an environment-conscious era, the biotic stresses like pests, pathogens and weeds may be managed by biotechnological, biological and other eco-friendly measures, supported by judicious use of chemicals to maintain profitable crop- economy without disturbing the ecological balance. The country should strengthen its research base in these areas so that the sanitary and phyto-sanitary (SPS) measures of WTO are explored to advantage in rice/agricultural trade rather than impediment as non-tariff barriers. Further, food security and food safety are important issues related to crop pest scenario and have to be paid attention for their strict implementation. ( 30 )



EFFICACY OF PESTICIDES AGAINST PESTS OF RICE UNDER CHANGING CLIMATE P. C. RATH, S. LENKA, A. K. MUKHERJEE, L. K. BOSE, T. ADAK, U. KUMAR AND M. JENA NATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, CUTTACK-753006 [email protected] The dynamics and severity of insect and disease attack has been shifted with the adaptation and spread of high yielding varieties, excessive use of chemicals in agriculture and degradation of environment. It is interesting to mention that the insect pest scenario of the crop gradually changing with gradual changes in crop cultivation practices and climate change, especially under the higher temperature. Several major pests have become minor and many minor pests have become major pests. There are many good examples of such changing insect pest scenario in rice crops. Yellow stem borer (YSB), Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) is the most predominant pest causing serious damage in rice growing tracts of India, Bangladesh and South East Asian countries (Islam, 1996). It damages the rice plants from seedling to maturity, in all ecosystems including boro rice (Misra et al, 2005). Rice stem borer have shown geographical variation in its species composition like; yellow stem borer, white stem borer, dark headed borer and pink borer across the country. Though, yellow stem borer is the dominant species, white stem borer and pink stem borer species have made available in hill regions, parts of Punjab and Haryana in north India and Kerala in South India. Rice leaf folder was another pest of minor significance earlier, which has assumed major pest status in the entire country particularly in areas of high fertilizer use. Three leaf folder species viz., Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Marasmia patnalis and Marasmia exigua occurs commonly in Eastern India, of which Cnaphalocrocis medinalis is dominant and wide spread. Development of forewarning system for leaf folder indicates that first appearance of damaged leaf (cv- Lalat) due to leaf folder attack during kharif, 2008 in the rice field was on7th August, at Central Rice Research Institute Cuttack, Odisha. The impact of climate change on insect pest of rice is due to several reasons like relationship between rainfall, temperature and humidity. The pest status of some insect species has long been established in India. Besides YSB and leaf folder, rice blast diseases are important insect and disease causing considerable yield loss in rice. Blast, Pyricularia grisea Sacc. Is most destructive rice disease in irrigated, rainfed shallow and upland ecosystems. The fungus can infect rice in any growth stage and produce lesions on the leaf, culm, panicle neck. Night temperature below 20 0C combined with high relative humidity 90% or more, cloudy weather and more number of rainy days, longer duration of dew and slow wind movement, excessive dose of nitrogenous fertilizer and thick stand of rice plant are pre-disposing factors for the outbreak of blast disease. The present investigation is aimed at generating Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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information on some pesticides and their combinations against prevailing insects i.e. stemborer and leaf folder and blast disease in rice. Eight pesticides including two insecticides RIL-IS-109 (Flubendimide4% (35g ) + Buprofezin 20% (175g) and Sutathion (Triazophus 40% EC) and two fungicides Contaf plus (Hexaconazole 5%SC and Baan (Tricyclazole 75% their four combinations i.e. RIL-IS-109+ Contaf plus, RIL-IS-109 + Baan, Sutathion + Contaf plus and Sutathion + Baan were evaluated against insect and disease of rice during Kharif 2014 in variety TN1. Observations on stem borer and leaf folder damage and leaf blast at vegetative stage were recorded after 3 days of treatment. Pre harvest observation on stem borer damage was recorded by counting the ear bearing tillers and number of white ears. Grain yield and natural enemies data were recorded from each plot. The natural enemies i.e. spider, dragon fly and damsel fly population per each swipe net was counted at 60 days after transplanting. The data were subjected to statistical analysis after suitable transformation. Table-1 : Testing of some pesticide against rice pest during Kharif, 2014 SL. No. 1 2 3 4 5

treatment RIL-IS-109 Flubendimide4%(35g) +Buprofezin 20%(175g) Sutathion (Triazophus 40%EC) Contaf plus (Hexaconazole 5%SC Baan (Tricyclazole 75% RIL-IS-109 + Contaf plus

Dose gm or ml/l

%DH

%WEH

%LF

% Leaf blast

NE

Yield t/ha

1.75

2.8f (9.63)

3.2d (10.30)

2.6e (9.27)

26.6b (31.04)

2.7ef

3.76cd

3.3e (10.46) 5.1b (13.05) 5.2b (13.18) 3.3e (10.46) 3.4de (10.62) 3.5cd (10.78) 3.6c (10.93) 5.8a (13.93) 0.29

3.5d (10.62) 5.2b (13.18) 5.1b (13.05) 3.8c (11.24) 3.9c (11.38) 4.0c (11.53) 3.4d (10.62) 5.7a (13.81) 0.37

2.8de (9.63) 4.5b (12.24) 4.6b (12.38) 2.6e (9.27) 2.9d (9.80) 3.4c (10.62) 2.9d (9.80) 5.1a (13.18) 0.42

25.7b (30.45) 23.6c (29.06) 21.3de (27.48) 22.4cde (28.24) 20.8e (27.13) 22.5cde (28.31) 23.28cd (28.79) 31.5a (34.13) 1.37

2.8e

3.82c

3.2cd

3.65cd

2.6fg

3.56d

3.3bc

4.13b

3.4b

4.74a

3.1d

3.86c

2.5g

4.26b

4.5a

3.26e

0.18

0.23

1.5 2 0.6 1.75 + 2

6

RIL-IS-109 + Baan

1.75 + 0.6

7

Sutathion + Contaf plus

1.5 + 2

8

Sutathion + Baan

1.5 + 0.6

9

Control

water

CD at 5%

Data in parenthesis are angular transformed values, DH = dead heart, WEH = white ear head, LF = Leaf folder

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The result of the experiment revealed that RIL-IS-109 @ 1.75 ml/l was very effective against YSB (2.8%Dead heart and 3.2%White ear head) and Leaf folder (2.6%) followed by Sutathion @1.5ml/l (3.3%DH, 3.5%WEH and 2.8% LF damage). Contaf plus @ 2ml/l and Baan @ 0.6ml/l are effective against leaf blast. The natural enemies population was least (2.5) in Sutathion + Baan followed by Baan (2.6) and RIL-IS-109 (2.7). The insecticide and fungicide combinations i.e. RIL-IS-109 @ 1.75 ml/l +Baan @ 0.6ml/l and RIL-IS-109 @ 1.75 ml/l +Contaf plus @ 2ml/l were found effective against both insect and disease and also found safe to natural enemies and increase the grain yield. In control plot YSB damage were 5.8% dead heart, 5.7% white ear head and leaf folder damage was 5.1% and leaf blast was 31.5%. The natural enemies population in control plot was 4.5 per swipe net. The lowest grain yield of 3.26 t/ha was recorded in control plot. It may be concluded that RIL-IS-109 @ 1.75 ml/l +Baan @ 0.6ml/l was best insecticide fungicide combination (4.74t/ha) and was at par with RIL-IS-109 @ 1.75 ml/l +Contaf plus @ 2ml/l (4.13 t/ha) and were effective against stemborer and leaf folder and leaf blast and safe to natural enemies in variety TN1. REFERENCE Islam Z. 1996. Yellow stem borer: A threat to Boro rice in coastal belt of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Entomology. 6 : 45-52 Misra A K, Singh S P N and Parwez A 2005.Incidence of yellow stem borer(Scirpophaga IncertulasWalker) in different cultivars of boro rice(Oryza sativa L.) at different crop stage.Oryza,42(4): 329-332


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CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT ON MARINE ECO-SYSTEM OF ODISHA, INDIA PRAVAT RANJAN DIXIT1*, ANJANI KUMAR1, AMRESH KUMAR NAYAK1, BISWA BANDITA KAR2, PARTHA CHATTOPADHAYAY3. 1

ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India. 2 KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. 3 CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. *Corresponding author:[email protected] ABSTRACT The climate change is a global concern and sensitive to variation in weather, rainfall, humidity and temperature of coastal odisha that are occurring due to increase in surface temperature of earth crust and accumulation of green house gases in the atmosphere and industrial pollutants will alter the pattern of total coastal environment.The frequencies of floods, sea level rise, cyclone,Tsunami, low pressure, high rainfall, salinity, temperature, oceanic acidification and precipitation etc. will affect the environment.Due to high rainfall the pollutants from domestics, municipalities, industries, agricultural and surface runoff etc. Sources are drained out to water channel like river and mixes to marine eco-system. Marine eco-system becomes polluted and causes hazards for living resources of marine environment.Climate model simulations and other analyses suggest that total flows, seasonal and surface runoff, probabilities of extreme high or low flow conditions, seawater quality characteristics and coastal water-surface water interactions could all the significantly affected by climate change over the course of the coming decades. The monsoons, these are south west monsoon in summer season and north-east monsoon in winter season change the coastal eco-system of odisha. The south- west monsoon drifts the sea surface waters away from the shore to offshore i.e. deep sea due to wind driven ocean current which in turn depends on the persistent wind direction from south west to north east. Due to drifting of surface water, the bottom and middle water emerging to surface called upwelling. By this upwelling the odisha coastal bodies containing rich nutrients mixes with surface oxygen causing blooming of algae, fish and other marine organisms. So, seasonal variation of climate is most important for marine eco-system. This suggests it is prudent to begin planning for changes that can be foreseen and to build resilience to deal effectively with the increased uncertainty arising from the potential, but as yet unpredictable impacts of climate change in coastal odisha. Key words:- Climate change, rain fall, marine- eco system, monsoon.

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WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT ASPECTS OF RIISA-WATERSHED PROJECT OF NAGALAND ZHOHU PURO, R C NAYAK, MANOJ DUTTA*AND SEWAK RAM Department of Soil and Water Conservation, School of Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development, Nagaland University, Medziphema Campus, Medziphema-797106, Nagaland, India. *E mail: [email protected] The Riisa watershed with total geographical area of 1200 ha is located in Kikruma Block under Phek District in the state of Nagaland, India. It includes nine villages, namely Kikruma, Pfutsero, Thipuzu, Phusachodu, K.Basa, K.Bawe, Chetheba, Thenyizu and Chesezu. This watershed holds a population of 10543 and the occupation of the people is agriculture. The major crops of this area are paddy, soya bean, tomato, potato, pea and onion. The project is chosen in order to conserve and promote both the cropped land and cultivable degraded land of the area besides increasing and sustaining crop production so as to provide food, fodder, fuel and other biomass thereby improving the socioeconomic condition of the people. The area receives an annual rainfall ranging between 1050 and 1836 mm much of which is lost in the form of runoff. This runoff carries with it the valuable topsoil and thereby ultimately reducing the yield of crops. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to assess the surface water resource potential of the watershed, rainfall data and stream flow or runoff data collected on daily basis for a minimum of 20 years and more were analysed using Weibull distribution technique. The study on rainfall and runoff characteristic of the watershed provide a logical framework for undertaking soil conservation and other watershed management practices. An analysis will be made to utilise the base flow collected through water harvesting structures for raising crops during kharif and winter season. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: It is observed that the watershed received an annual precipitation in the ranges of 1836.8 mm and 1050.4 mm when estimated over a period 16 years (1998-2013). A weighted average of 1516.73 mm of precipitation was estimated for the watershed development activities. The monthly rainfall analysis indicated that April and September were the wettest period of the year receiving more than 150 mm of precipitation. October to January was found to have received less than 150 mm of rainfall making it as the driest months of the year. Besides, May to September has recorded between 12-19 days as rainy days. Weekly rainfall analysis was carried out for the project as in most of the water resources projects, irrigation schedules are made with seven-day irrigation intervals (rotations). Rainfall amount to be made available in all 52 weeks at 75% level of probability were estimated and adjusted against the water need of the crops recommended for the watershed. It is observed that invariably all the weeks has some amount of irrigation water needs for the crops. In order to supplement the irrigation need of the crops, the stream flow of the watershed was gauged and monitored. The runoff was estimated Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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using same principles as employed for rainfall analysis. It is proposed that a portion of runoff i.e., 60% of non-monsoon flow from the base flow and 80% of the monsoon flow would be harvested in a series of 12 water harvesting ponds along the stream, all of embankment types and this runoff would be stored for utilization for irrigation water need of the crops of the watershed besides meeting the domestic water need of the human settlements. Survey made in the watershed indicated that there are about 325 ha of land currently being put to cultivation. The remaining of the land is covered under forests, grasslands, horticultural lands and unsuitable crop lands. Operation of water harvesting ponds in the watershed is in fact a difficult process as each has its independent storage capacity of 11.2 ha-m and water release or distribution pattern depends entirely on the extent of the area where the crop is grown and its irrigation water need. It is recommended that the water harvesting ponds will be of embankment type as the watershed is located in the hill side and it would store to a maximum depth of 5.0 m so that a relatively smaller area (about 2.14 ha) will always be put under submergence. It is here suggested that Water Users Associations (WUAs) be encouraged to be formed at each Water Harvesting Structures (WHS) level for better operation and distribution of the stored water among the users community for raising their crops. Besides, meeting the water need of the crops, storage water may also be used by constructing diversion channels from the storage ponds down to the homestead/ settlements for meet their domestic requirements throughout the year. The duration and frequency of such distribution of irrigation water and diversion for human and animal consumption solely depends on the well functioning of these WUAs. Availability of water will of course be a constraint since we were not in a position to cover another 10% area under winter crops and no area during summer season as the availability of storage is limited to 335.91 ha-m. A small storage of 10.76 ha-m would sustain more farm families for their annual domestic water requirement. Availability of water will not be a constraint since the total storage capacity from all WHSs i.e., 335.91 ha-m would provide irrigation facilities to 594.53 ha, assuming the average water requirement of all winter crops such as soya bean, cabbage, tomato, pea, potato, and onion), is 565.62 mm. Availability of water will never be a constraint since the total storage capacity from all WHSs (335.83 ha-m) exceeds the irrigation water needs of the cropping system. This excess live storage if properly planned and managed would sustain more farm families for their annual domestic water requirement. CONCLUSION: Based on the terrain and course of the stream it is suggested that there will be thirty small water harvesting structures constructed across the stream at suitable locations, 10 each in the head reach, middle reach and in tail reach of the stream or at locations based on the availability of crop land. Each of the water harvesting structure would roughly handle about 11.2 ha-m. It is also proposed that the cropping system would use about 325 ha-m of water while all the water harvesting ponds will have a storage capacity of 335 ha-m of water. The surplus storage of 10.47 ha-m is proposed to be utilized as the water need of human and animal settlements located in the watershed. ( 36 )



EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON OCEANIC ECOSYSTEM’ SATYESH NAIK AND ARUN KUMAR HR Manager, GE India, 3rd Floor, Block 1, Cyber Pearl, Hi Tech City Madhapur, Hyderabad-500081 When Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago there were no oceans. Since then, as surface water has accumulated, the filling ocean basins have been the reaction chamber for the development of life on Earth and have played a fundamental role in the ongoing evolution of the planet’s climate. No discussion of climatic processes on Earth can be conducted without consideration of the seas and oceans, and it is becoming increasingly apparent that life forms in the ocean make active and climate influencing contributions to planetary function. For example, marine organisms have important roles in the cycling of carbon (the ‘biological pump’), nitrogen and other key elements and there are numerous interactions between climate, physical oceanographic processes and marine biology that should not be ignored. There is consensus that contemporary global climate change is reality, and that much of the ongoing change is a direct result of human activity. In particular, burning fossil fuels, making cement and changing land use have driven atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations up from a pre-industrial value of about 280 parts per million (ppm) to 385 ppm in 2008. Annual increases are now exceeding 2 ppm, an emission trend that exceeds the worst case scenario of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). There is a direct link between global temperature and CO2. The increased heating in the lower atmosphere i.e. earth surface resulting from the ‘greenhouse’ effect caused by increasing atmospheric CO2, methane and other gasses (at a value of about 3 W m-2 is unprecedented in at least the last 22,000 years and has already had direct physical consequences for the marine environment and organisms living there. These include increases in mean global sea surface temperature, by 0.13°C per decade since 1979, and ocean interior temperature, by >0.1°C since 1961, increasing wind velocity and storm frequency, changes in ocean circulation, vertical structure and nutrient loads, as well as rising sea level by more than 15 cm in the last century and presently by a mean of about 3.3 mm per year. Because the oceanic and atmospheric gas concentrations tend towards equilibrium, increasing CO2[atm] drives more CO2 in to the ocean, where it dissolves forming carbonic acid (H2CO3) and thus increases ocean acidity: ocean pH has dropped by 0.1 (a 30% increase in hydrogen+ ion concentration) in the last 200 years. Researchers predict that average temperature of earth is going to go up by 1.1 degree Celsius to 2.9 degree Celsius in coming years. This is enough to melt Icecaps in huge quantity in Greenland, Arctic Circle and Antarctica resulting in 13 to 20 feet rise in sea level. If that unimaginable happens Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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then cities like Mumbai and Chennai and countries like Maldives are going to get wiped off from the map. More Hurricanes, Typhoons and Super Cyclones will be expected with rise in temperature of Oceans. Enormous flooding will take place in many of the low-lying countries like Netherlands. Already we have lost whopping 1 million square miles of Ice sheet in Arctic circle. Satellite images show that Arctic sea ice is now declining at a rate of 13.3 percent per decade and that’s alarming. Effect on Marine Biodiversity and related impairments Life and water are inextricably linked. Life on Earth began in water. The 1.3 billion cubic kilometers of sea water now on Earth cover 71% of the planet’s surface and make up about 300 times more habitable volume than the terrestrial habitats. The oceans contribute about 46% to global annual primary production, house a biomass of at least 2.6 billion tonnes and contain 36 of the 38 known metazoan animal phyla. Compared to land, seawater is a stable habitat. Most marine locations experience narrower ranges of daily and annual temperature variation than their terrestrial equivalents. Oceans do, however, exhibit physical variability over a range of vertical, horizontal and temporal scales. This variability influences nutrient availability, physiology, production, larval dispersal, species migration, biodiversity and biogeography. With rise in temperature of Oceans, many of the coral reefs will get effected resulting in wiping of planktons necessary for survival of aquatic fishes which again will result in reduction of some of avifauna varieties like Frigate birds. Scientists expect that almost one third of species will be completely extinct in that scenario. Melting of Ice caps will result in reduction of appropriate habitat for many of the flora and fauna varieties. Animals and Birds that are dependent on the cooler habitats must start moving up the altitude in search of the right breeding grounds and food sources. This will have an enormous effect on the available food sources as concentration will increase. Already melting ice caps has started taking a toll on the Polar Bears which are completely dependent of subzero climate and ice habitats. Since ice is melting, there is change in behavior of Seals which are the major source of food for the Polar Beers. The natural way by which Polar Bears would wait and hunt the Seals hiding below the ice sheets is getting affected with ice turning into stream water. There is shortage of food already by this small change. Added on to that are some of the isolated cases of Polar Bears drowning in the melting ice caps. And not to forget that some of the Ica caves are used by the Polar Bears for giving birth to offspring and rearing them up. If the Ice Caves melt then this will have long standing effect on the breeding pattern of the Bears. There is already a lot of evidence that some of the nesting birds of Eastern and Central Europe especially Storks are shifting their nesting grounds to the cooler swamps of North Eastern Europe. That means we will see more of local extinctions of some of the species in coming decades. ( 38 )



Some of the chemical compositions of the flora variety will get changed because of the atmosphere change. Take the example of leaves of the Eucalyptus Tree. Change in the chemical composition of leaves will have major effect on the Kolas which predominantly feed on these leaves. If Kolas then don’t adapt to these change, they will get affected. There can be a parallel drawn between Indian Giant Squirrels and the Kolas as they are also dependent on broad leaved forests for their food source. Further studies need to be done in this field to get more concrete evidences. But the point that we are making here is that there might be many such examples that can be drawn out which is more localized. Bottom line is that source of the global warming and climate change might not have originated in that locality but thousands of miles away, effect is far reaching though. Conclusion: The oceans are not just a set of habitats that support life. They are huge reservoirs for nutrients and gasses, including CO2, and ocean currents redistribute heat around the planet, impacting atmospheric circulation, regional weather patterns and rainfall distribution. Changes in ocean circulation bring fundamental physical changes, with major accompanying biological ramifications. Thankfully some of the developing nations did realize the danger of Climate change and hence the apex body, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed. There needs to be huge regulation that needs to be brought in especially on emission norms. Widespread changes in sea level, ocean pH and the extent of oxygen-deficient dead-zones are underway. In many instances these and other factors will impact together, creating negative synergistic effects to which organisms and ecosystems may have little resistance. Our dependency on the fossil fuels which are the major source of Carbon Dioxide needs to be reduced to negligible standards. Contemporary climate change has the potential to perturb ocean circulation on a timescale far shorter than that of continental drift: a reduction in the North Atlantic Current could have major implications for northern Europe and beyond during this century. The cooling that this might bring reduced North Atlantic Current flow would deliver less heat northwards runs counter to the ‘global warming’ paradigm, and emphasizes the importance of regional considerations verses global generalization.


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LABORATORY STUDY OF VELOCITY PROFILE OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOW IN A TILTING HYDRAULIC FLUME SUMAN ROUT1, SMARANIKA MAHPATRA2 AND BALRAM PANIGRAHI3 1

M.Tech student, Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, CAET, OUAT, BBSR-751003 (Corresponding author; email ID: [email protected]) 2 M.Tech student, Land and Water Resources Engineering, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, IIT- Kharagpur 721302. E-mail:ID:[email protected] 3 Professor, Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, CAET, OUAT, BBSR751003. E-mail ID: [email protected] For many years, practicing engineers have faced a number of problems of predicting resistance to flow in channel with rough surfaces. The safe disposal of runoff from higher to lower elevation is a serious problem which should be handled with care. Design of a stable irrigation channel depends upon a number of factors like roughness coefficient, energy and momentum coefficient (á & â), friction factor etc. Measurement of velocity profile of a free surface flow over a channel section is highly essential for estimation of energy and moment coefficient, friction factor and retardance coefficient. For flow, resistance coefficients are used principally to derive depth discharge relationships which are useful in waterway design. With the above considerations, the present study was undertaken with specific objectives of estimation of hydraulic parameters (energy and momentum coefficient, Manning’s roughness coefficient, friction factor) of open channel flow with various discharge and slope of the flume and determination of velocity profile of open channel flow. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present experiment was undertaken at the Hydraulic Laboratory of College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology of Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology. A tilting hydraulic rectangular flume of length 10.10 m, width 0.3 m and depth 0.6 m having glass side walls and galvanized sheet metal bed was used. A calibrated V-notch having calibrated equation Q = 0.00634 H2.937 (Q is discharge in l/s and H is the head over the crest of notch in cm) was used to measure discharge. The velocity of water at different depths along the vertical cross section across the flow and at different sections in the flume was measured by a calibrated current meter having rating equation V = 0.033 N1.159 where V is velocity in m/s and N is revolutions in rpm. The velocity at different depths at head, middle and tail end of this flume were measured for different discharge and slopes. The measured values of velocities were used to estimate energy and moment coefficient. Moreover the observed velocities were used to compute Manning’s roughness coefficient (n) and friction ( 40 )



factor (f). Values of Manning’s n and friction factor, f , and energy and momentum coefficients were computed from standard formulae as available in Hydraulics books. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The data of discharge and head over the crest were fitted to MS Excel software and calibrated equation developed by the 90° V notch was found to be Q =0.00634H2.937 where Q = Discharge, l/s , and H =Head over crest, cm. The above calibration equation was used to measure the discharge in the flume for different slope and heads. In calibration of current meter, the values of revolution N and velocity V were used in MS Excel software and the calibrated equation developed is V= 0.033N-1.159, where, V = velocity, m/s and N = revolutions of current meter per minute In the present experiment the velocity of flow of water at head, middle and tail end of the flume were measured for different slopes and discharge in the vertical section of flow .Velocity were measured in the vertical plane at different depth from the bed of the channel up to the top surface of water level. These velocity measurements at different depth for different slope and discharge were presented in graphical form which is called as velocity profile. The velocity profile for each run was found to be logarithmic. Values of energy and momentum coefficients were found to vary from 0.97 to 1.08 and 0.95 to 1.06, respectively. Values of Manning’s roughness coefficient (n) were observed to vary from 0.022 to 0.028 whereas values of friction factor, f were found to range from 0.109 to 0.165, respectively. It was observed that as the discharge and hence depth of flow increases, values Manning’s roughness coefficient and friction factor also increase. This is because of higher depth of floe causes more resistance to flow and thereby these resistance coefficients were found to increase. CONCLUSIONS Calibration of 90° V-notch was done in the experiment .The developed equation is Q= 0.00634 H2.937 where Q is discharge in l/s and H is the head over the crest of notch in cm. Calibrated equation of current meter was developed in experiment as V=0.033N-1.159 where V is the velocity in m/s and N is the revolutions of current meter in rpm. Velocity profiles are found to be logarithmic for different slopes at different discharges. Values of energy and momentum coefficients were found to vary from 0.97 to 1.08 and 0.95 to 1.06, respectively as the discharge vary. Values of Manning’s roughness coefficient (n) were observed to vary from 0.022 to 0.028 whereas values of friction factor, f was found to range from 0.109 to 0.165, respectively. Average value of energy and momentum coefficient is obtained as 1.02 and 1.01, respectively. Average value of Manning’s Roughness coefficient is found to 0.023 .Average value of friction factor is observed to be 0.132. These values may be used for design purpose when the structure is expected to handle flow in open channel without any vegetation.


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USE OF FLYASH FOR SEEPAGE CONTROL IN VARIOUS HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES J. C. PAUL1* and B. PANIGRAHI2 1,2

Associate Professor and Professor & Head, respectively, Deptt. of Soil & Water Conservation Engg., College of Agril. Engg. &Tech., Orissa University of Agril. & Tech., Bhubaneswar, Odisha [email protected])

Earthen embankments are the most ancient and commonly seen structures in India. In the older days, the construction cost of the earthen embankments was higher however the modern developments in the earth moving equipments has reduced significantly the cost of construction of the earthen embankment. Earthen embankments are not very rigid. Therefore these are susceptible to failure and one of the most important causes of its failure is seepage. Almost one third of the earthen embankments fail due to seepage (Garg, 2014). Fly ash is a material that can be taken for consideration as a low permeable mass, in the construction of different hydraulic structures and fly ash when mixed with cement gives lower permeability than soil (Gupta et al, 2004). Therefore this makes it one of the desirable materials for use in the earthen embankments. The production of fly ash in India was around 160 million tons in the year 2014 and is expected to rise to 225 million tons by the year 2017. And only 60% of it is used properly. So it is very important to use the fly ash properly. If left unchecked the storage of fly ash produced from 1 MW plant will require an area of 1 acre (Rengaswamy and Mohan, 1999). Moreover it is hazardous to the environment of an area. Therefore if it’s proper management will not be undertaken properly this will result in the degradation of land, water and atmosphere. Further researches have shown that addition of cement into fly ash also show better permeability than pure fly ash. To achieve this goal an attempt has been made to study the effect of cement on the permeability of flyash collected from NALCO thermal power station, Anugul, Odisha. It has been observed that the permeability of flyash reduces with increase in cement percentages. The permeability reduces with continuously with the increase in cement percentage. MATERIALS AND METHODS The fly ash sample was collected from NALCO thermal power station, Anugul (Odisha). It was collected from the fly ash dump yard of the power plant station. The sieve analysis of was carried out taking 500g of each of both soil and fly ash. Falling head Jodhpur permeameter was used to determine the permeability of soil and fly ash samples (Garg, 2014).

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The permeability of fly ash mixed with cement was also determined. Cement was added to the fly ash in volume basis. Three types of sample were taken where the percentage of cement were kept at 5%, 10%, 15% of the total volume of the mixture. The cement used was PPC type. The samples were subjected hydraulic conductivity test to obtain the small sized specimens. This procedure was carried out to get the small sized specimen of soil, fly ash as well as fly ash mixed with different proportions of cement. For fly ash and fly ash mixed with different proportions of cement the diameter of the specimens was 60 mm. The load was applied along the axis of the cylindrical specimen. After the curing process the specimens were subjected to strength test. The machine used for testing the unconfined compressive strength is the Universal Testing Machine or UTM. The specimen was fixed in the UTM by the piston arrangement. Then Load was applied on the top part of the specimen. The speed at which load applied was kept at 0.1mm/min. The speed was kept constant throughout the experiment. Load is applied till the specimens failed. First the unconfined compressive strength of specimen made of soil was tested. Then the specimen made of fly ash and fly ash with 5%, 10% and 15% of cement were tested. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION From the particle size distribution curve of soil, the d10 value was found to be 0.167 mm and d60 value was found to be 0.462 mm. The d50 value which represents the mean particle size of the soil sample was found to be 0.380 mm. The uniformity coefficient, Cu which is equal to d60/d10 was found to be 2.77. Thus it can be said that the soil is uniformly graded as Cu D1, D8 (62)> D2 (58)>D6, D7 (56)>D5 (54) and D3 (40). 18 tree species at D1, 20 species at D2, 19 species at D3 and D4, 36 species at D5, 24 species at D6, 27 species at D7 site and 29 species at D8 sites were recorded which shows no specific trend with age of the site. Soil analysis results indicate that the clay content is less than 28% at all the sites. The soil is moderately acidic. pH was less than 6 at D8 site and for other sites it varies from 6.1 to 6.5. The trend of O.C. content at different sites is in the order of D8>D6>D7>D2>D1>D5>D4 and varies between 0.695% to 0.11%. N content varies between 62.5 and 226.25 kg ha-1. N content was maximum at dump 8 (D8) and minimum at D4. P content varies between 5.45 and 9.58 kg ha-1 across all the sites. D8 has highest concentration and D2 and D5 with lowest P concentration. Table 1. Surface water analysis of Damsala stream near Saruabil village Sl. No.

Parameters

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

pH Ammonical nitrogen (as N) Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (as NH3) Free Ammonia (as NH3) B.O.D @ 27 C C 3 days COD Arsenic ( as As) Mercury (as Hg) Lead ( as Pb) Cadmium (as Cd) Hexavalent Chromium (as Cr +6) Total Chromium (as Cr) Copper ( as Cu) Zinc (as Zn) Nickel (as Ni) Fluride (as F) Dissolved Phosphate (as P) Sulphide (as S) Manganese (as Mn) Iron (as Fe) Nitrate Nitrogen

Analysis Results Sept.2011 7.2 1.7 1.3 BDL 9 38 ND ND ND ND 0.01 0.75 ND BDL ND 0.002 1 BDL BDL 0.52 3

Oct.2011 7.2 1.6 1.4 BDL 9.8 36.9 ND ND ND ND 0.01 0.75 ND BDL ND 0.001 1.8 BDL BDL 0.28 3.6

Nov.2011 7 1.6 1.6 BDL 10 39.4 ND ND ND ND 0.02 0.76 ND BDL ND 0.002 1.7 BDL BDL 0.24 3.6

Discharge L 5.5- 9.0 50 100 5 30 250 0.2 0.01 0.1 2 0.1 2 3 5 3 2 5 2 2 3 10

All the values are in PPM except PH (BDL- Below Detective Limit, ND- Not detective) Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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K was found in the range of 37.63 and 349.44 kg ha-1 with D8 and D6 having maximum and D1 and D3 the minimum concentration of Potassium. CONCLUSION All degraded mining area and abandoned open cast mines which are existing presently and will generate in future should be reclaimed after filling with OB dump materials and other soil amendments. Top soil be preserved and used early in restoration to retain gene pool. REFERENCES Chaoji, V. (2002). Environmental challenges and the future of Indian coal; J. Mines, metals and fuels. 11, 257-262. Ghose, M. K. (2004). Effect of opencast mining on soil fertility; J.Sci.Indust.Res.63, 1006-1009. DekaBoruah, H. P., Rabha B. K., Pathak, N. and Gogoi, J. (2008). Non- Uniform patchy stomatal closure of a plant is a strong determinant of plant growth under stressful situation; Current Sc. 94, 1310- 1314. Hoyle, M. C. (1973). Nature and properties of some soils in the white mountain of New Hampshire. USDA. Forest Service Research. Reddy, Ch. S., Pattanaik, C., Dhal. N. K. and Biswal, A. K. (2006). Vegetation and floristic diversity of Bhitar kanika National Park, Orissa, India. Indian Forester, 132, 664-680. Maiti S. K. (2006 b). Properties of mine soil and its affects on bio accumulation of metals in tree species: A case study from a large open cast coal mining project. International Journal of mining, Reclamation and Environment, 20, 96-110.

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CLIMATE CHANGE- AN OFFSHOOT OF GLOBAL WARMING 1

SAROJINI DAS1 AND S.K. SAMANTARAI2 Social Activist, Kendrapara; 2 Chairman-cum-MD, SCET, Cuttack, Odisha

The earth is now going through pervasive global warming preliminary indications show that changes in regional climate and extreme weather have affected many physical and biological systems. Increased frequency of natural disasters like floods, droughts and Tsunamis in different parts of the world also outcome of the rise in global mean temperature some indications of climate change are manifested in the shrinkage of glaciers, melting of ice sheets, lengthening of growing seasons in mid to high latitudes, northward shift of plant and animal habitat boundaries, early flowering of trees and other unseasonal happenings are some examples of global warming. The survival of man is closely linked to the health of the biosphere. Human settlements, agriculture and fisheries are particularly sensitive to climate. Economic sectors like industry and financial services, insurance are also dependent upon environmental conditions. While rich and well-resourced communities may cope with climate changes at some cost, the poor may not be able to do so. Adaptability is also dependent upon resources, technology, education, skill, infrastructure and management capabilities. Cost of adaptation will increase as global warming increases where will be net economic losses in many developing countries. The problem of coping with climate change is badly affected by existing problems like population grown etc. Every aspect of society will be affected by the climate change. One distributing finding of the intergovernmental panel on climate change Forth Assessment Report is the effect of global climate change on water resources. Increasing global climate change will deeply affect water resources. It will increase evaporation rates. A higher proportion of precipitation will be received as rain rather than snow. Seasons will be shortened. This will also lead to increase in water temperature. The quality of water in both inland and coastal areas will decrease. Increased evaporation rates are expected to reduce water supplies in many regions. The deficit of water will increase in summer which will lead to decreased soil moisture levels and more frequent and severe agricultural drought. Frequent severe droughts caused by climate change will have serious management implications for water resource users. Sometimes there will be prolonged droughts. Urban areas and agricultural farming in rural areas will be badly affected by it. And this will cause serious economic damage to these sectors. This type of prolonged drought situation will bring about wildlifes. Against this scenario, the water resources of Odisha should be taken a close look. The climate change and its concomitant effects have began to be felt in Odisha. Due to scanty rainfall in monsoon season, hydroelectric power projects are not producing adequate supply of power to meat the needs of people. More often than not, western and southern Odisha are facing drought situation which affect their agricultural and horticultural farming. Ground water level during summer goes so low that hand pumps often go dry in summer. Sometimes in prolonged summer season, the water situation in some places becomes alarming. Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON SOIL FERTILITY S.K. NANDA AND D. JENA Dept. Of Soil Science & Agri. Chemistry Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar The current world population of 6 billion is expected to reach 8 billion by the year 2025. During same period the Indian population is estimated to reach 1412 million. To feed the Indian population of 1.41 billion, India need to produce 350 million tonnes of food grains by 2025. The expected future food requirement must be met through intensive agriculture without much expansion in arable land and limited natural resources. The green revolution is an excellent examples of how agriculture intensification resulted in exponential increase in food grain production during mid20th century. However, the yield increase have slowed down since 1990’s. It is well documented that the climate warming and changes in global precipitation patterns, particularly drought are affecting crop production in developing countries. An important effect of climate change is its influence on soil fertility and nutrient acquisition andutilization by plants. Climate change impacts on crop productivity Climatic conditions, particularly drought have significant impacts on crop yield reductions and food insecurity. During the 20th century, Asia, Africa and South America experienced a 0.7-1.00c rise in temperature. Different climate models suggest that by the end of 21st century, the average temperature will increase by 2-40c. Subtropical regions are likely to experience more drought due to less annual rainfall. Variability in precipitation patterns are projected to have longer duration of droughts with intense rainfall events. These changes in temperature and rainfall to have net negative impacts on agriculture. Recent climatic models suggest that future pattern of drought in Asia are likely to be more problematic in monsoon months. Recent analysis on climatic change suggest that the effect of temperature on crop production is greater than precipitation. The influence of warmer temperature on crop yields will depend on soil moisture availability. In areas where rainfall is quite higher, irrigation water is available, warmer temperature may have positive effect on yield by increasing rate of physiological capacity, increasing the growing season, reducing the impact of frost damage to crops. In arid or semi-arid region, warmer temperature will lead to moisture deficit driven by high rate of evapotranspiration. In addition to effect of climate on crop growth and yield, warmer temperature and water deficit can have effects on quality of harvested product. Elevated temperature and drought tends to reduce starch content but increase protein content. Elevated CO2 increases grain size but reduces protein and mineral nutrient concentration. Post-harvest fruit and grain losses can be high as 20% in developing countries where climate conditions are optimal for microbial growth. ( 60 )



Effects of drought on nutrient acquisition: Soil moisture deficit directly impacts on crop yield by influencing the availability and transport of plants nutrient. Soil moisture deficit decreases nutrient diffusion over short distances and mass flow of water soluble nutrients such as nitrate, sulphate, calcium, magnesium and silica over long distances. Reduction of root growth and root function under drought conditions reduces the nutrient acquisition capacity of root systems. Drought also impacts on root-microbe associations. Reduction in oxygen and carbon fluxes and nitrogen accumulation in root nodules under drought conditions inhibit nitrogen fixation in legume crops. Drought alters the population and activity of soil microbial communities which determine the C and N transformations to maintain soil fertility and nutrient cycling. Effects of intense precipitation on nutrient acquisition: Excusive precipitation can reduce crop yield. Intense rainfall eroded surface soil in rolling topography and degraded soil structure. The eroded soils are carried from few cm to several hundred kilometer. The coarse fractions are left in cultivated field, but the fine particles are carried in suspension until the velocity of runoff water has slowed down. Sediments on agricultural land may be beneficial or detrimental depending upon soil texture and fertility sediment. It has been reported that about 26% of the eroded soil is lost to sea, 10% deposited in reservoir and 61% is transported from one place to another. It is estimated that about 5334 million tonnes of soil carries about 8.4 million tonnes of plant nutrients in a year. Agricultural land with poor drainage conditions can have water logged soils leads to toxicities of Mn, Fe, Al and B that reduce crop yields. Production of phytotoxic organic solutes impact root growth and root function. Waterlogged condition leads to nutrient deficiency since the active transport of ions into root cells is driven by ATP synthesized through the oxygen dependent mitochondrial electron transport chain. Significant nitrogen losses can also occur under waterlogged conditions through denitrification as nitrate is used as an alternate electron acceptor by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen. Effects of temperature on nutrient acquisition: Elevated temperature can increase nutrient uptake from 100-300% by enlarging the root surface area and increasing rates of nutrient diffusion and water influx. Water soluble nutrients such as nitrate, sulphate, Ca, Mg primarily move towards root through transpiration-driven mass flow. Since warmer temperature increases rate of transpiration, plants tend to acquire water soluble nutrients more readily as temperature increases. Increasing in diffusion rate and root metabolism of plant roots become faster. However, the positive effect of warmer temperature on nutrient acquisition are dependent on Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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adequate soil moisture. But under dry conditions, higher temperature result in extreme vapour pressure deficits that trigger stomatal closure and decrease nutrient acquisition driven by mass flow. Soil moisture deficit slows down nutrient acquisition through diffusion pathways to roots. Soil organic carbon improves soil structure, retain soil moisture and maintain soil fertility. In tropical and sub-tropical regions, increase in temperature by 2-30c would increase loss of soil organic carbon from agricultural lands and decrease soil fertility. Rising in sea levels by climate warming is expected to contribute sea water intrusion of coastal aquifers and increase soil salinity. Mitigation strategies and limitations: India receives 400Mha-m of rainfall per year out of which, only 69Mha-m are available for surface flow and 43Mha-m as ground water. This shows only 29% of annual rainfall is used and rest is lost as runoff to sea through evapotranspiration. The potential exists for harvesting nearly 24 million ha-m of rainwater in small scale water harvesting structures. If stored properly, about 30% of it could be available for rabi crops. The various interventions required for conservation of rainwater includes constructions of water harvesting structures, check dams, percolation ponds in rainfed areas. The use of locally available soil amendments is a more feasible strategy for poor farmers. These includes rock phosphate for acid soils, locally available liming materials, biological nitrogen fixation species, agroforestry systems and other nutrient sources with low cost. The use of liming materials, rock phosphate in acid soils reduce P-fixation and enhance Pavailability and crop yield. Management of eroded soil to conserve water and soil fertility can be achieved through adaption of erosion control measures, maintenance of soil organic matter, enhancing nutrient bioavailability by promoting beneficial root symbiotants and mycorrhizal associations. Introduction of crops and varieties to maintain soil fertility, efficient use of soil moisture would play a vital role under dryland condition. Breeding of genotypes tolerant to soil acidity, soil salinity, soil alkalinity, iron toxicity, Al-toxicity, Mn toxicity will definitely overcome the impact of climate change and enhance farm yield. Selection of root traits that increase the acquisition of limiting nutrients such as phosphorus in crop plants is an important objective of breeding programme in developing countries. Effects are being taken to biofortify crops with trace elements to alleviate micronutrient malnutrition. Promising biofortification solutions include micronutrient enrichment of fertilizers, intercropping of dicot and gramineous species, use of molecular breeding and biotechnology to produce genotypes with root traits that increase the acquisition of limiting micronutrients. Based on known climate impacts on nutrient acquisition by crops, ( 62 )



there would be net negative impacts on trace element acquisition of crops in developing countries. Biofortigation is a powerful tool to overcome edaphic and climate constraints to trace element acquisition by crops. Adoption of more nutrient-extractive genotypes without additional interventions may lead to accelerated nutrient mining. Introduction of legume genotypes with efficient utilization rock phosphate, leading to greater biological nitrogen fixation or genotypes with greater soil cover would definitely reduce soil erosion and maintain soil fertility. Since soil fertility is already a primary constraint to food security in many countries, an urgent effort is required to improve crop nutrition and soil fertility management through integration of agro-ecological and socio-cultural aspects of the existing problem. CONCLUSION Higher temperature and altered rainfall distribution caused due to climate change would reduce nutrient acquisition, biological nitrogen fixation and disturb nutrient cycling. Efforts should be taken to reduce soil erosion, nutrient loss, soil organic carbon losses. An urgent effort is required to improve crop nutrition and soil fertility management.


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IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON FISHERIES PRODUCTIVITY R. P. MISHRA AND B.SATPATHY Krishi Vigyan Kendra (OUAT), Angul, Odisha-759132 Climate change can be expected to impact fisheries through a diverse range of pathways and drivers. It is likely to produce profound modifications to the structure and functioning of the aquatic ecosystem and has the potential to affect freshwater ecosystem through habitat alteration and will result changes in the distribution and abundance of species. Change in monsoon rains, due to climate change, affects reproduction and recruitment of fish species and their fisheries might be put at risk by precipitation modifications. Changes in food availability, species-specific differences in thermal tolerance and disease susceptibility and shifts in the competitive advantage of species will alter species assemblages, distribution and migration. Climate change would have profound impacts on the biological production of Oceans, including fish production. Changes in global water circulation and vertical mixing will affect the distribution of biogenic elements and the efficiency of CO2 uptake by the Ocean; changes in upwelling rates would have major impacts on coastal fish production and coastal climates. If warm events associated with EL Ninos increase in frequency, plankton biomass and fish larvae abundance would decline and adversely impact fish, marine mammals, sea-birds and Ocean biodiversity. Even climate change in Indian rivers would have implications for sustainable harvests, fishing practices and subsistence fisheries. Studies of the NBFGR,Lucknow indicated biogeographical shifting of some warm water fish species(Cirrhinusreba,Macrognathusaral) in the upper Ganga river stretch up to Haridwar which might be caused due to effect of climatic and other environmental factors. Studies at CMFRI,Kochi indicated extension of distribution of Indian Oil Sardine(Sardinellalongiceps) to Gujarat coast which might be due to the effect of climatic and other environmental factors. Climate change will slow down oceanic currents vital for the production cycles in the sea and will particularly affect primary production and the migration of fish larvae and plankton.Freshwater aquaculture of many countries is likely to be affected by the climate change and affected by flooding or by drought or high temperatures.This technical paper reviews these predicted impacts to intensify the efforts for increasing climate literacy among all stakeholders as well as farmers in context of few micro-farming situations of Angul district of Odisha. FURTHER READING 

Brander, K.M., 2006.Assessment of Possible Impact of Climate Change on Fisheries. WBGU, Materialien, Report of Wissenschaftlicher Beirat Der Bundesregierung Globale Umweltveränderungen



Brander, K. M. 2005. Cod recruitment is strongly affected by climate when stock biomass is low. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62: 339-343. ( 64 )



GREEN HOUSE GAS – THE MAJOR ISSUE OF VCLIMATE CHANGE GAGAN BIHARI CHATOI The Earth’s climate has always changed and evolved. Some of these changes have been due to natural causes but others can be attributed to human activities such as deforestation, atmospheric emissions from industry and transport, which have led to gases and aerosols being stored in the atmosphere. These gases are known as greenhouse gases (GHGs) because they trap heat and raise air temperatures near the ground, acting like a greenhouse on the surface of the planet. Recent research indicates that the climate system is influenced by human activity and has led to warming of climate system since 1950. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) synthesis report comprising of key findings was published by IPCC in October, 2014. The Fifth Assessment Report has indicated that human influence on the climate system is clear, and recent anthropogenic emissions of GHG are the highest in history. Recent climate changes have had widespread impacts on human and natural systems. Few global trends have been as controversial as climate change and the Earth’s warming. The Earth has gone through many shifts in cooling and warming driven by natural factors like the sun’s energy or variations in its orbit, but the trend scientists have seen over the past 50 years is unmistakable. Green House Gas – the major factor influencing Climate Change Human civilization and industrialization have amplified the emissions of “Greenhouse Gases”, which are considered to be one of the main causal factors accelerating climate change in the post industrialization era. GHGs constitute Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous Oxide (N 2O), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Perflurocarbons (PFCs) and Sulpurhexafluoride (SF6) In addition, water vapor, which absorbs the heat radiations from Sun and trap such radiations in the atmosphere making the earth warmer, is considered important. Emissions of GHGs beyond certain limits make earth’s atmosphere hotter and induce climate change. The extent of GHGs in the atmosphere increased phenomenally from 280ppm (1750) to 379ppm in 2005 (IPCC-AR4). The available global data on CO2 since 1970 indicates that the annual emissions have grown at about 80% from 21 to 38 gigatons, which represents 77% of the total anthropogenic emissions. CO2 is the most important anthropogenic GHG as it constitutes about 70% of the total emissions. CO2 originates from burning of fossil fuel (56.6%), deforestation and decay of biomass (17.3%), agriculture etc. The largest growth in GHG emissions between 1970 and 2004 has come from energy supply, transport and industry while deforestation, agriculture and residential/commercial buildings are only minor contributing factors. India’s share of CO2 in the total emissions in the world is very insignificant in per-capita terms. The per-capita emission of an Indian citizen is 1.2 tons of Carbon dioxide whereas his counterpart in USA contributing 20.6 tons as per UNDP Human Development Report 2007/2008. The energy sector is the major producer of CO2. ~60%* of our energy needs are met from coal, which is abundant, locally available and cheap when compared to alternative fuels. Likewise, the global atmospheric concentration of Methane has increased from preindustrial value of about 715ppb (Particles per Billion) to 1774 ppb in 2005 (The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 4th Annual Report (IPCC-AR4). It is high time we recognise that climate change will have significant economic as well as health and environmental impacts on a global scale. It is even more important to communicate this information to the common person in order to build awareness and sustain pressure on all concerned. Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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SESSION - II

WATER, SANITATION AND HEALTH Safe and affordable drinking water, Adequate and equitable sanitation, human and animal health, Remedial measures for water leakages and wastage.


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WATER SCARCITY AND ITS IMPACT ON FRAGMATATION OF WILD HABITATS ASHOK KUMAR PATTNAIK1 AND SANJAY KUMAR SAMANTARAI2 1

Advocate, Orissa High Court , Cuttack ; 2 Chairman-cum-MD, SCET, Cuttack

Global warming is the major cause for sufferance of life in the planet earth. It is observed that sea level is increasing day by day due to rise in the atmospheric temperature in the earth. Both human being and animal are now victimized due to scarcity of pure water and air. One can survive for few days without food but not without water. The scarcity of water especially in forest area is considered as one of the major cause of extinction of flora and fauna. The man-animal conflicts are increasing as because many types of ferocious wild animals like elephant, bear, wild boars etc. coming out from their natural habitats and straying into human habitations. One of the root causes of fragmentation of natural habitat is scarcity of water. Out of major cause of scarcity of water is deforestation. The forest plays the vital role towards conservation of water and soil moisture leading to enhancement of ground water potentiality. The ground water is precious natural resources of fresh water which can be sustainably exploited and used for different purpose and decrease in water level seriously affect the ecosystem. The wild animals are not getting sufficient water inside their habitat as such they are coming out of forest in search of food and water in and around human habitation and hence there are man-animal conflicts. The entire biosphere is in an alarming condition and detoriating day by day for the survival of human being and animal. It is the bounden duty of human being to be more conscious to keep the atmosphere free from pollution and should think of preserving water both for human being, flora & fauna because all are in extricable linked to each other.We must think why such changes are occurring and what can be done to preventdeforestation for conservation of water. Unless there will be sufficient water both for animal and human being there will be no end in man animal conflict. The causes of scarcity of water are mainly:  Low and erratic rainfall.  Non conservation of water.  Lack of awareness &  misuse of water. The forests serve as an integral part for maintenance of water level. The roots of trees in forests where they are well established hold the soil more tightly. The rain water and surface run off water passes through the soil pores and ultimately reaches the ground water. The downward movement of water through the soil due to gravitational force is known as percolation. Percolation and infiltration of water depends on texture of soil. The ground water is very valuable natural resource of fresh water which is very useful to man and animal. So for all the above reasons growth of forest is very much essential for conservation of water and steps should be taken for increasing forest growth for prevention of soil erosion, so that we can make full use of rain water inspite of erratic rainfall. Further it is reported that in-situ moisture conservation practices provides an advantage in conserving rainwater in soil profile and reducing the runoff, provides more opportunity to infiltrate into soil reducing evaporation losses and minimize the risk of uncertain rainfall. So the soil conservation is very much essential for harvesting the water. ( 68 )



The moisture content of air is called humidity which varies from place to place. The relative humidity in the forest is higher than that of open ground as the vegetative cover transpires a large amount of water which is carried away by wind. The plants gets this water from soil. The soil gets it from rain. Therefore forests play an integral role for maintenance of equilibrium in global water cycle. So the erratic rain fall now have much more impact on deforestation  Regulation of flora & fauna and conservation of water In terms of ecology the regulation of flora and fauna is known as competition within forest community. Each flora and fauna compete and depend on the other for food, space and water. This competition and inter dependence enables the forest community to adopt to its environment for survival.Hence conservation of forest automatically conserves water. The water cycle is one of the major cycles that supports the life on earth. The water cycle describes the circulation of water as it evaporates from sea, river, lakes and other water resources and enters the atmosphere. The water cycles supplies freshwater to the land masses. The process also plays an important rolein creating a habitat climate moderating world temperature. Water also acts as habitat for hydrophyticplants and aquatic animals. Not only aquatic plants but also the wild animals inside forest requires sufficient water for survival. The absence of rainfall for a longer period result in the drying up of traditional water sources and pools in the jungles. Due to rapidly falling water levels in many important wildlife habitats, wildlife is facing unprecedented water shortage. As the State has already started experiencing unusually high temperatures during the day time, the situation is expected to worsen in the coming months.  Lack of awareness Though our Govt. is taking various steps and measures for enhancing forest growth and conservation of water but due to lack of public awareness adequate result is not achieved. Hence it is now required to create wide public awareness for sustainable use of water which will restrict the fragmentation of wild lives and they will not stray out to damage public properties and will be able to get high quality water for our use and use of our future generation .hence everybody should be aware and conscious to save water as well as to save wild habitants who are correlated with the existence of human being. CONCLUSION: We define ‘clean water’ as that which has a chemistry and biology which would be normal for a given area in the absence of human disturbance. This is commonly referred to as the reference condition, minimally impaired water quality or natural background levels. The animals in the forests of Keonjhar, Koraput, Nawrangpur, Dhenkanal, Sundargarh, Sambalpur, Rairakhol, Kalahandi, Daspalla, Kandhamal, Khariar and Ghumsar face water scarcity relatively more compared to other situations. For long-term management, a water regime map should be prepared by each forest division whereby the water levels of various streams, rivers, water pools and tanks in various months can serve as a data base. This would enable wildlife managers to monitor the water situation and take steps whenever water levels fall below the normal levels. Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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SUSTAINABLE LOW COST WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR DRINKING WATER JOGESWARI ROUT1 AND KAPILESWAR MISHRA2* 1. Professor,Department of Chemistry, Synergy Institute Of Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-752101 2. Principal, GIET college of Engineering, GIET campus, Chaitanya Knowledge City, NH16, Rajahmundry (AP)-733296, [email protected] Providing clean and affordable water to meet human needs is a grand challenge of the 21st century. Worldwide, water supply struggles to keep up with the fast growing demand, which is exacerbated by population growth, global climate change, and water quality deterioration. As more than a billion people on this earth have no access to potable water that is free of pathogens, technologies that are cost effective and suitable for developing countries must be considered. Sustainable operation of the treatment processes taking into consideration of locally available materials and ease of maintenance need to be considered. In this paper we review some low cost technologies like natural filtration, slow-sand filtration, riverbank filtration, According to the World Summit of Sustainable Development, the major reason for lack of safe water is either scarcity of water or contamination of water sources. Reasons for this include shortage of water, poverty, and lack of education about the impact of drinking unpurified water. Nearly, 2.2 million children die annually from water born diseases. Many techniques such as chlorination, distillation, boiling, sedimentation, and use of high tech filters have been utilized to purify water. These methods, however, face major barriers such high price, maintenance, conservation of fossil fuels, and unhygienic waiting periods. In this paper some low cost ,sustainable water treatment technologies for production of safe drinking water are discussed which can be adopted by developing countries like India. Natural filtration Purification of water in liquid form ultimately depends on natural filtration, chemical absorption and adsorption by soil particles and organic matter, living organism uptake of nutrients, and living organism decomposition processes in soil and water environments. Soils, especially in wetland and riparian areas, along with vegetation and microorganisms play very important roles in natural water purification. Microorganisms in soils, wetlands and riparian areas either utilize or breakdown numerous chemical and biological contaminants in water. Wetlands serve as ecological kidneys and can remove 20 to 60 percent of metals in water, trap and retain 80 to 90 percent of sediment from runoff, and eliminate 70 to 90 percent of the nitrogen in water.

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The most common form of natural filtration used currently is sand filtration in a natural setting. Also, simple wells can be classified as using natural filtration, assuming the soil isn’t contaminated and most of the water drawn from the well is a result of rainfall infiltration. The best materials to be used for natural filtration are unconsolidated alluvial deposits due to high hydraulic conductivity. The greatest disadvantage of using unconsolidated soil is that there is the possibility of the introduction of anthropogenic contaminants from the land surface to groundwater (typically alluvial aquifers are unconfined aquifers). However, there are clear advantages: natural filtration of appropriate travel time can induce a 3 - 5 log reduction in microbes and protozoa [1]. A 1 log reduction represents a 90% removal of the bacteria or protozoa. Therefore, a 3 - 5 log reduction removes all unwanted biological and viral components from water to an undetectable or at the very least, an acceptable level. However, due to the changing redox conditions, there are often increased amounts of manganese and iron in naturally filtered water, as well as the formation of some sulfurous compounds that are malodorous. These negative effects are eliminated when using rapid sand filtration, but the advantages are also subdued, as will be seen in the section below on sand filtration {2}. River bank Filtration River bank filtration (RBF) takes advantage of the infiltration of river water into a well through the river bed and underlying aquifer material. This is a natural filtration process in which physicochemical and biological processes play a role in improving the quality of percolating water. After a certain zone of mixing and reducing, the infiltrated water is at its cleanest: almost all river contaminants are removed. Wells are installed in this zone to pump the water to be used for drinking. The purity of this water and its suitability for drinking is outstanding, even in examples where there is an event that introduces a shock load of contamination into the river. The size of river bank filtration systems vary widely depending on the utility’s need, number of wells at the site, type of wells and pumping capacity of each well, local geo-hydrology , hydraulic connection between the river and the aquifer, distance and placement of the wells from the river, and a host of other factors. Ray et al. [3] provides comparative production of water at various RBF sites. Slow Sand Filtration Slow sand filtration is a fabricated form of natural filtration. This filtration method has been municipally used since the nineteenth century, and continues tobe an excellent filtration method. As stated by the World Health Organization’s Water Sanitation and Health (WHO WASH) division in their 1974 report Slow Sand Filtration, “Under suitable circumstances, slow sand filtration may be not only the cheapest and simplest but also the most efficient method of water treatment” .Constructed from simple materials such as wood or even a modified shipping container, slow sand filters are basic enough to be adaptable to a wide range of available materials. The filter itself is usually 1 m thick, with Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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a minimum of 0.7 m of fine sand. The remaining portion that isn’t sand is gravel and pebbles located at the bottom of the filter to allow the purified water to collect and drain from the container. The filter is then filled with water until saturated, and there must also be supernatant water on top of the sand in order to cultivate and sustain the Schmutzdecke. There are no mechanical components, and no electricity is required to operate. Gravity is the external force, and the natural bacteria and protozoa within the Schmutzdecke actively treats the water.It is, in fact, the Schmutzdecke that is responsible for nearly all the filtration that happens. Rapid sand filtration is simply a slow sand filter without the Schmutzdecke (orbiofilm) and is typically employed at a majority of water filtration plants. Therefore, the only filtration that occurs is due to the sand particles hindering large suspended colloidal from passing through the intra-granular space and to some physicochemical interactions between the sand and the contaminants. It cannot purify water nearly to the degree slow sand filtration and riverbank filtration can,and for its efficiency it requires frequent backwashing. Membrane Filtration The most common application of membrane technology is in RO desalination although the applicationof membrane technology has been used for bacterial and protozoan removalas well. Other desalination processes are membrane filtration (nanofiltration [NF], ultrafiltration [UF], and microfiltration [MF]) and electrodialysis (ED). All threemembrane filtration systems are pressurized membrane systems primarily used topurify seawater or brackish water (water containing less salt that seawater, but stillmore salty than WHO regulations). Reverse osmosis is used to take saline water and convert it into pure water. It currentlymakes up 80% of desalination plants for a cumulative 44% of all desalinatedwater volume[4]. Solar Distillation The sun’s energy per unit area is called solar flux. solar flux from 300 to 1,000 W/m2 is referenced as being used for solar technology. A very simple technology in both concept and design, solar distillation utilizes the natural process of evaporation to capture purified water. The structure used in solar distillation is called a solar still, and a common solar still has a slanted glass cover over a black-painted, water filled basin. As sunlight penetrates the device, solar energy is absorbed by the basin liner and transferred to the water via conduction and convection. Minor heatlosses exists from reflection by the glass and water surface, and absorption from the basin liner (energy is transmitted to the ground).As the water evaporates, water vapor begins collecting on the glass cover. As build-up occurs and condensate beads become larger, gravity overpowers adhesionand the purified water molecules trickle down the slanted glass plate to collect ina gutter designed to capture the pure water and carry it to a storage tank or spigot. ( 72 )



Solar Pasteurization Pasteurization is the process of disinfecting water by heat or radiation without boiling. Typical water pasteurization achieves the same effect as boiling, but at a lower temperature (usually 65ÚC - 75ÚC), over a longer period of time. Pasteurization is the use of moderate heat to kill disease microbes. It is different from sterilization, in which all microbes are killed. CONCLUSION Because of the challenge of providing safe drinking water from poor quality water sources, development of low-cost technologies should be considered in developing countries. All methods have advantages and disadvantages. Now the challenge is to decide the method that performs the most of the characteristics of the ideal method for the users’ practical background. Advantages should be optimally exploited and disadvantages should be recognized. REFERENCE 1.J. F. Schijven, P. Berger and I. Miettinen, “Removal of Pathogens, Surrogates, Indicators, and Toxins Using Ri-verbank Filtration,” In: C. Ray, G. Melin and R. B. Linsky, Eds., Riverbank Filtration Improving Source Water Quality, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2002, pp. 73-116. 2. K. M. Hiscock and T. Grischek, “Attenuation of Ground- water Pollution by Bank Filtration,” Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 266, No. 3-4, 2002, pp. 139-144. 3.C. Ray, T. Grischek, J. Schubert, J. Z. Wang and T. F. Speth, “A Perspective of Riverbank Filtration,” Journal of American Water Works Association (AWWA), Vol. 94, No. 4, 2002, pp. 149-160. 4. R. Chittaranjan and J. Ravi. “Drinking Water Treatment Technology— Comparative Analysis” In: Ray and Jain Eds., Drinking Water Technology Focusing on Appropriate Technology and Sustainability,2011


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HAZARDS OF POOR SANITATION, UNSAFE WATER AND PREVENTION PROF (DR.) RABINDRANATH SAHOO Formerly Professor and Head, Department of Neurology, S.C.B. Medical College, Cuttack- Odisha During the past century, the human population has more than tripled, and water consumption has more than quadrupled, placing ever-increasing demands on the world’s limited freshwater resources. Approximately one-third of the world’s population now lives in areas with scarce water resources. A U.N. report estimates that water scarcity will affect two-thirds of the population by 2025. In addition, increasing amounts of pollution from domestic, industrial and agricultural runoff is contaminating an ever-shrinking water supply. The lack of access to and availability of clean water and sanitation has had devastating effects on many aspects of daily life. Areas without adequate supplies of freshwater and basic sanitation carry the highest burdens of disease which disproportionately impact children under five years of age. Unsafe water, inadequate sanitation, and insufficient hygiene account for an estimated 9.1 percent of the global burden of disease and 6.3 percent of all deaths, according to the World Health Organization. This burden is disproportionately borne by children in developing countries, with water-related factors causing more than 20 percent of deaths of people under age 14. Nearly half of all people in developing countries have infections or diseases associated with inadequate water supply and sanitation. Poor Sanitation and poor water supply are most important causes of mortality. Globally most common cause of death is diarrhea, a water borne disease that affects mostly children under age five. Seventy percent of our population stay in rural areas. Globally 783 million people do not get pure drinking water while 2.5 billion people (35% worldwide) do not have proper sanitation. They defecate in open field. In our state of Odisha only 33% of people use latrines. In our neighbouring state West Bengal open defecation is quite common in rural area. Incidentally, 85% of them are worm infected and 27% of them have diarrheal disorder. Diarrhea is most common water borne disease which alarmingly become epidemic in no time unless timely preventive measures are taken. Four billion people suffer from diarrhea, out of which 1.8 million succumb to death. Reportedly, 1.8 million people die out of which 90% are children under five years of age. Astoundingly about 2200 children below 5 years die every day which is due to diarrhea alone. Eighty eight percent of death in diarrheal disorder is due to poor water supply and poor sanitation. The statistical report says that out of total deaths, 24% happen in India while it is around 11% in Nigeria (1/3rd of all deaths under five globally). Globally, out of 783 millions people dying due to unsafe drinking water, 119 million deaths occur in China, 97 millions in India, 66 millions in Nigeria and 15 millions in Pakistan. Poor Sanitation In developing countries poor sanitation is very common. There is no safe disposal of human excreta. In India, 814 million people do not utilize good sanitary methods and it is ( 74 )



next to China where it is about 477 million. Statistically other under developed countries are very less in this aspect. Safe Water It is water which should be safe in priority basis. Many harmful elements are present in water such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, cancer causing chemicals and pesticides, petroleum products, chlorine acid compounds, metals like arsenic lead, mercury, nitrates, strong acids and alcohols etc. Diseases caused by to poor quality water are typhoid, cholera, viral hepatitis-A, Parasitic worms like, Ascariasis cysticercosis, diarrheal. Other diseases although not common are worth to mention like lead poisoning, mercury poisoning, arsenosis and flurosis. Trachoma, an eye disease leading to complete blindness is caused by bathing in contaminated water. Methods of prevention “Prevention is better than cure”, because diseases by poor sanitation and poor water can be prevented if we adopt clean measures by using safe water and using latrines and washing hands before eating. Our present mission of “Swatch Bharat” aims to ensure cleanliness in every sphere of life. Some of the following methods are suggested for easy adaption: 1) Safe collection, storage, treatment and disposal, reuse, recycling of human excreta like faeces and urine. 2) Management of solid wastes and household wastes. 3) Drainage of water, making water germ free by using water filter. 4) Management of industrial wastes. 5) Hazardous waste like hospital wastes, chemicals and radioactive materials. CONCLUSION The effects of water shortages and water pollution have been felt in both industrialized and developing countries, and it will be necessary to transcend international and political boundaries to meet the world’s water needs in a sustainable manner that will conserve and preserve this common resource. Now, It is beyond doubt that global and local connections between water, sanitation, and health depend essentially on cleanliness which is most important for sound physical and mental health. Let us use clean water and adopt safe sanitation method (use of Latrine). Simple thing we can adopt like washing hands before eating and serving food. Main brunt effect is on children below five years. They have the right to good health, right to survive in good atmosphere and right to have good future. Population of India is 1.34 billion. In Odisha it is around 44,338419. About 68.84% of people in India live in rural area where child population is 400 million. Taking population into consideration, it is our duty to educate them about safe water and good sanitation. It can be done by media, educating mass is also equally important. It can be introduced in study books in school and college level. Especially some moral lessons should be taught to students regarding this hot topic. Then only we can truly transform our nation into “Swatch Bharat” a missionary mode approach to reality. Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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BIOEFFICACY OF NEW AND COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FUNGICIDES AGAINST SHEATH BLIGHT DISEASE IN RICE CAUSED BY RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI KUHN UNER FIELD CONDITION S.LENKA*, RAGHU S, A.K.MUKHERJEE, T.ADAK, P.C.RATH AND M.JENA Division of Crop Protection Division, National Rice Research Institute (formerly, CRRI), Cuttack- 753 006, Odisha [email protected] Sheath blight of rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn {teleomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris) Frank (Donk)} is a major biotic constraint in almost all the rice growing areas, reducing both grain yield and quality. The disease generally appears at maximum tillering stage and affects all the plant parts above water line. A cultivar ‘Karuna’ at CRRI, Cuttack could not be harvested due to severe infection of this disease during 1980 (Gangopadhyay and Chakraborti,1982).Losses in yield due to this disease alone in India has been reported up to 54.3%(Rajan,1987; Roy,1993).Chemical control of sheath blight disease is successful in the field conditions in majority of cases. Most of the fungicides namely carbendazim, chlorneb,benomyl, captafol, mancozeb, zineb, edifenphos, iprobenfos, thiophanate methyl,carboxin etc. have been found effective for control of sheath blight disease under field conditions. Several new fungicide molecules are available in the market and farmers are now using for control of this disease. In the present study an attempt has been made to evaluate new and commercially available fungicides under field namely,tricyclazole 45% + hexaconazole 10% WG (ICF-110) @ 1g/litre, tricyclazole 18%+ mancozeb 62% WP (MERGER) @2.5g/litre, tricyclazole 75%WP @0.6g/litre, hexaconazole 5%EC@2ml/litre, mancozeb 75%WP@2g/litre, mancozeb 63%WP+carbendazim 12%WP (Companion) @1.5g/ litre, and carbendazim 50% WP 1g/litre for the management of sheath blight disease in rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. One field experiment was conducted in National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack during the kharif,2014 and kharif 2015 in R.B.D with 8 treatments including control and 4 replications. For conducting this experiment 25days old seedlings of rice variety ‘Tapaswini’, highly susceptible to sheath blight, were transplanted at a spacing of 20x15cm in a plot size of 15sq.m. At maximum tillering stage the rice plants were artificially inoculated with the virulent isolate ShBSL4 of R.solani Kuhn by inserting the bids of mycelia alongwith five sclerotial bodies inside the leaf sheaths followed by wrapping with moist cotton above the water line. After 10 days of inoculation i.e, establishment and initiation of disease symptoms the fungicides at their above mentioned doses were sprayed thrice to the rice plants at an interval of 15days. In the untreated control, the rice plants were sprayed with water only. The data on disease incidence and subsequent spread were collected from the date of first incidence of the ( 76 )



disease till 30days after final spray. The grain yield was also recorded from each plot for logistic assessment of new and commercially available fungicides against the sheath blight pathogen. From the field experiments conducted during kharif,2014, it was found that out of eight treatments including untreated check, the fungicide tricyclazole 45% + hexaconazole 10% WG @1g/l caused 73.9% reduction in sheath blight severity and 64.4% reduction in sheath blight disease incidence. It was followed by tricyclazole 18%+ mancozeb 62% WP @2.5g/ l and mancozeb 63%WP+carbendazim 12% WP @1.5g/l - the former reducing the disease severity by 71.3%, sheath blight disease incidence by 51.7% and the latter causing reduction in disease severity by 67.9% and sheath blight incidence by 47.6%. Grain yield was the highest (5.83t/ha) due to treatment with tricyclazole 45% + hexaconazole 10% WG followed by 5.58t/ha due to tricyclazole 18%+ mancozeb 62% WP and by 4.9t/ha due to mancozeb 63%WP+carbendazim 12%WP, while it was 3.67t/ha in untreated control. But from the field experiment conducted during kharif, 2015 Out of eight treatments including untreated control, the treatment with the fungicide tricyclazole 18%+ mancozeb 62% [email protected]/l caused maximum 73.4% reduction in sheath blight disease severity and 65.8% reduction in sheath blight disease incidence over the untreated control. It was followed by tricyclazole 45% + hexaconazole 10% WG,@1g/l and hexaconazole 5%EC @2.0ml/l -the former reducing the disease severity by 70.3%, sheath blight disease incidence by 62.2% and the latter caused 55.4% reduction in disease severity and 52% reduction in sheath blight incidence by 52.7%. Maximum grain yield i.e, 5.46t/ha was obtained due to treatment with tricyclazole 18%+ mancozeb 62% WP followed by 5.35t/ ha due to tricyclazole 45% + hexaconazole 10% WG and 4.98t/ha due to hexaconazole 5%EC, while the untreated control produced the lowest grain yield of 3.47t/ha.


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INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN KHARIF GROUNDNUT UNDER CLIMATE STRESS CONDITIONS A.DHAL1 , A.K. SENAPATI 2, S.K. SWAIN 3 , S. R. DASH 4AND S. SAHU5 Scientist AICRP on Groundnut, Assoc Professor, Dept of Plant Pathology , Scientist ( Ag Ext) KVK, Jagatsinghpur and Post Graduate Scholar, Dept of Plant Pathology , OUAT, Bhubaneswar [email protected] Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important food and oilseed crop worldwide. India is the largest grower and second largest producer of groundnut in the world. The average production (10q/ha) is much lower than other major groundnut growing countries which may be attributed to the cultivation of this crop under water stress condition coupled with attack by a variety of diseases and insect pest due to aberrant monsoon behavior and high temperature under changing climate scenario. In Odisha, among foliar diseases late leaf spot and rust as well as soil borne diseases like collar rot, stem rot, dry root rot and pod rot assumed to be more severe and their occurrence is more in Kharif compared to Rabi-Summer crop. Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important food and oilseed crop worldwide. India is the largest grower and second largest producer of groundnut in the world. The average production (10q/ha) is much lower than other major groundnut growing countries which may be attributed to the rainfed nature of cultivation of this crop coupled with attack by a variety of diseases and insect pest. In Odisha, among foliar diseases late leaf spot and rust as well as soil borne diseases like collar rot, stem rot, dry root rot and pod rot assumed to be more severe and their occurrence is more in Kharif compared to Rabi-Summer crop. However keeping in pace the economic and sustainable approach of disease management, the present study has been tried to integrate and exploit the sustainability and efficacy of both chemical and bio-agents in management of both soil borne as well as foliar diseases in groundnut. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Field experiments were conducted for three consecutive seasons of Kharif 2013,2014 and 2015 at AICRP, OUAT, Bhubaneswar. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with eight treatments and three replications with a plot size of 5m.×3m. for each treatment. The various treatments include under the study are given below . T 1 Seed treatment with Tebuconazole@ 1.5g/kg seeds + two spray of Tebuconazole @ 1ml/L, starting from initiation of foliar diseases (ELS/LLS/Rust) and second spray at 15 days interval. T 2 Seed treatment with T. viride 10g/kg seeds + furrow application of T.viride @ 4kg enriched with 50kg FYM / ha. ( 78 )



T 3

Seed treatment with Tebuconazole @1.5g/kg seed + furrow application of T.viride @ 4 kg enriched in 50kg FYM/ha.

T 4

T2 + Broadcasting T.viride @ 4kg enriched in 50kg FYM/ha. at 40 DAS

T 5

T3 + Broadcasting T.viride @ 4kg enriched in 50kg FYM/ha. at 40 DAS

T 6

T4 + 2 sprays of Tebuconzole @ 1ml/L, starting from initiation of foliar diseases and 2nd spray at 15 days interval.

T 7

T5 + 2 sprays of Tebuconazole @1ml/L, starting from initiation of foliar diseases and 2nd spray at 15 days interval.

T 8

Untreated control

The disease severity ranking for foliar diseases were taken in (1-9) scale and for soil borne diseases; on percentage plants affected basis were taken as per the guideline provided in the Manual for Groundnut Pest Surveillance, (NCIPM, New Delhi, CRIDA, Hyderabad and DGR, Gujarat, 2010-11). The percentage disease incidence was worked out by using the standard formula ; Percent disease incidence =

×100

RESULTS & DISCUSSION The mean data for the results of 3 years were analyzed statistically which revealed significant differences in their reaction towards different diseases as well as yield attributing characters. The germination was found the highest (85.00%) in T7 (T5 + 2 sprays of Tebuconazole ) followed by T5 (T3 + broadcasting of T. viride @ 4kg enriched in 50kg FYM/ ha at 40 DAS ) and T6 (T4 + 2 sprays of Tebuconazole @ 1ml/L). T5, T6 and T1 were found statistically at par. Similar trends were also observed in reducing pod rot incidence. The incidence of collar rot is minimum in T7 followed by T6 , which are significantly different from each other and they are followed by T1 and T5 which are statistically at par. However the incidence of different diseases was maximum in untreated control (T8). Reaction to foliar disease like LLS expressed minimum disease incidence in T7 followed by T1 which are at par and both of them followed by T6 which is significantly different from all other treatments. However the control plot expressed maximum PDI of 40.30 where as minimum PDI of 20.74 was recorded in T7. With respect to rust all the treatments expressed an appreciable disease reduction except T4 and T8. The incidence of dry rot was minimum in T7 followed by T6 which are at par and the treatments such as T6 , T7 and T1 expressed minimum incidence of stem rot than any other treatments. Pod yield of maximum 1638kg/ ha was recorded in T7 followed by T6 (1620kg/ha) and T1(1617kg/ha) which are at par. Minimum pod yield of 1332kg/ha was obtained in untreated control. Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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Similar results were also revealed by Jadon et al.(2015), Nath et al.(2013) and Miniswrang Basumatary et al.(2015). Jadon et al. reported the superiority of Tebuconazole 2 DS @1.5g /kg seeds in management of soil borne diseases when used separately with apparent yield advantage over untreated control followed by Mancozeb 75% WP @ 3g/kg seeds and Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP @ 3g/kg seeds. Nath et al.(2013) reported the effectiveness of Tebuconazole spray (0.15%), reducing the intensity of foliar diseases to 52.4% and increase the yield upto 67% as compared to other treatments. However considering the efficacy of bioagents, Miniswrang Basumatary et al.(2015) reported the effectiveness of various Trichoderma spp. in inhibiting the stem rot causing pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii to an extent of 77% . CONCLUSION: Therefore inclusion of antagonist like Trichoderma viride as seed treatment as well as soil application suppresses soil borne pathogens and creates pollution free environment. However seed treatment and foliar spray with chemical Tebuconazole as well as soil application of bio-agent Trichoderma viride was found to be a successful combination in integrated disease management of groundnut. REFERENCES : Jadon, K.S., Thirumalaisamy, P.P., V inod Kumar, Koradia, V.G., Padavi, R.D.(2015). Management of soil borne diseases through Seed dressing fungicides. Crop Protection 78 : 198-203 Miniswrang Basumatary, Biman Kumar Dutta, Deepti Mala Singha and Nikhil Das(2015). Some in vitro observations on the biological control of Sclerotium rolfsii, a serious pathogen of various agricultural crop plants. IOSRJAVS 8 : 87-97 Nath, B.C., Singh, J.P., Srivastava, S. and Singh, R.B.(2013). Management of Late leaf spot of Groundnut by different Fungicides and their impact on yield. Plant Pathology Journal, 12(2) : 85-91 NICRA team of Groundnut Pest Surveillance (2011). Manual for Groundnut Pest Surveillance Jointly Published by NCIPM, New Delhi, CRIDA, Hyderabad and DGR, Gujarat, 29 PP.

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VECTOR BORNE DISEASE JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS IN RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE BIRA KISHORE PARIDA Dy. Director, Animal Disease Research Institute Phulnakhara, Cuttack Vector borne disease have proved to be a measure health challenge for Odisha. Be it Malaria, Dengue or the dreaded Japanese Encephalitis. Their erratic outbreak and spurt in incidence have created havoc in our State. Climate change would give rise to increase occurrence of vector borne disease as it creates a beneficial breeding condition for different vector population like mosquitoes, flies and ticks. Many vector borne disease such as Blue tongue in sheep & goat, theileriasis, trypanosoniasis (blood protozoan disease), Anthrax, ephemeral fever, etc. in cattle are already on the rise. Climate change with afford food resources greatly hamper in general immune status of animals as well as human beings. High hot and cold climate exerts lot of stress on animals giving way for opportunistic pathogen to take upper hand. The impact of climate change on emergence and reemergence of animal diseases has been confirmed by majority of countries and territories. The three major animal disease i.e. Blue tongue, Rift valley fever and West Nile fever are likely to be occurred due to climate change. Recently occurrence of Japanese Encephalitis in Malkangiri district has created a great concern not only to the lives of innocent children but also to scientists/researchers/scholars/planners/administrators/ etc. Japanese encephalitis is caused by a Flavi viridae virus (or flavivirus), which is transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquitoes. Transmission of the disease is most likely during the summer months in temperate areas and during the rainy season and early dry season in tropical areas, when the mosquito populations are the highest. Japanese encephalitis is rare in travelers and the risk to short-term visitors to the region is very low, especially if they are just visiting urban areas. However, it has a high fatality rate and can cause chronic complications so it should be taken seriously. MATERIALS & METHODS Soon after occurrence of Japanese Encephalitis outbreak in Malkangiri district, ADRI expert team accompanying with expert teams of C.I.L., Cuttack, C.I.L., Berhampur and Bhawanipatna, proceeded to different affected villages of Kalimela, Korkonda and Podia block on 02.10.2016 and collected samples of blood/serum, EDTA blood and nasal swab of pigs. During visit of ADRI expert team , scientists of CADRAD, IVRI, Bareilly (U.P) headed by Dr. Himani Dhanze,Scientist,Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly,UP, also visited the local affected areas of JE. It was observed that tribal people have reared indigenous pigs adjacent to their houses surrounded by forest jungles and grown paddy crops where vector population is quite active at the time of dusk and dawn. In order to control mosquito population, fogging operation was adopted surrounding houses of tribal people including pig shed areas. The total number of Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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temporary enclosures/boxes created is 140 out of which 104 are constructed by district administration and 36 by private organization, where 7040 number & 2410 number of pigs were isolated and kept in these enclosures totaling to 9454 number. The ADRI with C.I.L export teams collected 148 Nos. samples of Serum & 4 nos. of EDTA blood from pigs of the J.E.affected villages in Korkunda, Kalimela & Padia block on 03.10.2016 & 04.10.2016 and submitted 152 no. of samples to CADRAD, Bareilly through the IVRI team for identification of the causative agent & necessary advice. Total 669 serum, 273 EDTA blood & 29 nasal swab, totalling 971 samples of pigs collected from 13 districts of the state such as Malkangiri, Puri, Balasore, Mayurbhanj, Koraput, Nabarangpur, Rayagada, Bolangir, Keonjhar, Kalahandi, Angul, Sambalpur, Ganjam from 22.09.2016 to 09.12.2016 are sent to CADRAD, IVRI, Bareilly, UP for surveillance study against Japanese Encephalitis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Total Pig samples sent to CADRAD, IVRI, Bareilly, U.P. for surveillance against Japanese Encephalitis were examined by applying molecular technique such as PCR, ELISHA which revealed that out of total 669 no. of Serum, 273 no. of EDTA Blood & 29 no. of nasal swab samples collected from 13 districts of the state of Odisha, 173 no. of serum, 29 no. of EDTA blood & 2 no. of nasal swab sample were found positive to J.E. which indicates that the animals might have recovered from the disease. In fact, the samples of serum, EDTA Blood, Nasal Swab which had been collected from pigs of affected villages of said three blocks of Malkanagiri district although showed positive results but the pigs are actually not exhibited any clinical signs of Japanese Encephalitis and there was neither piglet mortality nor abortion of sows or other symptoms. EDTA whole blood might have shown the presence of J.E. Virus in acute cases of J.E. affected pigs which has been recovered recently from diseases. The affected villages of Malkangiri District. Although pigs of the affected villages of J.E. showed positive for J.E. but no clinical symptoms manifested by them. Pigs act as an important amplifier of virus producing high viraemias which infect mosquito vector. Hence, rearing of pigs away from human habitation & control of mosquitoes vectors can prevent J.E. infection in human beings. Natural maintenance reservoirs for JE virus are birds of the family Ardeidal (herons & egrets). In swine , most commonly JE manifests as a reproductive diseases showing symptoms of abortion in sows – still birth or mummified fetuses, reduced number & motility of sperm in boars, live born piglets show neurologic signs of tremors & convulsions & may die soon after birth. Mortality in non-immune, infected piglets is up to 100%, mild febrile disease or sub clinical disease in non-pregnant females. Natural infection results in long lasting immunity. Mortality rate is near zero in adult swine. Humans are vulnerable to this disease and this disease is primary health concern in our country. Humans are considered a dead –end host. In humans, signs of Japanese Encephalitis are High fever with rigors, Headache, Sleepiness, Lack of normal activity, Neck stiffness, Difference in movements on both sides of the body, Stare (Vacant look), wide open eyes, Convulsions, Hyper ventilation (Rapid breathing or irregular breathing), Involuntary movements, Marked loss of weight. ( 82 )



Depending upon the disease process of JE, via-a-vis involvement of central nervous system, the encephalitis can be categorized into 3 stages (i) Prodromal Stage (ii) Acut Encephalitis Stage (iii) Convalescent (Recovery) Stage. More than 130 children died in Malkangiri District. Immunization Programme of children was carried out after J.E. subsided in the affected locality during 1st week of December 2016 to avoid further mortality of children. Although removing domestic pigs from areas of human habitation may reduce contact between amplifying hosts and vectors, it does not eliminate the presence of JEV – infected mosquitoes. Thus, pig removal does not negate JEV risk for humans. CONCLUSION Japanese encephalitis is caused by virus. It is passed to humans by the bite of infected mosquitoes. It cannot be transmitted by other humans. Japanese encephalitis is usually a mild illness. In many cases, there are no symptoms. However, in a small number of cases the illness is much more serious. In these people the infection may start with fever, tiredness, headache, vomiting, and sometimes confusion and agitation. This may progress to encephalitis (inflammation of the brain). While rainfall, temperature and humidity have a direct bearing on the outbreak and severity, endemicity of the diseases varies from region to region because it is dependent on climate. As a preventive and control measures, vaccination of children, mosquito control, surveillance in swine population should be strictly followed. The pigs may be reared at a distance place from human habitation. Control and containment measures require collaborative studies that must include meteorological, vector, health and veterinary department. Situation analysis and microstratification of vulnerable areas as per climate variation must be carried out. The impact of climatic factors on vectors, parasites and viruses must be accessed and risk maps as well as warning systems should be developed. Hygiene & Sanitation of pig rearing premises should be maintained by application of disinfectants. Awareness cum animal health camp may be organized at frequent intervals in the endemic areas to create awareness among people for early detection of disease symptoms. REFERENCE: 1) Solomon T: Japanese encephalitis.J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000, 68:405-415. 2) World Health Organization: Manual for the Laboratory Diagnosis of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection.2007. 3) Vaughn DW, Hoke CH: The epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis: prospects for prevention.Epidemiol Rev 1992, 14:197-221. 4) Debijit Bhowmik, S. Durai vel, Jyoti Jaiswal, K.K. Tripathi, K.P. Sampath Kumar- Japanese Encephalitis Epidemic in India- The Pharma Innovation Journal, Vol. 1 No.10 2012, Page-47 to 54. 5) Souvinir- 7 th National Seminar on Emerging Climate Change issue & sustainable management strategies, 8-10 February, 2014. 6) Shivachandra, S.B., Prasanna, S.B. and Kotresh, A.M.-Climate change… impact on livestock production systems-Pashudhan- Vol-36, September & October, 2010, 1-4 and 4. Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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SESSION - III

ENHANCING WATER USE EFFICIENCY More crop per drop of water, Emerging irrigation and drainage technologies, Improved agronomical practices, Desalination and other related technologies, Rainwater harvesting and reuse in different sectors, Ground water modeling and management, Forest water management, Water productivity through farm mechanization and precision farming, Participatory irrigation management ensuring equity, Modern technologies for soil and water management.

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INFLUENCES OF RHIZOBIUM INOCULATION ON QUALITY SEEDLING PRODUCTION OF WOODY LEGUME TREE (KARANJ) DIPTIMAYEE DASH*, SUJATA DARPAN AND S. B. GUPTA Department of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur. * Corresponding author: [email protected], Ph: 09893786084 Forests play a significant role in the carbon cycle on our planet. When forests are cut down, not only does carbon absorption cease, but also the carbon stored in the trees is released into the atmosphere as CO2 if the wood is burned or even if it is left to rot after the deforestation process. Hence, deforestation is an important factor in global climate change. It is estimated that more than 1.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide are released to the atmosphere due to deforestation, mainly the cutting and burning of forests, every year. Over 30 million acres of forests and woodlands are lost every year due to deforestation; causing a massive loss of income to poor people living in remote areas who depend on the forest to survive. Due to high population pressure, the forest is experiencing problems like illicit felling; shifting cultivation which leads to climate change, soil erosion, declining soil fertility and land degradation. Most of the forests lands are now barren and raising plantations of forests is essential followed by artificial regeneration mainly with fast growing leguminous multipurpose tree species. Though there is an immense scope for expanding forest plantations in its barren degraded lands, but low fertility of the area is creating a major problem for the successful establishment of some important tree species. Adding chemical fertilizers for maintaining the soil fertility in such areas is costly and cumbersome to use over vast plantation areas besides causing soil pollution if not judiciously used and sometimes environmentally hazardous. Planting leguminous trees may be an important option to enrich the soil nitrogen status since they form nodules in their root with symbiotic association of Rhizobium and fix atmospheric nitrogen. Rhizobium inoculation improve the quality of tree seedlings which are better adopted to withstand the adverse condition as bio-fertilizer has tremendous potential to provide plant nutrients by boosting in microbial population present in soil which in turn makes the insoluble nutrients available for growth of the plants. Rhizobium inoculation of NFTs at seedling stage helps in producing healthy stocks in nursery, capable of growing successfully when planted in field. The inoculation effects on growth and nodulation of some important forest legumes has been studied indicating tremendous potentiality of these biofertilizer in improving health of soil as well as plant stock. Due to Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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nitrogen fixing ability and fast rate of litter decomposition, it also helps in ameliorating the soil. There is a good demand for the superior planting stock of this species annually under various tree planting programmes. Pongamia pinnata (Karanj) (sub-family Paplionaceae , Family: -Leguminosae,) is one of the important Nitrogen Fixing Leguminous Tree (NFT) species which has large industrial and economic potential for timber, fodder, fuel and medicinal purpose. As it is a potential tree born oil seed and an important NFT species, the ultimate objective is to enhance sustainable production by using of eco-friendly microbes like effective Rhizobium culture. A polybag experiment was conducted in glass house of Department of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur with eight treatments replicated thrice to assess the impact of effective homologous Rhizobium inoculation to Karanj legume tree seedlings. The treatments comprised of inoculation with Karanj Rhizobium alone and along with 3 levels of N (N1, N2 and N3 as 50mg, 150mg and 400mg N/seedling) and application of 3 levels of N alone including one control. This involved isolation of Rhizobium from nodule of Karanj and its characterization which could be effective for raising nitrogen rich healthy vigorous nursery stocks for large scale plantation in degraded waste land. Rhizobium isolate from nodulated Karanj plant was tested for Gram staining reaction and results showed the isolate was gram negative. The isolate on YEMA media produced white translucent colonies of circular shape and raised, smooth surface with entire edge and creamy white in colour. Results revealed that Rhzobium inoculation of karanj significantly increased biologically fixed amount of nitrogen resulting significantly higher growth of seedlings over uninoculated. Further application of N 2 dose along with Rhizobium inoculation showed significant effect. Nodulation was found significantly maximum (no.47 and dry weight 0.374g per seedling) in Rhizobium + N2 treatment at 120 DAT while very sparse nodulation (03) at control. Significantly higher biomass 16.8 g/seedling, higher N uptake mg/seedling (90.75) by shoot of Karanj was achieved at R + N2 against 15.34 mg/seedling at control at 150DAT. Quality Index (as per Dickson) was higher for inoculated seedlings over uninoculated. Two times increase in QI of karanj seedlings at 150 DAT was observed in inoculated seedlings over control. Maximum Quality Index of 0.207 was found for seedlings receiving Rhizobium inoculation along with N2 dose of N while in control QI was minimum (0.075). Inoculation treatments were highly significant w .r. to growth parameters, biomass accumulation, and nodulation over control.

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EFFECT OF WATER USE IN MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS IN SUGARCANE B C JENA Former Professor and Head Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, O.U.A.T., Bhubaneswar-751003, Odisha, Ph: - 9776404406 (M) Sugar cane is an important cash crop not only in Odisha but also in India. It is the source of sugar, molasses, gur and press mud. Its by-products have various industrial and medicinal values. Due to its sugar content an array of 288 species of pests invade the crop during its various growth stages. In Odisha the predominant tissue borers are early shoot borer (ESB) (Chilotraea Infuscatellus Snell), the stalk borer (SB), (Chilo auricilius Dudgeon) and top shoot borer (TSB) (Scirpophaga excerptalis Wlk). Their larvae are injurious to the crop (Jena, et al, 1994a,b). Several a biotic factors viz., temperature, relative humidity and rainfall influence the development, survival, feeding, fecundity, dispersal, distribution and abundance of insect pests. High temperature favours the multiplication of early shoot borer profusely (Easwaramoorthy, 1986). There was huge population of ESB at an average maximum temperature of 35.62 O to 40.1O C and relative humidity of 40-45%. Whereas, after the unset of monsoon the pests activities declined drastically. (Avasthy and Tiwari, 1986; Siva Rao and Rao, 1961). Gupata (1956) revealed that light shower and cloudy weather were detrimental for ESB multiplication. Borer activities declined with progress of monsoon rains Keeping in views about the effect of water use on the activities of ESB, SB and TSB, the field experiment was carried out in the farmer’s field at Nayagarh district consecutively during 1992-93 and 1993-94 in a Randomized Block Design with 3 replications and seven treatments taking the varity CO62175. The three budded setts @ 40000/ ha were planted on February 20 in both the years. All other inter cultural operations as per state recommendation were timely attended. In each treatment the combinations of various management strategies for tissue borers viz., application of fertilizers, irrigation at 10-15 days interval before unset of monsoon rain, earthing at 30,60 and 90days after planting (DAP), application of carbofuran 3G @ 1.0kg a,i/ha, burning of trash after harvest, removal of dead hearts (DH) and their destruction, removal of first leaf sheath to remove the egg masses of ESB and their destruction and removal of water shoots were adopted to determine the ESB and SB infestation. In order to know the extent of shoot damage caused by ESB total number of shoots and number of damage shoots (DH) were counted from 20 spots of 10m2 of each plot selected randomly. The observation commenced from 30 DAP and continued up to 120 DAP at the interval of 15days before internode formation. Similarly the SB intensity and incidence were recorded by counting the total number of Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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internodes and the number of damaged internode from randomly selected 100 infested canes of each plot. The observation on incidence and intensity were started from 225 DAP and continued up to 375 DAP (at harvest), at 30days interval. The loss in cane weight was recorded by taking the weight of damaged internodes VS the weight of the infested canes. Simultaneously the TSB incidence and intensity were recorded coinciding with the date of observations for SB. The data recorded on several aspects of experiments were statistically analyzed after appropriate transformations according to Snedecor and Cochran(1967). Finally the data were pooled across the years to draw the conclusion. It was revealed from the studies that ESB infestation was positively and significantly correlated with maximum, minimum and mean temperature in both the years. Quite reversely it was pin-pointed that irrigation with interval of 10datys commencing from complete germination of planted setts till on set of monsoon rains resulted in the lowest infestation (4.24%). Whereas, in untreated check it was 20.12% dead heart. Similarly the increase of rain fall in Kharif season caused increase of intensity and incidence of stalk borer. The well drained field conditions registered 10.52% internode damage. While in without drainage conditions the intensity of attack was maximum (18.18%) internode damage.TSB infestation also increased with increase in age of the crop within fourth week of September to third week of February when the mean maximum temperature (29.1O to 38.6O C) and mean minimum temperature (15.72O to 27.4O C) and the relative humidity (54.4 to 79%) along with ceassasion of rainfall. These climatologically variables favoured the multiplications of top shoot borer. The highest TSB incidence was 24.33 % (cane damaged) It was concluded from the studies that frequent irrigation to the sugar cane planted crop before onset of monsoon rains reduced ESB infestation. Stalk borer infestation could be minimized in well drained field conditions. Therefore, use of water in growing sugar cane crop plays pivotal role in suppression of pests attack.

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STUDIES ON SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWERED MICRO-IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN WATER SAVING AEROBIC RICE CULTIVATION M.K.GHOSAL1 AND N.SAHOO2 Department of Farm Machinery and Power, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751003, Odisha, India Corresponding, [email protected], Ph. 09556271208 A water saving technology and less water consuming rice production system without any compromise with the decline in yield are the urgent necessity of the present scenario of increasing water scarcity and achieving food security for the fast growing population of our country. One such crop growing practice, introduced recently is through aerobic method of rice cultivation which has been developed as a promising and viable technology for the situation where uncertainty in assured irrigation and irregularity of rainfall prevail. Submergence of rice field continuously with water for longer period in a crop growing season in traditional method of rice cultivation is now a major concern for global warming due to the emission of most potent greenhouse gas i.e. methane to the atmosphere. Shifting from flooded to non-flooded method of rice cultivation may therefore be the need of the hour to address the above issues. Efficient water management through microirrigation, particularly by drip irrigation in non-flooded, unsaturated or un-puddled rice cultivation system may be a viable option looking into the present day’s major constraints of water stress and increasing concentration of atmospheric methane. The erratic grid supply of electricity and increasing cost of diesel/petrol for use in pump sets are becoming a great problem for the resource poor farmers of the country like India in achieving assured irrigation. An attempt is therefore made to develop a portable solar photovoltaic powered drip irrigation system for aerobic rice cultivation in order to face the today’s challenges of energy crisis, water scarcity, global warming and ultimately climate change for achieving sustainable production and productivity of rice mostly in the water-deficient, non-irrigated and off-grid areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS Design and development of solar photovoltaic (SPV) drip irrigation system has been made for cultivating paddy in 1 acre (0.4 ha) of land to achieve secured irrigation and to improve water use efficiency mostly in aerobic method of cultivation. The details of the experimental set up are mentioned below (Fig. 1). The experiments were carried out during the year 2014-15 in Swastik farm, Ranpur, District Nayagarh, Odisha, which lies at the latitude of 20 0 15’ N and longitude of 85 0 52’ E and coming under warm and humid Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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climatic condition. Paddy was cultivated in rabi and summer seasons. The soil type of the experimental site is sandy loam and the climate of the study area is humid and sub tropical in nature. The Cost Estimate for Solar Photovoltaic Powered Drip irrigation System i.

Solar PV Module of 1000 watt @ Rs. 50 per wp

= Rs.

50,000

ii.

1 hp DC motor with pump set

= Rs.

80,000

iii.

Mounting structure

= Rs.

15,000

iv.

Civil works/Balance of system

= Rs.

20,000

v.

Drip set up for 1 acre land

= Rs.

35,000

Total

= Rs. 2, 00,000

Fig1: Experimental Set-up for Solar Water Pumping Based Drip Irrigation in Aerobic Rice The variety chosen for the study was CR Dhan-200 (Pyari). This variety of rice was cultivated for the present study in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed solar PV drip irrigation device with respect to production and productivity, without depending upon conventional source of energy and flooded system of watering practice. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION There was the saving of 40-45 % of water for irrigation purpose compared to the conventional method, mitigation of 0.55 million tones of CO2 with the replacement of existing diesel and electric pump sets and 0.2 million tones of CH4 from 4.0 million hectares of rice fields in the state of Odisha, India, through the system, developed by adopting aerobic rice cultivation. The pay- back period of the set up is estimated to be 4 years and total annual saving may be of Rs. 675 crore due to reduction in the use of electrical energy and petroleum fuels through the existing pump sets in the state. Monthly income of Rs. ( 90 )



4000/- throughout the year was achieved by adopting aerobic rice cultivation in 1 acre (0.4 ha) of land. Conclusion A portable solar photovoltaic powered drip-irrigation system for aerobic rice cultivation in warm and humid climate of Odisha appears to be a viable proposition looking into the present day’s concerns of water scarcity and energy crisis in agricultural sector. The following conclusions may be drawn from the study. i. ii.

iii.

iv.

v. vi.

vii.

Monthly income of Rs. 4000/- throughout the year may be possible by adopting aerobic rice cultivation in 1 acre of land both during rabi and summer seasons. The small and marginal farmers of the state may be attracted to adopt solar photo voltaic powered water pumping system as the hourly operating cost is Rs. 71/hour and Rs. 44/hour for electric pump set and Rs. 100/hour for diesel pump set. Pay- back period of the proposed set up is 4 years, due to which, it may be easily accepted by the small and marginal farmers of the state inspite of its high initial cost. Total annual CO2 emissions can be mitigated by 0.55 million tones with the replacement of existing diesel and electric pump sets in our state by the adoption of a reliable solar photo voltaic powered system in irrigation sector. Total annual CH4 emissions can be mitigated by 0.2 million tones from 4.0 million hectares rice fields in Odisha Total annual electrical energy consumption from 1.38 lakhs electric pump sets can be saved in the tune of 15 x 107 kWh (saving around 15 crore units of electricity costing about Rs. 75 crores/annum) Total annual diesel consumption from 2.47 lakhs diesel pump sets can be saved in the tune of 10 x 107 litres of diesel (saving around Rs. 600 crores/annum)

REFERENCES 1.

H. Pathak and P.K.Aggarwal. 2012. Low carbon technologies for agriculture: A study on rice and wheat systems in Indo-Gangetic plains. Division of Environmental Science, IARI, New Delhi. 2. T. Parthasarathi, K. Vanitha, P. Lakshamanakumar and D. Kalaiyarasi. 2012. Aerobic rice-mitigating water stress for the future climate change. International Journal of Agronomy and plant Production. 3(7): 241-254. 3. Jay Shankar Singh, 2010. Capping methane emission. Science reporter, September, 2010, page 29-30. (Footnotes) Professor, Dept. of Farm Machinery and Power, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2 Associate Professor, Dept. of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, OUAT, Bhubaneswar Corresponding E-mail: [email protected], Ph. 9556271208 1


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EFFECT OF WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HEAT TOLERANT POTATO CV. KUFRI SURYA IN THE COASTAL ZONE OF ODISHA D. GHOSAL, A. MISHRA, A.K.MOHANTY, P.C. SATPATHY AND A. SASMAL AICRP on Potato, OUAT, Bhubaneswar [email protected] Mob.- 9437049015 Potato crop is very sensitive to weed infestation. Weeds, particularly at early growth stage, compete with the crop for nutrients, water and space and drastically reduce crop productivity. Heavy weed growth also hinders the intercultural operation in potato. A field experiment was conducted in the research Farm of AICRP on Potato, OUAT, Bhubaneswar during 2014-15 to evaluate the impact of weed management practices on the yield and economics of potato cv. Kufri Surya, a promising heat tolerant variety suitable for potato growing regions experiencing somewhat higher atmospheric temperature (where the heat sensitive varieties produce low yield). METHODOLOGY The trial was laid out in randomized block design with 3 replications. The treatments included- T1 : Weedy check; T2 : Weed free condition throughout the season; T3 : Hand weeding at 30 days and weed free condition up to maturity; T4 : Hand weeding at 40 days and weed free condition up to maturity; T5 : Hand weeding at 50 days and weed free condition up to maturity; T6 : Herbicide (Metribuzin @ 0.75 kg/ha) as pre-emergence spray, and T7 : Herbicide (Metribuzin @ 0.75 kg/ha) as post emergence at 10% of plant emergence. Standard agronomic practices were followed for raising the crop. RESULTS & DISCUSSION It was observed that weed free condition over the whole crop growth period (T2) exhibited highest tuber yield of 15.93 t/ha and net return of Rs.39,016 /ha. Next best treatment was found to be the pre-emergence application of Metribuzin (T6) which exhibited tuber yield of 14.68 t/ha and net return of Rs. 30,575/ha. If single weeding is to be practiced, weeding at 30 days after planting (T3) recorded higher tuber yield (12.95t/ha) and net income (Rs.14,971/ha) than weeding at 40 days (T4) & 50 days (T5). Similarly, preemergence application of Metribuzin performed better than its post emergence application. ( 92 )



Table 1. Tuber yield and economics of potato under different weed management practices Treatment

Tuber Yield (t/ha)

T1 : Weedy check T2 : Weed free throughout season

11.02 15.93

Total Cost of Cultivation (Rs./ha) 93,819 96,389

Gross income (Rs./ha)

Net Return (Rs./ha)

95,200 1,35,405

1,381 39,016

T3 : Hand weeding at 30 days and weed free up to maturity T4 : Hand weeding at 40 days and weed free up to maturity

12.95

95,104

1,10,075

14,971

11.58

95,361

98,430

3,069

T5 : Hand weeding at 50 days and weed free up to maturity

12.47

95,618

1,05,995

10,377

T6 : Herbicides (Metribuzin @ 0.75 kg/ha) pre-emergence

14.68

94,205

1,24,780

30,575

T7 : Herbicides (Metribuzin @ 0.75 kg/ha) as post emergence at 10% of plant emergence C.D.(P=0.05)

13.45

94,205

1,14,325

20,120

2.05

* Price of potato= Rs. 8.50 /kg CONCLUSION The experiment highlights the importance of early weeding in potato crop either through manual method or by application of chemicals. Keeping in view the serious shortage of labour and hike in labour wage in near future, pre-emergence application of Metribuzin is recommended for higher yield and more profit from potato cultivation.


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EMERGING IRRIGATION TECHINIQUES-A CASE STUDY SUSHREE SANGITA DASH* AND C.R SUBUDHI** *Student ** Asso. Prof. Dept of SWCE, CAET, OUAT, BBSR Mob-9658841455, [email protected] Irrigation is a vital input in the agricultural productivity and agricultural growth. In India, the average water use efficiency of irrigation projects is assessed to be roughly 3035%. There is no doubt that modern irrigation system like concrete lining to the inner surface of the open channel; canal automation etc. will save water loss significantly. But these techniques require huge capital investment, hence difficult to adopt. On this background it is appropriate to know the innovative, simple, low cost, easy to adopt, water conveyance techniques used in the command areas of few irrigation projects in Maharashtra. The paper discusses the need to increase the Water Use Efficiency of existing irrigation projects and new projects and the success case studies in detail. The findings show that such pioneering techniques if implemented in the command areas of other irrigation projects as and where found techno economically feasible to achieve improvement in crop yield and good water management with high water use efficiency. Ultimate irrigation potential of India is 140 million hectare. Irrigation potential to the tune of about 102 million hectare has been created through major, medium and minor surface water irrigation projects and use of ground water. However, present potential utilisation is about 87 million hectare only (Mahato 2013). Irrigation sector is the biggest consumer of water as more than 80% of available water resources in India are being presently utilized for irrigation purposes. Presently the annual agricultural output is just sufficient to sustain our food grain requirement. To meet the challenge of regular expansion in population growth, the productivity of the water and land has to match the demand as both the resources are limited. Supplying water to the crop at right time, right place and right quantity is the main objective of good irrigation management, but in case of surface water reservoirs, the irrigation water is supplied to the farm with the conventional wide spread open channel network. In fact, the above system is not capable to meet time based crop water need due to decrease in water use efficiency of the system over time. As the time passes lot of deficiencies including low water use efficiency get involved in this type of network. Some of the case studies are discussed. Jai Malhar Water user Association, Indore Minor Irrigation Project, Dist: Nasik It is established in the command of Indore Minor irrigation Project, 22 km away from Nasik city covering 157 hectare. Before implementation of the innovative PVC pipe conveyance and water distribution network, only 20 to 30 hectare area was getting the irrigation benefit due to loss through open channel water distribution network. Very few farmers in the upper head area used to get the benefit. Tail enders suffered from deficit. To maximize the benefit and equitable distribution of water, the WUA dispensed with open channel and adopted innovative water conveyance and distribution by PVC pipe system. ( 94 )



An innovative irrigation technique for vegetable cultivation A project supported by National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP-KVK) in Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh. Farmers opted to grow cucurbits viz., bitter guard, and sponge guard in late summer season of 2012-13 in 0.1 ha area. Farmers saved crop from drought due to delayed monsoon and got net profit Rs.15200/- from 0.1 ha land till date. It included using of saline bottles as drip irrigation technique. Wavi Harsh Water User Association, Dist. Nasik It was a lift irrigation scheme, lifting water from the Vaitarana Major Project and supplying irrigation to the tribal farmers on the upstream sides of the reservoir. It is situated in Nasik District of Maharashtra. A common jack well is constructed on the upstream side of the dam. The hilly command area of the WUA is 371 ha, divided into 20 small chaks. RESULTS The common Values of above case studies are listed below· Simple, low maintenance, low cost, long lasting and adoptable system · High water use efficiency · No land is wasted. No land acquisition. · Equitable water distribution. · Helps to ensures water rights. · Minimum conflicts. · No one can draw water out of turn. · Any individual farmer can exchange his share with the adjacent needy farmer. · Tail Enders water right is assured. · Manageable turnout discharge · Construction of pipe network is easier, cheaper and quicker than in open channel water Distribution network · Induces Crop diversification and adoption of high yielding crops. · conjunctive use of surface and Ground water is possible · No water logging CONCLUSION It is concluded that specially designed closed pipe water distribution network improves the crop yield significantly. It saves considerable amount of water with trouble-free irrigation management. Land acquisition being the major hurdle in development of irrigation potential can be avoided which helps to maximize the utilization of created irrigation potential. Reference Bhalge P.S. & Holsambre, D.G; 2009, PVC Pipe Distribution Network - An alternative solution to open channel gravity flow irrigation network’, International Conference on food security and environment Sustainability, IIT Kharakpur, Dec. 17-19, 2009. Mahto Shankar (2013), Present Status of Water Use Efficiency on Irrigation Projects in India and Action taken for its improvement including role of role of farmers, Training Program on Increasing Water Use Efficiency (WUE) in irrigation Sector, NWA, Pune, 21 January – 1 February 2013, 09-19. Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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CROP DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGY FOR DORIKA WATERSHED UNDER CHANGING CLIMATIC CONDITION M.C. TALUKDAR, A. GOGOI AND G. GOSWAMI KANDALI Department of Soil Science Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat Assam receives about 80 % of the total annual rainfall (2818 mm) during pre monsoon and monsoon seasons while about 20% is received during winter season. Due to changing climatic condition, the state is experiencing scanty or no rain situation during winter season. As a result, the rabi and summer crops encounter mild to severe agricultural drought which reduces the productivity and discourage farmers opting second crop. To deal with such climatic aberration, provisioning of life saving or supplementary irrigation becomes imperative for cultivation of rabi crops. Dorika watershed in Sibsagar district covers an area of 27,353.0 ha out of which 17,570 ha is cultivated area. Most of the cultivated areas under this watershed remain inundated for most part of the rainy season, but during winter season the river almost dry up and provisioning life saving irrigation become a daunting task. It was estimated that annually 7.14 million ton sediment was lost through the river Dorika with an annual discharge rate of 0.11 million hectre meter of water. Under such situation, rain water harvesting appears to be useful proposition for harnessing excess rainfall for second crop (Moon et al., 2012). In-channel water harvesting either by training a river loop or through construction of series of check dams might assist for storing water for supplementary irrigation and for crop diversification during rabi season (Jasrotia et al., 2009) The present study emphasised on in-channel water harvesting through river training. The watershed atlas code of Dorika watershed is 3B3D1 (All India Soil Survey and Land Use Survey, 1990). Remote sensing and GIS techniques have immense potentialities for generation of soil resource map. Digital data of IRS, R-2 L4FX data of November and December, 2011 with spatial resolution of 5.8 m was used and geocoded using TNT mip (Map image processing) software with reference to toposheet. Geocoded FCC was visually interpreted and with conjunction with survey of India toposheet (1:50,000 scale).Remote sensing data (IRS, Resourcesat-2, L4 FX) were georeferenced and digitized to delineate the river boundary based on drainage pattern, water flow path and ground truth verification. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was also used to see the water flow path. Finally watershed and river boundary area were extracted from the imagery with the help of GIS (Vadivelu et al. 2004). Wide textural variation was observed in surface soil sample of the entire study area. The texture varied from light to heavy textured soil (sandy loam to clay). The sand, silt and ( 96 )



clay content varied from 8.5 to 70.8, 10.1 to 58.1 and 10.1 to 54.5 per cent respectively. Medium to high organic carbon (0.55 to 1.62 per cent) was observed in the surface soil sample of Dorika watershed. Soils of the entire watershed were acidic in nature with pH range from 4.56 to 5.89. Exchangeable Al3+ was the dominant acidic component contributing to the exchange acidity (H+ and Al+3) in the soils. Among the basic cations Ca+2 was dominant followed by Mg+2. Cation exchange capacity varied from 5.1 to 13.9 cmol (p+)kg -1. The available N, P2O5 and K2O ranged from 188.16 to 504.18, 12.6 to 34.5 and 119.7 to 370.7 kgha-1 respectively. On the basis of remote sensing and ground truth of river water course few river training sites/river course loop are proposed (Das, 2001). In doing so minimum disturbances in built up area, cultivated area and economics were considered. The present study is on one in-channel water harvesting loop structure along the course of the river covering latitude 270 12 373 N to 270 22 93 N and longitude 940 362 273 E to 940 362 533 E with an area of 75.34 m2 (approximately) and with the loop length of 2500 m. This structure will be able to store 19.35 hectre meter of water during rainy season. Assuming 40% water loss through evaporation, seepage, infiltration, remaining 11.61 hectre meter of water would be available in the storage loop structure along the river course. Considering the irrigation requirement of different rabi crops, it is estimated that the stored water can be used for providing life saving irrigation in 193 ha for potato,/rapeseed, 232.2 ha for cabbage, 77.4 ha for tomato/direct seeded ahu rice and for 50.4 ha for transplanted ahu rice (Shweta et al,2010) References Das, S.N. (2001).Soil and land formation for water shed development. All India soil and land use survey. Technical Bulletin. Jasrotia, A.S.; Abinash, M.and Singh, S.(2009). Water balance approach for rain water harvesting using remote sensing and GIS techniques, Jammu Himalaya, India. Water Resource Manage.223:35-55. Moon, S.H.; Lee, J.Y.; Lee, B.J.; Park, K.H. and Jo, Y.J.(2012). Quality of harvested rain water in artificial recharge site on Jeju volcanic island, Korea. J.Hydrol.414-415:268-277. Shweta, A.; Ardak, M.S.S.; Nagaraju, Prasad Jagadish, Srivastava, Rajeev and Barthwal, A.K.(2010). Characterization and evaluation of land resources in khapri village of Nagpur district, Maharashtra using high resolution satellite data and GIS. Agropedology 20 (1):0718. Vadivelu, S.;Baruah, U.;Bhaskar,B.P.; Thampi,J.; Sarkar,D.and Bhutte,P.S.(2005).Evaluation for soil suitability to rice based cropping system in the river island Majuli of Assam. J.Indian Sic.Soil Sci.53:35-40. Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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FORESTS ARE KEY FOR HIGH QUALITY WATER SUPPLY ARUN KUMAR SWAIN1 AND ASHOK KUMAR PATTANAIK2 1.

O.F.S. – I (SB), Divisional Forest Officer, Athgarh Division. 2. Advocate Orissa High Court, Cuttack-mob-9437270677

Access to clean water is one of the most fundamental of human rights, but currently more than three billion people lack access to clean water. Generally it is not because water supplies are insufficient. Rather, this crisis is due to an inability to organize supply properly to meet demand. This failure is particularly frustrating in that nature contains the necessary mechanisms to provide clean, healthy water, including the filtering effect provided by healthy forests in watersheds. Yet in many parts of the world environmental mismanagement has led to a critical shortage of freshwater. “Forests are part of the natural infrastructure of any country and are essential to the water cycle”, said EduardsRojus-briales, Asst. Director General of (FAO) Forestry departments. Fforests reduce the effects of floods, prevent soil erosion, regulate the water table and assure a high quality water supply for people, industry and agriculture”. Forests are in most cases an optimal land cover for catchments supplying drinking water. Forest watersheds supply a high proportion of water for domestic, agricultural, industrial and ecological need. The management of water and forests are closely linked and require innovative policy solutions which take in to account the cross cutting nature of these vital resources “said Jan McAlbine, Director of the United Nations Forum on forests Secretariat. The international year of Forests, 2011 provides a unique platform to raise awareness of issues such as the water-soil forests nexus, which directly affect the quality of people’s lives, their livelihood and food security. Moreover forests and trees contribute to the reduction of water relates risks, such as landslides, local floods and droughts and help prevent desertification and salinization. Today, at least one third of the world’s biggest cities such as New York, Singapore, Jakarta, Rio De-Janeiro, Bogota, Madrid and Cape Town draw a significant portion of their drinking water from Forested areas. If properly utilized, forest catchment areas can provide at least a partial solution for municipalities needing more or cleaner water. Naturally Clean Water Forested watersheds generally offer higher-quality water than watersheds under alternative land uses, if only because virtually all the alternatives – agriculture, industry and settlement – are likely to increase the amounts of pollutants entering headwaters. Quality can also be higher because forests sometimes help to regulate soil erosion and ( 98 )



reduce sediment load, although the extent and significance of this function will vary. Undisturbed forest with understorey, leaf litter and organically enriched soil is the best watershed land cover for minimizing erosion by water. While forests are less able to control some contaminants (the human parasite Giardia lamblia, for example), in most cases the presence of forests can substantially reduce the need for treatment for drinkingwater and thus radically reduce costs of supplying water. Where municipalities have protected forests for their water resources, quality issues have generally been the primary motivation. In Tokyo, Japan, for example, the Metropolitan Government Bureau of Waterworks manages the forest in the upper reaches of the Tama River to increase the capacity to recharge water resources, to prevent reservoir sedimentation, to increase the forest’s water purification capacity and to conserve the natural environment. In Sydney, Australia, the Catchment Authority manages about onequarter of the catchment as a buffer zone to stop nutrients and other substances that could affect the quality of water from entering storage areas. Generating Momentum on forests and water :It is well known that water used by forests can be influenced and reduced by prudent forests planning and management practices such as planting of appropriate tree species. Countries are stepping up policy and project activities to increase forest area for the protection of soil and water. Eight per cent of the world’s forests have soil and water conservation as their primary objectives. While every hectare of forest make a huge contribution to regulating water cycles,around 330 million hectors of World’s forests are designated for soil and water conservation, avalanche control sand dunes stabilization, desertification control or costal protection. This area increased by 59 million hectors between 1990 and 2010. The recent increase is largely due to large scale planting in China for protective purpose. Topics related to forests and water interaction have gained international attentions in recent years. Many relevant conference and events have been organized between 2008 and 2010, each of them looking at forests and water issues from a different prospective (eg- Integrated water catchment area management and the role of forests in precipitation). Based on the outcomes of these meetings, a set of practical actions on forests and water supply are currently being developed for policy makers and technicians. Work is also continuing at the project level particularly in trans boundary water courses. One very prominent example in the “Fouta and Jallon High lands (F & H). Integrated Natural Resources management projects” in West Africa. This ten year project, supported by globalenvironment facility, and jointly implemented by FAO, UNEP and the African Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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Union, involves eight countries (Gambia, Guinea, Guinla Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal and Sierra Leone) Taking in to consideration of scarcity of water in the forest our state Forest & Environment department have taken different preventive & remedial majors such as : Construction of Check dams across the Nalas and perennial stream in side forests for retention of water during Summer & Winter for use by wild lives so that they will not come out side.  Slope management along the contours by digging staggered trenches for recharging ground water.  Massive vegetative coverage along the contour but across the slope for checking and regulating runoff water.  Gully plugging across the small Nalas from top to bottom.  Construction of contour bond in mild slope areas.  Creation of water bodies in plane areas for use by wild lives.  Fire protection measure mainly for prevention of ground fire for re-jurinationof regeneration and young shoots. To end the chapter we have the following precious message to mankind “Let us think globally and act locally to conserve every drop of water to make our Global attempt a successful one”.

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MODELING REFERENCE CROP EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION USING WATER LEVEL DEPLETION IN CONVENTIONAL PLASTIC JARS TRIDEV RATH AND DR. B. C. SAHOO Ph. D student (Corresponding author; email ID: [email protected]); Associate Professor, Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, CAET, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India Estimation of reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) in remote areas considering the depletion of water level in conventional plastic jars has been addressed in the present study. Knowledge about ETo and crop coefficient (Kc) is absolutely necessary for estimating crop evapotranspiration (ETc). Neither the farmer is adequately trained to estimate ETo nor he has any access to collect the same from nearby crop weather observatory. Still the farmer is very often blamed for injudicious use of irrigation water. In the present study, a regression model has been developed through analysis of the rate of evaporation from regular size plastic jars placed at the close proximity of the evaporation pan and ETo values recorded by class A pan evaporimeter in the crop weather observatory. Daily ETo value measured by class A pan evaporimeter was found to bear a polynomial relationship with evaporation rate of the plastic jar. Performance of the model so developed was tested using statistical tools like root mean squared error (RMSE), percent deviation (PD) and scatter plots. Further, the performance of the model was also verified by installing the plastic jars near a crop field at 100 m distance and in a fallow land at 400 m distance away from the observatory. In both the cases, the predicted ETo values were found to be in close agreement with the actual ETo recorded by pan evaporimeter in the observatory. Keywords: Reference crop evapotranspiration; class A pan evaporimeter; water level depletion; Plastic jar Introduction Water, a natural resource base for agricultural crop production, is gradually becoming scarcer due to the increasing demand of the growing population and industrialization inter-linked with large scale urbanization. Report reveals that the global water consumption is getting almost doubled in every 20 years. Irrigated agriculture is being practiced over 300 million hectares of land across the globe today and it covers about 20% of the total cultivable area (FAO, 2010). Literature also specifies that the irrigation efficiency is as low as 50 – 60% in many cases (Michael, 1978). In addition to increasing pressure on the resource from various sectors, injudicious use of the water in agriculture has pushed many regions of the globe into the crisis of water scarcity. Furthermore, due to higher dependency on the groundwater, the water table irrespective of location across the world is declining at an alarming rate than ever before. Thus, it has become imperative to develop Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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effective water management practices in agriculture for conserving the natural resource without affecting the crop production. With advent of time, several methods (Holland and Steyn, 1975; Monteith, 1981; Shuttle worth, 1993) and models (FAO, 1998) have been developed so far to estimate ETo, the basic parameter in calculation of consumptive use of crops. These methods require a number of weather parameters which are unlikely to be available easily to the farmers. On the other hand, there is no such user-friendly tool or instrument available with the farmer to determine daily ETo values. Hence, a simple but approximate method for estimating daily ETo values by the farmers using depletion of water level in conventional plastic jars kept near the crop field or in the open space accessible to the farmer has been envisaged in the present study. The plastic jars locally available in remote areas have been used in the study to estimate ETc of crops using the depletion of water level in them. Materials & Methods The Experiment was carried out in the agricultural farm of Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha during summer season of 2013. The site is located at 20p 15’ N latitude and 85p 52’ E longitude at an elevation of 25.9 m above mean sea level. The average climate experienced in the experimental site is moist sub-humid. The mean annual temperature is 27.4 °C. Summers (March to June) are hot and humid with temperature in the range of 30 – 45 oC. Maximum temperature during peak summer (May and June) often exceeds 40 °C. Winter lasts for only about ten weeks with seasonal lows dipping to 15–18 °C in December and January. January, the coldest month, has temperatures varying from 15–28 °C. Rains brought by the Bay of Bengal branch of the south west summer monsoon lash Bhubaneswar between June and September (rainy season) supplying 80% of the mean annual rainfall (1,542 mm). The highest monthly rainfall total of 330 mm occurs during August. Rice is the predominant crop grown extensively in the state during monsoon season. Maize, oilseeds, pulses and vegetables are the other major crops grown in specific pockets during the year. Results and Discussion Observed data on depletion of water level in jar-1 and ETo values from Class A pan evaporimeter obtained on daily basis for a period of two months were put to regression analysis. Relationship functions between them were derived using Microsoft Excel software. Very close relationship between the variables was established under 2nd degree polynomial function as evidenced from the co-efficient of determination (R2=0.8484) value. The relationship between ETo and depletion of water level in jar-1 is expressed as follows: ( 102 )

(1) Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack


where, Dw = depletion of water level in the jar, mm. It implies that the ETo value increases with increase in the depletion of water level in the jar. However, the the ETo value under no depletion of water level in the jar is negligible. Conclusion The results from the experiment reveal that the depletion of water level in plastic jar bears a polynomial relation with the ETo measured by Class A pan evaporimeter. It is also observed that the location of the plastic jar with respect to distance from the pan as well as obstructions in between have some effect on the ETo values. This has been evidenced through slight overestimation of ETo when the distance is 400 m from the pan and slight underestimation when the jar is placed at a 100 m distance adjacent to a crop field. Hence, when this plastic jar is placed at a distance of 100 m near a crop field or at a distance of 400 m or in a fallow land, the depletion level in them can be used to estimate the ETo values with acceptable error. However, for farther distances from the pan evaporimeter, care must be taken to check the validity of the model before application. References Michael A M, (1978). Irrigation engineering Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd, 576, Masjid Road, Jangpura, New Delhi-110014. Holland, P.G., Steyn, D.G. (1975). Vegetational Responses to Latitudinal Variations In Slope Angle and Aspect, Journal Of Biogeography, vol. 2, 179-183. Murthy VVN (2001). Land and Water Management Engineering, Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana. Allen RG, Pereira L S, Raes D and Smith M. (1998). Crop evapotranspiration, Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56, FAO, Rome. FAO (2010). Crop Prospects and Food Situation. No. 2 (May). Rome.


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DEVELOPMENT OF CROP COEFFICIENT FOR GREEN CHILLI GROWN UNDER ROOF TOP GREEN HOUSE A.P. SAHU1 , A. CHOPDA2, S. C. SENAPATI3 AND B. PANIGRAHI4 1,3 and 4 are Associate Professor, Professor and Prof. & Head respectively, Dept. of Soil & Water Conservation Engg., College of Agril. Engg. & Technology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar. 2 is Ex-M.Tech. student, Dept. of SWCE, CAET, Bhubaneswar The experiment was conducted for growing green chilli on rooftop green house of College of Agricultural Engg. and Technology, Bhubaneswar during 2014-15. The height of the roof top was 11.3 m from ground surface. Based on measured temperature data as well as humidity, sunshine hours and wind the evapo-transpiration rate was determined by modified Blaney Criddle method. Chilli (Capsicum annuum cv. Utkal Ava) grown in pots were kept both inside and outside the greenhouse. MATERIAL & METHODS: The measurement of crop evapotranspiration was done by measuring the weight difference of the pot in two consecutive days. Total four manageable allowable depletion levels (MAD) of 10 (T1), 20 (T2), 30 (T3), 40 per cent (T4) of available soil moisture and one control treatment (T5) was selected for the experiment and irrigation to each treatment was given till soil moisture content reached field capacity. The quantity of water applied was equal to the quantity of water lost due to evapotranspiration in each pot. Stage wise crop coefficient values were determined by dividing reference evapotranspiration to crop evapotranspiration. The observation on yield of chilli was taken and the pot giving the highest yield was selected for crop coefficient determination. RESULTS & DISCUSSION The result showed that reference evapotranspiration inside the rooftop greenhouse was more than the outside rooftop condition. The reference evapotranspiration for different stages i.e. initial, development and mid season stage were 67.5, 124.5 and 221.63 mm respectively for inside greenhouse and 51.5, 100.7 and 194.7 mm for outside condition. The total average crop evapotranspiration inside the greenhouse throughout the growing period for different treatments i.e. T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 was found to be 312.89, 273.28, 237.92, 195.39 and 216.9 mm, respectively whereas 337.45, 304.15, 270.7, 248.87 and 257.93 mm outside the greenhouse. The chilli yield inside the green house for different treatment were observed and the maximum yield of 268.5 gm/plant was recorded in treatment T1 followed by treatment T2. Similarly, the yield for outside conditions was found to be highest in the ( 104 )



treatment T1 of 196.68 gm/plant. The crop coefficient for green chilli was obtained for all treatment inside and outside the greenhouse. The value of crop coefficient of chilli inside the greenhouse varied from 0.33 to 0.91 for treatment T1 (10 per cent MAD), 0.29 to 0.80 for treatment T2 (20 percent MAD), 0.26 to 0.68 for treatment T3(30 per cent MAD), 0.20 to 0.55 for treatment T4(40 per cent MAD) and 0.34 to 0.63 for treatment T5(control) as revealed from Table 1. Similarly the crop coefficient outside the greenhouse varied from 0.66 to 1.12 for treatment T1, 0.46 to 1.04 for treatment T2, 0.35 to 0.93 for treatment T3, 0.25 to 0.88 for treatment T4 and 0.32 to 0.90 for treatment T5. Table 1 Crop coefficient for chilli inside the greenhouse Stage 10% MAD (T1)

20% MAD (T2 )

Kc 30% MAD (T3)

Initial

0.33

0.29

0.26

0.20

0.34

Development

0.71

0.60

0.55

0.47

0.52

Mid-season

0.91

0.80

0.68

0.55

0.63

40% MAD (T4 )

Control (T5)

CONCLUSION: The crop coefficient determined for chilli inside the greenhouse for initial stage, development stage and the mid-season stage was 0.33, 0.71and 0.91 respectively for 10 per cent MAD treatment at which the crop yield was the highest. The developed crop coefficients will be helpful in determining the crop water requirement of green chilli and thus irrigation scheduling under rooftop greenhouse cultivation.


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ESTIMATION OF REFERENCE CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION BASED ON VARIOUS INPUT PARAMETER COMBINATIONS USING ANN SUMAN ROUT* AND B. C. SAHOO1 *

PG Intern, ITRA Water Project, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar (Corresponding author; email: [email protected]) 2 Associate Professor, CAET, OUAT, Bhubaneswar - 751003

Evapotraspiration (ET) is the substantial component of the hydrologic cycle. Direct measurement methods are cumbersome and time consuming. Empirical methods need local calibration and mostly these are climate specified. ANNs have been successfully implemented for modeling and forecasting of ETo due to the flexibility in inclusion of parameters and in capturing the non-linearity. The major focus of the present study was to develop unbiased ANN models using readily available meteorological data for the estimation of daily evapotranspiration for eastern and south eastern coastal plain zone. This study examines the possibility of estimating ETo efficiently with the help of a trained neural network with limited input variables. The study was undertaken with the three objectives: Development of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) architectures for FAO–56 Penman–Monteith, FAO-24 Blaney Criddle, Turc, Hargreaves methods to estimate ETo, Selection of the best combination of input parameters for estimation of the output and Screening of the best suitable ANN architecture and the method for estimating ETo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study area extends over Bhubaneswar region, the capital city of Odisha. The geographical location of the study area is at 20° 15' N latitude and 85° 52' E longitude at an elevation of 25.9 m above mean sea level. Daily climatic data of maximum and minimum air temperature (Tmax , Tmin), maximum and minimum relative humidity (RHmax, RH min), sunshine hour and wind speed (n and U) data were collected from the Central Research Station, Department of Agronomy, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha for eight years from Jan 01, 1997 to Dec 31, 2005. ETo is estimated by FAO-56 PM method which can be taken as the standard method for the comparison of other methods in the absence of measured data. The total data set is normalized with a Matlab (Mathworks, Natick, Mass) built-in-function called ‘mapstd’ which maps the data such that it’s mean and standard deviations are normalized to 0 and 1. Further, data were converted back into original unit by denormalization procedure. Total available data of eight years (1997-2015) are divided into two sets. The first five years (1997-2002) data out of 3286 patterns (data points) are divided into training and testing where, the training comprises of 70% of data with 2300 patterns and the testing with 30% of data and 986 patterns. The data were trained and ( 106 )



validated considering ‘Sigmoid’ (LOGSIG) and ‘linear’ (PURELIN) transfer functions in the hidden layer and output layer. Learning rate is 0.01.The threshold RMSE error is set at 0.0001. Number of hidden neurons varies from 1 to 15.The number of epochs 100, LM training algorithm used. ‘trainlm’ is a network training function that updates weight and bias values according to Levenberg-Marquardt optimization. Error was calculated between ANN estimated ETo and target value of ETo. To evaluate the performance of the models in daily ETo estimates, several performance criteria were used including coefficient of determination (R2), Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Performance of ANN models for conventional ETo methods The BBS_PM, BBS_TR, BBS_BC and BBS_HG are ANN models corresponding to PenmanMonteith, Turc, Blaney Criddle and Hargreaves method respectively and BBS stands for station name i.e, Bhubaneswar. BBS_PM perform best among all other models having R2 0.99 nearer to 1 and minimum RMSE(0.122) and MAE (0.089) values respectively. Besides BBS_TR outperform both BBS_HG and BBS_BC methods in terms of NSE, RMSE, MAE and R2. BBS_TR model gave lower error values RMSE (0.184) and MAE (0.126) respectively. Performance of ANN models for various input parameter combinations Considering the ease of measurement of the climatic parameters, easy availability and degree of effectiveness between the variables and the PM-ET o input parameter combinations were selected. These were divided into four groups, i.e. four input parameter combinations (BBS_4I), three (BBS_3I), two (BBS_2I) and (BBS_1I) as one input parameter combinations respectively. M1, M2 stands for model number 1, model number 2 respectively, which consist of different input combinations. The best ANN models using four input parameters were BBS_4I_M1 (4-5-1) with inputs Tmax, Tmin , RHmax, RHmin, BBS_4I_M2 (4-8-1) with inputs (Tmax, Tmin, n , U), BBS_4I_M3 ( 4-5-1) with inputs (RHmax, RHmin n, U). The performance of BBS_4I_M2 (4-8-1) model was found best having lower RMSE (0.282) and MAE (0.201) values. Similarly three climatic variables were taken as inputs and different combinations are made. Model BBS_3I_M3 (3-4-1) consists of maximum, minimum air temperature and sunshine hours having lower value of RMSE (0.29) and MAE (0.20) was accepted for estimation of daily ETo The air temperature alone requires measurement as sunshine hours is obtained based on location (latitude) and date (month of the year). This model requires minimum variable suggesting measurement of one element i.e. air temperature. Therefore, it could be recommended to use BBS_3I_M3 model for limited availability of data. Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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The BBS_2I_M1 (2-9-1) comprises two inputs i.e. solar radiation and wind speed and M2 comprising maximum and minimum relative humidity. After statistical analysis it’s found that M1 having minimum RMSE (0.389) and MAE (0.303) values respectively. ETo using one input variable, BBS_1I_M1 (1-9-1) with sunshine hour as input gives lower RMSE (0.389) and MAE (0.303). The performance obtained by this model shows results notably deteriorated as compared to the ANN having more input parameters. CONCLUSION Comparing the performance of the ANNs for selected conventional methods, BBS_PM (6-10-1) model having complete six inputs performs best among other models having highest R2 (0.99), minimal RMSE (0.122) and MAE (0.089) values. Besides ETo estimation performance of BBS_TR (5-8-1) model was found better having less inputs than PM with higher R2 (0.94) and lower RMSE and MAE values of magnitude 0.184 and 0.126, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that BBS_TR (5-8-1) model can be effectively used in eastern and south-eastern coastal plain zones of Odisha. BBS_4I_M2 (4-8-1) with inputs maximum, minimum air temperature, sunshine hour and wind velocity predicts ET o with high R 2 value (0.932). It concludes ANN models still estimate ET o without considering all climatic variables. Comparing the performance of the ANNs for various input parameter combinations BBS_3I_M3 (3-4-1) model was found superior having RMSE (0.294) and MAE (0.211) values and having less input parameters. Although fewer climatic variables used in BBS_3I_M3 (3-4-1) model, still it predicts ETo with lower error values. This observation could be used to decrease remarkably the data requirement.

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HYDRAULICS OF SURGE DRIP IRRIGATION D. PARAMJITA1*, S. C. NAYAK2, A.P.SAHU3AND B. PANIGRAHI4 1

Scientist (Ag. Engineering), KVK, Dhenkanal, 2 Retd. Associate Professor 3 Associate Professor and 4Professor, Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751003, Orissa, India. e-mail: [email protected]) The introduction of green revolution has not only enhanced the importance of irrigation but also emphasized the need to use limited water resources effectively for maximum output thus paving the way for new technological innovations. The drip irrigation method is now one of the fastest growing technologies in modern agriculture and has proved to be the most efficient one. But the system suffers from clogging of emitter and micro tubes. In order to reduce this difficulty Karmelli and Peri (1974) introduced pulse/surge irrigation. The water use efficiency of drip irrigation is highly dependent on evaporation losses occurring from the constantly saturated soil beneath emitters. Another new irrigation method namely Sand Tube Irrigation (STI) method employs a surface drip system in conjunction with a sand tube column for reducing evaporation significantly. The sand media transmits water into the profile by way of vertical and horizontal flow from the sand tube’s base and circumference (Meshkat et al., 1998). Keeping the facts stated above in view, the present study has been under taken to Study the water front advance by surge drip sand tube irrigation, surge drip gravel tube irrigation and surge drip sand and gravel tube irrigation MATERIAL AND METHOD The study on surge drip irrigation in sand tube, gravel tube and sand & gravel tube was conducted in the Hydraulics Laboratory of the Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar. The experimental set up consists of soil tank model fitted with two fiber glass plates. A metal mould of 8 cm internal diameter and 15 cm height was used in making sand tube, gravel tube and sand and gravel tube in the soil. The tank was filled with the test soil up to a depth of 46 cm. The metal mould was held vertically in the middle of vertical side provided with flexy glass plates. The space around the metal mould was filled with soil. This was followed by filling the metal mould with sand. A plastic bottle 2 lit cap. was kept in position on a vertical stand. The bottle was provided with a horizontal orifice at its bottom. A piece of plastic micro tube of 50 cm long was fitted to the orifice. At the end of the micro tube an emitter was attached. The emitter was calibrated for its discharge. Water was allowed to fall on the top of micro tube through the emitter. Supply of water through emitter was considered as the irrigation ON- TIME. The supply was disconnected for certain period of time by removing the micro tube / capillary tube, which is irrigation OFF-TIME. Transparent sheet was fixed on the flexy glass plates of the soil tank model lying in front of the sand tube for demarcating the advance of waterfront. The emitter / capillary tube was placed on the sand tube and other two tubes. Water was supplied from the bottle under constant head through the emitter to the sand tube. To start with, soil in the Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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tank was irrigated at a rate of 5 lph both by continuous irrigation and surge drip irrigation methods. It constituted of six experiments, two each with sand tube, gravel tube and sand & gravel tube. The maximum water front advances in both horizontal and vertical direction were recorded after 20 minutes, 40 minutes and 60 minutes of continuous flow with all the above three conditions. This was followed by surge drip irrigation in all cases with same volume of water applied with 20 minutes irrigation ON TIME and 20 minutes irrigation OFF TIME. At the end of each 20 minutes, maximum horizontal and vertical water front advances were recorded. Total period of irrigation was 60 minutes. Total water applied during irrigation was 5.00 liters RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Maximum horizontal water front advances in sand tube, after 20, 40 and 60 minutes by continuous drip irrigation system were observed to be 11.5, 15.7 and 20.4 cm, respectively whereas by surge drip irrigation system, the distances recoded were 11.5, 17.5 and 22.7 cm, respectively. The maximum vertical water front advances after 20,40 and 60 minutes by continuous drip irrigation system were observed to be 14.3, 22.7 and 25.0 cm, respectively whereas by surge drip irrigation system, the distances recoded were 14.3, 26.3 and 29.1 cm, respectively. In gravel tube, the horizontal and vertical water front advances in surge drip irrigation were observed to be 18.60 percent and 9.97 percent increase respectively over continuous drip irrigation. In sand & gravel tube, in similar condition, respective increase of 12.70 percent and 27.75 percent in horizontal and vertical water front advances in surge drip irrigation were observed over continuous drip irrigation. CONCLUSION In surge drip irrigation with sand tube with application of 3.33 litres of water at the rate of 5 lph for total irrigation on- time of 40 minutes horizontal water front advance resulted in 11.46 percent increase and vertical water front advance resulted in 15.85 percent increase over continuous drip irrigation. While in gravel tube, the horizontal and vertical water front advances in surge drip irrigation were observed to be 18.60 percent and 9.97 percent increase respectively over continuous drip irrigation. In sand & gravel tube, in similar condition, respective increase of 12.70 percent and 27.75 percent in horizontal and vertical water front advances in surge drip irrigation were observed over continuous drip irrigation. In sand tube with application of 5.00 liters of water at the rate of 5 lph for 60 minutes of total irrigation on-time the horizontal water front advances and the vertical water front advances in surge drip irrigation were observed to have 11.27 percent and 16.40 percent increased respectively over continuous drip irrigation for same time. Whereas these water front advances were observed to be 18.12 percent and 9.4 percent more in surge drip irrigation over continuous drip irrigation respectively in case of gravel tube. Similarly in sand & gravel tube under surge drip irrigation, the horizontal and the vertical water front advances were observed to increase by 12.62 percent and 29.29 percent respectively over continuous drip irrigation. REFERENCES: Karmelli, D. and Peri, G. 1974. Basic principles of pulse irrigation, ASCE, Proceedings of the Irrigation and Drainage Division Journal. 100: 309-319. ( 110 )



COMPARATIVE STUDY ON YIELD AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF RICE UNDER AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS DURING WET SEASON PRIYANKA DAS AND J.M.L GULATI Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, O.U.A.T, Bhubaneswar-751003 [email protected] INTRODUCTION Rice is the staple food of over half the world’s population, and a vital nutritional source for rural population of most of the countries in the world providing 20% of their dietary energy. The demand of rice as staple food for about 3 billion people is expected to increase further with increase in population. Globally rice is grown in 162.3 mha, and India accounts for 27.47% with a cultivated area of 44.6 mha, the corresponding production being 738.1 and 104.20 milion ton. Conventional puddled transplanting is the wide spread establishment method of rice which maintains 5-10 cm of standing water throughout its growth period requiring 1200-1300mm of water for the crop. The practice of continuous shallow submergence creates soil compaction due to puddling and causes waterlogging and water loss due to deep percolation and seepage. This practice is unaffordable in view of reduced fresh water availability particularly under the impact of changing climate. Aerobic production system is a new concept of cultivation involving aerobic rice varieties grown in well drained, un-puddled, un-flooded condition targeting the area. This system promises water saving along with producing comparable yield with that of the rice grown in normal puddled and anaerobic environment. MATERIALSAND METHODS A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Main Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar during wet season of 2014 in split plot design with three replications. Eighteen treatment combinations consisting of six establishment methods (M1- direct seeding with 20 cm row to row spacing, M2- Aerobic conventional rectangular transplanting at 20 cm x 10 cm spacing with 2-3 seedling hill-1, M3- Aerobic square transplanting at 20 cm x 20 cm spacing with 1 seedling hill-1, M4 - Aerobic square transplanting at 25 cm x 25 cm spacing with 1 seedling hill-1, M5- Aerobic square transplanting at 20 cm x 20 cm spacing with 2 seedling hill-1, M6 - Aerobic square transplanting at 25 cm x 25 cm spacing with 2 seedling hill -1) in main plot and three rice varieties (V1- Naveen, V2- Hiranmayee, V3Aerobic rice Pyari) in sub-plot were laid out under aerobic (un-puddle un-flooded) condition. Another set of experiment as observation strip with same varieties was also laid out under anaerobic (puddled with alternate wetting and drying) condition with five establishment methods such as (S1- Conventional rectangular transplanting at 20 cm x 10 cm spacing with 2-3 seedling hill-1, S2- Square transplanting at 20 cm x 20 cm spacing with 1 seedling hill-1, S3 – Square transplanting at 25 cm x 25 cm spacing with 1 seedling hill-1, S4 – Square transplanting at 20 cm x 20 cm spacing with 2 seedling hill -1 and S5- Square Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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transplanting at 25 cm x 25 cm spacing with 2 seedling hill-1). Water requirement under aerobic and anaerobic conditions was worked out as per standard methods. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Results from the experiment revealed that square transplanting at 25cm× 25cm with 2 seedling hill–1 produced highest grain of 41.39 and 43.43 q ha–1 both under aerobic and anaerobic condition, respectively, which indicated not quite difference in yield under both hydrological condition. The trend in overall straw yield under different situation was in the order of aerobic (51.75 q ha-1) >anaerobic (47.40 q ha-1) > direct sowing (37.68 q ha-1). Hiranmayee recorded the highest (50.48 q ha-1) straw yield under aerobic condition whileNaveen recorded the highest (48.50 q ha-1) under anaerobic condition. Square transplanting with 2 seedlings at 25cm x25cm and 20cm x20cm recorded highest HI of 0.434 and 0.490 under aerobic and anaerobic condition respectively. Among the varieties, aerobic rice Pyari recorded the highest HI of 0.434 and 0.487 both under aerobic and anaerobic condition, respectively. Similar results have also been reported by Lenka and Gulati (2014). Otis and Talbert (2005) emphasized that plant geometry has significant influence on growth and yield of aerobic rice. Water requirement under irrigated aerobic condition was 81.3 cm, a reduction of 30.7% as compared to water requirement under anaerobic puddled condition. Water use efficiency is a ratio of economic yield to the amount of water applied under field condition. The data indicated an average field water use efficiency of 48.42 kg ha-1cm up by 34.1 % over FWUE under anaerobic puddled condition. The reduction in water requirement under aerobic condition is mainly due to reduction in non - ET components devoid of nursery raising. Boumanet al. (2002) also reported a total water input of 1560 mm in flooded condition as compared to 1110 mm under aerobic.Within the aerobic methods, conventional transplanting (M2) recorded 43.96 kg ha-1cm FWUE and compared to 29.02 kg ha-1cm under direct sowing (M1) a degree of 34%. Whereas, square planting with 2 leaf stage (M3 to M6) recorded an increase of 12.8 % over conventional method, Among the aerobic methods, however, M6 with 50.97 kg ha-1cm registered the highest FWUE.Under anaerobic situation, the maximum FWUE of 37.96 kg ha-1 cm was found with treatment S2 to S5 with 22 % increase over S1. On an average, treatment S2 to S5 with 22% increase over S1 recorded a FWUE of 37.44 kg ha-1 cm. REFERENCES Bouman BAM, Xiaoguang Y, HuaquiW,Zhiming W, JungfangZ,Changgui W. and Bin C. 2002.Aerobic rice (Han Dao): A new way of growing rice in water short areas. In: Proceedings of 12th International Soil conservation Organisation Conference, May 26-31. Beijing, China. Tsinghua University. pp. 175-181. Lenka S, Gulati JML (2014) Response of rice varieties to different establishment methods under system of aerobic rice production. Oryza 51: 168—171. 6. Otis BV, Talbert RE (2005) Rice yield components as affected by cultivar and seedling rate. Agron J 97 : 162—165. ( 112 )



PERFORMANCE OF MARIGOLD FLOWER GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT MULCHING CONDITION A. P. SAHU1, S. B. MANSINGH2 AND B. PANIGRAHI3 1 and 3 are Associate Professor and Prof. & Head respectively, Dept. of Soil & Water Conservation Engg., College of Agril. Engg. & Technology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar. 2 is Ex-M.Tech. student, Dept. of SWCE, CAET, Bhubaneswar Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) is a multipurpose crop with ceremonial, ornamental, medical and pharmaceutical uses. The demand for this flower in Odisha is increasing day by day as it is used both as cut flower and loose flower. Mulching is an efficient way to reduce evaporation, improve water use efficiency, maintain soil under stable temperature and retain soil moisture. The pot culture experiment was conducted in the garden of College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar during 2014-15 to study the performance of marigold flower under different mulching materials. Marigold seedlings of Inca variety were planted in 40 pots. Twenty pots were irrigated at soil moisture content of 50% field capacity and rest 20 pots were irrigated at 50% MAD level. The experiment was conducted with four mulching treatments of (i) black LDPE film (thickness 100µ), (ii) rice straw, (iii) coir pith and (iv) burnt clay lamp and with one control. The pots were named as pot lysimeter. Harvesting of fresh flowers was done after complete opening of the flowers. After two months of planting when the first flowers were in the full bloom conditions, required number of fresh flowers were harvested from each sample plant, counted and recorded for fresh weight of individual flowers. Subsequently, fresh flowers were harvested from the second and third phase for recording the above mentioned floral parameter. The total no. of flowers per plant and the final yield were computed.

Fig. 1(a) Plant height of marigold at field capacity under different mulching conditions The results showed that the average plant heights at after different days of planting were found to be highest under the treatment T1 black LDPE followed by burnt clay lamp T4. The plant heights have been shown in Fig. 1(a) and 1(b). The plant heights after 90 days of planting were found to be highest under the treatment T1 (44.88cm and 36.48cm) both at Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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Fig. 1(b) Pant height of marigold at 50 per cent MAD level under different mulching conditions field capacity and 50 per cent level respectively followed by T4 (44.30cm and 35.54cm). The T1 treatment varied significantly from T2, T3 and T5. However it is recommended at par with T4 both at field capacity and 50 per cent MAD level. It was observed that early bud emergence and 50 per cent flowering occurred in black LDPE (41.75 days and 52.25 days) at field capacity followed by burnt clay lamp, rice straw, coir pith and controlled condition. The average number of flowers after 90 days of planting were found to be highest under the treatment T1 (19.25 and 12.25) both at field capacity and 50 per cent level respectively followed by T4 (15.75, 11.50) as revealed from Table1. The T1 treatment varied significantly from T2, T3 and T5. However it is recommended at par with T4 both at field capacity and 50 per cent MAD level. Table 1 Number of flowers at different days of planting Number of flowers Treatments

At field capacity

At 50 per cent MAD Level

30 DAP

60 DAP

90 DAP

30 DAP

60 DAP

90 DAP

T1

-

7.00

19.25

-

17.75

12.25

T2

-

5.75

14.75

-

13.50

9.50

T3

-

5.75

13.00

-

11.25

9.25

T4

-

6.75

15.75

-

14.75

11.50

T5

-

4.25

8.75

-

7.50

5.25

SEM

-

0.34

0.47

-

0.67

0.41

CD

-

1.03

1.41

-

1.99

1.24

The weights of flowers were measured both at field capacity and 50 per cent MAD level (Table 2). Highest flower weight of marigold was observed in black LDPE (26.25gm) followed ( 114 )



by burnt clay lamp, rice straw and coir pith at field capacity. The least flower weight was observed in controlled condition (18.00gm). Similarly at 50 per cent MAD level it was 25gm in black LDPE followed by burnt clay lamp, rice straw and coir pith. Table 2 Weight of flowers Treatments

Weight of individual flowers(gm) At field capacity

At 50 per cent MAD level

T1

26.25

25.00

T2

21.75

21.50

T3

21.00

20.00

T4

23.50

22.75

T5

18.00

17.50

SEM

0.49

0.97

CD

1.48

2.93

It was observed that there was no weed under black LDPE. Burnt clay lamp shows minimal weed growth followed by rice straw and coir pith. Highest weed growth was observed in control practice. The results also revealed that different types of mulching material had good performance on maximising higher soil moisture content significantly as they conserved the moisture at root zone depth. It was found that black LDPE irrigated at field capacity and 50 per cent MAD level conserved highest moisture content with daily average value of 14.7, 13.8, 12.8, 12.9 per cent and 11.3, 10.9, 10.4, 10.3 per cent at initial, development, mid season and late season stages respectively followed by burnt clay lamp, rice straw and coir pith. Least evapotranspiration of 1.86 and 1.84mm/day was observed in black LDPE treatment irrigated at field capacity and 50 per cent MAD level respectively followed by burnt clay lamp of 1.98 and 1.94 mm/day in the initial stage with similar trends in rest of stages. Mulching with black LDPE and burnt clay lamp are found better in reducing evapotranspiration and improving moisture conservation, giving higher yield of marigold flower. Since the performance of burnt clay lamp is also at par with black LDPE mulch, it may also be recommended for use as mulch next to black LDPE mulch in cultivation of marigold flower.


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HYDRO POWER FOR MITIGATION OF EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE MAYADHAR SWAIN Director, School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar. Global warming and climate change have become phenomenal global issues. Thermal power is one of the main component of climate change, though it’s generation helps to mitigate the adverse effects to some extent. Primary energy demand increases with increase in population and economic development. Within the last 25 years, the total energy consumption in the world has almost doubled. Electricity is the most conventional form of energy which is produced in power plants using conventional sources namely hydro energy, nuclear energy and coal or other fossil fuels. Recently some renewable sources of power such as wind power, solar power and bio-energy have been developed; but their share in the total power generation is negligible. THERMAL POWER In most of the countries majority of plants use coal as primary energy. This is because installing a thermal power plant is in many ways convenient than other power plants. Its gestation period is 3 to 4 years where as in case of hydro power or nuclear power it may be 8 to 10 years or even more. So to meet the immediate energy demand, thermal power is the best option. It can be located in any place unlike hydro power stations which are site specific. Further, it is free from vagaries of weather and does not depend on rainfall unlike hydro power stations. Another factor that attracts thermal power is that coal is abundantly available in many countries. Also the thermal power technology, over the years, became mature, reliable and easily available. Due to these reasons, thermal power shares more than 67% of total power produced in the world today. In our country share of thermal power is 69.4%. In thermal power plant, the heat energy from coal is used to produce steam that rotates a turbine. The turbine, in turn, rotates a generator which produces electricity. Thus, the chemical energy stored in coal is converted to electricity. The coal or other fossil fuels are carbon rich energy sources. Coal, when burned in the boiler of the power plant produces carbon dioxide, a green house gas. At the beginning of industrial revolution, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was 280 ppm (parts per million). After industrialization more amount of carbon dioxide is being emitted to the atmosphere by burning of coal and other fossil fuels. In 2016, its level crossed 400 ppm. If we continue to use the fossil fuels at the current level, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is projected to reach 560 ppm by the end of 21st century. Coal is used as fuel in many industries including thermal power stations. But ( 116 )



its share in thermal power stations is more than other industries. This is the only reason why the environmentalists now oppose thermal power, and engineers are thinking on alternate sources of energy. HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER When flowing water is captured and turned into electricity, it is called hydropower or hydroelectric power. The amount of available energy in moving water is determined by its flow and fall. In a hydropower plant a dam is built across the river. The water is allowed to flow through a pipe (in technical term it is called penstock). The water pushes and turns blades in a turbine. A generator is coupled with the turbine. As it rotates, electricity is generated. Hydro Electric Power is the earliest developed source of electricity in the world. It converts the kinetic energy of flowing water into electrical energy. Of course, most of the developed countries have already utilized their hydro power potential. Although hydropower has been used since ancient times to grind floor and to perform other tasks, the world’s first hydro electrical power generation started in England in 1881. Reaching 1064 GW of installed capacity in 2016, it generated 16.4% of the world’s electricity from all sources. It is almost 70% of all renewable electricity and is expected to increase about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years. More than 150 countries around the world generate hydropower. Advantages of Hydro Power The inherent advantages associated with hydro power makes it preferable over other sources of energy. The generation cost of hydro power is quite low compared with other sources as no fuel is required. Hydro Power Stations provide operational flexibility. Its ability to start and stop quickly and instantaneous load acceptance / rejection makes it suitable to meet peak demand and for enhancing system reliability and stability. It is a renewable source of energy. Water used for generating electricity is not consumed and is available for other uses. Hydro power does not pollute the atmosphere unlike thermal power. It is a clean and environment-friendly source of energy. Hydroelectric projects have longer life. As compared to a life of 25 years of a thermal plant, the life of a hydro plant is 35 years and it can be further enhanced considerably with minimum renovation. It has higher efficiency (over 90%) compared to thermal (35%) and gas (around 50%). Most of the hydro power plants come under multipurpose projects with irrigation, flood control, drinking water supply, navigation and tourism being other purposes. Hydro Power Potential in India Hydroelectric potential in India as assessed by the Central Electricity Authority is 148700 MW and only 29% of it has been developed till December 2016. India ranks sixth in the world in terms of available hydro potential. In addition, 6780 MW in terms of installed Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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capacity from small, mini and micro hydel schemes have been assessed. Also, 56 sites for pumped storage schemes with an aggregate installed capacity of 94000 MW have been identified. Problems and Difficulties for Hydro Power Developments A large hydroelectric project takes 8 to10 years or even more for completion. It is mainly due to involvement of many agencies for construction, clearance from different State & Central agencies and opposition from environmentalists, sometimes linking with legal hurdles. If there is less rainfall in a particular year, then generation from hydro power stations is largely reduced. Although hydro power plant itself does not require much land, the reservoir to store water requires lot of land. Hydroelectric projects involve submergence of many villages causing displacement of many people. It requires a lot of time to find suitable places for resettlement. Hydro power projects often submerge large tract of forest lands. Clearance from the Ministry of Forest & Environment takes time. Hydroelectric projects are site–specific and it depends on the geology, topology and hydrology of the place. The construction time is greatly influenced by the geology of the area. Tran boundary flow of rivers through many states implicate concurrence agreement for taking up hydro projects. Climate Change Impacts on Hydro Power Climate change impacts on water resources are increasingly affecting the vulnerability of global hydropower generation. Higher temperatures and changing weather patterns are altering evaporation, river flow, rainfall patterns, frequency of extreme weather, and glacial melting rates. These effects are compounded by the expected increased water demands for economic and population growth, resulting in greater reduction in the overall available water for many rivers. Since hydropower generation is dependent on adequate river flow and water availability in reservoirs, climate change effects pose real risks to countries that rely heavily on this source of renewable power. The energy output of hydropower is dependent on the water inflow to hydroelectric dam reservoirs. Changes in hydrology have serious implications for power generation capacity, management of peak supply and demand, and dam safety. In the case of increased flow, upstream sections of the river may experience severe floods and increased erosion, carrying sediment to reservoirs. If this occurs when reservoirs are near capacity, there is a large chance of dam failure, impacting infrastructure, agriculture, and communities. Climate change can also reduce upstream water availability through altered rainfall there by reducing power generation. This vulnerability is especially apparent in Latin America, where many countries depend on hydropower or are considering future hydropower projects. In the Amazon River basin, 414 ( 118 )



dams are either being planned, under construction, proposed, or in operation. In this region, rapidly melting glaciers are affecting river flows, by increasing rapid runoff flow in the short term and decreasing regular seasonal flow in the long term. Brazil is an example of a hydrodependent country that is vulnerable to climate change. Brazil generated 405 billion kilowatthours (kWh) of hydroelectric power in 2013. Hydropower provides around 70% of its electricity, and two-thirds of the country’s hydropower potential has yet to be developed. CONCLUSION The whole world knows the negative impact of power generation from fossil fuels. The awareness on global warming has initiated some resistance towards thermal power. Alternative sources of energy such as solar, wind, bio-energy etc. have not been developed such that they can meet the energy requirement economically. Further the substantial and successive hikes in cost of fossil fuels have brought the hydro power into focus again. India is endowed with vast hydro power potential. India have now developed (operation and under construction) 38% of its total hydro potential and share of hydropower in its total capacity is only 14%. This is not a good sign in terms of country’s energy needs and also grid stability. Government of India has brought out a new hydro policy in 2008 to give impetus to growth of hydropower. The main thrusts of the policy are inducing private investment in the sector, harnessing the balance hydro potential, improving resettlement & rehabilitation and facilitating financial viability. The Govt. of India has taken initiative in its right earnest to develop this in full by 2027.


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WATER HARVESTING BASED INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM MODELS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE S. MOHANTY*, S. K. RAUTARAY, K. G. MANDAL, S. GHOSH, R. K. MOHANTY, B. BEHERA AND S. K. AMBAST ICAR-Indian Institute of Water Management, Bhubaneswar- 751 023 *Corresponding author: Phone- 91-9438008253, [email protected] Increasing the agricultural production by bringing more area under cultivation and at the same time increasing productivity and cropping intensity has the potential to improve the livelihood of rainfed farmers. The integrated farming system approach provides a better scope for multiple use of water by using the same water for several uses like agriculture, aquaculture, dairy, mushroom, poultry, duckery, etc. simultaneously within a farm (Singh and Gautam, 2002). The Integrated farming system (IFS) approach involves a change in farming techniques for maximum production in the cropping pattern and takes care of optimum utilization of resources. Water being required for all the components of the integrated farming system models, water harvesting structures act as a base for development of such models. A study was undertaken in the Dhenkanal district of Odisha by creation of water resources and thereby developing water harvesting based integrated farming system models. Economic analysis and impact analysis of the water harvesting based integrated farming system models was done. METHODOLOGY The study was carried out in three cluster of villages (Khallibandha, Nuagaon and Mandapala) in the Dhenkanal sadar block and three villages (Gunadei, Belpada and Kaunriapala) in the Odapada block of the Dhenkanal district, Odisha, respectively. Agricultural technology interventions like construction of water harvesting structures (WHSs), multiple use of stored water in WHSs and crop diversification was done in the six identified study villages over a period of 5 years during 2009-2010 to 2013-2014. Trainings and exposure visits of the farmers were also conducted on water management technologies. Ten water harvesting structures were constructed in the farmers’ field on participatory basis in which farmers contributed a part of the expenditure. Multiple use of water in the WHSs was done in terms of agriculture, on-dyke horticulture, fish culture, vegetable cultivation, dairy, poultry, duckery and mushroom cultivation to develop them as integrated farming system models. The integrated farming system models comprised mostly four land types, i.e. pond area, bund area, paddy area and upland area. The pond area was used for fish culture, bund area for on-dyke horticulture and the upland area for poultry, dairy, mushroom and vegetable cultivation. The economic analyses of integrated farming system units were done based on collection of data on yield, production, market ( 120 )



price of produce and cost of cultivation of different components of multiple use of water through a questionnaire survey of the farmers. The annual fixed cost (AFC) was calculated from the capital cost, useful life of the structures, depreciation, salvage value, maintenance cost and interest rate. Impact on the farming situation of the farmers on adoption of a technology was realized through a comparison of farming components, acreage, production, cost of cultivation and gross income before and after adoption of the technology. The comparative position of physical, social, financial, human and natural assets of the farmers were analysed considering the conditions before and after adoption of the technology intervention. The five types of assets were measured on the basis of the responses of 10 farmers on a 5-point continuum scale (minimum and maximum value is 1 and 5, respectively) during interview using a pre-tested survey schedule. Overall standard of living of farmers was assessed on the basis of their assets holding before and after the technology intervention. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1 shows the per hectare net return from different combination of land components. It was observed that there is a potential of income upto Rs. 2.5 lakh per hectare from the water harvesting based IFS models. The analyses indicated that by taking up poultry in the uplands and doing intensive cultivation on the bund area apart from fish culture in the pond would substantially increase the net income from the IFS models. The huge variation in the net income per ha in different IFS models also emphasized the role of the farmer in building a successful model. If the farmer is enterprising and sincere in his approach, the farming system models can be successful. Table 1. Per hectare net return from different combination of land components IFS unit

Net return/ ha (Rs./ha) Pond + bund Pond+ bund + Pond+ bund + Total IFS area without Total IFS area considering area upland area paddy area considering fixed cost the fixed cost

P1

90039

323683

29895

94628

68691

P2

48533

54776

21520

27200

22017

P3

51133

59120

20425

25928

20817

P4

197086

475736

97543

336089

250624

P5

53232

47904

28180

29387

18837

P6

162188

106164

51369

55330

32836

P7

129778

87169

47382

48888

32908

P8

80931

331349

37452

221647

144549

P9

47211

46571

23529

30673

17769

P10

54231

48103

24781

28079

16708


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The results of impact analysis showed that maximum improvement occurred in natural assets which were increased by 70% followed by physical assets with 24% increase. Social, human and financial assets gains were found in the range of 17 - 21%. Improvement in socio-economic condition and social recognition were also reflected which has resulted in enhancing motivation leading to inculcate the entrepreneurial abilities of the farmers. Mean value of overall level of living of all the 10 farmers derived through addition of the mean values of five assets, indicated that this has been increased from 13.5 to 17.1 (minimum and maximum possible value is 5 and 25, respectively). Water resources development, crop diversification, farm sector diversification lead to livelihood diversification influencing the rural economy; therefore, adoption of appropriate agriculture technology under IFS approach holds the key for development of rural economy (Mehta, 2009). REFERENCES Mehta R. 2009. Rural Livelihood Diversification and its Measurement Issues: Focus India. Wye City Group on Rural. Statistics and Agricultural Household Income, Second Annual Meeting, 11-12 June 2009, FAO, Rome Singh AK, Gautam RC. 2002. Water: source of the food security. Indian Farming, 52(7): 24-28.

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REDUCTION OF WATER FOOTPRINTS IN AGRICULTURE : A CHALLENGE IN THE REGIME OF CLIMATE CHANGE GOURANGA KAR, P. K. PANDA AND S. K. AMBAST ICAR-India Institute of Water Mangemnet, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubanesawr, PIN-751023 Irrigation water demand is likely to be affected under the projected climate change scenarios due to changes in rainfall, temperature and evaporative demand. With increase in temperature, the evapo-transpiration and irrigation demand is likely to increase under the projected climate scenarios. With rapid population growth and rising expectation of better life, there will be ever increasing demand of water for various competing sectors like domestic, industrial and agricultural needs. Also more and more water will be required for environmental concerns such as aquatic life, wildlife refuges and recreation. With changing global climatic patterns coupled with declining per capita availability of surface and ground water resources, sustainable water management in agriculture is a great challenge in India. With increasing water demand from other sectors, agricultural water use in India will face stiff competition for scarce water resource in future. Therefore, the available utilizable water resources would be inadequate to meet the future water needs of all sectors unless the utilizable quantity is increased by all possible means and water is used efficiently. But now the priority is the development of the indices those indicate appropriation of freshwater resources from a particular management system. In this regards water footprints which is the “ratio of the volume of consumptive water use to the quantity of produce of interest” can be used to indicate direct and indirect appropriation of freshwater resources. The term “freshwater appropriation” includes both consumptive water use (the green and blue water footprint) and the water required to assimilate pollution. Keeping the above aspects in view, concept of farm level water footprints in agriculture has been vividly discussed and water footprint accounting procedure has been standardized under different agro-management systems in the regime of climate change. Under optimum management practices at Dhenakanal, Odisha , evapotranspiration and water footprints of some winter crops under present and future climate scenarios were computed and are presented in Table 1 and 2. Under RCP 8.5 scenario, water footprints of some crop based products were also computed and are presented in table-3 Several mechanism were also like resource conservation technology, improved irrigation methods including drip and sprinkler, rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge techniques, diversification with low duty crops, multiple use of water etc. were


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implemented in farmers’ field to reduce water footprints in agriculture. These will be a major climate change adaptation options to reduce the effects of global warming. Table-1: Crop evapotranspiration under present and future climate scenario (RCP 4.5) Crops Potato Blackgram Sunflower Wheat Chickpea Safflower Mustard Linseed Rapeseed Tomato Cabbage Cauliflower Okra Carrot Rice Groundnut Maize

Present ET 2050 RCP % increase (mm), 2010 (4.5) (4.5) 409.4 425.3 3.9 332.5 345.1 3.8 426.7 443.2 3.9 396.0 415.0 4.8 377.6 391.0 3.5 414.1 430.2 3.9 375.1 389.6 3.9 281.2 291.5 3.7 331.4 343.9 3.8 514.6 534.9 3.9 500.5 515.0 2.9 496.1 510.0 2.8 420.7 432.6 2.8 398.0 409.2 2.8 605.0 618.0 2.1 376.0 385.0 2.4 380.0 391.0 2.9

2070 RCP (4.5)

% increase

2095 RCP (4.5)

% increase

434.0 354.0 457.6 424.0 402.0 442.8 397.0 298.0 351.0 545.0 528.0 524.0 443.6 421.5 633.0 396.0 404.0

6.0 6.5 7.2 7.1 6.5 6.9 5.8 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.5 5.6 5.4 5.9 4.6 5.3 6.3

442.0 358.0 461.0 434.0 409.0 445.0 403.0 305.0 357.0 553.0 538.0 535.0 450.3 427.4 643.0 404.0 412.0

8.0 7.7 8.0 9.6 8.3 7.5 7.4 8.5 7.7 7.5 7.5 7.8 7.0 7.4 6.3 7.4 8.4

Table-2: Crop water footprints under present and future climate scenario (RCP 8.5) Crops

Present WF WF_ (mm), 2010 2050 % increase (RCP 8 .5) (RCP 8.5)

WF_2070 % increase ( RCP 8 .5)

WF_2095 % increase RCP (8.5)

Potato Blackgram

409.4 332.5

429.8 342.7

4.7 3.1

443.4 362.4

8.3 9.0

459.3 378.1

12.2 13.7

Sunflower

426.7

444.7

4.7

461.7

8.2

476.2

11.6

Wheat

396.0

418.3

5.3

434.0

9.6

447.1

12.9

Chickpea

377.6

395.8

4.8

410.1

8.6

419.5

11.1

Safflower

414.1

434.8

4.5

450.1

8.7

470.0

13.5

Mustard

375.1

398.1

5.9

409.2

9.1

417.1

11.2

Linseed Rapeseed

281.2 331.4

295.4 348.7

4.7 4.5

309.9 360.2

10.2 8.7

315.5 366.5

12.2 10.6

Tomato

514.6

545.4

5.1

565.0

9.8

574.3

11.6

Cabbage

500.5

526.2

4.3

551.6

10.2

557.6

11.4

Cauliflower

496.1

523.7

4.4

539.8

8.8

564.1

13.7

Okra

420.7

441.4

3.9

461.9

9.8

474.1

12.7

Carrot

398.0

420.8

4.8

442.6

11.2

447.4

12.4

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Table-3: Water footprints of some crop based products under present and future climate scenario (RCP 8.5) Crops

Present WF WF_ (mm), 2010 2050 % increase (RCP 8 .5) (RCP 8.5)

WF_2070 % increase (RCP 8 .5)

WF_2095 % increase RCP (8 .5)

Rice (husked)

2221

2321

4.5

2410

8.5

2514

13.2

Rice flour

2688

2809

4.5

2916

8.5

3043

13.2

Wheat fluor

1375

1462

6.3

1507

9.6

1552

12.9

Maize fluor

938

982

4.7

1006

7.3

1058

12.8

Raw sugar

2023

2163

6.9

2223

9.9

2284

12.9

Refined sugar

2164

2313

6.9

2378

9.9

2443

12.9

Groundnut oil

5473

5752

5.1

5889

7.6

6146

12.3

Rapeseed oil

6973

7371

5.7

7545

8.2

7873

12.9

Tomato

1447

1536

6.1

1589

9.8

1619

11.9

Cotton lint

10224

10837

6.0

11052

8.1

11563

13.1


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SOIL MOISTURE CONSERVATION AND IMPROVEMENT IN SOIL FERTILITY THROUGH SILVIPASTORAL SYSTEM IN COASTAL ODISHA P. J. MISHRA, B. B. BEHERA, S. BEHERA, SUNITA PATI, ASESH DASH, S. R. BARIK , G. NANDA AND P. C. PRADHAN AICRP on Agroforestry, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, [email protected] Soil productivity can be improved by integration of tree species with intercrops as trees can take up nutrients and water from the deeper layers which otherwise cannot be utilized by the intercrops. Suitable species composition, spatial and temporal arrangement of different components within the system increase overall productivity of the system, restore soil fertility and more importantly mitigate environmental hazards. Acute shortage of green fodder is a major constraint in milk production which can be solved by integrating forage crops with trees in up and medium lands of coastal odisha. MATERIALS AND METHODS The field experiment was conducted during 2015 to find out a suitable silvipasture system, study the soil moisture conservation and fertility improvement through silvipastoral system in rainfed condition at agroforestry research farm, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. Silvipastoral systems which were evaluated include three fodder grasses i.e. guinea, thin napier and setaria grass grown in association with three fast growing timber species Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis and Cassia siamea.The soil of the experimental site was sandy loam, mixed isohyperthermic forms of typic haplustult (Alfisol) with pH 5.58, organic carbon 5.5 g kg-1, available N, P and K of 169.1, 40.5 and 72.8 kg ha-1, respectively. RESULT & DISCUSSION Soil moisture variation between agroforestry systems and respective sole crops is more pronounced because of tree canopy cover and deposit of leaf litter which acts as mulch, conserve more moisture and ultimately promote growth of crops. A. mangium due to its dense and higher crown spread than A. auriculiformis and C. siamea conserve more moisture in the soil profile irrespective of silvipstoral systems. Similarly among fodder species, lower moisture storage was recorded with guinea grass followed by thin napier and setaria irrespective of systems. This suggests that in the silvipastoral systems, guinea grass utilized available soil moisture more efficiently than thin napier and setaria resulting in more green fodder yield over other grasses. The maximum green forage yield of 16.65 t/ ha was obtained from guinea with A. mangium followed by guinea with A. auriculiformis (16.48 t/ha) from three cuttings. Soil analysis revealed improvement in average soil pH, organic carbon and available nutrients than their initial values in all the silvipastoral systems. However, among the grasses grown with tree species, available N content was minimum with guinea, available P ( 126 )



content was minimum with setaria and minimum available K in thin napier grown either with A. mangium or A. auriculiformis or C. siamea. This suggests that guinea was more exhaustive with higher nutrient uptake of N, setaria was more exhaustive of P and thin napier was more exhaustive of K among the grasses. Table 1: Soil moisture content in different silvipastoral system Treatment A. mangium+ Guinea A. mangium+ Thin Napier A. mangium + Setaria A. auriculiformis + Guinea A. auriculiformis + Thin Napier A. auriculiformis + Setaria C. siamea + Guinea C. siamea + Thin Napier C. siamea + Setaria Rainfall (mm)

Soil Moisture % ( 0-60 cm ) July August September 10.48 11.78 10.11 10.62 11.89 10.32 10.81 11.97 10.38 10.39 11.63 10.03 10.47 11.71 10.18 10.55 11.78 10.27 10.22 11.56 10.03 10.35 11.63 10.13 10.42 11.75 10.25 223.5 297.8 151.5

June 7.21 7.68 7.90 7.27 7.39 7.56 7.12 7.28 7.37 94.8

October 9.25 9.48 9.61 9.18 9.39 9.47 9.09 9.22 9.32 75.5

Table 2: Soil parameters, green forage yield and economics of silvipastoral systems Treatment

pH

OC Available N Available P Available K Crop Yield Net return BCR (g/ kg) (Kg/ ha) (Kg/ ha) (Kg/ ha) ( t/ha) (Rs./ha)

A. mangium+ Guinea 5.67 A. mangium+ Thin Napier 5.65 A. mangium + Setaria 5.68

5.9 6.4 6.5

182.4 188.6 196.8

51.2 53.5 48.6

89.5 81.7 86.2

16.65 15.66 12.59

9975 8490 3885

1.66 1.56 1.26

A. auriculiformis + Guinea A. auriculiformis + Thin A. auriculiformis + Setaria C. siamea + Guinea C. siamea + Thin Napier C. siamea + Setaria Initial status

5.7 6.1 6.3 5.8 6.0 6.4 5.5

176.5 184.4 188.6 186.6 192.4 198.8 169.1

46.3 49.2 45.7 55.8 60.2 47.6 40.5

80.6 77.2 79.3 85.8 79.3 80.6 72.8

16.48 15.49 12.44 16.32 15.45 12.37 -

9720 8235 3660 9480 8175 3555 -

1.65 1.55 1.24 1.63 1.54 1.23 -

5.80 5.78 5.79 5.73 5.74 5.77 5.58

CONCLUSION In rainfed upland condition of coastal Odisha guinea fodder grass can be grown with A. mangium under silvipastoral system which will produce maximum green fodder yield and net return besides improving soil fertility.


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INVESTIGATIVE RESTRAINING OF DUCK MORTALITY IN AN ORGANIZED FARM THROUGH AQUA-CUM- MICROHABITAT SANITARY MANAGEMENT ANANGA KUMAR DAS1*, SHIBANI PANDA2, KURESH KUMAR NAYAK3, SUBHRANSHU SEKHAR BISWAL4, TAPAS KUMAR ROUL5, SUBHASHISH DASH6 AND TILOTTAMMA PATTNAIK7 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jajpur, OUAT-ICAR, Odisha *Programme assistant, KVK, Jajpur, OUAT-ICAR, 2 Veterinary Assistant Surgeon, Sunki, Pottangi Block, Koraput; 3 M.V.Sc student, ARGO department, C.V.Sc & A.H., OUAT, BBSR 1

4

Assistant Professor, ARGO, TVCC, C.V.Sc & A.H., OUAT, Bhubaneswar; 5 Senior Research Fellow, AICRP on Integrated Farming System, OUAT Farm, Bhubaneswar; 6 Soil scientist, KVK, Jajpur, OUAT-ICAR; 7 Senior Scientist and Head, KVK, Jajpur, OUAT-ICAR INTRODUCTION Ducks produce meat and egg among poultry species. Generally three breeds viz. white peckin for meat, desi kuzhi as dual and khaki Campbell for egg purposes are reared. Integrated farming system adopted recently by farmers involves common components like duckery, fishery and horticultural crops. Disease incidences affect income of farmers through unusual mortality or reduction in growth and egg production in ducks. Successful control of mortality due to mixed bacterial infection from multisource in ducks through water-cum-microclimate management in a farm is reported in present case study. Case History and Observations A complain of sudden mortality in ducks of 4 months old showing lethargy and stiff gait was received from a farm by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jajpur, Barchana (OUAT, ICAR). Preliminary anamnesis revealed ducks become lame, solitary, doze and die with crack marks on the foot webs. Investigatory prima facie unearthed ducks’ association with chickens, open paddock movement during morning hour, association of premisewith pet Labrador retriever and uniperson multipurpose husbandry management practices. Further inspection spotted provision of unhygienic drinking water, playing swimming pond with built up duck litter, water ladenhand dipped poultry feed supplement, stagnancy of water in the open paddock, wet litter bed and one single bulb of 200 watt above 3 feet from ground. Post mortem of ducks demonstrated haemorrhagic liver, trachea and yellowish-faint red exudates of bone marrow. Summing up all observations, tentative diagnosis projected neurological as well as respiratory symptoms might be the major cause of death due to water and feed contamination with Mycoplasma spp, Staphylococcus spp and Enterococcus spp through gradual aggravation towards egg laying window period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Drinking water management through enrofloxacin liquid (10% w/v) @ 10 mg for 10 days, Sel-E-Vera powder® as immune booster @ 10 mg for 7 days, mix aqueous extract of ginger, garlic and onion (100 gm each) @ 10 ml for 1 month, gel of Aloe vera @ 20 gm/week for 4 weeks, Sharkoferrol VET®@ 5 gm for 15 days and Ocimum sanctum with red chilli aqueous extract (100 gm Ocimum and 10 gm chilli) @ 10 ml for 7 days were prescribed per 100 birds ( 128 )



as mixed in 1 litre of drinking water to combat mixed bacterial infection. Swimming pond water and drinking water were sanitized by 1 ml Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (ZYSEPT®) per 20 litre water to effectively kill all microorganisms. Fresh feed feeding was advised. Open paddock stagnant water was managed through application of stone lime@ 1 kg/ 20 square feet mixed with sand. Manager was advised to change litter bed at 7 days interval with application of 1 kg stone lime per 20 square feet premise area. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Temperature of bird increased to 20 watt through three additional 200 watt bulb provision and premise convectional heat transfer with effective ventilation were achieved simply up-folding of polythene coverall from bottom during night time (5 cm from bottom). It has been observed that Mycoplasma spp. spreads from chickens to duck if kept in close contact via contaminated drinking water and feed (Bencina et. al., 1988). Same feeder, drinker and management person might be the portal way of mycoplasma infection in the present situation. Neurological symptoms with leg weakness and torticollis were found in duck flocks infected with Mycoplasma spp. (Stipkovits and Szathmary, 2012). In the present case study, laboured gait and tremor of head as well as neck were also present. Some ducks showed torticollis like breast-head position. It could be presumed that central nervous system (CNS) pathology might be caused by Mycoplasma spp explaining present nervous disorders.Airsacculitis, pneumonic lungs, severe arthritis, peritonitis andhigh mortality incidence in males, especiallycloser to laying period were manifestation in Mycoplasma infected ducks(Stipkovits et. al., 1976, 1993). Maximum drake mortality and cottage cheese friable lungs condition were the post-mortem features in recent case study. It has been reported that duck faeces contains majority of Staphylococcus spp., streptococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., and fungus Aspergillus spp. (Adegunloye and Adejumo, 2014). Immunodeficiency nature of Mycoplasma spp infection and concurrent bacterial or viral infection in ducks have already been explored (Stipkovits and Szathmary, 2012). It might be presumed that opportunistic Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp could have resumed pathogenic virulence along with mycoplasma upon conducive environment arrival when body immunity status remains sub-normal. Mycoplasma can disperse by aerosol and might be potential source of infection (O’Connell et. al., 1964). Dog faeces is an endemic epicentre for bacteria like Enterococcus spp and Staphylococcus spp which are resistant to tetracycline, penicillin, erythromycin and aminoglycoside groups of antibiotics (Cinquepalmi et. al., 2013). Research has been conducted on semi-intensive duckery predisposal to Salmonella spp jointinfection through wild vermin’s litter contaminated feed and water (Bisgaard, 1981). In the present study preliminary prescription of neomycin and doxycycline mixed composition, sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim antibiotics did not work. The fluoroquinolone group antibiotic enrofloxacin worked nicely. Hence, it might be assumed that association with dog could have played significant role in transfer of specific antibiotic resistant bacterial species in the present case. The very first information of owner before one and half month of mortality hue was coffee colour watery diarrhoea. It could be linked to the Salmonellaspp infection due to open paddock exposure to wild vermin’s litter and gradual attainment of dormancy at joints of ducks. Water sanitation, hygiene, prevention of feed-water contamination and microenvironment climatic management successfully controlled the duck mortality is reported. Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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SITE SPECIFIC NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT FOR SOME IMPORTANT PULSE CROPS UNDER WATER STRESS SCENARIO IN ODISHA SUBHASHIS SAREN AND ANTARYAMI MISHRA AICRP – Soil Test Crop Response (STCR), Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha E- mail: [email protected]; Phone: +91-8596919801 In our state, pulses occupy 20.8 lakh ha area with production of 10.6 lakh tonnes having average productivity of around 500 kg ha-1. Greengram is the most cultivated pulse crop with an area of 42% among total pulse area followed by blackgram (27%), horsegram (11%) and arhar (7%). Ganjam is the leading district with respect to area and production while Rayagada district has the highest productivity. Still, there is large yield gap among potential and average yield of various pulse crops in the state. This indicates that there is vast scope for increasing the productivity of pulse crops in the state. Nearly, 94 per cent of pulse area is rainfed (33 % in kharif as rainfed and 61% in rabi under residual soil moisture). Precipitation in the month of October is about 124 mm which is helpful for sowing of rabi pulses under residual soil moisture condition. The fertilizer prescription equations for site and targeted yield specific nutrient management practice have been formulated for some important pulse crops viz. Cowpea, Black gram and Green gram by All India Coordinated Research Project on Soil Test Crop Response Correlation (ICAR) operating at OUAT, Bhubaneswar. The concept of fertilizer prescription equation for desired yield target was first given by Troug (1960). Later on Ramamoorthy et al. (1967) established theoretical basis and experimental technique to suit it to Indian condition. They showed a linear relationship between yield and nutrient uptake for a particular crop. MATERIALS AND METHODS Each year for each crop three fertility gradient stripes were prepared by applying no fertilizer, recommended dose and double of the recommended dose of fertilizer in rice crop during kharif. After harvest of rice each strip was subdivided into 24 subplots with control, FYM and different graded doses of fertilizer before taking up of the crops. The pulse crops viz. cowpea, greengram and blackgram were grown in these fertility gradient stripes as main crop during rabi after harvesting of rice. Plot wise initial and post harvest soil samples were analysed; grain samples and plant samples were also analysed for nutrient uptake, nutrient requirement (NR), soil efficiency (Cs), fertilizer efficiency (Cf) and organic matter efficiency (Co) as the procedure given by Ramamoorthy et al. (1967). The required parameters to formulate fertilizer prescription equations for specific yield targets yield were experimentally obtained for a given soil-type-crop-agroclimatic ( 130 )



condition. The available soil nutrient content was taken into consideration while estimating soil efficiency and fertilizer efficiency. Therefore, NR (Nutrient requirement; kg q-1) = Cs (Soil efficiency) = Cf (Fertilizer efficiency) = Co (Organic matter efficiency) =

T – Targeted yield (q ha-1) of the specific crop desired to be obtained within its varietal limitation SN – Initial soil available N (kg ha-1) analyzed by Alkaline permanganate method SP2O5 – Initial soil available P2O5 (kg ha-1) analyzed by Bray’s No.1 method K2O – Initial soil available K2O (kg ha-1) analyzed by Ammonium acetate method Co – Efficiency of organic matter. These parameters are then transferred to a workable equation as follows: FD= Where FD = fertilizer dose (kg ha-1); T= yield target (q ha-1) and STV = soil test value. The fertilizer prescription equations for specific yield targets were formulated using the above parameters as presented below for cowpea (Table 1), black gram (Table 2) and green gram (Table 3). Table 1.Targeted yield equations for cowpea (cv. Utkal manika). NR (kg q -1)

Cs (%)

Cf (%)

Co (%)

N

0.75

14.9

45

28

FN = 1.67 T – 0.0.33 SN-0.62ON

P 2O 5

0.71

27.0

22

25

F P2O 5 = 1.22T – 1.13 SP 2O 5 - 1.13 O P 2O 5

K 2O

1.43

18.6

95

21

F K2O = 1.5 T- 0.19 SK2 O – 0.22 O K2 O

Parameters

Fertilizer Prescription Equation


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(Where, FN, F P2O5 and F K2O= kg fertilizer N, P2O5 and K2O required; T= specific yield target in (q); S N, S P2O5 and S K2O= kg available soil N, P2O5 and K2O respectively; ON, O P2O5 and O K2O= kg N, P2O5 and K2O added through FYM) Table 2. Fertilizer prescription equation for Black gram (cv. Prasad). -1

Parameters

NR (kg q )

Cs (%)

Cf (%)

Co (%)


N

3.50

13.2

25.4

17.3

FN= 14 T- 0.52 SN- 0.68 ON

P2O 5

1.86

15.4

23.6

12.5

F P2O 5 = 8.1 T-0.65 P2O 5 -0.52 O P2O 5

K2 O

2.96

13.1

29.2

13.7

F K2O = 10.20 T-0.44 S K2 O- 0.44 O K2O

Table 3. Fertilizer prescription equations for Green gram (cv. Durga). Parameter

-1

NR (kg q )

Cs (%)

Cf (%)

Co (%)


N

2.83

12.40

23.9

16.7

FN= 11.84 T- 0.51 SN- 0.69 ON

P 2O 5

1.91

16.78

21.8

14.9

F P2O 5 = 8.76 T-0.76 P2O 5 -0.68 O P2O 5

K 2O

3.31

14.07

27.1

13.2

F K2O = 12.21 T-0.51 S K2 O- 0.48 O K2O

The above equations will be very much useful for extension officers, scientists and farmers alike in balanced fertilization of crop for targeted yield. When available soil nutrients are higher, then naturally fertilizer requirement is also very less. In this situation only maintenance dose for a particular nutrient is to be given i.e. 25 percent of the recommended dose to avoid nutrient mining. These equations will be useful in red, laterite and yellow soils (Inceptisols and Alfisols) which constitute 84 percent of the total geographical area of Odisha. REFERENCES Troug E. (1960). Fifty years of Soil Testing. Trans. 7th Intl. Cong. Soil Sc., Wisconsin, USA, Part-III and IV, 36-45pp. Ramamoorthy, B., Narasimhan, R. L. and Dinesh, R. (1967). Fertilizer application for specific yield targets of Sonera-64 (Wheat). Ind. Fmg., 17: 43-45.

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PILOT TESTING OF HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP WASTE WATER FED DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM FOR TERRACE CULTIVATION OF TOMATO IN HILLY TERRAIN OF ASSAM MANJUL BORAH1, L. N. SETHI*2, DIPLINA PAUL3, KAMAKSHI PADHY4 1

B.Tech. Student, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Assam University, Silchar, Assam *2 Associate Professor, Dept.of Agril. Engineering, Assam University, Silchar788011, Assam, India 3 Guest Faculty, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India 4 Research Scholar, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Assam University, Silchar, Assam. email: [email protected] The hill and mountain agro-ecosystem is characterized by very little irrigated land and difficult terrain, thus prevailing terrace cultivation for micro irrigation. Lack of assured source of water in hilly terrain is also a major challenge for crop production in higher altitudes. Sethi and Singh (2014) revealed that Assam is dominated by hillocks and receives average annual rainfall and roof top runoff of 2349.46 mm and 1997.04 mm in 220 rainy days, respectively. So, only rainwater and stream (if available) can be harvested and utilized for crop planning and domestic use (Khataniar and Benazir, 2015). On the other side of the coin, the depleted fossil fuels (diesel and gasoline) take thousands of years to be replenished. This calls for alternatives to supplant the pumps run by fuel and electricity. Hydraulic ram which runs on hydro-power can be the way out (Inthachot et al., 2015; Kitani and Willardson, 1983). But research has revealed that water flowing out of the waste valve of hydraulic ram is quite significant and can be utilized for various purposes. Also, Bhatnagar and Srivastava (2003) had opined that terrace cultivation in the hilly region has the ability to provide ample scope for drip irrigation system. We studied to utilize the water lost through the waste valve of hydraulic ram (termed here as ‘waste water’) by utilizing it in gravity-fed drip irrigation system and watering the terrace cultivation of tomato. MATERIAL & METHODS: The hydraulic ram considered in this study is of size: drive × supply = 5.08 cm × 2.54 cm and situated in the Department of Agricultural Engineering, Assam University, Silchar. The gravity drip irrigation system was designed for the down-zone-hilly-area of the Department Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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farm-sit. The present study focuses on effect of number of laterals and emitters of a hydraulic ram pump waste valve water fed drip irrigation system with flow rate 1 L/h for terrace cultivation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, Sweet Aperitif F1 hybrid) in the hilly terrain of the aforementioned Department. A simple procedure was developed for designing of low-cost, gravity-fed drip irrigation manifold subunits (with laterals on each side) for use in hilly areas. The allowable pressure head variation in the manifold and laterals was calculated individually for different pressure zones, and the manifold subunit was divided independently for laterals and manifold. The system had the capability to provide uniform emitter discharge throughout the command area with varying elevations and irregular shapes. A useful and more pertinent star configuration of one sub-main and five lateral lines for feeding five rows was devised which had significant advantages in terms of achieving the desired discharge rate, better handling of the system, appropriate water delivery, adjustment in spatial head variation due to friction loss in pipes as well as field slopes and economic factors. Maximum water discharge from the waste valve of the hydram with characteristic beat of 60 strokes/min was experimentally determined to be 90.37 L/min at constant 8 m delivery head from the pump. Also, the maximum discharge of water per lateral point was found to be 3.47 L/min. For the assessment of optimum number of laterals and emitters, discharge was measured at five lateral points and twenty five emitter points selected for terrace cultivation of tomato. Discharge for all emitters was measured serially, simultaneously keeping the preceding emitters open and the succeeding ones closed. The discharge exhibited decreasing trend from lateral 1 to 5 and emitter point 1 to 25. The discharge obtained from 25th emitter (i.e. 5th emitter of 5th lateral) presents an overall view of the discharge that can be obtained from the network of laterals and emitters which has been considered in the present study. Also, with varying heights of lateral, maximum discharge was found to occur in a vertical height of 220 cm. RESULTS: Pilot testing of the system showed that the system worked efficiently with co-efficient of uniformity of the drip irrigation network as 98%, which imply that the variation of discharge across the network of laterals and emitters was almost negligible. The growth rate of the tomato plants was evaluated by taking the vegetative growth parameters as yardstick. The growth parameters were monitored till 130 days after the sowing of tomato seeds. Field experiments for growing of tomato with the hydraulic ram pump waste water fed drip irrigation system predicted maximum plant height, shoot thickness, leaves, number

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of flowers, number of fruits per plant as 749 mm, 6.6 mm, 78, 97, 92, respectively. Also, the yield per plant and total yield of the study site for a trial were 2.30 and 57.41 kg, respectively. Although the design criteria were developed for the topographical and climatic conditions of the mid-hills of the north-eastern India, it can easily be adapted for other locations. In hilly terrains, irrigation coupled with maintenance of terraces pose major hindrances to increase of productivity. So, the present study envisaged the scope for utilization of waste water of hydraulic ram pump for appropriate number of laterals and emitters of a dripirrigation systems and its effect on crop growth and yield parameters of tomato in prevailed terrace land of a hilly terrain. Utilization of waste water of hydraulic ram pump working in terrace cultivation widen the scope for water saving technology and increase of agricultural productivity in hilly terrains. REFERENCES: Bhatnagar, P., Srivastava, R. (2003). Gravity-fed Drip Irrigation System for Hilly Terraces of the Northwest Himalayas. Irrigation Science, 21(4), 151-157. Inthachot, M., Saehaeng, S., Max, J. F., Müller, J., Spreer, W. (2015). Hydraulic Ram Pumps for Irrigation in Northern Thailand. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia, 5, 107114. Khataniar, R., Benazir, S. (2015). Impact of Minor Irrigation Project on Farm Productivity-A Study in Flood Affected Areas of Assam. International Journal of Science and Research, 4(6), 398-402. Kitani, K., Willardson, L. S. (1983). Hydraulic Ram Use for Sprinkle Irrigation. Master’s Thesis, Utah State University. Department of Agricultural and Irrigation Engineering. Sethi, L. N., Singh, N. A. (2014). Development of Roof Water Harvesting System for Garden Plants on Hillock in Assam. Journal of Basic Applied Engineering Research, 1(9), 42-46.


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MANGROVE FOREST: A NATURAL SHIELD AGAINST ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ASESH KUMAR DASH1, M. M. HOSSAIN2, P. J. MISHRA3, B. B. BEHERA4, S. BEHERA5 1

Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, College of Forestry, OUAT, 2College of Forestry, OUAT, 3, 4 & 5AICRP on Agroforestry, OUAT, Bhubaneswar 751003 Corresponding author’s email address: [email protected]

Mangrove refers to a diverse group of salt-tolerant treesand other plant species that are found along sheltered tropical and subtropical shores and estuaries. Mangroves are buffers between the land and the sea. According to Indian State of Forest Report (ISFR 2015), the mangrove cover of the India is 4,740 sq km. Mangroves prevent coastal erosion, and act as a barrier against typhoons, cyclones and tsunamis, helping to minimize damage done to property and life. Mangrove forest conserve flora and fauna which conserve biodiversity of birds, reptiles, tigers etc. It fulfils the requirement of food for the local people and animals, timber and firewood requirement and also helps in eco-tourism. Mangrove forests play a central role in transferring organic matter and energy from the land to marine ecosystems. Mangroves not only help in preventing soil erosion but also act as a catalyst in reclaiming land from seas. METHODOLOGY This paper is an attempt to review the scenario of mangrove forest and its impact on land degradation and mitigation of climate change. On the basis of literature review we can opine that major climate change problem like coastal erosion, cyclones and tsunamis are due to loss of mangrove diversity. Therefore we are trying here to analyze the role of mangrove forest on the basis of environmental protection. RESULT & DISCUSSION Mangrove forest prevent shoreline erosion by acting as buffers and catch alluvial materials, thus stabilizing land elevation by sediment accretion that balances sediment loss. Mangrove tree species that inhabit lower tidal zones can block or buffer wave action with their stems. The trees both shield the land from wind and trap sediment in their roots, maintaining a shallow slope on the seabed that absorbs the energy of tidal surges. Their massive root system is efficient at dissipating wave energy. The loss of mangroves can prove disastrous, as evidenced by past events. In the Indian state of Odisha, where the low-lying coastline has been stripped of mangroves to make way for shrimp farms, a cyclone in 1999 left approximately 10,000 people dead and around 7.5 million homeless. Throughout the region, coastal areas with dense mangrove forests, mature shelterbelt ( 136 )



plantations and other substantial vegetative cover reported fewer human losses and less damage to infrastructure than those areas where coastal forest ecosystems had been degraded or converted to other land uses. Mangrove forests store and process huge amounts of organic matter, dissolved nutrients, pesticides and other pollutants that are dumped into them by human activities and by absorbing excess nitrates and phosphates prevent the contamination of coastal waters. Mangroves also function as a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide, a major contributor to global warming. CONCLUSION Mangroves, admittedly, are not only important but crucial for the coastal areas. Since estuarine areas are highly populated areas, the slightest ecological imbalance will take a heavy toll. Well-established mangrove forests and coastal tree plantations offered an effective physical barrier against the tidal waves, and helped save both lives and property. Mangrove forest play an invaluable role as nature’s shield against cyclones, ecological disasters and as protector of shorelines. Mangrove forests are extremely productive ecosystems that provide numerous good and services both to the marine environment and people. It purifies the water by absorbing impurities and harmful heavy metals and help us to breathe a clean air by absorbing pollutants in the air. Mangroves, admittedly, are not only important but crucial for the coastal areas. Since estuarine areas are highly populated areas, the slightest ecological imbalance will take a heavy toll.


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EVALUATION OF PLASTIC TUNNEL IN RAISING VEGETABLE SEEDLINGS IN SOUTH EASTERN COASTAL PLAIN ZONE OF ODISHA P. C. PRADHAN1 AND B. PANIGRAHI2 1

Junior Scientist (SWCE), P.F.D.C., OUAT, Bhubaneswar-751003, Odisha (Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]) 2 Prof. and Head, Department of SWCE, CAET, OUAT, Bhubaneswar-751003, Odisha Low tunnels are miniature greenhouse structure designed to raise vegetable seedlings or cultivation of low volume high value row crops. These structures facilitate the entrapment of carbon dioxide, thereby enhancing the photosynthetic activities of the plant that help to increase yield. These structures protect the plants from high wind, rainfall, frost and snow. Besides being inexpensive, they are easy to erect and dismantle. Used for faster and healthier growth of vegetable seedlings. Maintain optimum temperature for plant growth during cold night. Increases photosynthetic activity of the plant & thereby growth and yield. Recorded 30-50% more germination under low tunnel as compared to outside condition. Seedlings get ready 5-7 days earlier than outside condition. Used for cultivation of high value crops during winter. Protection against extreme climatic condition i.e wind and heavy rain.. MATERIALS AND METHODS The selection of site should be such that it should be free from shade of building or trees. It should be free from water stagnation.The structural materials viz. 6mm plain rod and UV film of 200 micron should be procured.The 6mm rod should be cut at 2.4m length and bend to semi circular shape for each structural element.The UV film of 200 micron should be chosen as cladding material.The nursery bed of 4.5m × 1.0m size should be prepared with FYM and other soil amendments as per requirement and seeds are sown in lines & watering is done.The hoof elements made out of 6mm rod are placed over the bed @ 0.75m spacing. Hence 7 nos. of elements are required for a unit of above size.Then UV film is spread over the structural elements of low tunnel such that there should not be any sagging. The extreme ends of UV film should be tied to the wooden stakes driven into the ground.There should be proper operation of low tunnel. At night the low tunnel should be closed from all sides. But after germination, the longitudinal side UV film should be lifted upto 15-20 cm for ventilation and temperature control without loosening the film from stake end.Planting, fertilizer applications, pesticides overhead irrigation and harvesting can be done in the normal way by lifting the film on the sides. The evaluation of plastic tunnel was done for raising vegetable seedlings during 2013-14 & 2014-15 at Jagtsinghpur district of odisha. ( 138 )



Cost Economics: Materials for erection of one unit of low tunnel of size 4.5 m (L) × 1.0m (W) × 0.6m(H) : UV film of 200 micron thickness of size 7m × 1.8 m. costing about Rs.500/-. Fabrication & cost of 7 numbers of low tunnel elements made out of 6mm rod of 2.4m length costing about Rs.400/-. The economics of raising seedlings under low tunnel is calculated based on the assumption that it can be used 4 times in a year i.e. 2 times in Kharif and 2 times in Rabi season. A. Cost of cultivation : i) Cost of seed 10 gm for nursery bed of 4.5m × 1.0m (for 4 times in a year)

= Rs.

1600.00

ii) Cost of low tunnel per year (assuming life span of structure is 5 year)

= Rs.

180.00

iii) Other expenditure viz plant protection

= Rs.

220.00

Rs.

2000.00

= Rs.

5000.00

Total B. Return per year : i) Sale proceed from seedlings (raised four times in a year)

Hence benefit cost ration is calculated to be 2.50 which is acceptable and viable from economics point of view. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The average germination under plastic tunnel was found to be 78% and 82% respectively for vegetable seedlings like tomato and brinjals. It is recorded 50% more germination when compared to open field condition. The benefit cost ratio of 2.5 is acceptable for economic point of view. CONCLUSION The cost of hybrid seeds is very costly and seedlings raised outside are subjected to vagaries of weather conditions. In this context low tunnel is a low cost plasticulture technology facilitating early and healthy growth of seedlings. As raw materials are easily available, it can be used successfully for growing seedlings under protected condition. REFERENCES 1. 2.

Anonymous, 2014, Annual Progress Report, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jagatsinghpur Anonymous,2015, Annual Progress Report, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jagatsinghpur


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WATER FOOTPRINT : A RECENT CONCEPT IN WATER USE EFFICIENCY S. R. PRADHAN, S. MANGARAJ, R. JENA AND T. R. SAHOO

College of Agriculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar The water footprint of an individual, community or business is defined as the total volume of freshwater used to produce the goods and services consumed by the individual or community or produced by the business. The water footprint is a measure of humanity’s appropriation of fresh water in volumes of water consumed and polluted.The water footprint measures the amount of water used to produce each of the goods and services we use. It can be measured for a single process, such as growing rice, for a product, such as a pair of jeans, for the fuel we put in our car, or for an entire multi-national company. The water footprint concept was introduced in 2002 by Arjen Y. Hoekstra as an alternative indicator of water use. Components of Water footprint The water footprint has three components: green, blue and grey. Together, these components provide a comprehensive picture of water use by delineating the source of water consumed, either as rainfall/soil moisture or surface/groundwater, and the volume of fresh water required for assimilation of pollutants. 1.

Blue water footprint

The blue water footprint is the volume of freshwater that evaporated from the global blue water resources (surface water and ground water) to produce the goods and services consumed by the individual or community (either lost through evapotranspiration, incorporated in products or transferred to non-blue catchments). 2.

Green water footprint

Green water footprint is water from precipitation that is stored in the root zone of the soil and evaporated, transpired or incorporated by plants. It is particularly relevant for agricultural, horticultural and forestry products. 3.

Grey water footprint

The grey water footprint is the volume of polluted water that associates with the production of all goods and services for the individual or community. The latter can be estimated as the volume of water that is required to dilute pollutants to such an extent that the quality of the water remains at or above agreed water quality standards. ( 140 )



·

For fruits we find a similar variation in water footprints: water melon 235 m3/ton; pineapple 255 m3/ton; papaya 460 m3/ton; orange 560 m3/ton; banana 790 m3/ton; apple 820 m3/ton; peach 910 m3/ton; pear 920 m3/ton; apricot 1300 m3/ton; plums 2200 m3/ton; dates 2300 m3/ton; grapes 2400 m3/ton; figs 3350 m3/ton.

·

The average water footprint for cereal crops is 1644 m3/ton, but the footprint for wheat is relatively large (1827 m3/ton), while for maize it is relatively small (1222 m3/ton). The average water footprint of rice is close to the average for all cereals together.

·

For alcoholic beverages we find: a water footprint of 300 m3/ton for beer and 870 m3/ton for wine.

·

The water footprints of juices vary from tomato juice (270 m3/ton), grapefruit juice (675 m3/ton), orange juice (1000 m3/ton) and apple juice (1100 m3/ton) to pineapple juice (1300 m3/ton).

CONCLUSION Freshwater is vital to life, and as the world’s population grows, so does our use of it. Globally, the increase is due in part to more people drinking and bathing, but as developing countries like China and India grow more prosperous, more people are consuming more water-intensive food, electricity and consumer goods. This puts pressure on water resources, which is a concern in the arid parts of the US and the rest of the world where food is grown, goods are manufactured and water is already in short supply. Water footprints help individuals, businesses and countries because they reveal water use patterns, from the individual level all the way to the national level. They shine a light on the water used in all the processes involved in manufacturing and producing our goods and services. A water footprint also accounts for the amount of water contaminated during manufacturing and production because that water is made unusable and is, essentially, taken out of the system. The water footprint gives everyone – from individuals to business managers to public officials – a solid frame of reference that helps us all be more efficient and sustainable with our water use and appreciate the role of water in our lives REFERENCE AY Hoekstra, AK Chapagain, MM Aldaya, MM Mekonnen, The water footprint assessment manual: Setting the global standard


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YIELD AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF FORAGE CROPS AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT MULCHING MANAGEMENT UNDER RAINFED ECOSYSTEM HIMANGSHU DAS1*, C. K. KUNDU2, B. R. BEHERA3 AND N.SENAPATI4 1

Technical Officer, AAS Unit, Malkangiri, Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology 2

3

Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, BCKVV, WB

Technical Officer, AAS Unit, Semiliguda, Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology 4

ADR, RRTTS, Semiliguda, OUAT, Orissa, e-mail: [email protected]

Optimum and efficient utilization of feed and fodder resources holds key for successful commercial livestock production. But, there is tremendous pressure of livestock on available total feed and fodder, as land available for fodder production has been declining. The existing fodder production in the country is not enough to meet the feed requirements of the growing livestock population. In India forage crops are mainly cultivated in rainfed condition. In this situation soil moisture is the major constraint for crop production. Therefore, uses of moisture conservation measures are vital under such condition. Suitable soil moisture conservation practices may reduce the evaporation loss and increase the yield. Among the different soil water conservation measures, mulching has gained popularity. With these backgrounds the present study has been formulated to assess the yield and water use efficiency of forage crops under different mulching practices. MATERIAL AND METHOD A field experiment was conducted at the central research farm, Gayeshpur(latitude 220 58 /N, longitude 88 0 31 / E and 9.75 m above mean sea level) of Bidhan Chandra KrishiViswavidyalaya, West Bengalduring the summer season of 2013 and 2014. Experiment was conducted in a split-plot design with three replications. Three perennial grasses namely Brachiariabrizantha (P1), Panicum maximum (P2) and Setariaanceps (P3) were accommodated in main plots. Sub-plots were fitted with three different mulching: no mulching (M1), soil dust mulching (M2) and live mulching with legume (M3). This experiment was started in an experimental field of two years aged perennial grass. Subplot size was 5 m x 4 m and a spacing of 50 x 50 cm between rows and plants were maintained. Cowpea seeds were sown in between two lines of perennial grass in case of live mulching plots. At the same time, soil dust mulching was imposed by loosening of surface layer. Live mulching was cut after 45 days of sowing and spread over the soil surface in between lines of perennial grasses. At harvest the forage biomass of the entire plot was recorded and converted into q ha-1. Water use efficiency (WUE) was calculated as the ratio of total green forage yield/dry biomass yield to seasonal evapotranspiration ( 142 )



(SET). The data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance for split-plot design as outlined by Gomez and Gomez (1984). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Pooled data of two years showed significant variation in green fodder yield (GFY) among different perennial grasses (Table 1). Setariaanceps recorded significantly higher green forage yield(307.20 q ha-1). Differences in biomass production of grasses are due to differences in the growth habit and morphology (Ullahet al., 2006). Among the forages dry matter yield (DMY) was not significantly varied(Table 1). Variation in fresh and dry biomass of grasses is due to differences in moisture content in biomass (Anwar et al., 2012).Among the mulching management significantly highest green forage yield obtained with live mulching followed by soil dust mulching and no mulching recorded the lowest GFY (Table 1). GFY increased by 11.39 and 20.99% with live mulching as compared to soil dust and no mulching. Dry forage yield was also increased by 6.31 to 15.98% with live mulching as compared to soil dust mulching and no mulching. Cutting the live mulching legume plants and using it as mulch after 45 days may helped in suppressing weed growth, and led checking evaporation losses resulted in maximum green forage and dry matter yield obtained under this treatment. Table 1: Yield and water use efficiency of forage crops as influenced by different mulching management Yield (Pooled)

WUEGF -1 -1 (kg ha mm )

Green forage -1 (q ha )

Dry matter -1 (q ha )

Brachiariabrizantha (P1)

288.22

68.73

109.13 122.46 25.86

29.42

Panicum maximum (P2)

247.94

65.88

93.33

104.48 24.78

28.36

Setariaanceps(P3)

307.20

66.99

115.14 128.82 25.29

28.54

4.08

0.87

-

-

-

-

13.30

NS

-

-

-

-

No mulching (M1)

255.87

62.02

96.53

111.28 23.26

27.15

Soil dust mulching (M2)

277.92

67.66

106.87 117.63 25.86

28.84

Live mulching (M3)

309.58

71.93

114.21 126.84 26.81

30.33

SEm±

3.24

0.78

-

-

-

-

CD at 5%

9.47

2.28

-

-

-

-

Treatments

WUEDF -1 -1 (kg ha mm ) st

st

nd

1 year 2 year

1 year

nd

2 year

Forage crops

SEm± CD at 5% Mulching Practices


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Water use efficiency (WUE) was assessed in terms of both green (WUEGF) and dry biomass (WUEDF) yield. The mean value of WUEGF was maximum with Setariaanceps(P3)which was followed by Brachiariabrizantha(P1)and Panicum maximum (P2)recorded lowest value (Table 1). While, WUEDF might be ranked in order of P1>P3>P2 in both years. The magnitude of WUE (both WUEGF and WUEDF) was lowest under no mulching condition followed by soil dust mulching and highest with live mulching with legumes during both years.It was found that relative increase in water use in terms of SET (data not shown) was less than the relative increase in forage yield of live mulching plot. Due to this reason water use efficiency was highest under live mulching. Unproductive loss of water along with low yield in no mulching condition might be responsible for lower water use efficiency. Considering yield and water use efficiency, farmers of the adjoining areas can be advised to cultivate forage crop Setariaanceps with live mulching practice. REFERENCES Anwar, M., Akmal, M., Shah, A., Asim, M. and Gohar, R. 2012. Growth and yield comparison of perennial grasses as rainfed fodder production. Pakistan Journal of Botany,44: 547-552. Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. 1984. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research (2ndEds.) A wileyInterscience publication, New York. pp 680. Ullah, M.A., Razzaq, A. and Saleem, R. 2006. Performance of various forage grasses under spring and monsoon season at pothowar plateau. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology,8: 398-401.

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EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF USED PLASTIC MATERIALS AS MULCHES UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF IRRIGATION ON WATER USE EFFICIENCY FOR RABI MARIGOLD (TAGETES ERECTA) *JITENDRA SINHA, SHASHI KANT, MANISHA, RADHIKA SAHU AND GAURAV KANT NIGAM Department of Soil and Water Engineering, SVCAETRS, FAE, IGKV, Raipur492012, Mobile 94255-59418, Email: [email protected] Marigold (Tagetes erecta) is one of the most important commercial flower crops in the global floriculture industry and water is the most important input for the crop. Furrow irrigation is the conventional method for vegetable and floriculture crops while drip irrigation is the most efficient where mulching can be used effectively. The most common types of mulch are the black plastic mulch (BPM), which is commercially produced by industry but does create environment problems. On the other hand, food materials and fertilizers etc. are available and sold in plastic bags. Can we use these plastic bags as mulch to enhance water use efficiency? If yes, with what compromise in comparison to traditional black plastic mulch. MATERIALS AND METHODS A Field experiment was carried out during the year 2015-16 at Department of Soil and Water Engineering, IGKV Raipur. The experiment was conducted with four main treatments i.e. four irrigation levels on the basis of Evapotranspiration of crop (ETc) i.e. 70% (T1), 80% (T2), 90% (T3), and 100% (T4) and four sub treatments i.e. types of mulches i.e. Black plastic mulch (M1), used whitish Wheat flour bag mulch (M2), used reddish Rice bag mulch (M3) and used white Fertilizer bag mulch (M4). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. Different types of used plastic materials such as used Wheat flour bags, used Rice bags and used Fertilizer bags were collected and mulching roll was prepared. A field plot 20 m long × 10 m width was divided into three equal parts (20 m × 2 m) buffer strip of 2 m left in the middle (i.e. R1, R2, and R3) and each part was divided into four strips and each strip was again divided into four treatments. The black plastic mulch (27 ì), used whitish Wheat flour bag mulch (226 ì), used reddish Rice bag mulch (240 ì) and used white Fertilizer bag mulch (306 ì) was laid down in the field. Four weeks old seedlings of rabi marigold (Tagetes erecta) “Pusa basanti” were transplanted in holes (3 cm) at a spacing of 50 cm × 30 cm (RR× PP). A basal dose of FYM @ 15 tons per ha and fertilizer 150 kg N and 200 kg P2O5 per hectare were applied at the time of planting. Estimation of irrigation water requirement The daily irrigation water requirement for the marigold crop was estimated using the following relationship: IR = ET0 × Kc – R … (1) Where, Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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IR = Net depth of irrigation (mm day–1); ET0 = Reference Evapotranspiration (mm day–1) Kc = Crop coefficient; R = Rainfall (mm per day) The net volume of water required by the plant can be calculated by the relationship V = IR × A

… (2)

Where, V

= Net volume of water required by a plant (m3 per day)

A (m))

= Area under each plant (m2) (spacing between rows (m), spacing between plants

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effect of different irrigation levels Vegetative growth, flower yield and water use efficiency of rabi marigold were affected significantly by different levels of irrigation. At 110 DAT the plant height (90.17 cm) and no. of primary branches per plant (12.85) were higher with irrigation scheduled at 100% ETc as compared to irrigation scheduled at 70% ETc which recorded lower plant height (69.09 cm) and no. of primary branches per plant (9.93). The present findings are in conformity with the finding of S. L. Chawla (2008) in African marigold. The increase in vegetative growth parameters with irrigation at 100% ETc was due to fact that adequate soil moisture was provided and reduction in vegetative growth under irrigation at 70% ETc seems to be due to moisture deficit. Result also showed that water use efficiency decreased with increase in levels of irrigation. The water use efficiency (6.67 q ha-1 cm-1) was higher at 70% ETc while it was lower (6.03 q ha-1 cm-1) at 100% ETc for black plastic mulch. Effect of different types of mulches Vegetative growth, flower yield and water use efficiency of rabi marigold recorded were affected by different types of mulches. At 110 DAT the plant height (82.80 cm) was higher with used reddish rice bag mulch (RBM) and no. of primary branches per plant (12.15) was higher with black plastic mulch as compared to mulching with used whitish wheat flour bag mulch which recorded lower plant height (75.25 cm) and no. of primary branches per plant (10.57). Result also showed that water use efficiency (6.27 q ha-1 cm-1) was higher with black plastic mulch whereas, water use efficiency (4.74 q ha-1 cm-1) was lower with used whitish wheat flour bag (Table 1). Also, for different levels of irrigation the highest water use ( 146 )



efficiency was found for black plastic mulch followed by reddish Rice bag mulch, Fertilizer bag mulch and Wheat flour bag mulch. Table: 1 Yield of rabi marigold and water use efficiency under different levels of drip irrigation with different types of mulches -1

-1

-1

Treatment

Yield (qha )

Water use efficiency (q ha cm )

T1 M1

111.73

6.67

T1 M2

80.00

4.77

T1 M3

95.60

5.70

T1 M4

86.00

5.13

T2 M1

121.33

6.22

T2 M2

94.80

4.86

T2 M3

106.67

5.46

T2 M4

103.87

5.32

T3 M1

137.87

6.18

T3 M2

103.20

4.63

T3 M3

126.13

5.66

T3 M4

112.80

5.06

T4 M1

151.20

6.03

T4 M2

117.73

4.70

T4 M3

135.60

5.41

T4 M4

128.80

5.14

CD at 5%

8.74

0.42

CONCLUSIONS Based on the result obtained it is concluded that the performance of used plastic bags as mulch is at par as compared to BPM for getting higher water use efficiency. Small and marginal farmers can develop their own low cost mulching with used reddish Rice bags, used white Fertilizer bags, used whitish wheat flour bags with little efforts and avail the benefits of mulching and it is also concluded that the best irrigation level suitable for farmer is 100% ETc through drip.


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CLIMATIC MANEUVER ON AQUATIC BIOMASS AND INNOVATIVE WAY OF SANITATION INVOLVING POULTRY REARING ANANGA KUMAR DAS1, SHIBANI PANDA2, TAPAS KUMAR ROUL3, KURESH KUMAR NAYAK4, BABITA MISHRA5, BIJAYLAXMI MOHANTA6, DHARITRI PATRA7, SUBHASHISH DASH8, BIPRA CHARAN SWAIN9 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jajpur, OUAT-ICAR 1

Programme Assistant, Animal Science, KVK, Jajpur (Corresponding Author); 2 Veterinary Assistant Surgeon, Sunki, Pottangi, Koraput, 3 Senior Research Fellow, AICRP on Integrated Farming System, OUAT, BBSR, 4 M.V.Sc student, Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, C.V.Sc & A.H., OUAT, 5 Scientist, Horticulture, KVK, Jajpur, 6 Scientist, Agriculture Engineering Technology, KVK, Jajpur, 7 Scientist, Home Science, KVK, Jajpur 8

Scientist, Soil Science, KVK, Jajpur, 9 Farm Manager, KVK, Jajpur

Uncontrollable menaces of the water hyacinth are clogging of water ways, friction generated water stagnancy, difficulty in fishery, overloading biomass to divulge flood, mosquito breeding centre, disease causing microorganism harbor and ecological damage (Narasimha and Benarjee, 2015). Aquatic weed infestation ranges 40-70 per cent in different states like Odisha, Assam, Manipur, Tripura and Bihar, a survey reported (Philipose, 1968). West Bengal had incurred a loss of 45 million Kg fish from 1.5 lakh hectre aquatic area due to heavy infestation of Water Hyacinth (Narasimha and Benarjee, 2015). Water Hyacinth has been termed as worst weed of the century because of its acclimatization capability to tropical climate, great physiological tolerance to varied water quality, prolific reproductive potential, heavy competitive nutrient loss and hoarder of many etiological factors for diseases, for which eradication and reasonable control is par more difficult (Frezina, 2013). Overexploitation of the cereal and oil seed for poultry feed estimates around 28 per cent and 75 per cent, respectfully of livestock total feed consumption and create short fall for human consume. Maize and soybean are two major agricultural products which gained important contribution in poultry feed (FAO, 2006). Aquaculture is in severe stress because around 40 per cent fishery harvest includes in feed for livestock and of which 13 per cent belongs to poultry feed (Jackson, 2007).Water hyacinth mealas 10 per cent can be included in poultry ration by replacing 50 per cent wheat offal for efficient growth performance and nutrient utilization (Malik et. al., 2013). Fermented water hyacinth had proved to be nutrient rich in terms of crude protein digestibility, true metabolizable energy and nitrogen retention to augmentlean meat synthesis in ducks (Mangisah et. al., 2010). It has been reported that simple stomach animals like pig, rabbit and poultry can effectively utilize water hyacinth than compound stomach ungulates (National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC, 1976). Evapo-transpiration ranges from 130-150 per cent higher ( 148 )



from water hyacinth leaves compared to normal water table evaporation (Brezny et. al., 1973). Improper carcass disposal, manure management and disease outbreak affected dead bird disposal produce leachate and affect the ground water with natural water bodies quality as well as microorganism load, which may predisposebirds to disease incidence (Freedman and Fleming, 2003). Each year poultry production is growing 2-3 per cent and contributes 33 per cent to global meat production. Birds can tolerate narrow climate change range. Pressure is increasing well on feed-food competition. Alternative cheap cost feed source and microhabitat management are necessary to reach the world demand 2050 (Mengesha, 2011). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 375 pallisree breed birds were distributed equally to 15 selected farmers, 25 numbers to eachof Jajpur district and advised not provide any commercial feed.WaterHyacinth was cleared from nearby natural water bodies.Home scrapping, backyard grazing and water hyacinth (Total 1 kg/ 50 birds) were advised as feed. Drinking water was sanitized and immune boosted with aqueous extract of ginger, garlic and onion mixture (each 100 gm). Endoparasite control was done by 20 gm Aloe vera per 100 birds at 7 days interval for one month. Coccidiosis and diarrhea prevention was well done through drinking water supplementation of Tulsi and red chilli mix (Tulsi 200 gm + Red chilli 20 gm). Water sanitation in some groups was done by Didecyl dimethyl sodium chloride (ZYSEPT®) and immunity enhancement by regular vaccination, Sel-E-Vera® and Neodox forte® supplementation. Shelter management for winter climate was done as cheap as possible. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Birds were reared for 4 months and average weight gained was 2.5 Kg. Mortality rate remained low at 5 per cent (20 birds died).Drinking water might have made pathogen free due to herbal aqueous extract and semi synthetic sanitizer addition.Immune boosting and water sanitation could have made birds obscure from different diseases like Ranikhet, Gumborro, coccidiosis, highly pathogenic bird influenza and bacterial diarrhea.Dressing percentage obtained by this package rearing was 88 per cent (2.2 Kg lean meat, 300 gm feather).Feather luster and lean meat taste might have increased due to water hyacinth feeding. Natural mineral reserve and protein content of water hyacinth leaves might have made such production increase in this package rearing. Cheap cost housing, coverall of simple waste banners and electric bulb @ 2 watt/ bird made the microhabitat warm. Each farmer got Rs. 70/- per bird as profit and added Rs. 650/- to the monthly income. CONCLUSION This rearing practice has made more organic production and utilized undervalued worst aquatic weed as valuable poultry feed. This pilot study on aquatic sanitation through aquatic weed utilization as poultry feed need further research. Indian Climate Congress - Satyasai Charitable & Educational Trust, Cuttack

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SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION TO INCREASE WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF CROPS S. MANGARAJ1, S. R. PRADHAN1, T.R. SAHOO1 AND R. JENA2 1

College of Agriculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar 2 College of Agriculture, AAU, Jorhat

Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is the irrigation of crops through buried plastic tubes containing embedded emitters located at regular spacings. There are a wide variety of configurations and equipment used, however drip tubes are typically located 38" to 84" (134 to 213 cm) apart, and 6 to 10" (15 to 25 cm) below the soil surface. In the India, SDI is most widely used for the irrigation of annual row and field crops, but it can be used for any crop. In other parts of the world (e.g. Israel), SDI is widely used for the irrigation of permanent crops. Subsurface drip irrigation has been used widely. However, its adoption has proceeded slowly for a number of reasons, including the high initial capital cost– more–and the intensive management needed. Subsurface drip irrigation provides the ultimate in water use efficiency for open-field agriculture, often resulting in water savings of 25-50% compared to flood irrigation. The use of SDI offers many other advantages for crop production, including less nitrate leaching compared to surface irrigation, higher yields, a dry soil surface for improved weed control and crop health, the ability to apply water and nutrients to the most active part of the root zone, protection of drip lines from damage due to cultivation and other operations, and the ability to safely irrigate with wastewater while preventing human contact MATERIALS AND METHODS Basic Design Principles: Subsurface drip irrigation system has a similar design as a common drip irrigation system. A typical system layout consists of a settling pond (where possible), pumping unit, pressure relief valve, check valve or back flow prevention valves, hydrocyclone separator(if a settling pond is not feasible), chemical/fertiliser injection, filtration unit equipped with back flush valves, pressure regulators, air vent valves and PVC pipes delivering the water to the crop. The piping is 10 to 60 cm below the ground, depending on crop and soil (capillary attraction). As a water source, treated greywater or even blackwater is possible, with the risk of clogging being greater if the influent flow has not properly settled. Therefore, treatment of the water (e.g. a non-planted filter system, constructed wetlands (horizontal flow or vertical flow) or at least a septic tank) before the settling pond is necessary. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Cost Considerations Reich et al. (2009) estimated that investment costs of a subsurface drip irrigation system are high. The costs vary depending on water source, quality, filtration needs, choice of material, soil characteristics and degree of automation. Normal life expectancy is between ( 150 )



12 and 15 years. With good maintenance and high water quality the system can be used even longer Operation and Maintenance The performance and life of any system depends on how well it is designed, operated and maintained. It should either be automatically controlled or regularly inspected. Repairing the buried pipes is difficult, cumbersome and time-consuming. To prevent rodents from chewing the pipes, precautionary measures should be undertaken. The mechanical components such as pumps, valves and filters need to be maintained as well as checked and cleaned regularly. The filter system of a large-scale subsurface drip irrigation facility is complex and its proper functioning is crucial to the whole system. The maintenance of the three main filters of the system (this contains centrifugal separators, screen and disk filters as well as sand media filters) should be carried out carefully (e.g. backwashing of sand media filter). Systems must be designed so that mainlines, sub-mains, manifolds and laterals can all be flushed. Mainlines, sub-mains and manifolds are flushed with a valve installed at the very end of each line. Lateral lines can be flushed manually or automatically. It is important to flush the lines at least every 2 weeks during the growing season (Enciso et al. 2010). CONCLUSION If wastewater that is not properly pre-treated (i.e. inadequate pathogen reduction) is used for irrigation health risks may arise. Appropriate pre-treatment should precede any irrigation scheme to limit health risks for those coming into contact with the water (see also waterborne diseases pathogens and contaminants). However health risks stemming from subsurface drip irrigation are considerably reduced because the irrigation water is discharged into the root zone and direct contact with crops and labourers is thus prevented. Moreover, chemicals that are introduced into the system may contaminate the water. When effluent is used for irrigation, households and industries connected to the system should be made aware of the products that are not appropriate for discharging into the system. REFERENCES Enciso, J., Porter, D.; Bordovsky, J .; Fipps, G., 2010, Maintaining Subsurface Drip Irrigation Systems. Reich, D., Godin, R., Chavez, J.L., Broner, I., 2009, Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI). Fort Collins: Colorado State University


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VALIDATION OF DETERMINING HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY USING PEDOTRANSFER FUNCTIONS NAVPREET SINGH1), ZIJIAN WANG1), AND HARTMUT M. HOLLÄNDER1) 1)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Saturated hydraulic conductivity is a key parameter for predicting the flow rate through the soil (Holländer et al., 2016). Hydrogeologists constantly look for less time-consuming and more reliable techniques for the estimation of the hydraulic conductivityK. Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) areone of the cost-efficientmethods to determine the hydraulic conductivity from the soil particle size data.However, these methods contain many uncertainties since most PTFs were developed for certain conditions such as a certain range of the grain size or of the uniformity coefficient U. The aim of this study was to determine the validity of PTFs based on different soil texture to support hydrogeologists to choose adequate PTFs based on the soil type. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventydisturbed and sixteen undisturbed soil samples were collected from a pasture site in La Broquerie, Manitoba, Canada.Additionally, soils from theUNSODA v2.0(Unsaturated Soil Data;Nemes et al., 2001) database wereused to validate the selected PTFs such as Hazen (1893) and Beyer (1963) (Table 1). This database contains the information of 713 soil samples collected from around the world and contains their grain size information and soil hydraulic parameter. All soil samples were dried according to ASTM D2216-10(2006) at 110 ± 5°C.Dry sieving was carried out according to ASTM C136/C136M-14 (2006) (e”75 mm) and laser deflection using a Mastersizer 2000 (Malvern Industries) was usedto measure soil particle sizes smaller than 75 µm. Organic matter can have a large impact on soil aggregates, the increase in organic carbon leads to increase in porosity and improves water infiltration. Determination of the organic carbon content was carried out according to DIN 18128 (2002-12). Thirteen different PTFs including six empirical (e.g., Hazen, 1893), six semi-empirical equations (e.g. Terzaghi, 1925) (Table 1) and a neural network model (ROSETTA; Schaap et al., 2001)were used for predicting the hydraulic conductivity from the particle analyses. Hydraulic conductivity of the undisturbed soil samples were estimated from permeameter test according to ASTM D2334-68 (2006).All soil samples were stored in brass cylinders of ~15.2 cm (6 inches) length. The cylinders had an internal diameter of 4.95 cm (1.95 inches) and a cross-sectional area of 19.23 cm2. Table 1: Empirical and semi–empirical equations used for estimation of the hydraulic conductivity K [m/s] from grain size data and porosity Ø. Particle diameter d is given in mm.U represents the uniformity coefficient. (E: empirical, SE: semi-empirical) ( 152 )



Method

Type

Equation (K = )

Constant C

Comment

Hazen (1893)

E

1000

USBR (Vukovic &Soro, 1992)

E

0.0036

U