CARSHARING MARKET OVERVIEW, ANALYSIS, AND TRENDS Winter 2016 ... (Note: Numbers reflect business-to-consumer (B2C) carsharing only, .... Rayle, Lisa, Danielle Dai, Nelson Chan, Robert Cervero, and Susan Shaheen (2016).
INNOVATIVE MOBILITY CARSHARING OUTLOOK CARSHARING MARKET OVERVIEW, ANALYSIS, AND TRENDS
Winter 2016
TRANSPORTATION SUSTAINABILITY RESEARCH CENTER - UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY By Susan Shaheen, Ph.D. and Adam Cohen
this issue Worldwide Carsharing Growth Continues P.1 Recent Events P.1 Regional and Global Market Trends P.2-5
Worldwide Carsharing Growth Continues As of October 2014, carsharing was operating in 33 countries, five continents, and an estimated 1,531 cities with approximately 4.8 million members sharing over 104,000 vehicles. Europe, the largest carsharing region measured by membership, accounts for 46% of worldwide membership and 56% of global fleets deployed. The world’s second largest carsharing market, North America, accounts for 34% of worldwide members and 23% of vehicle fleets. In 2014, Mexico maintained the highest member-vehicle ratios (131:1), followed by 107:1 in Italy. As of October 2014, one-way carsharing accounted for 17.6% of global membership and 23.3% of global fleets deployed (based on data provided through expert interviews). As of October 2014, roundtrip carsharing accounted for 82.4% and 76.7% of global membership and fleets deployed, respectively. Regionally, North America had the largest percentage of oneway memberships, representing 27.4% of the continent’s carsharing membership. Europe had the greatest percentage of one-way fleets regionally, representing 31.1% of the continent’s carsharing fleet. (Note: Numbers reflect business-to-consumer (B2C) carsharing only, including one-way operations.)
1
Recent Events
In November 2015, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; the University of California, Berkeley; and the London School of Economics co-hosted the Disrupting Mobility Summit in Boston, Massachusetts. The summit provided an interactive forum for leading executives, government representatives, and academics to discuss sustainable transportation. To watch recorded video sessions from the summit, please visit: http://www.disrupting-mobility.org/video For more information about the summit, please visit: http://disrupting-mobility.org
REGIONAL AND GLOBAL CARSHARING MARKET TRENDS Asian Trends 1,200,000
25,000
1,000,000
20,000 15,000
600,000 10,000 400,000 5,000
200,000 0 Members
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
15,700
12,546
81,817
160,500
955,880
-11%
155%
40%
144%
810
4,315
6,155
20,344
15%
131%
19%
82%
15.5
19.0
26.1
47.0
Membership Growth Rate Vehicles
608
Fleet Growth Rate Member-Vehicle Ratio
Vehicles
Members
800,000
25.8
0
European Trends 2,500,000
70,000 60,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
40,000 30,000
1,000,000
20,000 500,000 10,000 0 Members
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
212,124
334,168
552,868
691,943
2,206,884
26%
29%
12%
79%
10,833
16,779
20,464
57,947
20%
24%
10%
68%
30.8
32.9
33.8
38.1
Membership Growth Rate Vehicles
7,491
Fleet Growth Rate Member-Vehicle Ratio
28.3
Data depict October of each even numbered year 2
0
Vehicles
Members
50,000
REGIONAL AND GLOBAL CARSHARING MARKET TRENDS North American Trends 1,800,000
30,000
1,600,000 25,000
1,400,000 20,000
1,000,000
15,000 800,000 600,000
Vehicles
Members
1,200,000
10,000
400,000 5,000 200,000 0 Members
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
117,656
318,898
516,100
908,584
1,625,652
65%
27%
33%
34%
7,505
10,420
15,795
24,210
50%
18%
23%
24%
42.5
49.5
57.5
67.1
Membership Growth Rate Vehicles
3,337
Fleet Growth Rate Member-Vehicle Ratio
35.3
0
South American Trends 4,000
120
3,500
100
3,000
Members
2,000
60
1,500
40
1,000 20
500 0 Members
2010
2012
2014
110
1,500
3,500
269%
53%
60
100
115%
29%
25.0
35.0
Membership Growth Rate Vehicles
13
Fleet Growth Rate Member-Vehicle Ratio
8.5
Data depicted October of each even numbered year 3
0
Vehicles
80
2,500
REGIONAL AND GLOBAL CARSHARING MARKET TRENDS Oceania Trends 60,000
1,800 1,600
50,000
1,400 1,200
1,000
30,000
800
20,000
600 400
10,000 0 Members
200 2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
1,130
5,210
12,750
25,500
50,700
115%
56%
41%
41%
255
440
1,080
1,524
98%
31%
57%
19%
20.4
29.0
23.6
33.3
Membership Growth Rate Vehicles
65
Fleet Growth Rate Member-Vehicle Ratio
17.4
0
6,000,000
120,000
5,000,000
100,000
4,000,000
80,000
3,000,000
60,000
2,000,000
40,000
1,000,000
20,000
0 Members
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
346,610
670,822
1,163,645
1,788,027
4,842,616
39%
32%
24%
65%
19,403
31,967
43,554
104,125
30%
28%
17%
55%
34.6
36.4
41.1
46.5
Membership Growth Rate Vehicles
11,501
Fleet Growth Rate Member-Vehicle Ratio
30.1
Data depicted October of each even numbered year 4
0
Vehicles
Members
Global Trends
Vehicles
Members
40,000
REGIONAL AND GLOBAL CARSHARING MARKET TRENDS Roundtrip and One-Way Global Membership 5,000,000 4,500,000 4,000,000
Membership
3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000
500,000 0
Round-trip One-way
Asia
Europe
926,280 29,600
1,834,418 372,466
North America 1,179,930 445,722
South America 0 3,500
Oceania
Global
50,000 700
3,990,628 851,988
Roundtrip and One-Way Global Fleets 120,000 100,000
Vehicles
80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 Round-trip One-way
Asia
Europe
North America
South America
Oceania
Global
20,199
39,904
18,267
0
1,500
79,859
145
18,043
5,943
100
24
24,266
Data depicted October 2014 5
Recent Publications
ABOUT TSRC
Greenblatt, Jeffrey and Susan Shaheen (2015). “Automated Vehicles, On-Demand Mobility, and Environmental Impacts,” Curr Sustainable Renewable Energy Rep. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40518-015-0038-5
The Transportation Sustainability Research Center (TSRC) was formed in 2006. TSRC is managed by the Institute of Transportation Studies of the University of California, Berkeley. It is headquartered at Berkeley’s Global Campus at Richmond Bay.
Rayle, Lisa, Danielle Dai, Nelson Chan, Robert Cervero, and Susan Shaheen (2016). “Just A Better Taxi? A Survey-Based Comparison of Taxis, Transit, and Ridesourcing Services in San Francisco,” Transport Policy, Volume 45, pp. 168-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.10.004 Shaheen, Susan, Nelson Chan, Apaar Bansal, and Adam Cohen (2015). Shared Mobility: Definitions, Industry Developments, and Early Understanding. White paper prepared for California Department of Transportation Workshop, September, 30 pages. http://innovativemobility.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/11/SharedMobility_WhitePaper_FINAL.pdf Shaheen, Susan and Elliot Martin (2015). “Unraveling the Modal Impacts of Bikesharing,” Access, Number 47, Fall, pp. 8-15. http://www.accessmagazine.org/articles/fall2015/unraveling-the-modal-impacts-of-bikesharing/ Shaheen, Susan and Adam Stocker (2015). Zipcar for Business Research Results. Information Brief: Zipcar for Business Case Study & Impact Analysis, July. http://innovativemobility.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Zipcar_Corporate_Final_v6.pdf
TSRC Methodology Data include one-way carsharing unless otherwise stated. Classic carsharing data exclude personal vehicle sharing numbers except for hybrid P2P carsharing. In hybrid P2P carsharing, individuals access vehicles by joining an organization that maintains its own fleet of vehicles, but it also includes private autos, throughout a network of locations. Data includes the following countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Israel, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, Spain, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, and United States. Worldwide member-vehicle numbers are collected through expert estimates and industry benchmarking through national and regional carsharing associations. In select circumstances, the authors augment data provided by national associations with data from large, nonmember operators to obtain a more accurate estimate. In North America and in smaller markets with a limited number of operators, the authors collect member/vehicle data from each organization. Note, there may be inconsistencies with a few data points compared to prior publications due to updated numbers provided by experts after a publication was published.
TSRC uses a wide range of analysis and evaluation tools including: questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, automated data collection systems, GIS, and simulation models to collect data and perform analysis and interpret data. The center develops impartial findings and recommendations for key issues of interest to industry and policy makers to aid in decision making. TSRC has assisted in developing and implementing major California and federal regulations and initiatives regarding sustainable transportation including: zero emission vehicle credits for carsharing vehicles as part of the Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Mandate in California. Others include the California Global Warming Solutions Act (AB 32), the Low Emission Vehicle Program, the California Clean Cars Program (AB 1493), Low Carbon Fuel Standards policies, Sustainable Communities and Climate Protection Act (SB 375), and the federal Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007.
Please note TSRC never releases disaggregated data without the express permission of the respective operator(s). The authors would like to thank all of the worldwide operators, experts, and associations who provide member-vehicle numbers, other data, and feedback. Data and insights from this outlook should be attributed to TSRC, UC Berkeley. For more detailed market analyses (e.g., longitudinal U.S. and Canadian growth numbers), please see www.imr.berkeley.edu
TSRC Shared Mobility Research Team: Susan Shaheen, Ph.D.; Adam Cohen; Apaar Bansal,
INNOVATIVE MOBILITY CARSHARING OUTLOOK WINTER 2016
Abhinav Bhattacharyya; Nelson Chan; Mike Fratoni; Elliot Martin Ph.D.; and Adam Stocker.
TRANSPORTATION SUSTAINABILITY RESEARCH CENTER 1301 S. 46th Street Berkeley’s Global Campus at Richmond Bay, Building 190 Richmond, California 94804 Office: (510) 642-9168 http://www.imr.berkeley.edu http://www.tsrc.berkeley.edu
6
© UC Regents and ITS/TSRC 2015
