Rory Hillocks is a crop scientist, specializing in integrated crop management and IPM. He received a Master's degree in Applied Plant Sciences (Wye College,.
Integrated Pest Management
David Pimentel • Rajinder Peshin Editors
Integrated Pest Management Pesticide Problems, Vol. 3
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Editors David Pimentel Department of Entomology Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Tower Road, East Blue Insectary-Old Ithaca, New York USA
Rajinder Peshin Division of Agricultural Extension Education, Faculty of Agriculture Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu Main Campus Chatha, Jammu India
ISBN 978-94-007-7795-8 ISBN 978-94-007-7796-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7796-5 Springer NewYork Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013956045 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
Pests contribute to shortages of food in several ways. They destroy our food and attack us personally. Combined arthropod, disease and weed pests contribute to malnourishment and death to nearly two thirds or more than 66 % of the total world population of 7.2 billion people. Approximately 40 % of all the world’s food production is lost or destroyed by insects, diseases, and weeds. This loss occurs despite the application of the nearly 3 million tons of pesticides applied to our crops annually. Once the food is harvested an additional 20 % of our food is destroyed; in addition to pests, pesticides cause human deaths and damage our environment. Consider there are about 3 million human pesticide poisonings worldwide, with an estimated 220,000 deaths each year. The widespread use of pesticides is responsible for bird and fish deaths, destruction of many beneficial natural enemies, pesticide residues on and in foodstuffs, loss of vital plant pollinators, ground and surface water contamination, selection for resistance in pests to pesticides, and other environmental problems. Pesticides can be reduced to zero even in the heavily treated crops in the United States—corn and soybeans. A 22-year long experiment carried out in Pennsylvania (see Chap. 6 – this volume) demonstrates this. More research is needed to reduce pesticide use while reducing the negative environmental side-effects of pest control. The contributors to this book recognize the value of pesticides for pest control and recognize the negative impacts pesticides have on environmental quality and human health. In many instances, they suggest techniques that can be employed to reduce pesticide use while maintaining crop yields. Reducing pesticide use 50 % or more while improving pest control economics, public health, and the environment is possible. In fact, successful programs using various techniques in countries like Sweden and Indonesia have reduced pesticide use by close to two-thirds. Clearly we can do better to improve pest control and protect the environment and human health. Ithaca, New York, USA Jammu, India
David Pimentel Rajinder Peshin
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Acknowledgements
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Rajinder Peshin for inviting me to become his co-editor of this volume and to Springer for agreeing to publish this volume. I thank our authors for their very interesting and informative manuscripts. I would also like to thank the Cornell Association of Professor Emeriti for the partial support of our research through the Albert Podell Grant Program. Finally I wish to thank Michael Burgess for his valuable assistance in proofing and revising these manuscripts for publication. Ithaca, New York, USA
David Pimentel
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Contents
1 Integrated Pest Management and Pesticide Use������������������������������������� 1 Rajinder Peshin and WenJun Zhang 2 Environmental and Economic Costs of the Application of Pesticides Primarily in the United States������������������������������������������������� 47 David Pimentel and Michael Burgess 3 Integrated Pest Management for European Agriculture����������������������� 73 Bill Clark and Rory Hillocks 4 Energy Inputs In Pest Control Using Pesticides In New Zealand��������� 99 Majeed Safa and Meriel Watts 5 Environmental and Economic Benefits of Reducing Pesticide Use������� 127 David Pimentel and Michael Burgess 6 An Environmental, Energetic and Economic Comparison of Organic and Conventional Farming Systems������������������������������������������ 141 David Pimentel and Michael Burgess 7 Pesticides, Food Safety and Integrated Pest Management��������������������� 167 Dharam P. Abrol and Uma Shankar 8 Crop Losses to Arthropods������������������������������������������������������������������������ 201 Thomas W. Culliney 9 Crop Loss Assessment in India- Past Experiences and Future Strategies����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 227 T. V. K. Singh, J. Satyanarayana and Rajinder Peshin
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10 Review of Potato Biotic Constraints and Experiences with Integrated Pest Management Interventions���������������������������������������� 245 Peter Kromann, Thomas Miethbauer, Oscar Ortiz and Gregory A. Forbes 11 Biological Control: Perspectives for Maintaining Provisioning Services in the Anthropocene������������������������������������������ 269 Timothy R. Seastedt 12 Herbicide Resistant Weeds�������������������������������������������������������������������� 281 Ian Heap 13 Strategies for Reduced Herbicide Use in Integrated Pest Management������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 303 Rakesh S. Chandran 14 Herbicide Resistant Crops and Weeds: Implications for Herbicide Use and Weed Management������������������������������������������������ 331 George B. Frisvold and Jeanne M. Reeves 15 Integrating Research and Extension for Successful Integrated Pest Management���������������������������������������������������������������� 355 Cesar R. Rodriguez-Saona, Dean Polk and Lukasz L. Stelinski 16 Promotion of Integrated Pest Management by the Plant Science Industry: Activities and Outcomes����������������������������������������� 393 Keith A. Jones 17 From the Farmers’ Perspective: Pesticide Use and Pest Control������ 409 Seyyed Mahmoud Hashemi, Rajinder Peshin and Giuseppe Feola 18 Evaluation of Integrated Pest Management Interventions: Challenges and Alternatives������������������������������������������������������������������ 433 K. S. U. Jayaratne Index���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 471
Contributors
D. P. Abrol Professor of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Chatha, Jammu 180 009, Jammu & Kashmir, India. Michael Burgess Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Horticulture, Research Aide, Greenhouse worker, Tower Road East, Blue Insectary-Old, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA Rakesh S. Chandran Extension Weed Specialist & Professor, IPM Coordinator, West Virginia University, PO Box 6108, 1076 Agricultural Sciences Building, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6108, USA. Bill Clark Commercial Technical Director, National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0LE, United Kingdom. Thomas W. Culliney USDA-APHIS, PPQ, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory, 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606, USA. Giuseppe Feola Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK. Greg Forbes CIP-China Center for Asia Pacific, International Potato Center, Room 709, Pan Pacific Plaza, A12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Beijing 100081, China George B. Frisvold Professor, University of Arizona, Department of Agricultural & Resource Economics, 319 Cesar Chavez Building, Tucson, Arizona 85721 USA. Seyyed Mahmoud Hashemi Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, College of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. Ian Heap Director of the International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds, PO Box 1365, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA. Rory Hillocks European Centre for IPM, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, United Kingdom. xi
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Contributors
K. S. U. Jayaratne Associate Professor and the State Leader for Extension Program Evaluation, Department of Agricultural and Extension Education at North Carolina State University, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Keith Jones Director of Stewardship & Sustainable Agriculture, CropLife International, 326 Avenue Louise, Box 35, Brussels 1050, Belgium. Peter Kromann International Potato Center, Post box 17 21 1977, Quito, Ecuador. Thomas Miethbauer International Potato Center, Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Peru. Oscar Ortiz International Potato Center, Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Peru Rajinder Peshin Associate Professor of Agricultural Extension Education at the Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Main Campus : Chatha, Jammu - 180009, India. David Pimentel Department of Entomology, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Tower Road East, Blue Insectary-Old, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA Dean Polk IPM agent, Rutgers Fruit Research & Extension Center, 283 Route 539, Cream Ridge, New Jersey 08514, USA. Jeanne M. Reeves Director, Agricultural & Environmental Research Division, Cotton Incorporated, 6399 Weston Parkway, Cary, North Carolina 27513, USA. Cesar Rodriguez-Saona Associate Extension Specialist, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, PE Marucci Center for Blueberry & Cranberry Research & Extension, 125A Lake Oswego Rd., Chatsworth, New Jersey 08019, USA Majeed Safa Lecturer, Department of Agricultural Management and Property Studies, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, Christchurch, New Zealand. Jella Satyanarayana Department of Entomology, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, India. Timothy Seastedt Professor and INSTAAR Fellow, UCB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0450, USA. Uma Shankar Division of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Chatha, Jammu-180 009, Jammu & Kashmir, India. T. V. K. Singh Senior Professor, Department of Entomology, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, India.
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Lukasz Stelinski Associate Professor, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, USA. Meriel Watts Co-ordinator, Pesticide Action Network, (Aotearoa) New Zealand, PO Box 296 Ostend, Waiheke Island, Auckland 1843, New Zealand. WenJun Zhang Professor, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong, China.
About the Authors
D. P. Abrol is working as Professor & Head of the Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Faculty of Agriculture, Chatha, India. He has been visiting scholar at: ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Busan, South Korea and Terranagnu, Malaysia. His research addresses pollination biology, honeybee ecology and integrated pest management. He has been honored by several national and international awards. Dr. D. P. Abrol has published more than 200 research papers, 10 chapters of books, 10 review articles and is the author of 10 books published by Springer, CABI, Academic Press and others. Michael Burgess works as a copy editor for Dr. David Pimentel and works in the Cornell University Greenhouses. He has worked with entomological researchers as an experimentalist, library researcher, copy editor and generally aiding researchers in need at Cornell as a technician for over 25 years. Rakesh S. Chandran is an Extension Specialist and Professor at West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA. He received a Master of Science degree in Environmental Horticulture from the University of Florida (1993), and a Doctoral degree in Weed Science from Virginia Tech (1997). His primary responsibilities are to carry out an outreach and research program in applied weed science related to agricultural and horticultural commodities in West Virginia and to coordinate the university’s Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program. He teaches two courses at West Virginia University and currently serves as the Vice President of the Northeastern Weed Science Society (NEWSS). Bill Clark is a plant pathologist specializing in cereal disease control strategies. He has worked as an extension pathologist and researcher in plant disease for many years, working in protected crops, ornamentals and arable crops. He has expertise in IPM approaches in a range of cropping systems in the United Kingdom. Bill Clark is currently the Commercial Technical Director at The National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB) in Cambridge, UK. He was formerly the Director of Brooms Barn Research Centre, part of Rothamsted Research and before that worked as a research pathologist for the UK Government Agricultural Advisory Service. xv
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About the Authors
Thomas W. Culliney is an entomologist with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology in Raleigh, North Carolina. He conducts analyses based on standards of the International Plant Protection Convention and the World Organisation for Animal Health, of the risks involved in the importation of agricultural commodities and introduction of alien species. His main interests are in population ecology and biological control of weeds and arthropod pests. He has published more than 40 articles and book chapters on subjects, such as paleoentomology, biological control, ecotoxicology, and sustainable agriculture. Giuseppe Feola is Lecturer in Environment and Development in the Department of Geography and Environmental Science at the University of Reading, United Kingdom. Giuseppe holds a B.Sc. in Sociology (2002) from the University of Milan-Bicocca, a M.Sc. in Environmental Economics and Management (2003) from Bocconi University in Milan and a Ph.D. in Geography (2010) from the University of Zurich. Giuseppe’s research interests include decision-making modeling in social-ecological systems, theories of social-ecological change, and integrated sustainability assessment. Greg Forbes received his Ph.D. degree in plant pathology from Texas A&M University and spent two years in a postdoctoral position in Montpellier, France at the Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA). He has worked with the International Potato Center since 1989 with responsibility for research on potato late blight, and more recently for management of other potato diseases. Forbes is interested in disease management strategies appropriate for developing countries and recently has focused on diseases causing degeneration of potato within the context of the roots and tubers and has worked with the bananas CGIAR Research Program. George B. Frisvold is a Professor and Extension Specialist in the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics at the University of Arizona. He holds two degrees from the University of California, Berkeley—a B.S. in Political Economy of Natural Resources and a Ph.D. in Agricultural and Resource Economics. He has been Chief of the Resource Policy Branch of USDA’s Economic Research Service, a Lecturer at the Johns Hopkins University, and a Senior Economist for the President’s Council of Economic Advisers. His research interests include the economics of technological innovation in agriculture, agricultural biotechnologies, and pesticide use. Seyyed Mahmoud Hashemi is a Ph.D. student in the Department of Agricultural Extension and Education of the University of Tehran, Iran. He received a B.Sc. in Agricultural Extension and Education from Shiraz University and a M.Sc. in Agricultural Extension from the University of Tehran. The areas of his research include management and evaluation of agricultural extension programs. Ian Heap is the director of the “International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds” in Corvallis, Oregon. He completed his Ph.D. at the University of Adelaide on “Multiple-resistance in annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)”, the first case of a
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herbicide-resistant weed in Australia and multiple resistance worldwide. Ian then continued research on herbicide-resistant weeds at the University of Manitoba in Canada, and Oregon State University. Ian has published numerous papers and book chapters on herbicide-resistant weeds and runs the International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds website at http://www.weedscience.org. Rory Hillocks is a crop scientist, specializing in integrated crop management and IPM. He received a Master’s degree in Applied Plant Sciences (Wye College, University of London) and a Ph.D. in Plant Disease x Nematode interactions (University of Reading, UK, 1984). Before being based permanently at the Natural Resources Institute in the University of Greenwich in the UK, Dr. Hillocks spent 13 years as an agricultural scientist in Sub-Saharan Africa. He continues his research and development interests in smallholder agriculture in Africa and also heads the recently inaugurated European Centre for IPM which aims to promote the wider adoption of IPM for sustainable agriculture in Europe and the Developing World. Website: www.eucipm.org. K. S. U. Jayaratne is an extension evaluation specialist. He received his B.S. in Agriculture degree from University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka and M.S. in Extension Education from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA. He earned his Ph.D. in Agricultural Education and Studies from Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA in 2001. He is currently an Associate Professor and the State Leader for Extension Program Evaluation at North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. His research areas include extension program development, delivery, and evaluation. He teaches Extension Program Planning and Program Evaluation graduate courses at North Carolina State University. Keith Jones gained his Ph.D. from the University of Reading for research on the persistence of insect baculoviruses. He is currently at CropLife International, where he is responsible for pesticide stewardship programs across the globe. Before, he was at the Natural Resources Institute, UK, where he was head of the Sustainable Agriculture Group and head of the Insect Pathology Section. His research focused on developing microbial insecticides for use in the developing world. He has also run IPM Farmer Field Schools for CARE Sri Lanka and led a team implementing a World Bank-funded cotton IPM program in Uzbekistan. Peter Kromann is currently working at the International Potato Center as a regional potato scientist. He conducts research and development activities on IPM, seed systems, crop growth and soil-water-plant relations under different climatic and management conditions in Latin America. He has a Bachelors and a Master’s in Agricultural Science with specialization in Plant Pathology from the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Pathology from the University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Life Sciences, working on integrated management of potato late blight. Thomas Miethbauer is an agricultural engineer, with specialties in agricultural and development economics and did his studies at Kiel University, Institute of Agricultural Economics, Germany. He worked as a World Bank and GIZ consultant
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About the Authors
in the field of land and production economics as well as in farm-household survey work. For years he was lecturer for cooperate finance and investment at Kiel University of Applied Sciences and Research. Currently he is a senior scientist at the International Potato Center working for the global programs on integrated crop systems research and on social and health sciences, especially in the field of integrated pest management. Oscar Ortiz graduated from the National University of Cajamarca, Peru; received a Master’s degree in Crop Production and Agricultural Extension from the Agrarian University La Molina, Lima, and a Ph.D. from the University of Reading, UK, working on information and knowledge systems for IPM. Ortiz is currently Deputy Director of Research for Regional Programs at the International Potato Center. Before that he lead an interdisciplinary team dealing with global research on potato and sweet potato pest detection methods, risk assessment, synthesizing seed-related lessons, and modeling crop-pathogen-insect-climate interactions. His research includes participatory research for IPM, impact assessment and innovation systems related to crop production. Rajinder Peshin is an associate professor at the Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, India. His Ph.D. is from Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. His research expertise is diffusion and evaluation issues associated with sustainable agriculture research and development programs. Dr. Peshin had developed an emperical model for predicting the adoptability of agricultural technologies when put to trial at farmers’ fields, and an evaluation methodology for integrated pest management programs. He has published more than 50 scientific papers and chapters of books and has authored three books besides being the editor of two books on integrated pest management published by Springer in 2009. David Pimentel is a professor of ecology and agricultural sciences at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. His Ph.D. is from Cornell University. His research spans the fields of energy, ecological and economic aspects of pest control, biological control, biotechnology, sustainable agriculture, land and water conservation, and environmental policy. Pimentel has published over 700 scientific papers and 40 books and has served on many national and government committees including the National Academy of Sciences; President’s Science Advisory Council; U.S. Department of Agriculture; U.S. Department of Energy; U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare; Office of Technology Assessment of the U.S. Congress; and the U.S. State Department. Dean Polk is the statewide fruit IPM agent with Rutgers Cooperative Extension, coordinating fruit IPM programming for New Jersey (USA). He received an M.S. in entomology from the University of Idaho in 1979, and worked as a crop consultant in Washington State. He started the Rutgers fruit IPM program in 1981, and worked with the New Jersey Department of Agriculture from 1985–1987, supervising biological control programs. Program interests have included insect mating disruption in tree fruit and blueberries, reduced-risk methods in fruit crops,
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methods for tracking grower practices and pesticide use, IPM practices for invasive insects, and geo-referenced IPM for fruit pests. Jeanne M. Reeves is an agricultural economist and Director, Production Economics in the Agricultural and Environmental Research Division of Cotton Incorporated located in Cary, North Carolina (USA). She received her Bachelor’s and Master’s Degrees from Mississippi State University and Ph.D. from University of Kentucky, all in Agricultural Economics. The areas of her research include factors affecting costs of cotton production, cotton input markets and technologies, and cotton lint marketing. Cesar Rodriguez-Saona is an Associate Professor and Extension Specialist in Blueberry and Cranberry IPM, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, P.E. Marucci Center, Chatsworth, New Jersey, USA. He received his M.S. degree from Oregon State University and his Ph.D. from the University of California, Riverside, working on secondary plant compounds for pest control. Dr. RodriguezSaona currently conducts basic and applied research on the development and implementation of cost-effective reduced-risk insect pest management practices and delivers educational information to growers. The areas of his research include integrated pest management, insect-plant interactions, tri-trophic interactions, applied chemical ecology, host-plant resistance, and biological control. Majeed Safa is an agricultural engineer who received his Ph.D. in Modeling Energy Consumption in Agriculture and Environment from Lincoln University, New Zealand. Dr. Safa is currently a lecturer at Lincoln University where he has been a faculty member since 2011. His research interests lie in the area of sustainability, modeling, and energy management in agriculture. Also, he has been involved in several energy auditing and building facility management projects. Dr Safa recently has started to develop artificial neural network (ANN) models to predict energy consumption in agriculture, environment, and residential sectors based on indirect factors. Jella Satyanarayana is an Entomologist who graduated from Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU), presently called Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. He received a Master’s degree in Agricultural Entomology from the same University, APAU. He completed his Ph.D. at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Pusa, New Delhi with specialization in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Insect Toxicology. Dr. Jella is currently a professor at the College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India engaged in teaching Undergraduate & Postgraduate courses and also guiding Postgraduate students. His areas of research include integrated crop management (ICM), environmental ecology with special reference to the impact of climate change on insect population build up and environmental impact assessment. Tim Seastedt is a Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Fellow of INSTAAR at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Much of his research has been conducted as part of the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) programs
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at Konza Prairie and Niwot Ridge. His interests range from plant-consumer-soil interactions to how regional and global environmental changes are affecting and being affected by biotic change. His recent activities have emphasized the ongoing community changes found along the grassland to (melting) glacier gradient that exists in the Colorado Front Range. He has authored over 150 journal articles and book chapters and is the co-editor of the 2013 volume, Vulnerability of Ecosystems to Climate. Uma Shankar is working as an Assistant Professor, Division of Entomology, Shere-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Faculty of Agriculture, Chatha, India. He has expertise in integrated pest management, economic entomology, and pollination of native pollinators. He has published 40 research papers, authored 3 books, 3 manuals and 5 book chapters in national and international publications. He has research projects on IPM of fruits and vegetables and a Network Project on Insect Biosystematics on Native Hymenopteran bees. T. V. K. Singh an Entomologist who graduated from Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU), presently known as Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. He received Master’s degree in agricultural entomology from the same university, APAU. He completed his Ph.D. from the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Pusa, New Delhi with specialization in insect ecology and insect toxicology. Professor Singh is currently working as Senior Professor at the College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India and is engaged in teaching undergraduate & postgraduate courses and has guided more than 25 post graduate students. The areas of his research include insect population dynamics, insecticide resistance and insecticide resistance management to insecticides and Cry toxins. He is project leader of developing stochastic models for predicting Helicoverpa. He has published more than 100 papers and 5 books and is the author of Insect Outbreaks and their Management (2009) published by Springer. Lukasz L. Stelinski earned his Master’s and Ph.D. degrees in Entomology from Michigan State University. His graduate study research focused on application of semiochemicals for pest management in small fruit and tree fruit. He is currently an Associate Professor of Entomology and Nematology at the University of Florida Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA. His research interests include chemical ecology, insect behavior, insect-plant interactions, vectorpathogen-host interactions, and management of insecticide resistance. The majority of Dr. Stelinski's research has an applied aspect focusing on plant protection from insect pests and plant pathogens. Meriel Watts is a specialist in the adverse effects of pesticides on human health and the environment; and on non-chemical alternatives, with a bachelor degree in agriculture science and a Ph.D. in pesticide policy. She works mainly for community-based organizations like Pesticide Action Network and International POPs Elimination Network, but also undertakes contracts with UN agencies such as UNEP and FAO. She has been a member of numerous New Zealand government boards and committees on pesticides, is a member of Australia’s National Toxic
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Network, and runs a small organic farm supplying the local market on Waiheke Island, New Zealand. WenJun Zhang is Professor of ecology at Sun Yat-sen University, China. He completed his Ph.D. in the Northwest A & F University, China. He was the Postdoctoral fellow and project scientist at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) during 1997–2000. He is the editor-in-chief of several international journals. He is now working on computational ecology, network biology, modeling, etc.
