Jalandhar is one of the cities which are facing similar problems of poor waste ... useful components of the waste ,land filling could also be used as last alternative ...
INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT APPROACH FOR JALANDHAR CITY, PUNJAB M.K.Kaushik, Lecturer, DAV Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab Dr.Arvind Agnihotri Prof. & Dean (Academic Programmes), Deptt. of Civil Engg., NIT, Jalandhar Dr. Ajay Bansal Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Chemical Engg., NIT, Jalandhar
Abstract Solid waste refers to all discarded household, commercial waste, non-hazardous institutional and industrial waste. It also includes street sweeping, construction debris, agricultural waste and other non hazardous and non toxic solid waste. Environmentally acceptable management of municipal solid waste (MSW) has become a global challenge due to limited resources, an exponentially increasing population, rapid urbanization and worldwide industrialization. In Punjab, various cities are facing problems due to ever increasing amount of waste and improper waste management practices. Jalandhar is one of the cities which are facing similar problems of poor waste management. This problem can be managed by various alternatives such as composting, incineration, recycling and land filling, but in present situation only by use of these alternatives Municipal Co-operation is unable to handle the huge amount of solid waste. Further, the use of various alternatives requires advance studies on composition and generation of solid waste. Only after proper sorting and analysis of solid waste these alternatives could be properly implemented. The present study aims to study various solid waste generating sources and their transport as well as management options in the Jalandhar city area of Punjab. This also requires in depth studies of solid waste composition and its generation .For this purpose Jalandhar city’s solid waste was collected from Variana Village dump site and sorted at source, for analysis of different components. By this study, it has been found that more than 50% of waste is biodegradable which is mixture of fruit and vegetable waste mainly. This huge amount is followed by ash and earth mix waste compromising around 25% of the total waste generated; yard waste is nearly 7% followed by paper, plastics, rags and very small amount of glass and rubber materials. Using this composition study it is can suggested to the Municipal Co-operation ,Jalandhar to use composting and recycling for the waste management as major alternatives for solid waste management in the area because these options permits resource recovery and utilization of various useful components of the waste ,land filling could also be used as last alternative. Bio-reactor landfilling technology could also be used for the proper management of huge amount of bid-gradable waste. Keywords: Non-hazardous, Biodegradable, Recycling, Land-filling, Bioreactor landfill.
INTRODUCTION Solid waste refers to all discarded household, commercial, non-hazardous, industrial waste. It also includes street sweeping, construction debris, agricultural waste and all other non hazardous, non toxic waste materials. It can also be defined as the material that has no longer any value to the person who is responsible for its generation. It does not normally include human excreta. Solid waste is generated by domestic, commercial, industrial, healthcare, agriculture and mineral extraction activities and accumulates in streets and other public places. Environmentally acceptable management of municipal solid waste (MSW) has become a global challenge mainly due to limited resources, an exponentially increasing population, rapid urbanization and worldwide industrialization. In Punjab, various cities are facing problems due to ever increasing amount of waste and improper waste management practices. Jalandhar is one of the cities which are facing similar problems of poor waste management. This problem can be managed by use of various waste management alternatives but presently, these are also unable to handle the huge amount of solid waste generated. Realizing the need for proper and scientific management of solid waste, the
Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 were notified by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India. The objective of these Rules was to make every municipal authority responsible for the implementation of the various provisions of the Rules within its territorial area and also to develop an effective infrastructure for collection, storage, segregation, transportation, processing and disposal of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW). The indiscriminate dumping of municipal solid wastes in water bodies and low lying areas is a common practice followed by most of the municipalities with no consideration of its effect on the environment. Moreover, the lack of the basic information regarding generation, collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste is also noticed in the study area. Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effects on health, environment and aesthetics. Waste management is also carried out to recover resources from it. Waste management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, with different methods and fields of expertise for each. Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations, for urban and rural areas, and for residential and industrial producers. Management for non-hazardous residential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local government authorities, while management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is usually the responsibility of the generator. Across the country, many communities, organizations and individuals have found innovative ways to reduce and better manage MSW through a coordinated mix of practices. However, the most environmentally sound management of MSW is achieved when these approaches meets the norms laid down by the MSW Rules. Not much headway has been achieved by our municipalities in the implementation of the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules. Thus there is a need to understand the implementation issues related to solid waste management with a view to provide eco-friendly, sustainable and community-based solutions to waste management problems.
STUDY AREA A large volume of domestic solid waste is generated in both urban, as well as rural areas. It includes organic and inorganic waste. Local bodies are responsible for its management within a city. In Punjab, 3017.05 tones of municipal solid waste is generated daily. Out of this, the 4 municipal corporations (Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Amritsar, and Patiala) account for 1830 Tones per day (TPD) generation of MSW in Punjab. All the other districts of the state generate the remaining 1137.5 TPD municipal solid waste. Ludhiana generates 29% followed by Jalandhar 13% of total MSW generated in the state. The various dumping sites of Jalandhar are as follows:- 1.Varriana village 2.Suchi village 3. Pucca Bagh. Out of these three sites only first sites (Varriana village) is in working conditions. Earlier Suchi village site was also used for dumping of all the waste of city, but the site was soon restricted for solid waste dumping, as the site was very close to Indian Oil Cooperation Storage stations. But still the site is used ill-legally for dumping medical wastes. As the views taken from the people living in the nearby locality, it was evidenced that illegal use of site has created hazardous condition in surrounding areas, as dumpers set fire to the medical wastes. The site of Varriana village is located far from city on Kaputhala road (approx 4.2km) and has no such restrictions and problems.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Population growth, rapid urbanization and other development activities during the past few decades have been responsible for environment pollution and resources degradation. The rapid urbanization has seriously aggravated the problem of municipal or domestic garbage disposal and its management. Municipal solid waste consists of kitchen waste, fruit and food waste, house sweeping, glass, paper, plastic, metal, rags, packing material, etc. The constituents of solid waste continuously changes with time. Therefore, samples have been taken from the dumping site, and then from these collected samples composite samples have been prepared by using equal weightage of the solid waste.
The sample collected is kept in cool places, so that the bacteriological activities may not change the characteristics of solid waste before its examination. Sampling of solid waste is done by making a composite sample with collection of different samples of different areas and mixing it for a total weight of 18.5 kg. This collected sample is carried to the laboratory at DAVIET for further analysis. Test samples have been preserved in a plastic bags and analysis of all parameters were conducted within 2 to 4 days of sampling. Samples of raw solid waste are taken from the dumping site situated at Warriana pind, Jalandhar. These samples were weighed and manually separated by hand to get various components of the sample by weight. The sampling point was leading accessible and free from any hazards. A classification system was used to describe characteristics both in their initial state (as delivered to a landfill) and also in altered states. Placing of waste in landfills, changes different properties such as size and shape due to physical forces such as compaction and overburden of waste itself. Degradation occurs with time also changes different characteristics of leachate and waste itself over time. Components are sorted into material groups (paper/ cardboard, flexible plastics/ rigid plastics, metals/ minerals, wood, leather, textiles, organics and miscellaneous materials. Components in each material group are divided into the following subdivisions: 1. Reinforcing components (one and two dimensional; e.g., plastic bags, sheets of paper etc.) 2. Compressible components (three dimensional components): High compressibility (e.g., putrescible materials, plastic packaging etc.) Low compressibility (e.g., metallic cans etc.) 3. Incompressible components (three dimensional; e.g., bricks, pieces of metal etc.) Size of waste components is graded within each shape related subdivision and degradation potential of material groups within each size range is assessed. Various analysis of solid waste and leachate were conducted according to the procedures used and has been given in manual for solid waste analysis published by NEERI, Nagpur, India.
Table No. 1 Various analysis for solid waste samples collected from Varriana dump site. Parameters Examined Permeability (hydraulic conductivity) Moisture content Volatile solids Energy content (calorific value) Fixed carbon N, P, K (%)
Methods used for the Examination Constant head permeability test Wet-weight relationship (By percent weight) Proximate analysis (% by weight) By bomb calorimeter (lab. scale) By combustible residue after volatile matter removed By Ultimate analysis
Table No. 02 Various analyses for Leachate samples collected from Varriana dump site. Parameters Examined Chemical oxygen demand (COD) Bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD) Chlorides Sulphates pH Conductivity (µS)
Methods used for Examination Dichromate reflux technique standard method 3 days 270 C BOD test method Argentometric method Gravimetric method By pH meter By conductivity meter
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Before the designing of reactor for accelerated decomposition of organic solid waste and also for the production of solid waste manure it was necessary to have the information regarding the
various constituents of solid waste. This examination was also necessary due to the following purposes:1. To know the strength, characteristics, constituents and condition of the solid waste and leachate produced. 2. To control and regulate the performance of solid waste treatment works on day to day basis, according to the solid waste and leachate characteristics. Physico-chemical analysis of municipal solid waste and leachate was done. The average density of solid waste was around 300 kg/m3. Composition of the solid waste was studied on the site and it was found that municipal solid waste samples contain 51.23% fruit and vegetable waste and 4.9% paper waste. It also includes 5% plastic and 7.08% yard waste. Ash and other materials were nearly 6.5%. This waste also includes very small percentages (>1%) of rags, glass, rubber and other miscellaneous objects. Chemical properties of the waste indicate that the C/N ratio is around 24.0. The average moisture content in city waste was around 33.3%, while the average calorific value was found to be 932 kcal/kg. The physical composition of solid waste in the MCJ area is shown in figure 01. for March, 2009. Components of solid waste
Percentage by weight
Fruit and vegetable waste
51.23 %
Garbage
18.81 %
Yard waste
7.08 %
Ash and Earth
6.54 %
Paper
4.9 %
Plastics
4.9 %
Rags
4.09 %
Glass
1.36 %
Rubber
0.82 %
Miscellaneous
0.27 %
Ash and Earth 7%
GlassRubberMisc.>1% Plastics Rags1% 1% 4% Paper 5% 5% Fruit and vegetable waste 51%
Yard waste 7% Garbage 19%
Composition of Solid Waste in MCJ Area, 2009 Fig. 1:- Compostion of solid waste at dumping site of Warriana Pind, Jalandhar,Punjab
Leachate samples were analyzed for its BOD, COD, Chlorides and sulfates values. COD values were determined by using Dichromate Reflux Technique method. In COD test, a strong chemical oxidizing agent was used in an acidic medium to measure the oxygen equivalent of organic matter that can be oxidized. The value for COD was 3500 mg/l. which indicate presence of high organic matter content in the leachate samples. The BOD values for the leachate samples was 930 mg/l. these values clearly shows that there will be high oxygen requirements for the complete biological stabilization of organic matter present in leachate. So, instead of organic treatment, we can adopt anaerobic treatment methods. This anaerobic treatment will produce biogas, which is a very good renewable energy resource and will be important for the generation of electricity. Low values of chlorides. 91.97 mg/l and also, for sulfates in the leachate samples favors for the biological treatment of leachate samples. The permeability test performed for the solid waste samples shows that the values of coefficient of permeability K was nearly 6.33x 10-3 cm/sec. these vales shows that the leachate can easily pass through the solid waste samples, if provided as a packing material. Leachate flowing through will degrade the organic matter present through the microbial action. The vales of void ratio obtained (e = 0.31) as well as degree of saturation also support the same. The vales of nutrient analysis for the solid waste samples such as nitrogen (0.71%), phosphorus (0.82%) and potassium (0.71%) also support the biological treatment option as these nutrients levels can provide sufficient support for the growth of microorganisms.
Fig: 02:- Waste dumping site at Warriana Pind, Kapurthala road, Jalandhar, Punjab.
Fig.03 :- Transportation of solid waste at dumping site of Warriana Pind, Jalandhar.
The problem related to SW management and the prevailing SW management practices in the MCJ have been evaluated vis-à-vis the standard SWM methods, and suggestions have been put forward keeping in mind the ground realities and system limitations. In Jalandhar city most of the residential areas have limited storage spaces for solid waste. In these areas, waste is mostly of a biodegradable nature. In some places of the city open dumping of the garbage has been noticed which could results into health hazards as well as fly nuisance.
Fig. 04:- Waste characterization at dumping site of Warriana Pind, Jalandhar. Punjab. HANDLING: There are various other problems that could be related to improper handling and storage of solid waste has been noticed in the area. Stray animals like pigs, dogs and cows further increases the problem of spreading and littering of solid waste as they are generally seen at the site of handling and storage of solid waste. COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION Solid waste is collected from the bins generally from every point. This collection from residential areas is carried out daily as the organic matter decomposes rapidly due to hot climatic condition generally prevailing in the area. Hand driven cart pullers collect the solid waste from door to door. These cart pullers segregate the plastic bags, polythene and metal, which is then sold to kabariwalas. From this waste, non degradable solids could be separated from organic waste materials, which can be recycled. Further, this collection method is also economically feasible. For transportation of solid waste, vehicles are used. The use of vehicles depends on physical layout of the roads and cost of manpower available and maintenance provisions. Truck tippers, tractor trailer etc. are mainly used for the transportation of solid waste to the site. PRESENT SCENARIO FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN JALANDHAR CITY First problem is of littering done by the residents. Street sweeping in the core areas city is done regularly and fairly well whereas in some areas it is done neither daily nor regularly. Householders particularly from slums, low income and middle income groups and shopkeepers frequently throw waste on streets and roads and also into open spaces. Open drains after collection hours causes excessive littering as well as clogging of drainage system. To solve this problem waste storage containers should be given to shopkeepers and slum dwellers.
Second problem is of poor conditions of containers and the unhygnic areas around them. More than half of collection and storage is done by using open storage enclosures and these results in a unhygienic conditions, foul smell and odor and proliferation of flies and vectors in those areas. Open enclosures should be removed and closed containers should be kept on their places. Volume of storage bins should also be designed by overestimating the generation of waste, not underestimating as it is done currently. The next problem is of distribution of labor and resources. Handcarts and sanitation workers are distributed to each area on population basis as per the norms applicable in the country. This mean, that the amount of carts and workers is very less, to handle this problem. The number of sanitation carts and workers should be also increased. Other problems like poor working conditions, inadequate maintenance of the collection vehicles. It should be solved and last but not the least the collection cost should also be decreased.
WASTE DISPOSAL OPTIONS A number of disposal options are available in form of repetitive technology like sanitary land filling, incineration and composting. The Municipal Cooperation Jalandhar has signed a MoU with Punjab Grow more Fertilizers Ltd. for converting waste into manure using the waste sanitation treatment technology. The main advantage of this waste sanitation treatment is that in this treatment technology area requirement is less. Relatively clean refuse is generated by the process, which can be used for land filling and other related applications. Polythene and plastic materials that have been segregated can be recycled. The landfill operation could be used for the solid waste management. It is a biological method of waste treatment. Solid waste can be stabilized by dividing into five distinct phases within the overall process. In the first phase aerobic bacteria deplete the available oxygen. As a result temperature increases. In second phase, anaerobic conditions established and hydrogen, carbon dioxide gases are is evolved. In the third phase, methane is liberated and in the fourth phase methnogenic activities become stabilized .In the last phase, the system returns to aerobic conditions within the landfill. The duration pf each phase varies with environmental conditions prevailing in the area.
FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES These results strongly support the use of Bioreactor landfill technology for the municipal solid waste of Jalandhar city. Bioreactor landfill is a municipal solid waste landfill that uses enhanced biochemical processes to transform and stabilize the decomposable organic waste within short time of 5 to 10 years as compared to long time of 30 to 100 years required for conventional landfills. Bioreactor landfills are gaining popularity worldwide and they have also being demonstrated at various landfill sites. A bioreactor landfill can be classified as anaerobic, aerobic, or hybrid. In an anaerobic bioreactor landfill, moisture is added to the waste using re-circulated leachate and non-indigenous liquids to obtain optimal moisture levels. Biodegradation occurs in the absence of oxygen which results into enhanced rate of methane production established. An aerobic bioreactor landfill involves addition of moisture through recirculation of leachate that has been collected from the leachate collection and removal systems. Sometime, air is also injected into the landfill through vertical or horizontal wells to promote aerobic activity and waste stabilization in the landfill. The hybrid technique utilizes both aerobic and anaerobic methods to accelerate waste degradation. Compared to conventional “dry tomb” landfills, a bioreactor landfill rapidly stabilizes Municipal Solid Waste into a stabilized form where potential for contaminant leaching is minimized and therefore, adverse environmental effects are also reduced. The material that remains in the landfill after stabilization consists of non-biodegradable waste with residual biodegradable materials. Metal, plastic and glass can be recycled in advance by using appropriate
recycling techniques .The residual bio-degradable material can be used for the composting. During the process of landfill stabilization, waste mass is lost mainly through the production of landfill gas. The resulting landfill mass will settle, with decreasing volume of the placed material in landfill.
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