1
Intelligent Systems for Street Lighting (January2014) Peláez Oswaldo, García Marcelo O. Pelá
[email protected], E.
[email protected] Universidad Politécnica Salesiana Abstract— Telemanagement Public lighting service is presented as an important tool that allows control and monitoring response times decrease of attention to failures to comply with the requirements of energy saving and maintaining high quality of service for street lighting. For its implementation must meet certain preconditions that the information system public lighting service must meet , such as determining the control systems on and off of lights in an adaptive way , that is responsive to the real needs of use this may be a function of the number of vehicles and pedestrians traveling during different hours of the night, the state of the climate , the actual lighting conditions requested by users in the neighborhoods and avenues are aspects to consider in a model efficient and rational energy consumption . This paper initially disclosed as is the development of remote control systems at global and local level, and then shows some related to a pilot project in the city of Quito data. Different technologies used today from the point of view of energy efficiency and power consumption compared, they are very important details when defining the modern design of street lighting. The most widely used communication protocols for remote control systems can be wireless or through the same electrical connection each has its specific characteristic and its use will depend primarily on the needs of the user, the number of variables and information control, price installation or if possible to reuse an already installed offering additional services with high levels of service reliability. Index Terms—Street lights, luminaries, Telemanagement.
C
LED
luminaries,
Sodium
INTRODUCTION
urrently opt for a reasonable energy consumption based on new environmental policies , sustainable use of energy and demand growth makes us think compulsory optimization of energy resources. Energy consumption, maintenance costs, minimization light levels, light pollution and toxic waste such as mercury bulbs are critical to initiate projects with premises like sustainable development reasons. Street lighting systems become more complex, to the extent that they meet the requirements of energy saving and quality indices and continuity of service, which force us to have more control and communication devices, to reduce response times care failures and assess compliance with quality indices [6]. Not to forget the feeling of greater security, and aesthetically pleasing designs, they have become such important elements
as the life, color rendering and luminous efficacy (lumens / watt) bulbs [16]. ART STATE In Europe, human and financial resources have been allocated in the investigation of efficiency-oriented systems Street Lighting solutions. In the 80s the first astronomical clocks and photocells met , In the early 90 's first remote management system and off -line control systems for luminaries design in the mid- 90 remote control systems already exist compact , lighting control and on- line astronomical clocks programmed by PC , and the late 90 comprehensive remote management systems were built. With technological advances have given solution to several problems of street lighting service and many aspects that harmed were improved and the environment. The achievements from the research have had a strong impact on the modernization of public lighting and have shown a good way to achieve these goals. Street lighting is a new approach called functional adaptability of lighting for 24 hours a day, which should suit the weather conditions like rain , fog, demographic conditions and the volume of traffic or people moving at all times among other equally important factors that influence light levels [2 ] . Several countries have already implemented some remote management of lighting systems which have stood for being the most comprehensive , reliable and easy operation . Among which are mentioned below: The Syra is the team to identify the lamps , analyze their performance and equipment associated with as the starter , capacitor and fuse . This team is able to identify failures and faulty lamp, short circuit, capacitor with inadequate capacity, among others, and is installed in series with each luminary to telecontrol. Andros is the CM team to govern the lights connected to circuit telecontrol. Communication between CM and Syra Andros is through the interface PL Andros and is performed using the power lines carrier wave. Andros CM has a memory and a processor which can be programmed using the local connection or remotely. At the moment the lights come on, Andros CM sweeps of each one of them to know their status and make detection of possible failures.
2 The central server contains the Server management software called IOS. These teams is responsible for establishing communication between CM Andros automatically or manually, help download event information, such as status of lamps and associated equipment to these [18]. The MINOS X Software facilitates the management and administration of events produced in the system as remotely program the parameters of each CM Andros and inventory facilities. Also allows you to associate a mapping module that facilitates the location of equipment in real time and accurately locate events. The adoption of the astronomical clock, allows you to use properly, the residual light of dusk and dawn anticipating. This advantage gives a close to 40 minutes daily energy savings, representing around 6.5 % of total operating hours. Another saving factor is the precise identification of faulty capacitors [6]. This system saves 30% of the annual total energy expenditure and plays since 1994 with full satisfaction, public lighting facilities in countries like France, Italy, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Spain, and Argentina. Another system is Starsense Philips energy saving through brightness control, the cost savings by improving maintenance efficiency and safety. The system is able to save on average 50 % of total energy, provides predictive information failures luminaries, increased by 30 % the life of the lamp and contributes significantly to the environment by reducing light pollution [20]. The system is composed of: • The ballast Dyna vision - . Disconnection can do in case of failure of light, to extend its life by up to 30 % and stabilize the voltage. • The Outdoor Luminaries Controller (OLC) - . Monitors the status of the light on/off / regulated/fail measures the voltage, load current and power factor. • The Segment Controller - . An issue arrest on/off, instructs and schedule control, monitors the network status and the status of the sensors. Controls up to 100 OLCs and serves to control the system and report Telemanagement central PC. • The Supervisor Star sense Software -. 's Configuration tool and commissioning which serves for monitoring and control point in the system. The information is graphic and data management is simple to operate [18].
It has been implemented in countries like Malaysia, Netherlands, Norway, Germany, England, Dubai, Istanbul, Spain and France. TAFIESA SL has developed a system that allows communication (GPRS, Ethernet, PSTN, GSM, etc.) In the remote management system provides real- time and remote system status and the teams that make up the system programming is a personalized way to achieve a solution to the proposed objectives. It has only implemented a project in remote management of
lighting Huesca- Europe, the design of this system was performed using programmable controllers (PLC) and making use of the electricity network to interconnect the devices [5]. LUMIDIM of Mexico, S.A. de CV Lumidim IV has developed a system for remote management, telemetry and power saving. Implement a system of energy saving, with 16,500 lights 250W on average. This company installed 270 drivers circuit charge ignition and saving light, 6,500 individual savers achieving savings of 25 % using this technology in 70% of the circuits represents on average 600,000 Mexican pesos monthly savings , ie a $ 44,468 without also having fuel economy on travel and staff time [19 ] . GARPER ENERGY SOLUTIONS COMPANY located in USA offers a monitoring system for street lighting GLES called SP (Garper Lighting Energy Saver) , which facilitates data collection through satellite communication and server property , the management of this information to identify the exact location of luminaries have faults , dimerization energy saving lighting , monitor consumption checkpoint quantify the energy savings equipment Their presence has been strong in the United States , Israel , Hong Kong , Colombia The progressive installation of such systems in public lighting networks has enabled a reduction in energy consumption between 60% and 80% In addition to factors such as energy saving by 40% reduction in maintenance costs and reduced CO2 emissions [21 ] . Most of the implementation of these systems has been carried out in developed by the high economic cost required to run countries, although some countries in Latin America have opted for technological race and have ventured into small but successful projects some of its major cities. In Ecuador, Empresa Electrica Quito (EEQ) distributorship developing a pilot remote management system street lighting project in the av. Amazon DMQ. Project implementation for the operation of street lighting service , I entail a significant investment , taking into account the cost of $ 0.08 kWh / kWh consumption technology of high pressure sodium $ 11,493.12/year with replacement was $ 5,746.84/year , then we speak of an economic savings of $ 5746.28/year, only the replacement LED luminaries [11].
3 The electricity consumption in order to light public places has been reduced mainly by technological progress in light elements in its price, unit consumption, etc.. But the lighting mode has not changed much. Check specific time the lights came on and stayed on until such time off. Then the light sensors came that activate the streetlights below predetermined threshold brightness. And until that threshold is not exceeded, the system remained constantly on and the same power and consumption [16]. Fig.1. EEQ, Estimated annual consumption of lamps under the two technologies and savings1 If further savings by Telemanagement be considered saving increases up to an additional 75%. Inclusive can be optimized through better design regarding the geometry and location of installation, then the completion of the pilot scheme, which allows to evaluate the real benefits of the technology chosen, previous failures to detect weaknesses or that are not readily observable in a bidding process to make bulk purchases of technology equipment. STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM
The lighting system of the country is basically made up of two types of lighting: sodium vapor lamps, which produces a bright yellow light and mercury vapor lamps, which emit a blue-green color. The luminous efficiency (lm / w) of the lamp current is not very high, in some cases it can waste 30% of the power consumed only heat generated without offering some light [17]. The second of these are being replaced according to plan energy efficiency MEER replacement by more efficient technologies nationwide. Below is a table comparing the different technologies from their levels of luminous efficiency is detailed.
Fig2. Source: Comparison between the lamps used in street lighting over the Country 2 1 http://ftp.eeq.com.ec/upload/informacionPublica/PLANESTRATEGICO2 012-2015.pdf 2 A. Roncancio, P. Catalina y others, “Impacto del alumbrado público con LEDs en la Red de Distribución”, 2011.
III.1. TYPES OF EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES USED IN THE CURRENT PUBLIC LIGHTING Considering Figure 2, then scoring the two technologies in energy efficiency, regardless of lighting other parameters described. III.1.1. LIGHTING HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM Sodium reactive nature requires the arc discharge tube is manufactured from translucent polycrystalline alumina , as the glass or quartz are unsuitable. The outer glasses globe containing a vacuum to prevent oxidation and sputtering. The sodium discharge emits ultraviolet radiation, so the phosphate coatings are useless. By increasing the pressure sodium, radiation becomes a broad band around the yellow beak and a golden color is white. However, when the pressure increases, the efficiency decreases [9]. III.1.2.LED LIGHTING Light emission produced by LEDs has the particularity to be very monochromatic. Involves covering the emitter layer with phosphorus compounds that absorb the incident light and reemit over the entire visible spectrum. The more dense and more compounds is the phosphor coating, a higher proportion of the light incident on it is achieved distribute between different visible wavelengths, but the lower the efficiency of the device [15]. If the layer is thinner phosphorescent compounds, the resulting light has a dominant component at the emitter wavelength LED, but its effectiveness (the amount of light energy emitted by the consumption of a certain amount of electric power) is increased [5]. The high power LEDs used in current luminaries have a centered environment of 460-470 nm, corresponding to blue emission of the visible spectrum. So many of the plants using this technology produce a more or less cold blue- white light depending on the type of coating that is applied to the LED [8] emitters. In addition, an LED can last more than 50,000 hours, 50 times longer than any current incandescent lighting system and double bulb [17].
TELEMANAGEMENT In street lighting, remote management has already become a
4 must to successfully meet the new challenges of environmental sustainability and energy saving step. Each day remote management of facilities becomes necessary, to improve reliability and minimize maintenance costs. There are already several solutions to achieve these goals. For one, you can intervene the physical elements of the system such as lamps, ignition systems and off, flow regulators, ballasts, capacitors, etc. All in order to go gradually replacing older equipment and inefficient system by the latest equipment to help optimize energy resources and help minimize the environmental impacts generated by light pollution . On the other hand, can be made use of new online tools and achieve centralized control of lighting systems [7]. Figure 3 shows that with the integration of electronic, computer and telecommunication systems in the downtown urban areas, it gives way to the street lighting remote management can control detail and in a manner consistent energy consumption of each line or blip from a central computer, which helps to adjust the lighting requirements of each site as well as the optimization of maintenance, energy savings and longevity of facilities.
IV.1. MODULES THAT MAKE A REMOTE SYSTEM FOR LIGHTING SERVICE PUBLIC The remote management system for public lighting service is a modular system that can be grouped into three levels: • The first level : installed in luminaries, reporting information and makes the individual control of each light point . Detects operations and failure to discern each point light, transmitting the data to the next level of control through a communication system [15]. • A second level installed in distribution centers, where the control for each low voltage circuit leaves the distribution center and concentrates the information supplied by these bright spots is 8 circuits. It allows, in each low voltage circuit, the necessary maneuvers, and measure and analyze power parameters, detect and analyze anomalies or failures [6]. Since this level is transmitted to the upper level information received from each of the existing bright spots in the lower level and the information generated by the unit installed at each distribution center.
Fig3. Source: [Own] Telemanagement System Street Lighting.
Fig4. Source: [Own] Levels Telemanagement A third level corresponds to the control center where information is received distribution centers and control of each of them is. Allows monitoring and control system infrastructure Street lights and through a remote control unit or central command, receives information from the other two levels, through the communication system and managed [16]. This level consists of: or basic signal processing (generation of graphic displays, alarm lists, events, reports). or communication failure events and the shift operator via SMS or RF , with immediate assistance. or analysis functions ( for example , calculation of indicators ) Interaction with other information systems.
5 Figure 4 shows in schematic form the various levels and their interrelationship. Depending on the configuration you can also have direct communication between Level 1 and Level 3 [14]. V.
COMMUNICATION
PROTOCOLS
Protocols are communication rules that allow the flow of information between computers. Usually these rules are standardized and can be public (anyone can see how teams communicate and configure your devices to communicate in the same way) or can be private (if you want to know how to communicate, you have to buy that information) . Here are some public protocols used in remote control systems of public lighting currently described.
V.2.
ZIGBEE
WIRELESS
WIRELESS
STANDARD
GPRS (Global Packet Radio System) is an evolution of GSM and its main characteristic is that allows mobile users to send and receive data in packet form. In packet switching mode does not reserve a communications channel physically for the duration of data transfer but the packets are sent over a shared resource for all the users (the lines are not wasted if no data is transmitted). Also allows you to assign qualities of service (QoS) differentiated the different mobile users [2]. Packet switching is a suitable technology for data applications and allows for example multiple users to share a GPRS channel. In fact the core network is based on TCP / IP protocol that is used in local networks. V.3.
V.1.
GPRS
STANDARD
WIRED
PLC
STANDARD
"ZigBee is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 wireless personal area networks (personal wireless area network , WPAN ) standard aims at applications that require secure communications with low rate of sending data and maximizing the useful life of its batteries [1 ] . Under standard features may be mentioned that it is a technology that is for a field operation in high density networks. This form of data transmission is optimal for sending and receiving between a smart meter and the system within the household or consumer. Your system provides reliability to carry a data packet on a mesh data structure that is transmitted between nodes with jumps, giving several avenues for such information reaches the destination. Figure 4 shows, in schematic form, the remote management of public lighting service using wireless communication protocol ZigBee in low voltage circuits and communication on the Internet through the web between distribution centers and central control.
PLC (Power Line Communications), also called BPL (Broadband Over Power Lines) is a broadband technology (45 to 135 Mbps and reach 200 Mbps ) based on the data used as the grid infrastructure . Frequently, in the range of 100 KHz to 400 KHz, can be used for transmission of information modulated by the mains. Figure 6 shows, in schematic form, the remote management service street lighting using PLC communication in lowvoltage circuits and Internet communication through the web between the distribution centers and the control center [6].
Fig6. Scheme Telemanagement Public Lighting Service using PLC communication and Internet communication through the WEB 4
Fig5. Scheme Telemanagement Public Lighting service using wireless communication with ZigBee communication protocol and Internet through the WEB 3
3
http:\\www.owlet.de
This technology allows the use of electricity networks to transmit and receive data, allowing the use of Internet, television, telephony, video conferencing, voice over IP , high-speed data , etc. . It has a single outlet to which a modem with PLC [6] technology is connected. The connection is always on 24 hours a day. This technology enables connecting a PLC to the grid of a home modem can transmit and receive data. No need for any additional work to use this broadband technology as it uses the grid itself to data transmission and voice.
http:// www.eltodo.cz
4
6 V.4.
LonWorks
WIRELESS
STANDARD
Standard is based on LonWorks proposed by LON (Local Operating Network) scheme. This is a set of intelligent devices or nodes that are connected by one or more physical media and communicate using a common protocol. Intelligent means that each node is a 4 autonomous and proactive, so it can be programmed to send messages to any other node as a result of certain conditions met, or perform certain actions in response to messages received. A LON node can be seen as an object responsive to various inputs and outputs that produces. The entire network operation arises from the different interconnections between each of the nodes. While the function developed by one of the nodes can be very simple, the interaction between all can lead to complex applications. One of the immediate benefits of LON is that a small number of nodes can perform many different functions depending on how they are interconnected [3].
[8]
[9]
[10] [11]
[12] [13]
CONCLUSION Whatever the technology installed in street lighting systems, is the LED who scored as the most efficient, but even when information technology and telecommunications for the management and diagnosis of system programming predictive and preventive maintenance is used towards the decrease in operating expenses. However which the investment is amortized over many years and recover capital project is long term, however, the lifetime of these technologies is very high and require less maintenance. In contrast with sodium lighting systems is basically the choke ballasts that determines the quality of energy, life time of it and its very limited adaptive lighting systems monitoring public spaces. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3]
[4] [5] [6]
[7]
V. R. J. Carlos, “El Estándar Inalámbrico ZigBee,” Trujillo, Perú, 2007 I. Sedano. Tutorial de GPRS. Universidad de Deusto, 2003. M. P. Alcaraz, “Comunicaciones en el Entorno Doméstico (domótica) Comparación knx— lonworks”, 2011. R. Forster, N A Smith, F Ramos, “Tipos de Luz.”, 2010. F. J. Sora, “Consideraciones sobre las luminarias led”, 2012. S. Acevedo, J. Antonio y others. “Marco Teórico de la Telegestión del Servicio de Alumbrado Público/Fundamentals in Telemanagement of Public Lighting Service”, 2010. R. Pinto, J. Antonio y otros, “Proyecto piloto de telegestión del servicio de alumbrado público de la ciudad de Bucaramanga/Pilot Remote Management
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[21]
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Authors Oswaldo Peláez Mejía. - He was born in Quito, Ecuador, in 1983. He did his studies at the Universidad Politécnica
7 Salesiana of Quito. This in developed his thesis prior to obtaining the degree in Electrical Engineering in efficient public lighting systems. Works at Control EEQ Power Projects, focusing his interest in processes related to managing and optimizing energy efficiency of distribution systems.
Marcelo García Torres. - He was born in Ambato, Ecuador, in 1978. He did his postgraduate studies at the Technical University of Cotopaxi in the Master of Management of Energy. He teaches researcher Universidad Politécnica Salesiana in Quito. It is focusing on energy efficiency and renewable energy, Automation, Monitoring and artificial vision applied to industry.
