Interviewing the Embodiment of Political Evil

At the Crossroads Peter Bray and Loyola Mclean Thrust over the threshold of a major life crisis it seems unrealistic to suggest to the survivor that his or her experiences may ultimately provide rich ground from which unimagined opportunities will spring.1 Could it be that the apocryphal trope, beloved of politicians and motivational speakers the world over, that the calligraphic characters for the Chinese word for ‘crisis’ signifies ‘danger and opportunity,’ is dead?2 Perhaps not quite – even in its misinterpretation and passing the original characters retain the essential ingredients of their allegorical truth. In fact, the second character, the ‘jī of wēijī, in denoting something like an ‘incipient moment’ or a ‘crucial point’ is predictive of a beginning and a change.3 The universally optimistic understanding that harsh conditions force an organism to respond and grow supports the humanistic axiom that people are physically and psychologically hard-wired to make a journey toward positive personal development and completeness.4 Extraordinary anecdotes and mythic stories universally inform us of how nations, communities, and individuals have triumphed over harrowing circumstances.5 However, it is the danger, most often contained within the fearful choicelessness of crises that is perhaps the most challenging to humanity because it forces change, and through encounters with significant loss, the re-evaluation of existential priorities.6 Thus, confrontations with new and difficult experiences, with the need to surrender something of the old, may reveal and reinforce hidden vulnerabilities or have the potential to create resilience and strengthen growth. In the last few decades there has been a growing interest in the management of crises and the use of predictive models that have influenced high level social, economic, and ecological policy change. When applied to therapeutic work this strategic thinking is transformed into interventions that enhance personal and psychological support for individuals and groups. Indeed, recent trends in psychology have suggested that in the aftermath of crisis the safe return to precrisis functioning, albeit personally desirable, is fundamentally impossible.7 Consequently, as difficult as crises may be, there is a growing body of scholarly opinion that accepts that positive benefit may be found in even the most extreme of circumstances and that individuals might be encouraged to consider crises in terms of the positive as well as its negative outcomes.8 More specifically, in addition to the recognition of possible traumatic breakdown secondary to crises, we are now asked to embrace the concept of post-traumatic growth in individuals and systems, in which the integration of the crisis experience is a reflective process which rebuilds identity and a sense of self, and fosters future resilience.9 Initially, the interdisciplinary project that brought together the work in this volume, defined ‘crisis’ as an unstable, potentially dangerous, situation or event that imposes difficult or extreme life changes and challenges on human beings and

© 2015. Inter-Disciplinary Press. Full volume available at http://tinyurl.com/nuq6t6y

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__________________________________________________________________ systems.10 In his seminal paper on the consequences of crisis to organisations, Charles Hermann identifies three fundamental characteristics that separate crises from other extremely difficult events – surprise, threat, and a short response time.11 Consequently, an ongoing crisis, described by Mary Ditton in this volume as a ‘wicked problem,’ can result from a failure to respond to crises quickly and effectively.12 The term ‘opportunity’ here anticipates the effects and/or outcomes of pre-crisis preparation or interventions and post-crisis responsiveness and management. Thus, the effective management of crisis may, in part, depend upon the thoughts, feelings, and behaviours of its survivors before, during and after the event, and the ways in which opportunities are carefully framed as useful resources that hold the potential for positive outcomes.13 From our deliberations as a project group it was clear that in the aftermath of a crisis the negative impact of these events attract significantly more critical attention than any subsequent benefits. Indeed, we concluded that one may only fully understand the extent to which a crisis has hindered or opened up an opportunity when, like trauma, it no longer has the power to hold the survivor completely in its thrall. Perhaps, it is a fundamental aspect of human beings that we may choose to conceptualise and emotionally and behaviourally respond to crises as either negative or positive. Thus, it was generally agreed that the process of fully understanding the impact and outcome that one has upon the other, required treatments or interventions that could simultaneously interrogate micro, meso, and macro perspectives. Thus, whilst this book may be viewed as a collection of eclectic, free-standing, thematically linked chapters, it is also informed by a fulsome and interdisciplinary dialogue. The authors have taken the opportunity to revisit their research ideas and develop their original arguments from broader personal, community, and universal positions that continue and develop those conversations, begun in Sydney in February 2013, in order to reframe crisis and opportunity in terms of each other. It is not surprising, therefore, that most of the chapters offered here work with the accepted notion that crises, as Aneil Mishra, Joel Brockner, and Erika Hayes James variously describe them, are both unique, critical, and threaten individuals, groups, and system’s survival where time to respond and resources to cope are inadequate or not immediately available.14 However, in addition, the chapters in this collection also suggest that unwanted and unforeseen crises are predictive of, and may catalyse positive changes in people’s lives.15 Albeit that not all crises may be regarded as having a positive charge, the contributors to this volume certainly take the position that suggests that, whilst crises may or may not be planned for, we can identify learning, improvement, and development that results from them and establish transformational ways of seeing and understanding, experiencing and living, in a world that has irrevocably changed.16 Inspired by a human tradition of resilience and creativity in the face of insurmountable natural and human-made catastrophes, the chapters in this


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__________________________________________________________________ collection reflect how individuals and communities may continue to adapt, refashion, and recreate themselves from the materials of crisis. As the title of this book suggests crises are threshold experiences, predictive of transformational journeys that may begin with the felt impacts on the self and resolve themselves in relationships and community. Thus, the chapters have been arranged into three broad and sometimes necessarily over-lapping categories of interaction which consider crisis and opportunities from the following perspectives: the personal; the person in a community; and in lives in countries around the world influenced by a global community. The methodologies are varied but do emphasise dialogues between experience and various theoretical frameworks. Overall the empirical research that underpins the chapters tends to be grounded in case studies, other qualitative approaches, or mixed methods studies ranging from an examination of the individual to large organisations, or systems and their various levels of functioning with attention to what William Blake termed the ‘Minute Particulars’: It is better to prevent misery than to release from misery; It is better to prevent error than to forgive the criminal. Labour well the Minute Particulars: attend to the Little Ones; And those who are in misery cannot remain so long, If we do but our duty: labour well the teeming Earth.... He who would do good to another must do it in Minute Particulars. General Good is the pleas of the scoundrel, hypocrite and flatterer; For Art and Science cannot exist but in minutely organized Particulars17 We can think of attending to these ‘minute particulars’ as listening to, fostering, the individual voice, or in a postmodern and postcolonial approach, the many voices, paying close attention to the stories they tell and the kinds of relationships that allow those stories to emerge. The opportunity to review and then resynthesize approaches is often then necessary, in order to stay close to the ‘particulars’ of experience. The hope is of an outcome that is more polyphony or harmony than chaotic dissonance. Clear themes emerge in this volume as to the importance of relationships, between individuals and systems; the search for meanings and the reworking of narratives, small and large; a humanitarian approach that does not ‘other’; trust created and repaired; and forgiveness. All of these require concerted efforts at creative and committed engagement at the crossroads of crisis.


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__________________________________________________________________ Part 1: Personal Crises that Create Opportunities and Relational Maps of Transformation This section foregrounds the personal with insights into the world of psychotherapy and its interface with individual and communal crises and transformation: the leitmotif of the importance of the relational emerges. In the intimate workplace of professional counselling and psychotherapy the self of the therapist is a participant, not just an agent or mediator, in the process of change and trauma recovery for the patient/client/community and in the process, they are often also changed. Furthermore psychotherapists experience personal crises too. The first section begins with two chapters where the focus is the therapist’s challenge to manage extreme personal crisis, albeit through two different treatments of the material. Amongst the most difficult personal losses are those of the death of children and partner. In ‘Post-Crises Opportunities: A Personal Account of Bereavement and Growth,’ psychotherapist and educator Peter Bray poignantly recounts his story of the loss of his family through a sudden accident.18 He uses the opportunity both personally, to regroup and grow emotionally and spiritually, and professionally to reflect on the literature and models we use to understand bereavement and crisis. This deeply intimate account provides an immediate example of the way that a seemingly small or individual perspective relies on a connection to and containment within the large or systemic. He draws on a mythic sense of personal spirituality and the transcendent to ascribe meaning his emergent change and, in his post-event synthesis, argues for productive conversations between models of posttraumatic growth and psycho-spiritual approaches. He also describes the significance of enduring bonds post-bereavement and demonstrates how, rather than relying upon the tasks of grief to simply relinquishing, they might be usefully transformed. In ‘Stories of Opportunity in Crisis when the Therapist has a Life Threatening Illness,’ Graeme James, a working psychotherapist, inspired by the personal experience of life-threatening illness, conducts a substantive literature review on this difficult area where the personal lives of therapists may impact their clients.19 He explains that the newer models of therapy emphasise an inter-subjective experience, collaboratively co-created by both parties and from which both may profit. The overwhelming message that comes through the integration of the literature is that the therapist needs to approach the ethical dilemmas thoughtfully, discerning the ways forward and may well need their own therapeutic or supervisory support to negotiate the challenges around this situation in order to foster the movement of both participants towards growth. From a different perspective survivors from the darkness of domestic abuse are invited to share their personal stories regarding hope. Their journeys are taken up and discussed by Penny Ehrhardt and Gaylene Little in ‘Light at the End of the Tunnel? Exploring Transformation in a Family Violence Research Project.’20 This



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__________________________________________________________________ reflective chapter is born out of an innovative collaborative mixed methods research programme from the Eastern Institute of Technology, New Zealand, and DOVE Hawkes Bay, a family violence intervention service. In the delicate handling of the difficult task of both intervening in domestic violence and evaluating this intervention in a particular cultural context, Ehrhardt and Little illustrate the benefit of a collaborative and flexible approach at every level of the process. They and their participants locate the problem of family violence within the situation of transgenerational trauma including the contribution owed to the impacts of colonization on Māori. They highlight the need for cultural ‘appreciation,’ a valuing that is reflective and responsive.21 This requires a commitment to conversation and dialogue in order to find the particular approaches required in each specific situation. They demonstrate a style of research leadership that is highly collaborative and drew upon the guardianship role of the Kaumatua, or elder, within the Māori community. This commitment to the ‘minute particulars,’ is taken up again in Loyola McLean’s ‘Leaving the Old House in Story and Song: An Attachment and Relational Perspective on Personal and Communal Crises and Posttraumatic Growth.’22 This chapter suggests that attachment theory and modern approaches to self argue for the basic importance of creative relational connections and conversations in containing the difficult thoughts, feelings, and behaviours around crisis at both the level of the individual and system, and provide one of the ‘relational maps’ of the volume. This chapters dialogues with many of the others and provides a thematic bridge to our next section. Part 2: Finding Benefit in Crises and Identifying Opportunities: Selves and Communities in Reflection and Action How we move forward in crisis is often based upon relational trust. In the first chapter in this section Jörgen Sparf examines this issue in the important public context of risk and crisis management, through the lens of sociological research and using the case study of Sweden where legislation changes have shifted responsibility for disability services to local government. In ‘Trust as an Opportunity in Public Risk and Crisis Management,’ Sparf methodically reports the results of empirical research on ‘the relational properties of the municipality and disabled inhabitants regarding risk and crisis,’ and finds that local authorities have struggled in their task.23 Sparf importantly locates his study within the context of the theory of trust, as it is realised across different levels of the system, putting issues of relationship and responsibility at the heart of both the problem and potential solutions. Here our leitmotif returns: sometimes the large relies substantially on the small, the personal and the relational. The notion of a successful communal and coordinated response to external natural disaster is studied by Catherine Bermudez Diomampo, researching the aftermath of the nuclear crisis in Fukushima, caused by the 2011 earthquake in


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__________________________________________________________________ East Japan. Due to the forced the shutdown of the nuclear plant and the severe power shortages that followed, she describes the effective way in which the University of Tokyo’s implemented an integrated strategy of bringing together its organisational and intellectual capital − managerial, scientific, and technical − to collaboratively plan and execute a concerted approach to specific power reduction targets and paths to achieving them. In ‘Energy Crisis Management: What is the Key?’ Diomampo, a chemical engineer, describes how the University, one of the biggest consumers of electricity in Japan, managed the electrical supply to maintain research and teaching despite significant power reductions.24 This case study of a consciously strategic and multimodal approach to crisis provides an exemplar for similar crises elsewhere and again illustrates the theme across the volume that collaboration and integration work against the disorganising processes associated with crises. In their chapter, ‘Pedagogical Conflict Creates Opportunities to Embrace Student Centred Learning,’ Cheryl McConnell and Gillian Postlewaight’s offer an example of nurturing opportunity amidst crucial change, through an innovative teaching approach to early childhood education.25 As teacher educators they report on an experimental approach to arts learning in their vocational teaching degree programme. Their aim is to ‘walk the talk’ of child-centred learning by modelling a student-centred approach within their own tertiary classroom setting. This thoughtful and serious endeavour was grounded in a holistic approach that aimed to address cultural issues of respect partly out of a need for restitution in a community affected by the impacts of colonisation. The course threaded together collaboration, research, practice, and application in a process that emphasised the journey rather than the destination. McConnell and Postlewaight found that managing the uncertainties of this novel approach allowed this teaching and learning community ‘to internalise new models of practice and new possibilities.’26 Part 3: The Precarious Balance between Crisis and Opportunity: Critique and Conflict in the Personal and the Political Sometimes the stages on which crises play out are vast and their impact prodigious, perhaps, none more so than the obliterating events of 1913 and their aftermath – a period in history that many have argued changed the world utterly.27 It is just this ensuing period of tumultuous change that historian Paul Chigwidden examines in his chapter ‘Crises and the Opportunity for Conversion: Some Examples from Interwar Britain.’28 He focuses on two young English writers, who manage the challenge to their ‘root realities’ and ‘assumptive worlds’ through ideological somersaults: Evelyn Waugh in his conversion to Catholicism, and John Cornford in his passionate embracing of communism.29 Chigwidden articulates the search for meaning and cohesion these young men undertake at a time when the world had, as T.S Eliot’s admired poem suggested, become a ‘Wasteland.’30 As Chigwidden has highlighted elsewhere both Waugh and Cornford were responding



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__________________________________________________________________ not just to the upper-classes’ betrayal of the lower classes but to the specific problems presented by their middle class, intellectual elite backgrounds: For Waugh, his background meant that he was excluded from the Elysian fields of the rich dilettantes he met at Oxford; he had to work. For Cornford, his middle class privileges were a scandal in the face of lower class poverty and so he placed his intellectual abilities at their disposal. In short their crises were the crises of the educated middle classes. While Waugh chose between Christianity and Chaos, the crises demanded that [Cornford] take his place in the midst of the chaos.31 In a very contemporary setting Chen Hee Tam also takes up the story of young people adapting to crises in his chapter on ‘Neo-Liberal Crisis and Salvation: SelfHelp and the Crisis of Graduate Unemployment in China.’ Here the precipitous changes in China from a socialist economy to a capitalist market have meant a shift in government attitude to the provision of work: young graduates are expected to use their perceived skills to become entrepreneurs and help themselves and others to create economic opportunity. This qualitative research describes how the positive rhetoric around this cannot be substantiated and that many graduates fail to achieve their expected levels of success. This chapter dialogues with Chigwidden’s as it notes the differences between this group of young people and those described in the interwar years: the current Chinese cohort he suggests do not critique the background political culture in the same dichotomous way that those in England did in the wake of the First World War. From young people with perceived privilege we move to a discussion of the impacts of crisis on those suffering in marked poverty. Adhir Sharma and Mary Ditton’s chapter, ‘Left-Behind Wives’ Lived Experiences: The Crisis on the Other Side of Nepalese Labour Migration’ details the substantial suffering of women and children left behind when their Nepalese husbands migrate for work for extended periods of time.32 It reveals that migration is not a lifestyle choice but “an act of desperation” due to poverty, local lack of employment opportunity, and the consequences of international conflict.33 Significantly the women’s poverty endures for years and they are often trapped in standards of living that are demonstrably below their peers, and failing to reap the benefits of monies that come to others in this process. The chapter suggests practical initiatives that could shift this dynamic and offer opportunities for these women and their children and might positively impact their surrounding society.


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__________________________________________________________________ Part 4: Crises Writ Large: International Perspectives on the Creation of Opportunities As this collection moves to an even broader international stage Mary Ditton extends the discussion by revealing the enormity of the problem of migration in her chapter ‘Finding Opportunities in the Global Crisis of Migration.’34 The sheer volume of people affected is staggering, with many ultimately living for extended periods of time without proper settlement, and in violation of basic human rights. She sharply critiques the conventional and failing approaches of repatriation, local integration, and resettlement and then proposes a number of novel solutions at both the local and international level. Her work highlights a situation that is as grave as it is often invisible. Finally, this section and the book conclude with the return of the leitmotif, of the small impacting the large in an astonishing account of personal and relational creativity. Discussing the case of a young woman’s appearance publically ridiculed on the Internet, Meera Chakravorty’s ‘The Non-Ephemeral Forgiveness’ describes how this event impacts upon both the girl and her ‘attacker.’35 In a deeply moving chapter, Chakravorty describes how this painfully slighted girl manages to respond with peace and dignity to her critic and how these responses resonate perfectly with her beliefs in the sacredness of her body and those firmly grounded in her cultural and spiritual background. She goes on to explain how the internet assailant is won over by the girl’s directness, honesty, and non-reactivity and how this encourages him to apologise. Chakravorty places this personal drama within the history of non-violence, and the larger political stage and affirms the power of the individual or the underdog to ‘perturb’ the system through dialogue and via radical forgiveness. Fear may be contagious but forgiveness, it is suggested, is transmissible too, especially when it arises from the humanitarian movement toward ‘fraternity’ and human community that reject acts of ‘othering.’ Our hope is that the conversations developed in the chapters that follow will inspire other practitioners and scholars to engage in important cross-discipline dialogues, aimed at furthering understanding and fostering change, so that we might utilise the opportunity that can arise from crisis. We tentatively suggest that the many of the complex problems that beset the world, both small and large, may well profit by this many-voiced approach, which emerges from our deliberations at a current crossroads.

Notes 1

Taken from the context of mental health, Donna C. Aguilera and Janice M. Messick, Crisis Intervention, Theory and Methodology (St Louis: C. V. Mosby, 1986); See also, Norman Woolley, ‘Crisis Theory: A Paradigm of Effective



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__________________________________________________________________ Intervention with Families of Critically Ill People', Journal of Advanced Nursing 15 (1990): 1403. 2 Victor H. Mair, ‘Danger ≠ Crisis: How a Misunderstanding About Chinese Characters has Led Many Astray’, viewed on 15 April 2014, http://pinyin.info/chinese/crisis.html. 3 Ibid. 4 Martin E. Seligman and Jane Gilham, eds., The Science of Optimism and Hope: Research Essays in Honor of Martin E. Seligman (Philadelphia: Templeton Foundation Press, 2000), 415; Stephen S. Joseph, What Doesn’t Kill Us: The New Psychology of Posttraumatic Growth (London: Piatkus, 2012), 11; Richard Tedeschi and Lawrence Calhoun, ‘The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the Positive Legacy of Trauma’, Journal of Traumatic Stress 9 (1996): 455-471. 5 Joseph Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces (Novato, California: New World Library, 2008); Philip Cousineau, ed., The Hero’s Journey: Joseph Campbell on His Life and Work (New York: Harper and Row, 1990). 6 Peter Bray, ‘Bereavement, Post-Traumatic Growth, and Psycho-Spiritual Transformation’, Journal of Religion and Health 52.3 (2011): 890-903. 7 Stephen S. Joseph and Lisa D. Butler. ‘Positive Changes Following Adversity’, PTSD Research Quarterly 21 (2010): 1-3. See also, Ronnie Janoff-Bulman’s seminal work, Shattered Assumptions: Towards a New Psychology of Trauma (New York: Free Press, 1992). 8 Lawrence Calhoun and Richard Tedeschi, eds., Handbook of Posttraumatic Growth: Research and Practice (London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2006); Stephen Joseph and P. Alex Linley, ‘Positive Psychological Perspectives on Posttraumatic Stress: An Integrative Psychosocial Framework,’ in Trauma, Recovery and Growth: Positive Psychological Perspectives on Posttraumatic Stress, eds. Stephen Joseph and P. Alex Linley (Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons, 2008), 3-20. 9 Richard G Tedeschi and Lawrence G. Calhourn, ‘Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Foundations and Empirical Evidence’, Psychological Inquiry 15.1 (2004): 1-18; Loyola McLean and Marie-Thérèse Proctor, ‘The Pilgrim Road to Human Flourishing: When the Psychotherapeutic and the Spiritual Journey Meet,’ in Beyond Well-Being: Spirituality and Human Flourishing, eds. Maureen Miner, Martin Dowson and Stuart Devenish (Charlotte NC: Information Age Press, 2012), 231-255; Loyola McLean ‘The Pilgrim Road Goes On: Psychotherapy and Spirituality Continue to Journey Together towards Healing and Human Flourishing,’ in Spirituality in the 21st Century: Explorations, eds. John L. Hochheimer and William S. Schmidt (Oxford, UK: Inter-Disciplinary Press, 2013), 143-165.


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__________________________________________________________________ 10

Inter-Disciplinary.Net, Call for Presentations. Charles F. Hermann, ‘Some Consequences of Crisis which Limit the Viability of Organizations’, Administrative Science Quarterly 8 (1963): 64. 12 Mary Ditton ‘Finding Opportunities in the Global Crisis of Migration’, in this volume. 13 Aneil Mishra, ‘Organisational Responses to Crisis: The Centrality of Trust,’ in Trust In Organizations, eds Roderick M, Kramer and Thomas Tyler (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1996), 263; Robert R. Ulmer, Timothy L. Sellnow and Matthew W. Seeger, Effective Crisis Communication: Moving From Crisis to Opportunity (Thousand Oaks, California: Sage, 2011). 14 Aneil Mishra, ‘Organizational Responses to Crisis,’ 261-287; See also Joel Brockner and Erika Hayes James, ‘Toward an Understanding of When Executives See Crisis as Opportunity’, The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 44.1 (2008): 94-115, who, amongst a number of similar definitions reference the definition of crises given by The American Heritage Dictionary (Boston, M.A.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2000) as ‘unstable conditions, as in political, social, or economic affairs, involving impending abrupt or decisive changes,’ 96. 15 Ulmer, Sellnow and Seeger, Effective Crisis Communication. 16 Ibid. 17 William Blake, ‘The Holiness of Minute Particulars’, in Selections from ‘Jerusalem,’ f55, 11, 49-53, 60-62, viewed 19 April 2014, http://www.bartleby.com/235/322.html; Robert Hobson called attention to Blake’s concept and phrase, applying it to the kind of attention required in a connecting conversation. See Robert Hobson, Forms of Feeling: The Heart of Psychotherapy (London: Tavistock, 1985). 18 Peter Bray, ‘Post-Crises Opportunities: A Personal Account of Bereavement and Growth,’ in this volume. 19 Graeme James, ‘Stories of Opportunity in Crisis when the Therapist has a Life Threatening Illness,’ in this volume. 20 Penny Ehrhardt and Gaylene Little: ‘Light at the End of the Tunnel? Exploring Transformation in a Family Violence Research Project,’ in this volume. 21 Ibid. 22 William Blake, ‘The Holiness of Minute Particulars,’ 'Jerusalem,’ f 55, 11, 51; Loyola McLean, ‘Leaving the Old House in Story and Song: An Attachment and Relational Perspective on Personal and Communal Crises and Posttraumatic Growth,’ in this volume. 23 Jörgen Sparf, ‘Trust as an Opportunity in Public Risk and Crisis Management,’ in this volume. 24 Catherine Bermudez Diomampo, ‘Energy Crisis Management: What is the Key?’ in this volume. 11



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Cheryl McConnell and Gillian Postlewaight, ‘Pedagogical Conflict Creates Opportunities to Embrace Student Centred Learning,’ in this volume. 26 Ibid. 27 See: Florian Illies, 1913: The Year before the Storm (London: The Clerkenwell Press, 2013); Paul Ham, 1914: The Year the World Ended (Sydney: William Heinemann, Australia, 1913). 28 Paul Chigwidden, ‘Crises and the Opportunity for Conversion: Some Examples from Interwar Britain,’ in this volume. 29 Ibid. 30 Ibid. 31 Paul Chigwidden, personal communication to Loyola McLean, 15 April 2014. 32 Adhir Sharma and Mary Ditton, ‘Left-Behind Wives’ Lived Experiences: The Crisis on the Other Side of Nepalese Labour Migration,’ in this volume. 33 Ibid. 34 Ditton, ‘Finding Opportunities.’ 35 Meera Chakravorty, ‘The Non-Ephemeral Forgivness,’ in this volume.

Bibliography Aguilera, Donna C. and Janice M. Messick. Crisis Intervention, Theory and Methodology. St. Louis, MO: C. V. Mosby, 1986. Blake, William. ‘The Holiness of Minute Particulars’. ‘Selections from Jerusalem’, f 55, 11, 49-53, 60-62. Viewed on April 19 2014, http://www.bartleby.com/235/322.html. Bray, Peter. ‘Bereavement, Post-Traumatic Growth, and Psycho-Spiritual Transformation’. Journal of Religion and Health 52.3 (2011): 890-903. Brockner, Joel and Erika Hayes James. ‘Toward an Understanding of When Executives See Crisis as Opportunity’ The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 44.1 (2008): 94-115. Calhoun, Lawrence and Richard Tedeschi, eds. Handbook of Posttraumatic Growth: Research and Practice. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2006. Campbell, Joseph. The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Novato, California: New World Library, 2008.


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__________________________________________________________________ Cousineau Philip, ed. The Hero’s Journey: Joseph Campbell on His Life and Work. New York: Harper and Row, 1990. Ham, Paul. 1914: The Year the World Ended. Sydney: William Heinemann, Australia, 2013. Hermann, Charles F. ‘Some Consequences of Crisis which Limit the Viability of Organizations’. Administrative Science Quarterly 8 (1963): 61-82. Hobson, Robert. Forms of Feeling: The Heart of Psychotherapy. London: Tavistock, 1985. Illies, Florian. 1913: The Year before the Storm. London: The Clerkenwell Press, 2013. Janoff-Bulman, Ronnie. Shattered Assumptions: Towards a New Psychology of Trauma. New York: Free Press, 1992. Joseph, Stephen S. What Doesn’t Kill Us: The New Psychology of Posttraumatic Growth. London: Piatkus, 2012. Joseph, Stephen S. and Lisa D. Butler. ‘Positive Changes Following Adversity’. PTSD Research Quarterly 21 (2010): 1-3. Joseph, Stephen and P. Alex Linley, ‘Positive Psychological Perspectives on Posttraumatic Stress: An Integrative Psychosocial Framework’. Trauma, Recovery and Growth: Positive Psychological Perspectives on Posttraumatic Stress, edited by Stephen Joseph and P. Alex Linley, 3-20. Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons, 2008. Mair, Victor H. ‘Danger ≠ Crisis: How a Misunderstanding about Chinese Characters has Led Many Astray’. Viewed 15 April 2014, http://pinyin.info/chinese/crisis.html Loyola McLean ‘The Pilgrim Road Goes On: Psychotherapy and Spirituality Continue to Journey Together towards Healing and Human Flourishing’. Spirituality in the 21st Century: Explorations, edited by John L. Hochheimer and William S. Schmidt, 143-165. Oxford, UK: Inter-Disciplinary Press, 2013.



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__________________________________________________________________ Loyola McLean and Marie-Thérèse Proctor, ‘The Pilgrim Road to Human Flourishing: When the Psychotherapeutic and the Spiritual Journey Meet’. Beyond Well-Being: Spirituality and Human Flourishing, edited by Maureen Miner, Martin Dowson and Stuart Devenish, 231-255. Charlotte NC: Information Age Press, 2012. Mishra, Aneil. ‘Organisational Responses to Crisis: The Centrality of Trust’. Trust In Organizations, edited by Roderick M. Kramer and Thomas Tyler, 261-287. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. 1996. Seligman, Martin E. and Jane Gilham, eds. The Science of Optimism and Hope: Research Essays in Honor of Martin E. Seligman. Philadelphia: Templeton Foundation Press, 2000. Tedeschi, Richard and Lawrence Calhoun. ‘The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the Positive Legacy of Trauma’. Journal of Traumatic Stress 9 (1996): 455-471. Tedeschi, Richard G. and Lawrence G. Calhourn. ‘Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Foundations and Empirical Evidence’. Psychological Inquiry 15.1 (2004): 1-18. Ulmer, Robert, Timothy L. Sellnow and Matthew W. Seeger. Effective Crisis Communication: Moving From Crisis to Opportunity. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage, 2011. Woolley, Norman. ‘Crisis Theory: A Paradigm of Effective Intervention with Families of Critically Ill People’. Journal of Advanced Nursing 15 (1990): 14021405.
