Agenda. 1. What is a problem? 2. Decidable or not? 3. The P class. 4. The NP
Class. 5 The NP-Complete class. 5. The NP Complete class. 2 ...
Intractable Problems Intractable Problems The Classes P and NP Mohamed M. El Wakil Mohamed M. El Wakil
[email protected]
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Agenda 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 5.
What is a problem? Decidable or not? Decidable or not? The P class The NP Class The NP‐Complete The NP Complete class class
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What is a problem? What is a problem? • A problem is a question to be answered. – What is the value of X/Y?
• A problem usually has parameters. p y p – X, and Y
• A A decision problem, is a version decision problem is a version of the of the problem with only two possible answers: Yes or No! or No! – Given two numbers X, and Y, does Y evenly divide X?
• An instance: a specific problem instance – Does 3 evenly divide 6? 3
Decidable or not? Decidable or not? • A decidable problem, is a problem that could be solved using a computer. • A An undecidable problem, is a problem that d id bl bl i bl th t can never be solved using a computer, neither now or in the future. • Only decidable problems! 4
Classification • We need to classify problems in terms of their p y computability. • Three classes: Th l – P class – NP Class – NP‐Complete class NP‐Complete class
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P class wrt Computers P class, wrt • Problems with at least one algorithm that solves the problem in polynomial time wrt l h bl i l i l i to the input size. • Polynomial time Polynomial time – The number of steps needed relates polynomially to the size of the input to the size of the input. – O(n2), O(n9), O(nc), where c is a constant. – but NOT O(n!), O(2 but NOT O(n!) O(2n), when n is the size of the ) when n is the size of the input. 6
P class wrt Turing Machines P class, wrt Turing Machines • Problems solvable in polynomial time using a D t Deterministic Turing Machine (DTM) belong to i i ti T i M hi (DTM) b l t the class P. • Polynomial time – The number of moves needed relates polynomially to the size of the input. • n2, 17n3, 9n4, but NOT 2n
• DTM – A Turing machine with a tape, head, transition function, and a set of states. 7
P Problem (MWST) P Problem (MWST) • Minimum Weight Spanning Tree – Given a weighted graph G, find the minimum g g p , weight spanning tree. – In other words, convert the given graph into a tree that includes all the nodes of the original tree, that includes all the nodes of the original graph, and minimizes the summation of weights of the edges in the resulting tree the edges in the resulting tree.
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MWST Example Problem Instance
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruskal's_algorithm 9
Kruskal'ss algorithm Kruskal • The MWST problem belongs to the P class of h S bl b l h l f problems, since there is an algorithm that solves it i it in polynomial time. l i l ti • Kruskal's algorithm O(n2) – Create a forest F (a set of trees), where each vertex in the graph is a separate tree – Create a set S containing all the edges in the graph – While S is nonempty • Remove an edge with minimum weight from S • If that edge connects two different trees, then add it to the forest, combining two trees into a single tree forest, combining two trees into a single tree • Otherwise discard that edge 10
MWST Example Possible Solution
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruskal's_algorithm 11
NP class wrt Turing Machines NP class, wrt Turing Machines • Problems solvable in polynomial time using a g ( ) Non Deterministic Turing Machine (NDTM) belong to the class NP. – NDTM • A DTM, with two stages of processing: guessing, and h f d checking.
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Non Deterministic Turing Machine Non‐Deterministic Turing Machine • Guessing: G i – Guess a solution, and then write it down to the tape. – Checking: • Evaluate the guess to decide whether it solves the problem or not.
• The The number of guessed solutions, can be either number of guessed solutions can be either polynomial or exponential. • If the number of guessed solutions is polynomial, If th b f d l ti i l i l then, the NDTM is equivalent to a DTM. 13
NP class wrt Computers NP class, wrt • Problems that can be solved within an p the input size. p exponential time wrt • Thi This includes problems that can be solved in i l d bl h b l di polynomial time.
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Important • A DTM is a NDTM that has a polynomial g number of guesses. • A According to the definition of NP, the MWST di h d fi i i f NP h MWST problem is an NP problem.
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NP Problem Example Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP)
Given a number of cities and the costs of traveling from any city to any other city, what is the cheapest round‐trip route that visits each city exactly once and then returns to the starting city? and then returns to the starting city?
Source: http://en wikipedia org/wiki/Traveling salesman problem Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traveling_salesman_problem 16
Solving the TSP Solving the TSP • There is no one single algorithm that solves p p y this problem in polynomial time / • Th The only way, is to enumerate all possible l i ll ibl itineraries and checking them one‐by‐one. • For n cities, there are n! routes F iti th ! t
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Polynomial Time Reduction Polynomial Time Reduction • A problem P1, is polynomially reducible to problem P2, if there is a process p p that takes an instance of P1 as an input, and outputs a corresponding instance of P2 in polynomial corresponding instance of P2 in polynomial time. – P1: a * b – P2: ((a+b)2 – a2 – b2)/2 18
NP Complete Class NP‐Complete Class • A problem P is NP‐Complete If: – P is in NP – For every problem L in NP, there is a polynomial time reduction from L to P time reduction from L to P.
• If If P1 is NP‐Complete, and there is polynomial P1 i NP C l t d th i l i l time reduction from P1 to P2, then P2 is NP‐ Complete. 19
NP‐complete NP l t problems family problems family tree
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The NP World The NP World
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexity_classes_P_and_NP
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Intractable Problems Intractable Problems The Classes P and NP Mohamed M. El Wakil Mohamed M. El Wakil
[email protected]
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