Journal of Applied Biological Sciences 7 (1): 67-71, 2013 ISSN: 1307-1130, E-ISSN: 2146-0108, www.nobel.gen.tr
Effect of different treatments of salicylic acid on some morphological traits and yield of white bean in salinity condition Azin NAJAFABADI1
Reza AMIRNIA1
Hashem HADI1
Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University/ Urmia - Iran
*Corresponding author:
Received: July 16, 2012
E-mail:
[email protected]
Accepted: August 24, 2012
Abstract It has been proposed that salicylic acid (SA) acts as an endogenous signal molecule responsible for inducing abiotic stress tolerance like salinity stress in plants. The effect of different salicylic acid (SA) concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mM) and 3 application methods (Soil, Foliar and Priming) on stem diameter, dry weight, yield per plant, stem height, number of pods, number of seeds per pod and 100 seed weight of NaCl (4 ds/m ) stressed white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was investigated. The results showed that the effect of applied concentrations and methods on the characteristics of stem height, stem diameter, pod number, seed per pod, yield per plant, plant dry weight, hundred seed weight were significant. The interaction of concentrations and methods used was significant on plant dry weight, stem height and 100 seed weight. According to the results, the greatest impact was belonged to the soil treatment which was not significantly different from priming. Among applied concentrations, the concentration of 0.1 and 0.5 mM were the most effective and the concentration of 1 mM was not significantly different from control. Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris, soil application, foliar application, priming
INTRODUCTION Plants in nature are under different environmental stresses such as drought and salinity which makes problem in the process of plant growth and reproduction (15). Salinity stress has toxic effects on plants and cause metabolic changes such as reducing the activity of chloroplasts and photosynthesis and increasing of respiration rates (7). High concentrations of salt in germination environment, affect water availability and cause disturbance in ionic balance and the result is ion toxicity and osmotic stress (8). Salicylic acid as a hormone- like substance and a phenolic compound produced by plants is important due to its ability in inducing the resistance to stresses (2). This substance in tomatoes and kidney beans increased resistance to high and low temperatures (16). The
observed effects of salicylic acid in stomata, made the impression that this substance can influence the regulation of photosynthesis. Proline accumulation in plant is a defensive mechanism in dealing with different types of stresses such as drought, salinity, high temperatures, nutrient deficiency and dealing with heavy metals. Nowadays it’s found that one of the responses of plants to the external application of salicylic acid against the stress is producing and accumulation of proline (3). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different treatment methods and concentrations of salicylic acid in reducing the adverse effects of salt stress in white bean. white bean.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS A pot experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of Urmia University, Faculty of Agriculture, during 2011. The pots were arranged in complete randomized block design and four replications and each replication represented by 6 plants and the layout was a 3×4 factorial arrangement. Treatments were consisted of three methods (Soil, Foliar and Priming) and four concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mM). The pots were filled with soil with constant salinity of 4 dS/m. Before priming the Seeds of white bean (var. Daneshkadeh) were surface sterilized in 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 3 min, then rinsed with sterilized water and air-dried. Then 250 g of seeds were soaked in 500 mL of each solution for 12 h and redried near to original weight in ordinary temperature. Seeds were planted with a density of six plants per pot. Other seeds were planted without any treatment. Other pots treatment was carried out in leaf and soil form at the end of vegetative phase. Soil treatment was conducted by adding of 1 liter of solution of salicylic acid with ratios cited in each pot. Foliar treatment was carried out on plants with the spray of 60 ml of all concentrations of the solution mentioned above. Pots Irrigation in all stages of plant growth was conducted according to their needs in constant ratios, so that no water will be removed from the pots. Harvesting was performed to determine traits such as stem diameter, plant dry weight, yield per plant, plant height, pod number, seeds per pod and hundred seed weight at the end of growth. The data collected was analyzed using the SAS and MSTAT-C software under completely randomized blocks design and the treatment means were compared by using Duncan test at 0.05 probability level.
RESULTS According to the analysis of variance, results showed that the treatment methods and concentrations had a significant effect on the characteristics of stem height, stem diameter, plant dry weight, yield per plant, pod number, number of seeds per pod and hundred seed weight at 1% level of probability (Table 1). Interaction of methods and concentrations applied was significant on plant dry weight, stem height and hundred seed weight at the 1% level of probability (Table 1). Table 1. Analysis of variance for experimental characteristics
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Stem height Comparison of results showed that the interaction of soil method with concentrations of 0.1 mM of salicylic acid had the greatest impact which was not significantly different from soil treatment of 0.5 and priming of 0.1 mM. Leaf and soil treatment of zero mM had the least effect on plant height which had not significant difference with priming of zero mM, soil and foliar treatment of 1 mM (Table 4). Stem diameter Comparison of results showed that the soil treatment had the greatest impact among applied methods which was not significantly different from priming. Foliar application had the least effect on stem diameter of the plant (Table 2). Also Among applied concentrations, the greatest impact was belonged to concentration of 0.1 mM which was not significantly different from the concentration of 0.5 mM and the concentration of zero mM was the least effective. Between treatments of 1 mM and zero mM, differences were not significant (Table 3) Pod number Analysis of variance showed that among applied method, soil method had the greatest impact which was not significantly different from priming. Foliar application had the least effect (Table 2). Among applied concentrations the most effective was the concentration of 0.1 mM which its difference with treatment of 0.5 mM was not significant and 1 mM had the least effect which was not significantly different from treatment of zero mM (Table 3). Seed per pod Mean comparisons showed that among applied methods, the most effective was soil method which was not significantly different from priming and the foliar application showed the least effect (Table 2). Also Among applied concentrations, 0.1 and 0.5 mM showed the most effect and the least effect was belonged to zero and 1 mM (Table 3). Plant dry weight Comparison of results showed that the interaction between soil method and the concentration of 0.1 mM of salicylic acid had the highest dry weight which was not significantly different from interaction of soil treatment with concentrations of 0.5 mM and priming of 0.1 mM. The lowest dry weight was belonged to soil, foliar application and priming with concentrations of zero mM (Table 4).
Source of variation
degree of freedom
stem height
Stem diameter
Pod number
seed per pod
plant dry weight
yield per plant
Hundred seed weight
Replication Application Method
3
3.93ns
0.19ns
0.79ns
0.243ns
0.159ns
1.14ns
16.89
2
17.83**
0.098**
5.77**
1.58**
1.908**
15.93**
9.92**
Concentrati on
3
150.74**
1.012**
5.57**
1.29**
4.917**
21.85**
41.89**
Interaction
6
9.05**
0.032ns
0.66ns
0.44ns
0.65**
2.49ns
3.32**
33
2.26
0.018
0.52
0.198
0.181
0.84
0.62
1.3
2.77
0.64
13.25
10.82
16.89
3.61
Experiment al Error Coefficient of Variation
*, **: F-test significant at p ≤/0.05, and p ≤/0.01, respectively. ns: not significant
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Table 2. Mean comparison of application methods of salicylic acid on some bean traits Treatment stem diameter (mm) pod number seed per pod yield per plant (g) Soil application 9.94a 8.06a 3.68a 7.03a Foliar application 4.78b 6.87b 3.06b 4.37b Priming 4.75ab 7.62a 3.43b 5.58ab Means of the same column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at the 0.05 level using Duncan test
Table 3. Mean comparison of salicylic acid concentrations effects on some bean traits Treatment stem diameter (mm) pod number seed per pod Yield per plant (g) Control 4.6b 7b 3b 4.27b 0.1 mM 5.07a 8.33a 3.38a 7.57a 0.5 mM 5.07a 7.38a 3.35a 6.47a 1.0 mM 4.6b 6.91b 3.30b 4.34b Means of the same column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at the 0.05 level level using Duncan test Table 4. Mean comparison of interaction between methods and concentrations of salicylic acid Treatment plant dry weight(g) stem height (cm) hundred seed weight (g) S.A. 0 nM S.A. 0.1 mM S.A. 0.5 mM S.A. 1 mM F.A. 0 mM F.A. 0.1 mM F.A. 0.5 mM F.A. 1 mM P. 0 mM P. 0.1 mM P. 0.5 mM P. 1 mM
3.06 d 5.42 a 4.90 ab 3.83 cd 3.08 d 3.86 cd 3.79 cd 3.74 cd 3.27 d 4.44 abc 4.22 bc 3.58 cd
104.9 f 114.6 a 113.4 ab 105.6 ef 104.7 f 110.4 bcd 109.9 cd 105.2 ef 105.7 ef 111.8 abc 110.3 bcd 108.3 de
19.67 e 25.95 a 24.62 ab 20.72 de 19.58 e 22.40 c 21.92 cd 20.25 e 19.83 e 23.90 abc 22.90 c 21.85 cd
Meana of same column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at the 0.05 level using Duncan test S.A.: Soil Application
F.A.: Foliar Application
P.: Priming
Yield per plant Comparison of results showed that among applied methods soil application had the greatest influence on yield per plant which its difference with priming was not statistically significant (Table 2). About applied concentrations, the highest effect was belonged to concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5 mM. The concentration of zero and 1 mM showed the lowest influence (Figure 3). Hundred seed weight The mean analysis results showed that the greatest impact was belonged to soil treatment with concentration of 0.1 mM which this amount was not significantly different from soil treatment of 0.5 mM and priming of 0.1 mM. The lowest was related to zero mM for all treatments and 1 mM for soil and foliar application (Table 4).
DISCUSSION Stem height Salinity reduces the development of cells of the stem through reducing the pressure of turgor. Moreover, because of the fact that salinity may cause disorder in nutrient uptake and disrupts ionic balance in the plant, it can be said that reduction of growth of stem can be attributed to nutrient deficient (13). Salicylic acid induces production of growth hormone like auxin, increase water use efficiency in plant and play an effective role in nutrient uptake (10). Hamid et al. (2008) through an experiment that carried out on wheat concluded that priming with salicylic acid of 0.5 mM increase plant height under salinity stress compared with control.
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Najafabadi et al / JABS, 7 (1): 67-71, 2013
Stem diameter In soils with high content of sodium chloride, plants access to water gets restricted. This process leads to disinfection of cytoplasm (12). In addition, high level of sodium chloride in the soil prevents effective absorption of nutrients and differentiation of wood cells and phloem (6). Salicylic acid regulates ions uptake through the roots and stomatal conductance. Salicylic acid is involved in the synthesis of some specific proteins, called kinase protein which these proteins play an important role in division and differentiation of cells (14). Hussein et al. (2005) observed in a survey conducted on corn that application of salicylic acid of 200 ppm increased the stem diameter under salinity stress. Number of pods The most sensitive phase to stress for beans is flowering and early pod formation which reduces the number of pods per plant. Salicylic acids by auxin production increase the height and the number of nodes and inter nodes and consequently increase the number of pods per plant (11). Khan et al. (2010) showed that application of 0.5 mM of salicylic acid increases the number of pods per plant in green beans to the percentage of 19.9 in condition of salinity stress. Number of seeds per pod Every factor that increase photosynthesis activities in plant, enhances the amount of production of elaborate sap and if photosynthetic rate of exports to the herbal organs in flowering stage will be well done, the number of seeds per plant will be increased. Salicylic acid enhances the pigments and thus increase photosynthesis and fixation of carbon dioxide. However the increase in leaf area index under effect of this material also increases the amount of photosynthesis (9). Khan et al. (2010) showed that the application of salicylic acid in 0.5 mM in green bean increases the number of seeds per pod to the 20.2 percent. Plant Dry weight Salinity due to reduction of turgor pressure decreases the growth and development of cells in stem. Plants treatment with salicylic acid increases cell division in the apex and thus increases the growth. Increasing of auxin biosynthesis and photosynthesis, increasing the concentration of chlorophyll, especially chlorophyll a and increasing of Rubisco activity resulting in treatment with salicylic acid are involved in the increasing of dry weight of plants in salinity conditions (17). Arfan (2007) showed that application of salicylic acid of 0.5 mM in the culture medium increases growth and photosynthesis of spring wheat in salinity stress. Yield per plant Drought and imbalance nutrient absorption caused by salinity stress reduces photosynthesis resulting in low grain yield. Salicylic acid with increasing water use efficiency and reducing absorption in toxic components of sodium and chlorine relieves stress and increases photosynthesis. As a result, production and photosynthetic material transmission to the seed in the sensitive reproductive stage will be increased (17). Khan et al. (2010) showed that application of 0.5 mM of Salicylic acid on green bean increases grain yield to 23/2 percent.
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Hundred Seeds weight When plants are exposed to stress, for escaping the effects of stress, attempts to shorten their life cycle. So because the grain filling period is shortened, the final weight of the grains will be low. Plant treatment with salicylic acid relieves the effects of stress in salinity conditions. Hence the plant does not need to shorten the development cycle, therefore in sufficient time produces a good performance. It has been shown that the use of 0.5 mM Salicylic acid for green beans, increases grain yield, to 20/1 percent (9). According to these results and other researches that have been done in this area, Salicylic Acid had a positive effect in mproving performance in salinity conditions. The better effect of soil method than other methods may be due to the positive effect of this material on the soil micro organisms. Also it seems that by reducing soil acidity, Salicylic Acid increases the solubility of elements needed for plant like manganese, boron, copper, zinc and ir
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