Introduction to geographical data and GIS - UK Data Service
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Introduction to geographical data and GIS - UK Data Service
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Introduction to geographical data and GIS Carol Blackwood UK Data Service EDINA UK Data Service Census Support census geography course University of Edinburgh 6th June 2013
[digital] Geographical data • How geographical features are represented digitally • Types of data: • Vector Data – points, lines and polygons • Raster data – continuous grid where every cell has a value e.g. colour, terrain height
Vector geometries
Image courtesy of http://elogeo.nottingham.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/handle/url/66/2_VectorData.pdf?sequence=1
Raster data
Image courtesy of http://elogeo.nottingham.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/handle/url/69/5_RasterData.pdf?sequence=1
Data Formats • Some formats you will come across Vector SHP MID/MIF TAB KML GML DXF GPX
Raster ASC GRD TIFF ECW JPG IMG GIF
Tabular CSV DBF TXT
GIS – Geographical Information Systems • We use GIS applications to handle spatial data • Computer-based information systems to aid solving spatial problems and decision making • “a system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating analysing and displaying data which are spatially referenced to the Earth” (DOE 1987)
GIS • Data organised and stored as a collection of layers • Each layer contains similar features e.g. rivers, roads, ward boundaries • GIS functions: measure, query, overlay, buffer, network analysis, modelling, data presentation and much more.
ArcGIS • Made by ESRI • Most popular GIS system used commercially and in academia • Lots of support available • Can be complicated to get to grips with as lots tools and options • Available through Eduserv CHEST or by Educational Licence
Mapping with GIS • Core function of any GIS is creating and displaying maps
District outlines
Census Aggregate Statistics e.g. Population by district of SW England
DIGITAL BOUNDARY DATA
= Map displaying population of SW England
Spatial Analysis • GIS functions that are carried out to extract new and additional meaning from GIS data • Types of analysis varies with subject area, but use common GIS functions • e.g. town planners assessing the impact of a new shopping centre • e.g. social scientists looking at the relationship between deprivation and access to amenities • e.g. ecologists evaluating the impact of a new windfarm on wildlife
Spatial Analysis – common functions • Buffering – points, lines and polygons
Image courtesy of http://elogeo.nottingham.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/url/73 • Selection by attributes or location
• select all with IMD score greater than X • select features within local authority X
Spatial Analysis – common functions • Measurements
• How many KM between point X and point Y • What is the area of these parcels of land?
• Interpolation
• Use rainfall values from weather stations to create an average rainfall surface
Practical Exercise A • Practice adding different datasets into ArcMap • Amend layer symbology • Select vector map features
