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Disaster Risk Reduction of Land Subsidence in Jakarta

Land Subsidence in Indonesian Cities

Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, H. Andreas, I. Gumilar, T. P. Sidiq, M.Donny Azdan, Firdaus Ali, JJ Brinkman Geodesy Research Group, Institute of Technology Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung, Indonesia, E-mail : [email protected] Ministry of National Development Planning of Indonesia, Jakarta Dept. of Environmental Engineering, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia Deltares, Delft, Netherlands

Cilegon

Denpasar

Observed land subsidence : • Jakarta • Bandung • Semarang

KEYNOTE SPEAKER 2ND INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON COASTAL SUBSIDENCE May 30th – June 1st, 2016, Venice, ITALY

Expected land subsidence : • Surabaya • Denpasar observed decrease in groundwater level • Cilegon • Medan Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2011

JAKARTA

Land Subsidence in Java Coastal Inundation and flooding at northern coast of Java

Blanakan

Jakarta

Semarang

Sidoarjo

 10 million people  661.52 km2  13 rivers  43 reservoirs

Amelung et.al 2010

Impacts of land subsidence can be seen in the forms of coastal inudation, flooding, and cracking of infrastructures. Heri Andreas et al. (2014)

Watershed in and outside Jakarta

Jakarta

DKI Jakarta ± 650 km2 13 rivers are flowing inside Jakarta

Average rainfall : 2000 – 4000 mm/year

Bogor ± 850 km2

DKI Jakarta area http://www.petadki.com

Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2015

Puncak

T. Firman (1999)

and its Surrounding

Jakarta Metropolitan Region (JMR)  7500 km2  total population about 30 million

Watershed outside Jakarta Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2003


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Losses due to Land Subsidence

Importance of Land Subsidence For Urban Development LAND SUBSIDENCE INFORMATION (Magnitudes, Rates, Spatial & Temporal Variations) Spatial Planning Consideration

Groundwater Extraction Regulation

Infrastructure Design & Construction

Sewerage & Drainage System Design

Sub-surface Utility Planning

Environmental Conservation

(Inland and Coastal) Flood Mitigation

Sea Water Intrusion Control

SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT (Economy, Environment, Social)

DIRECT EFFECTS Primary Subsidence Phenomena  Vertical subsidence  Tilting  Horizontal strains  Ground breaks  Subsurface deformation

Damage, Costs and Other Impacts  Man-made system  Natural system

Aggravation of Other Hazards  Flooding  Faulting  Dam failures  Induced seismicity

Ref. : Viets (2010)

Adjustments and their Costs and Impacts  Studies  Subsidence control  Damage Mitigation

Damage, Costs and Other Impacts  Man-made system  Natural system

INDIRECT EFFECTS

• • • •

Development Cost Maintenance Cost Social Cost Environmental Cost



Disaster Risk Reduction Management,

Disaster Risk Reduction Management

from ADPC (2009)

A broad range of activities designed to (ADPC, 2009):  Prevent the loss of lives.  Minimize human suffering.  Inform the public and authorities of risk.  Minimize property damage and economic loss.  Speed up the recovery process.

In case of Jakarta, land subsidence is an on-going phenomena

WE ARE HERE ?


Disaster Risk Reduction Management, from ADPC (2009)

Stress on proactive disaster management responses of prevention, mitigation and preparedness

 Prevent, reduce, transfer or live with disaster risk.  Public safety, disaster resilience, sustainable development for all.

System or prevention, mitigation and preparedness of land subsidence in Jakarta ? Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016


Why DRR of Land Subsidence in Jakarta is needed ? (ITS IMPACTS ARE NUMEROUS & COSTLY) Cracking of buildings and infrastructure

The wider expansion of inland & coastal flooding areas

Malfunction of drainage system

Increasing the maintenance costs for the affected buildings and infrastructure

Changes in river canal and drain flow systems

Lowering the quality of living environment and life (e.g. health and sanitation condition) in the affected areas Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2012

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Why DRR of Land Subsidence in (Coastal Areas of) Jakarta is needed ?

Why DRR of Land Subsidence in Jakarta is needed ?

Ongoing and future land reclamation

Ongoing Land Subsidence

COASTAL FLOODING ccenarios with controlled (left) and uncontrolled (right) LAND SUBSIDENCE

Daily regular traffic jam


Ref.: Atlas Pengamanan Pantai Jakarta (2011)

Coastal areas below MSL are enlarging.

Jakarta seaport enlargement is urgent

High pollution in surface water


Ref.: Donny Azdan (2016)

Priorities in Disaster Risk Reduction Management (Margareta Wahlström, 2016)

Observed Land Subsidence in Jakarta

P-1: Understanding disaster risk. P-2: Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk. P-3: Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience. P-4: Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction. Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016

Geodetic Methods for Measurement of Land Subsidence      

Leveling Survey GNSS Survey and CORS InSAR TLS (Terrestrial Laser Scanner) Microgravity Geometric-Historic Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016


Land Subsidence Monitoring in Jakarta using Geodetic Methods

City

Leveling

GPS

InSAR

Gravity

Geometric - Historic

JAKARTA

Since 1982

Since 1997

Since 2005

Since 2008

Since 2010

Geodesy Research Group of ITB mainly involved with GPS Surveys, InSAR and Geometric - Historic Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2015

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(the rates vary both spatially and temporally)

No.

Method

Subsidence Rates (cm/year) Min - Max Typical

Land Subsidence In Jakarta from Leveling, 1982 - 1997

Northing

Observed Subsidence Rates in Jakarta

Observation Period

1

Leveling Surveys

1-9

3-7

1982 - 1991

1 - 25

3 - 10

1991 - 1997

2

GPS Surveys

1 - 28

4 - 10

1997 - 2014

3

InSAR

1 - 12

3 - 10

2006 - 2010

JAKARTA

Easting

-0.3 m -0.8 m -1 m

-2 m


Land Subsidence Rates in Jakarta (1974 – 2010)

-2 m


Land Subsidence in Jakarta from PSI, ALOS PALSAR, 2007 to 2010

(from Leveling, GPS and InSAR results)

(1974 – 1991)

(1991 - 2010)

© P.T. Hatfield Indonesia Abidin et al. (2015)

Land Subsidence in Jakarta ALOS PALSAR, 2007 to 2011

Land Subsidence Rates in Jakarta (1974 – 2010) (from Leveling, GPS and InSAR results)

Land subsidence rate (cm/year)

5

Land subsidence rates in Jakarta (Indonesia) 1974 – 1991

1991 – 2010

0 -5 -10 -15

Koudogbo et al. (2011) Abidin et al. (2015)

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GPS-derived Land Subsidence in Jakarta (2011 – 2014)

Monitoring Point

-3 up to -33 cm ; -1 up to -11 cm/year

Subsidence 2011-2014

Muara Baru

-0.27 m

Muara Angke

-0.33 m

Pluit

-0.20 m

Cengkareng Barat

-0.12 m

Kelapa Gading

-0.15 m

Sudirman

-0.04 m

Kuningan

-0.04 m

Kebayoran baru

-0.06 m

Cibubur

-0.03 m

1925

-0,12 meter

1935

1945

1955

1965

1975

1985

1995

2005

-0,50

-0,15 meter

-0,04 meter

-0.03 meter

-1,00 -1,50

Marunda

-2,00 -2,50

Kelapa Gading

-3,00

Daan Mogot

-3,50 -4,00

Pluit

-4,50

Land subsidence in Jakarta seems to be more significant since 1975, mostly due to increasing speed of the urban development. Andreas et al. (2015)

Land Subsidence in Jakarta Subsidence (1925-2015) Land subsidence (1925-2015)

2015

0,00

-0.33 meter Subsidence (in meter)

Subsidence : Subsidence Rate :

Land Subsidence in Jakarta Subsidence (1925-2015)

Land subsidence (2014-2015)

Andreas et al. (2016)

TLS-derived Land Subsidence in Pantai Mutiara Jakarta (2011-2013)

Pantai Mutiara

Subsidence rate (2014-2015)

-3 up to -4 meter

-10 up to -12 centimeter

-1 up to -2 meter

-2 up to -5 centimeter

-5 centimeter/year

0 up to -1 meter

0 up to -1 centimeter

- 1 centimeter/year

-12 centimeter/year


Registered Scanned TLS Images of Pantai Mutiara Jakarta

 4 scan stations on the roof, 40 scan stations on the ground, and recording 460 Million data points  4 GPS measurements, polygon measurements for registration, combined with object to object registration Subsidence Project using TLS at Pantai Mutiara Jakarta KIOST KOICA ITB Project 2011-2013

Period

Object

Subsidence

Average Subsidence

Subsidence Rate

2011 – 2013

Housing

8.6 to 26.5 cm

16.0 cm

11.4 cm/yr

2011 – 2013

Non housing

4.7 to 27.9 cm

17.1 cm

12.3 cm/yr

2011

Land subsidence (2014-2015)

2013


TLS-derived Land Subsidence in Pantai Mutiara Jakarta (2011-2013) GPS-derived Subsidence -10 up to -12 centimeter -2 up to -5 centimeter 0 up to -1 centimeter

Subsidence Project using TLS at Pantai Mutiara Jakarta KIOST KOICA ITB Project 2011-2013


Subsidence Project using TLS at Pantai Mutiara Jakarta KIOST KOICA ITB Project 2011-2013


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Impacts of Subsidence in Jakarta

Impacts of Land Subsidence in Jakarta

Bangunan miring (Tongkol)

Struktur jembatan turun (mutiara)

Genangan Rob (Tongkol) Genangan Rob (Gunung sahari)

Genangan Rob (Gunung sahari)

Hasanuddin Z. Abidin KK Geodesi ITB 2010

Examples of Land Subsidence Impacts in Jakarta

Impacts of Coastal Subsidence in Jakarta



“Bridge Lowering” in some places in Jakarta

“Sea level versus River and Sea Wall” somewhere in Jakarta Ref: Brinkman (2011)

Ref: Brinkman (2011)

Bridge Lowering at Kamal Muara

Bridge Lowering at Mangga Dua

Bridge Lowering at Ancol

Sea Wall at Dadap

Sea Wall at Pasar Ikan

Sea Level vs. River in Ancol

Bridge Lowering at Kamal Muara Sea Level Vs. River in Kamal Muara

Bridge Lowering at Pluit

Bridge Lowering at Pantai Mutiara

Bridge Lowering at G. Sahari

Bridge Lowering at Mangga Dua

Sea Wall at Pluit

Sea Wall at Muara Baru

Sea Level vs. River in Pluit

Sea Wall at Muara Baru

Sea Level vs. River in Pasar Ikan

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Impacts on Infrastructure

Ref. : Ardito Y. Bimantara (2012)


Impacts on Cracking Houses



Impacts on “Sinking” Houses



Impacts on Sea Water Intrution



CHARACTERISTICS OF LAND SUBSIDENCE IMPACTS No.

1.

2.

Category

Infrastructural

Environmental

3.

Economic

4.

Social

Representation of impact

direct direct direct direct indirect

deterioration in function of building and infrastructures

indirect

changes in river canal and drain flow systems frequent coastal flooding wider expansion of flooding areas inundated areas and infrastructures increased inland sea water intrusion

indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect

deterioration in quality of environmental condition

indirect

increase in maintenance cost of infrastructure decrease in land and property values abandoned buildings and facilities disruption to economic activities

indirect indirect indirect indirect

deterioration in quality of living environment and life (e.g. health and sanitation condition)

indirect

disruprion to daily activities of people

Impacts on Tidal Flooding



Level of impact

cracking of permanent constructions and roads tilting of houses and buildings ‘sinking’ of houses and buildings breaking of underground pipelines and utilities malfunction of sewerage and drainage system

indirect Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2015

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Land Subsidence Impacts  Buildings  Facilities  Infrastructures

Infrastructural Impacts

Land Subsidence and Flooding (1)

Economic Impacts subsidence

Social Impacts

LAND SUBSIDENCE

 Land Surface  River, Canal, Drain Flow Systems

 Riverine & Coastal Flooding  Inundation

Enivironmental Impacts

Flooded area (with subsidence)

Flooded area (without subsidence)

Expanded coverage and deeper water depth of flooded (inundated) areas Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2013


Land Subsidence and Flooding (2) Sea Level Rise + High Tide Mean sea level

Coastal flooded area (without subsidence)

Land Subsidence and Flooding (3)

Sea Level Rise + High Tide Mean sea level

subsidence

Coastal flooded area (with subsidence)

subsidence

Water flow (with subsidence)

Water flow (without subsidence)

Changes of water flow pattern in drainage, canal and river systems passing the subsidence area

Expanded coverage and deeper water depth of coastal flooded (inundated) areas Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2013

Causes of Flooding in Jakarta          

High rain fall (2000 – 4000 mm/year) Sea tides and sea level rise (northern part) 13 rivers flowing through Topography : 40 % is lowland (about 1.0-1.5 m under maximum tides  coastal areas). Rapid population growth Environmental degradation in the river upstream Land use changes (uncontrolled) Settlement along the rivers (illegal) Poor drainage and sewerage system COASTAL Land subsidence FLOODING Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2015


Land Subsidence and Flooding in Jakarta

JAKARTA

Inundated area

Easting

-0.3 m -0.8 m -1 m

-2 m

-2 m

Leveling-derived subsidence (1982-1997)

2002 Jakarta Flooding (flooding map based on LAPAN data) Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2013

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Jan.2013 Flooding

www.detik.com

Water depth (m) of 2007 Flooding

InSAR-derived subsidence (2007-2011)

GPS-derived subsidence (2000-2011)

(Koudogbo et al., 2012) Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2013

Spatial Correlation between GPS-derived Land Subsidence (2000-2011) and Flooding area in Jakarta (2014)


Spatial Correlation between GPS-derived Land Subsidence (2000-2011) and Flooding area in Jakarta (2014)

Since 2007, coastal flooding is getting worse (RED zone)

Inland flooding caused by heavy rain and flooded rivers ( BLUE zone) source: geospasial.bnpb.go.id




Worst Scenario: If Subsidence Continues Area below the Sea Level Area above the Sea Level

Around 26.9% of Jakarta maybe flooded by the sea in year 2025 Around 10.5% of Jakarta maybe flooded by the sea in year 2000

Around 15.6% of Jakarta maybe flooded by the sea in year 2007

 DEM is derived form LiDAR data,  Subsidence rates of subsidence from GPS and Leveling Surveys,  Sea level rise from Satellite Altimetry.

Around 35.6% of Jakarta maybe flooded by the sea in year 2050

Causative Factors of Land Subsidence in Jakarta

Around 18.8% of Jakarta maybe flooded by the sea in year 2012 Heri Andreas (2013)

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Land Subsidence and Natural Consolidation in Jakarta

Causes of Land Subsidence

Geology of Jakarta

NATURAL

ANTHROPOGENIC

Causative factors of land subsidence in urban areas of Indonesian : 1. excessive groundwater extraction, 2. load of buildings and constructions (i.e. settlement of high compressibility soil), 3. natural consolidation of alluvium soil, and 4. tectonic activity.

Land subsidence is usually caused by combination of those factors Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2015

South

South-North Geological Cross Section of Jakarta

Ref. PusAir (2016)

North

Source : Fachri et al. (2012)

Contour of Engineering Bedrock (Vs>750 cm/dt2) of Jakarta from 55 Microtremor array Data

Young sedimentary rocks  still compacted naturally Source : Masyhur Irsyam (2015)

Jakarta Groundwater Basin Three grouped aquifers system were recognized within Jakarta Groundwater basin (Soekardi,1997) : • Unconfined Aquifer System at < 40 m depth; • Upper Confined Aquifer System at 40 m - 140 m depth; • Middle Confined Aquifer System at 140 m - 250 m depth. • Lower Confined Aquifer System at > 250 m depth. Inside those aquifers, groundwater generally flows from south to the north. There is an aquifer > 250 m depth (within a Tertiary sediments) but less productivity with relatively poor water quality (Murdohardono and Tirtomihardjo 1993).

B’

A’

C’

Excessive groundwater extraction in Jakarta

D’

D

A B

C

D-D' aquitard 1st aquifer 2nd aquifer 3nd aquifer

Base rock

How about unregistered groundwater extraction ? 60 – 70 % ? Ref: Badan Geologi (2016) and Hitachi (2016)

Abidin et al. (2011)

http://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2010/09/27/12531425/Jakarta.Kurang.Ruang.Terbuka.Hijau

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Reasons for Groundwater Level Lowering in Jakarta Basin     



Excessive use of groundwater by industries, hotels, apartments, large residential complexes. Increase in industrial and economic activities. Rapid population growth. Increase in built-up areas (less infiltration areas). Significant disturbance to main ecological function of the upland of Jakarta area as a water recharge area for Jakarta city. Relatively extensive illegal groundwater pumping

Land Subsidence & Groundwater Level Change in Jakarta Subsidence (1982-1997) JAKARTA Easting Middle Aqu ifer (40 - 140 m) in 1992

Lower Aq uifer (140 - 250 m) in 19 92 JAVA SEA

J AVA SEA

Ta njun gpriok

-4 0

-25

-35 -30 -25

Ka lidere s -3 0 -40 -20

-20 -1 0

0

-40 -30 Ga mbir

-10

-20 -10 Pu loga dung

0 0m

Keb ayora n

+10

0 m

Kramat Jati

+20



Land Subsidence & Groundwater Level Change in Jakarta

Land Subsidence & Groundwater Level Change in Jakarta

GW level change = a . Land Subsidence

Groundwater level is related to Middle Aquifer Made by Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2015

Groundwater level is related to Middle Aquifer From: Rurin P. Dewi (2015)

Made by Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2015

From: Rurin P. Dewi (2015)

Land Subsidence and Tectonic Activities in Jakarta The contribution of tectonic activities in observed land subsidence in Jakarta is still not yet established, and further research is needed !!

Prevention of Land Subsidence in Jakarta

Source: Distam DKI Jakarta and LPM ITB (1997) in Fachri and Harsolumakso (2003). Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2016)

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Causes, Risks and Impacts of Land Subsidence in Urban Areas

Preventation

(From ADPC, 2009)

Measures taken to avert a disaster from occurring, if possible (to impede a hazard so that it does not have any harmful effects).

ADPC (2009)

CAUSATIVE FACTORS

PREVENTION MEASURES

Excessive groundwater extraction Load of buildings and infrastructures

 

Stop groundwater extraction in subsidence prone areas. Establish a 100 % surface water supply condition.



Strict implementation of sustainable urban development and spatial planning system.

Natural consolidation of alluvium soil

None

Tectonic activities

None

for Land Subsidence Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016

Condition of Water Supply Service in Jakarta

± 54* % PIPED WATER SERVICE COVERAGE THROUGH 814.000 CONNECTIONS AND ± 40% NRW

± 10.1 MILLION REGISTERED POPULATION

Locations of Existing Water Sources and Water Treatment Facilities in Jakarta

± 12.6 MILLION REAL POPULATION NEED

± 4.6 MILLION STILL RELY ON GROUNDWATER

ALMOST ALL OF THE WATER BODIES ARE CONTA-MINATED

± 3 % SEWERAGE SYSTEM SERVICE COVERAGE


Ref. : Firdaus Ali (2016)

JAKARTA WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 2015 RAW WATER AND WATER TREATMENT PLANTS CAPACITY No.

OPERATOR & WTPs

PRODUCTION CAPACITY (L/Second)

SOURCE OF RAW WATER

1

AETRA:

1.1

• BUARAN 1 WTP

2.000

JATILUHUR DAM

1.2

• BUARAN II WTP

3.000

JATILUHUR DAM

1.3

• P. GADUNG WTP

4.000

JATILUHUR DAM

2

PALYJA:

2.1

• PEJOMPONGAN I WTP

2.000

JATILUHUR DAM

2.2

• PEJOMPONGAN II WTP

3.600

JATILUHUR DAM

2.3

• CILANDAK & T. KOTA WTP

600

KRUKUT RIVER

2.4

• BULK WATER SUPPLY

2.800

CISADANE R.

TOTAL DISTRIBUTION CAPACITY

18.000


NOTE FOR EASTERN REGION OF JAKARTA 99% DEPEND ON SUPPLY FROM JATILUHUR MULTI PURPOSES DAM

JAKARTA WATER SUPPLY SERVICE 2015 Operator: PALYJA

FOR WESTERN REGION OF JAKARTA 64% DEPEND ON SUPPLY FROM JATILUHUR MULTI PURPOSES DAM (THROUGH WEST TARUM CANAL)

LESS THAN 3.33% OF RAW WATER ORIGINATED FROM THE CITY’S SOURCES

Ref.: Agenda Jakarta Coastal Development Strategy (2011)

PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY CAPACITY (L/SEC) NUMBER OF CUSTOMERS (CONNECTED) SERVICE COVERAGE (%) WATER LOSSES (UFW) %

18.100

Operator: AETRA

814.067 38/46% 41,02% Ref. : Firdaus Ali (2016)


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Small Lakes and Dams in Jakarta

NORTH JAKARTA WATER STRESS INDEX MAP

The Most Crucial and Strategic Area in the Capital City Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016



Toward Zero Groundwater Policy

STARTING 2015, ALL THIS REGION 100% SUPPLIED BY PIPED WATER IN ORDER TO IMPLEMENT ZERO GROUNDWATER POLICY

NRW/UFW REDUCTION

2015 STARTING 2020, ALL THIS REGION 100% SUPPLIED BY PIPED WATER IN ORDER TO IMPLEMENT ZERO GROUNDWATER POLICY

JATILUHUR TREATED PIPED WATER SUPPLY PROJECT 2020


USED WATER RECLAIMATION POLICY IMPLEMENTATION 2025

KARIAN & CIAWI DAM DEVELOPMENT


WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK REVITALIZATION & EXPAN SION

ZERO GROUNDWATER EXTRACTION STRATEGY BY 2030 Ref. : Firdaus Ali (2016)


Mitigation

(From ADPC, 2009)

Mitigation of Land Subsidence in Jakarta

Measures taken prior to the impact of a disaster to minimize its effects (sometimes referred to as structural and non-structural measures)

ADPC (2009)

CAUSATIVE FACTORS Excessive groundwater extraction

  

Load of buildings and infrastructures Natural consolidation of alluvium soil Tectonic activities

 

MITIGATION MEASURES Limit or prohibit groundwater extraction in subsidence prone areas; and increase surface water supply. Enforcement of strict regulation and punishment for groundwater extraction in subsidence prone areas. Urban development planning and building codes take into account the land subsidence characteristics in the areas. Urban development rate in subsidence prone areas is properly controlled. Spatial planning and building codes take into account the land subsidence characteristics in the areas.

for Land Subsidence


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Urban Development and Subsidence

INCREASE IN BUILT-UP AREAS AND POPULATION

Decrease in Water Recharge Areas Decrease in rechargeability of withdrawn groundwater Increase in Groundwater Consumption & Extraction Increase in Building and Infrastructure Loading

Land subsidence in coastal areas contributes to coastal inundation and flooding phenomena, and should be properly considered in the coastal development process. Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2015

LAND SUBSIDENCE


Land Use of 2009 in Jakarta and its Greater Area

Land Use Changes in Jakarta Red color indicates the built-up areas

In 1965, the green areas made up more than 35% of the Jakarta's area and in 2008 it is only 9.3% Ref : Djakapermana (2008)


Land Subsidence and Land Use in Jakarta

Built-up areas of Jakarta in 2015, which cover more than 90% of the region

Source: The Simulation Study on Climate Change in Jakarta, Indonesia, JICA 2012

Correlation between land use and land subsidence

Land use of 2007 Land Subsidence (1974-2010) Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2015

Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2016)

It can be concluded that major groundwater extractions in Jakarta were occurred mainly in the commercial and industrial areas. Ref. : Hitachi (2016)

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Adaptation /Preparedness

ADPC (2009)

(From ADPC, 2009) Measures taken in anticipation of a disaster to ensure that appropriate and effective actions are taken in the aftermath.

Adaptation/Preparedness of Land Subsidence in Jakarta

CAUSATIVE FACTORS Excessive groundwater extraction

ADAPTATION MEASURES  

Increase the surface groundwater supply and resources. Continuous monitoring of subsidence characteristics.



Implementation of special building codes for land subsidence prone areas. Continuous monitoring of subsidence characteristics. Implementation of subsidence-adaptive urban developmen and spatial planning system. for Land Continuous monitoring of subsidence Subsidence characteristics.

Load of buildings and infrastructures

 Natural consolidation of alluvium soil  Tectonic activities




Coastal Subsidence and Flooding

Watch out subsidence along the coastal areas of North Jakarta

Adaptation Towards Coastal Flooding by Building Coastal Dykes

Sea Level Rise: 0.1 – 0.5 cm/year (IPCC) Coastal Subsidence: 3 - 10 cm/year

Pantai Mutiara Area Subsidence Rate:  10 Cm/Year)

 Tidal Flooding  Surface water degradation  Decrease in livelihood quality Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2016)

Example of Established Coastal Dykes



Jakarta Coastal Defense Strategy (JCDS) – Stage 1

TANGGUL PANTAI MUTIARA (2008)

TANGGUL KARANG AYU 2008

TANGGUL POMPA PLUIT (2009)

TANGGUL LUAR BATANG APBD 2008 TANGGUL MUARA ANGKE 2008

DPU DKI JAKARTA

TANGGUL PASAR IKAN (2010)

DISHUB DKI JAKARTA DINAS PERIKANAN DKI JAKARTA PELINDO II PANTAI MUTIARA DEPT. PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN





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From JCDS to NCICD

JCDS – Strategic Direction Stage 2

Stage 3

Offshore with floodways open

Offshore with floodways closed

preparation time implementation time

?

2010 preparation time

2020 implementation time

2030

Why ?

Economic Development

?

Land Subsidence

Stage 1 On land


NCICD = National Capital Integrated Coastal Development

FRESH WATER RETENTION AREA

?

2040

When ? 2050 Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016


From : http://en.ncicd.com/


National Capital Integrated Coastal Development (NCICD)

Closing Remarks

From : http://en.ncicd.com/ Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2014

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Priorities in Disaster Risk Reduction of Land Subsidence in Jakarta 1. Improvement of subsidence monitoring system and its governance. 2: Realization of zero groundwater policy.

Thank You

3. Strengthening subsidence-adaptive urban development and spatial planning system. 4. Strengthening land subsidence risk governance. 5. Investing in subsidence risk reduction for resilience. Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016

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