Lecture Notes in Computer Science Edited by G. Goos, J. Hartmanis, and J. van Leeuwen
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Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Hong Kong London Milan Paris Tokyo
James A. Foster Evelyne Lutton Julian Miller Conor Ryan Andrea G.B. Tettamanzi (Eds.)
Genetic Programming 5th European Conference, EuroGP 2002 Kinsale, Ireland, April 3-5, 2002 Proceedings
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Volume Editors James A. Foster University of Idaho, Department of Computer Science Moscow, ID 83844-1010, USA E-mail:
[email protected] Evelyne Lutton INRIA Rocquencourt B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France E-mail:
[email protected] Julian Miller University of Birmingham, School of Computer Science Birmingham B15 2TT, UK E-mail:
[email protected] Conor Ryan University of Limerick, Department of Computer Science and Information Systems Schuman Building, Limerick, Ireland E-mail:
[email protected] Andrea Tettamanzi Universit`a degli Studi di Milano, Dip. Tecnologie dell’Informazione Via Bramante 65, 26013 Crema, Italy E-mail:
[email protected] The logo entitled "Evolving Human Figure Geometry" appearing on the cover is the work of Matthew Lewis (http://www.cgrg.ohio-state.edu/˜mlewis/). Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Genetic programming : 5th European conference ; proceedings / EuroGP 2002, Kinsale, Ireland, April 3 - 5, 2002. James A. Foster ... (ed.). - Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York ; Barcelona ; Hong Kong ; London ; Milan ; Paris ; Tokyo : Springer, 2002 (Lecture notes in computer science ; Vol. 2278) ISBN 3-540-43378-3
CR Subject Classification (1998): D.1, F.1, F.2, I.5, I.2, J.3 ISSN 0302-9743 ISBN 3-540-43378-3 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York a member of BertelsmannSpringer Science+Business Media GmbH http://www.springer.de © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2002 Printed in Germany Typesetting: Camera-ready by author, data conversion by PTP-Berlin, Stefan Sossna Printed on acid-free paper SPIN: 10846246 06/3142 543210
Preface
This volume records the proceedings of the fifth European conference on Genetic Programming (EuroGP 2002) which took place in Kinsale, Ireland on April 3–5, 2002, continuing an established tradition of yearly meetings among the most prominent researchers on Genetic Programming in Europe and beyond; their proceedings have always been published in the LNCS series by Springer-Verlag. EuroGP began life in Paris in 1998 as an international workshop (April 14– 15, LNCS 1391); a second workshop took place in G¨ oteborg in 1999 (May 26– 27, LNCS 1598). Its first appearance as a conference was in the year 2000 in Edinburgh (April 15–16, LNCS 1802), followed by last year’s conference held at Lake Como (April 18–19, LNCS 2038). Since the beginning, EuroGP has been co-located with a series of specialist workshops on applications of evolutionary algorithms (LNCS 1468, 1596, 1803, and 2037). In keeping with that tradition, the EvoWorkshops were also held in Kinsale this year at the same time (LNCS 2279). Genetic Programming (GP) is a branch of Evolutionary Computation in which populations of computer programs are made to evolve and adapt to solving a particular problem or task by a process that draws its inspiration from Biology and Darwinian evolution. GP is a very versatile technique, which has been applied to a wide range of tasks, as a quick inspection of the 32 papers in these proceedings will easily reveal: economics, robotics, engineering, statistics, pharmacology, electronics, and finance are but some of the domains in which they have been employed. Although the rate of application of GP to problems is steadily growing, this conference is characterized by its concern with the theoretical foundations of GP: investigation of these issues is attaining an ever increasing depth and maturity. A rigorous peer-review selection process was applied to the 42 submitted papers. This resulted in 18 plenary talks (little more than 40% of those submitted) and 14 research posters. Almost all submitted papers were reviewed by four members of the International Program Committee, the remaining ones receiving at least two reviews. The Program Committee was carefully selected for their knowledge and expertise, and, as far as possible, papers were matched with the reviewer’s particular interests and special expertise. The results of this process are seen here in the high quality of papers published within this volume. Of the 32 published papers, almost 75% have a European provenance, confirming the eminently European character of this conference, although the presence of Northern American researchers is significant, with almost 20%, whereas the rest of the world is sporadically represented by two papers. The success of this conference is to be credited to the contribution of many people. In the first place, we would like to thank the members of the Program Committee for their diligence, patience, and commitment to the task of providing high quality reviews. We would also like to thank EvoNet, the Network of
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Preface
Excellence in Evolutionary Computing, for their support, in particular, Jennifer Willies and Chris Osborne for their help with all organizational and logistical aspects. Finally, we would like to thank the members of EvoGP, the EvoNet working group on Genetic Programming.
April 2002
James A. Foster, Evelyne Lutton, Julian Miller, Conor Ryan, Andrea G.B. Tettamanzi
Organization
EuroGP 2002 was organized by EvoGP, the EvoNet Working Group on Genetic Programming.
Organizing Committee Program co-chairs: Publicity chair: Local chair: Publication chair:
James A. Foster (University of Idaho, USA) Evelyne Lutton (INRIA, France) Julian Miller (University of Birmingham, UK) Conor Ryan (University of Limerick, Ireland) Andrea G.B. Tettamanzi (University of Milan, Italy)
Program Committee Wolfgang Banzhaf, University of Dortmund, Germany Forrest Bennett III, FX Palo Alto Laboratory, USA Shu-Heng Chen, National Chengchi University, Taiwan Marco Dorigo, Free University of Brussels, Belgium Terry Fogarty, South Bank University, UK James A. Foster, University of Idaho, USA Hitoshi Iba, University of Tokyo, Japan Christian Jacob, University of Calgary, Canada Maarten Keijzer, Danish Hydraulics Insitute, Denmark Ibrahim Kuscu, University of Surrey, UK William B. Langdon, University College London, UK Sean Luke, University of Maryland, USA Evelyne Lutton, INRIA, France Nic McPhee, University of Minnesota, USA Jean-Arcady Meyer, Universit´e Pierre et Marie Curie, France Julian Miller, University of Birmingham, UK Peter Nordin, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden Simon Perkins, Los Alamos National Laboratories, USA Riccardo Poli, University of Birmingham, UK Jo˜ ao C. F. Pujol, Centro de Desenvolvimento da Energia Nuclea, Brazil Kazuhiro Saitou, University of Michigan, USA Jonathan Rowe, University of Birmingham, UK Peter Ross, Napier University, UK Conor Ryan, University of Limerick, Ireland Marc Schoenauer, Ecole Polytechnique, France Moshe Sipper, Ben-Gurion University, Israel
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Organization
Michele Sebag, Ecole Polytechnique, France Terry Soule, St Cloud State University, Minnesota, USA Andrea G. B. Tettamanzi, University of Milan, Italy Adrian Thompson, University of Sussex, UK Marco Tomassini, Universit´e de Lausanne, Switzerland Hans-Michael Voigt, Center for Applied Computer Science, Germany Peter A. Whigham, University of Otago, New Zealand Xin Yao, University of Birmingham, UK Tina Yu, Chevron Information Technology Company, USA
Sponsoring Institutions EvoNet: The Network of Excellence in Evolutionary Computing.
Table of Contents
Talks A Pipelined Hardware Implementation of Genetic Programming Using FPGAs and Handel-C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Peter Martin
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Finding Needles in Haystacks Is Not Hard with Neutrality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Tina Yu, Julian Miller Routine Duplication of Post-2000 Patented Inventions by Means of Genetic Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Matthew J. Streeter, Martin A. Keane, John R. Koza Explicit Control of Diversity and Effective Variation Distance in Linear Genetic Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Markus Brameier, Wolfgang Banzhaf Discovery of the Boolean Functions to the Best Density-Classification Rules Using Gene Expression Programming . . . . . . . . 50 Cˆ andida Ferreira Combining Decision Trees and Neural Networks for Drug Discovery . . . . . . 60 William B. Langdon, S.J. Barrett, B.F. Buxton Evolving Fuzzy Decision Trees with Genetic Programming and Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Jeroen Eggermont Linear-Graph GP – A New GP Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Wolfgang Kantschik, Wolfgang Banzhaf Parallel Surface Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Klaus Weinert, Tobias Surmann, J¨ orn Mehnen Evolving Classifiers to Model the Relationship between Strategy and Corporate Performance Using Grammatical Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Anthony Brabazon, Michael O’Neill, Conor Ryan, Robin Matthews A New View on Symbolic Regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Klaus Weinert, Marc Stautner Grammatical Evolution Rules: The Mod and the Bucket Rule . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Maarten Keijzer, Michael O’Neill, Conor Ryan, Mike Cattolico
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No Coercion and No Prohibition, a Position Independent Encoding Scheme for Evolutionary Algorithms – The Chorus System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Conor Ryan, Atif Azad, Alan Sheahan, Michael O’Neill Exons and Code Growth in Genetic Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Terence Soule Uniform Subtree Mutation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Terry Van Belle, David H. Ackley Maintaining the Diversity of Genetic Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Anik´ o Ek´ art, Sandor Z. N´emeth N-Version Genetic Programming via Fault Masking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Kosuke Imamura, Robert B. Heckendorn, Terence Soule, James A. Foster An Analysis of Koza’s Computational Effort Statistic for Genetic Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Steffen Christensen, Franz Oppacher
Posters Genetic Control Applied to Asset Managements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 James Cunha Werner, Terence C. Fogarty Evolutionary Algorithm Approach to Bilateral Negotiations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Vinaysheel Baber, Rema Ananthanarayanan, Krishna Kummamuru Allele Diffusion in Linear Genetic Programming and Variable-Length Genetic Algorithms with Subtree Crossover . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Riccardo Poli, Jonathan E. Rowe, Christopher R. Stephens, Alden H. Wright Some Experimental Results with Tree Adjunct Grammar Guided Genetic Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Nguyen Xuan Hoai, R.I. McKay, D. Essam A Puzzle to Challenge Genetic Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Edmund Burke, Steven Gustafson, Graham Kendall Transformation of Equational Specification by Means of Genetic Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Aitor Ibarra, J. Lanchares, J.M. Mendias, J.I. Hidalgo, R. Hermida Automatic Generation of Control Programs for Walking Robots Using Genetic Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Jens Busch, Jens Ziegler, Christian Aue, Andree Ross, Daniel Sawitzki, Wolfgang Banzhaf
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An Investigation into the Use of Different Search Strategies with Grammatical Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 John O’Sullivan, Conor Ryan Genetic Algorithms Using Grammatical Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Conor Ryan, Miguel Nicolau, Michael O’Neill A Brute-Force Approach to Automatic Induction of Machine Code on CISC Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Felix K¨ uhling, Krister Wolff, Peter Nordin Deriving Genetic Programming Fitness Properties by Static Analysis . . . . . 298 Colin G. Johnson New Results on Fuzzy Regression by Using Genetic Programming . . . . . . . . 308 Wolfgang Golubski Coevolution Produces an Arms Race among Virtual Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Marc Ebner, Adrian Grigore, Alexander Heffner, J¨ urgen Albert Comparing Synchronous and Asynchronous Parallel and Distributed Genetic Programming Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 Francisco Fern´ andez, G. Galeano, J.A. G´ omez Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
