Indian Journal of Entomology 80 (3): in press
MANAGEMENT OF COTTON WHITEFLY BEMISIA TABACI (GENNADIUS) (HEMIPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE) SWATI MEHRA,* KRISHNA ROLANIA** AND MANDEEP RATHEE* Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125 004 *Email:
[email protected] ABSTRACT Schedules incorporated with biorationals and insecticides were evaluated against whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on Bt cotton hybrid. Four sprays of nimbecidine 300 ppm @ 5ml/l at 10 days interval gave highest benefit cost ratio (0.86). First spray of nimbecidine 300 ppm @ 5ml/l followed by dimethoate 30 EC @ 1.5 ml/l, triazophos 40 EC @ 3 ml/l, novaluron 10 EC @ 1ml/l, nimbecidine 300 ppm @ 5ml/l and trizophos 40 EC @ 3 ml/l at 5 days interval proved the most effective. Maximum yield (20.66 q/ha) was obtained with six sprays of nimbecidine 300 ppm @ 5ml/l at 5 days interval along with yellow sticky traps installed @ 125 Nos/ha. This was observed to be at par with four sprays of nimbecidine at 10 days interval (20.53 q/ha). Key words: Bt cotton, whitefly, yellow sticky traps, nimbecidine, benefit cost ratio, yields, dimethoate, trizophos, novaluron
With introduction of Bt cotton, sucking pests like whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) have become serious. It is a major threat due to its numerous biological characteristics including multivoltinism, broad host range, ability to migrate, high reproductive rate, tolerance for high temperature, ability to vector a variety of plant viruses and resistance to insecticides (Ellsworth and Jones, 2001; Naranjo, 2001). Distribution of the immature forms (nymphs and pupae) primarily on the underside of the leaf surface makes conventional chemical control difficult, and hence various management schedules had been evaluated. Ulganathan and Gupta (2004) evaluated applications of neem with insecticides. Puri et al. (2005) reported that biocontrol + insecticide module proved to be the best with higher net returns. Fakhri and Jamal (2012) found that biolep + achook (0.05% + 0.05%) and endosulfan + achook (0.07% + 0.05%) were significantly effective against B. tabaci. Saini (2014) reported that alternate sprays of NSKE 5% with ethion was the most effective against whitefly on mungbean. The present study evaluates some management schedules integrating insecticides with the neem product nimbecidine along with yellow sticky trap. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The field experiments were laid out at the Cotton Research Area, Department of Genetics and Plant Ph.D. Student *and Assistant Scientist**
Breeding, CCSHAU, Hisar during kharif, 2014. Bt cotton hybrid BIO-6588 BG II was sown under Randomized Block Design (RBD) with twelve schedules including control as treatments and three replications. Each plot was of 81 m2 with 16 rows (spacing 67.5 × 60 cm- row to row and plant to plant) with a gap of 2m left between plots (Men et al., 2003). The spray was done in July when whitefly reached economic threshold level (ETL) i.e. 6-8 adults/leaf, using knapsack sprayer @500 l/ha (hollow cone nozzle held 0.3-0.5 m above the cotton plants while spraying) (Wu et al., 2002). The details of schedules are as follows: S1–Spray of nimbecidine (six sprays at 5 days interval); S2– Spray of nimbecidine (six sprays at 5 days interval) + yellow sticky trap; S 3– First spray of nimbecidine followed by alternate spray of novaluron and nimbecidine (at 5 days interval) + yellow sticky trap; S4–First spray of nimbecidine followed by dimethoate, trizophos, novaluron, nimbecidine and trizophos (at 5 days interval); S5– First spray of dimethoate followed by imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, dimethoate, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam (at 5 days interval); S6– Spray of urea + DAP + Zn (6.25kg +6.25kg+ 01.25 kg/ha) (four sprays at 10 days interval); S7– Spray of nimbecidine (four sprays at 10 days interval); S8–First spray of nimbecidine followed by dimethoate, trizophos and novaluron (at 10 days interval); S9– First spray of dimethoate followed by imidacloprid, thiamethoxam
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Indian Journal of Entomology, 80(3) 2018
and dimethoate (at 10 days interval); S10– Control with water spray (six sprays at 5 days interval); S11– Control with water spray (four sprays at 10 days interval); and S12 – Control (no water spray). Nimbecidine 300 ppm (2500 ml), dimethoate 30 EC (750 ml), thiamethoxam 25 WG (100 g), triazophos 40 EC (1500 ml), novaluron 10 EC (500 ml), urea + DAP + zn (6.25 kg+6.25 kg+1.25 kg), imidacloprid 17.8 SL (100 ml), and yellow sticky trap (3cm×5cm @125/ha) (Anonymous, 2011) were evaluated. The number of adults on yellow sticky traps were recorded at five days interval with new trap placed after each interval. The sprays at 10 days interval were done to evaluate the effectiveness of farmers practice i.e. spray of fertiliser (urea+DAP+Zn) against whitefly. In schedule S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S10 sprays were done at five days interval and the data were taken one day before and five days after spray with a total of six
sprays. In schedule S6, S7, S8, S9 and S11 spray was done at ten days interval and data was taken one day before, five and ten days after spray. Mean of observations recorded at 5 and 10 days after spray were taken in schedule S6, S7, S8, S9 and S11. These were compared with S12 (untreated control). The observations on the number of whiteflies were taken counting their numbers on three leaves in ten randmly selected plants/plot on 5th day and after spray along with the pretreatment observation. The data were subjected to Anova (one factor RBD) and differences compared using CD at p=0.05 after square root transformation in OPSTAT. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The population of whitefly was observed to be similar in the pretreatment count, (Table 1). The schedule S7 with the four sprays of nimbecidine 300 ppm @ 5ml/l at 10 days interval and S4 with first spray of nimbecidine 300 ppm @ 5ml/l followed by
Table 1. Effect of management schedules on whitefly and seed yield in cotton Adults leaf after spray (no.) Schedule
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6** S7** S8** S9** S10 S11** S12 CD(P=0.05)
Yield qha-1
Before spray
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Pooled mean
12.25 (3.63)* 11.99 (3.58) 14.37 (3.91) 11.58 (3.51) 11.38 (3.46) 11.77 (3.57) 11.35 (3.50) 12.34 (3.64) 12.70 (3.68) 12.08 (3.60) 12.29 (3.64) 12.75 (3.70) (NS)
13.99 (3.86) 13.88 (3.85) 14.32 (3.91) 13.40 (3.77) 18.06 (4.36) 18.00 (4.34) 13.41 (3.78) 15.70 (4.08) 20.89 (4.67) 16.91 (4.22) 19.49 (4.52) 22.67 (4.85) (0.50)
14.12 (3.88) 14.04 (3.85) 18.25 (4.38) 11.93 (3.59) 19.11 (4.48) 12.12 (3.61) 10.12 (3.32) 16.01 (4.10) 18.77 (4.42) 15.15 (3.99) 15.04 (3.98) 21.87 (4.76) (0.64)
12.50 (3.67) 11.41 (3.51) 13.61 (3.82) 9.48 (3.14) 16.90 (4.22) 13.62 (3.82) 12.61 (3.68) 11.64 (3.55) 17.48 (4.29) 15.05 (3.99) 16.13 (4.13) 20.68 (4.65) (0.54)
13.15 (3.75) 12.75 (3.70) 17.77 (4.33) 16.58 (4.19) 11.55 (3.53) 14.51 (3.93) 13.38 (3.78) 16.80 (4.20) 19.99 (4.57) 17.05 (4.24) 19.18 (4.49) 23.74 (4.96) (0.49)
14.41 (3.91) 13.01 (3.73) 15.62 (4.05) 12.72 (3.70) 18.89 (4.44)
13.24 (3.77) 12.82 (3.71) 16.05 (4.12) 10.20 (3.34) 20.79 (4.66)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
18.03 (4.35)
19.66 (4.53)
_
_
26.54 (5.24) (0.68)
24.10 (4.97) (0.66)
13.57 (3.81) 12.99 (3.73) 15.94 (4.11) 12.39 (3.65) 17.55 (4.30) 14.56 (3.94) 12.38 (3.65) 15.04 (4.00) 19.28 (4.49) 16.98 (4.23) 17.46 (4.29) 23.27 (4.92) (0.29)
*Figures in parentheses square root transformed values
√X+1.
**Mean of observations at 5 and 10 days after spray.
20.24 20.66 17.78 18.93 17.40 17.04 20.53 18.18 16.75 16.15 16.25 16.66 (2.94)
Management of cotton whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Swati Mehra et al.
dimethoate 30 EC @ 1.5 ml/l, triazophos 40 EC @ 3 ml/l, novaluron 10 EC @ 1ml/l, nimbecidine 300 ppm @ 5ml/l and triazophos 40 EC @ 3 ml/l at 5 days interval were the most effective. Schedule S 2 incorporated with six sprays of nimbecidine 300 ppm @ 5ml/l at 5 days interval alongwith yellow sticky traps was the next effective. These observations are in accordance with Phadke et al. (1988) on the effectiveness of Neemark @ 0.4%. Similarly, Gupta and Sharma (1997) also reported that neem used alternately with Bt and synthetic pyrethroids successfully managed B. tabaci. Mann et al. (2001) also reported that alternate sprays of neem-based with conventional insecticides was effective. Jat and Jeyakumar (2006) reported that both neem oil and NSKE reduced whitefly incidence. Khan and Atta (2007) revealed that neem extract was effective. Similarly, Mamoon-ur-Rashid et al. (2012) reported that neem oil @ 2% and NSKE @ 3% significantly reduced the whitefly infestation up to 12 days after spray. Sudhakar and Paul (1991) and Kedar
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(2014) reported that triazophos and acephate were the most effective. In the present investigation, maximum incidence (19.28 adults/leaf, was observed with schedule S9 (first spray of dimethoate 30 EC @ 1.5 ml/l followed by imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.2 ml/l, thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.2 g/l and dimethoate 30 EC @ 1.5 ml/l at 10 days interval). However, Shahawy et al. (1991) revealed that dimethoate was the most effective at 15days interval on cotton in Hisar. Maximum yield (20.66 qha-1) was obtained with S2 (nimbecidine + yellow sticky trap, six sprays at 5 days interval) which was however at par with other schedules. Saini (2014) obtained maximum yield with nimbecidine (5ml/l) followed by two times NSKE 5%. The maximum BC ratio (0.86) was obtained from S 7 (nimbecidine, four spray at 10 days interval) followed by S2 (nimbecidine, six sprays at 5 days interval + yellow sticky trap) (Table 2). These findings are similar to those of Gupta and Pathak (2009) on blackgram.
Table 2. Economics of management schedules on cotton Schedule
Whitefly adults/leaf
Yield (qha-1)
Gross income (Rs./ha)
Net gain (Rs./ha)
Total cost / schedule (Rs./ha)
Net profit over control (Rs./ha)
BC Ratio
13.57 (3.81) *
20.24
93104
78764
14340
2128
0.15
S2
12.99 (3.73)
20.66
95036
80624
14412
3988
0.28
S3
15.94 (4.11)
17.78
81788
70516
11272
-6120
-
S4
12.39 (3.65)
18.93
87078
76958
10120
322
0.03
S5
17.55 (4.30)
17.40
80040
75674
4366
-962
-
S6**
14.56 (3.94)
17.04
78384
71138
7246
-5498
-
S7**
12.38 (3.65)
20.53
94438
84878
9560
8242
0.86
S8** S9**
15.04 (4.00) 19.28 (4.49)
18.18 16.75
83628 77050
77471 74007
6157 3043
834 -2629
0.14 -
S10
16.98 (4.23)
16.15
74290
70440
3850
-6196
-
S11**
17.46 (4.29)
16.25
74750
72190
2560
-4446
-
S12
23.27 (4.92)
16.66
76636
76636
CD(P=0.05)
(0.29)
2.94
Pooled Mean S1
*Figures in parentheses square root transformed values √ (n+1). ** Mean of observations for two periods at 5 and 10 days after spray Input and cost: Nimbecidine 300 ppm (2.5 l/ha)-Rs. 280 /l; Novaluron 10 EC (0.5 l/ha)-Rs. 2800 /l; Dimethoate 30 EC (0.75 l/ha)-Rs. 400 /l; Trizophos 40 EC (1.5 l/ha)-Rs. 410 /l; Thiamethoxam 25 WG (0.1 kg/ha)-Rs. 1800/kg; Imidacloprid 17.8 SL (0.1 l/ha)-Rs. 1500 /l; Urea+DAP+Zn (6.25+6.25+1.25 kg/ha)-Rs. 275 (50 kg) + Rs 1125 (50 kg) + Rs 250 (5 kg); Yellow Sticky TrapRs. 12 /trap; Labour charge-Rs. 320/labour; and Price of cotton-Rs. 4600 /q.
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Indian Journal of Entomology, 80(3),2018
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(Manuscript Received: October, 2016; Revised: January, 2017; Accepted: January, 2017; Online Published: April, 2018)
