North Malabar region comprises maximum. Sarma and Vittal [21-26] recorded the manglicolous fungi mangrove area in Kerala [3]. on 8, 2, 5 and 4 mangrove ...
Academic Journal of Plant Sciences 2 (2): 78-81, 2009 ISSN 1995-8986 © IDOSI Publications, 2009
Marine Mycoflora on Avicennia and Bruguiera along Kerala Coast (India) Gayatri R. Nambiar and K. Raveendran Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Botany, Sir Syed College Taliparamba, Kannur, Kerala, India Abstract: A range of fungi occur in the mangrove ecosystem although these differ as to their location and some fungi occur more frequently than others. In a study dealing with the frequency of occurrence of manglicolous fungi on Avicennia and Bruguiera from a mangrove habitat of Kerala, South India, 32 manglicolous marine fungi belonging to 23 ascomycetes, 1 basidiomycete and 8 mitosporic fungi were obtained. Aniptodera chesapeakensis, Aniptodera mangrovei, Halosarpheia viscosa, Lignincola longirostris, Savoryella paucispora, Verruculina enalia, Halocyphina villosa, Cirrenalia pygmea and Periconia prolifica were found common on both hosts. Higher number of fungal species was recorded on Avicennia than Bruguiera. Key words: Marine fungi, Avicennia, Bruguiera Mangrove ecosystem INTRODUCTION
more on taxonomic and geographical distribution. With the advent of interest in the ecology of these organisms a better understanding of their role and function is now emerging [7]. Although decomposition of organic material by marine fungi in mangrove ecosystem has been demonstrated by various workers [8-20] but less research has been carried out on the occurrence of manglicolous fungi on specific mangrove trees. In India, Sarma and Vittal [21-26] recorded the manglicolous fungi on 8, 2, 5 and 4 mangrove genera respectively. The present investigation aims at understanding the frequency of occurrence of manglicolous fungi on Avicennia and Bruguiera from mangrove habitat of Kerala, South India.
Mangroves are tropical and subtropical forests comprising trees of many unrelated genera that share the common ability to grow in estuarine and coastal environments [1].The worlds total mangrove forest comprises about 181,000km2 [2]. In India it is about 99,300 km2 (Chidambaran, 2004) of which 16.71 km2 are in Kerala. North Malabar region comprises maximum mangrove area in Kerala [3]. Mangrove ecosystem is an ideal environment for the growth and reproduction of fungi [4]. The marine fungi inhabiting on mangroves are known as manglicolous marine fungi. The basis of mangrove trunk and pneumatophores are permanently or intermittently submerged, while the salt water will never reach the upper parts. Hence, terrestrial fungi and lichens are seen on the upper part of the mangrove trees and marine fungi on the lower part, with an overlap between marine fungi and terrestrial fungi in the middle. Owing to this, mangrove trees are considered to be the fascinating study objects for the mycological investigations [5]. Until recently, the mangroves were considered as the second most important host for marine fungi after driftwood in terms of the number of species occurring, but now the vice versa is true [6]. Prior to 1980, little information was available on fungal succession on submerged wood, frequency of occurrence of fungi or their role in the degradation of organic matter in the mangrove ecosystem. Studies were concentrated Corresponding Auhtor:
MATERIALS AND METHODS Collection and Treatment of Wood Samples: Sample collection was carried out during November 2007-May 2009 from the mangrove forests of Valapattanam estuary and Kavvai-Kunhimangalam backwater. Collected samples were washed well, placed in sterile polythene bags and were brought to the laboratory. After the preliminary screening for marine fungi under stereomicroscope, the wood samples were incubated at room temperature. Periodical isolation of marine fungi from these wood samples was carried out for six months. Identifications of marine fungi were done using taxonomic keys by [27-30]. The marine fungi thus identified were tabulated and recorded (Table 1).
Miss Gayatri R. Nambiar, Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Botany, Sir Syed College Taliparamba, Kannur, Kerala, India
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Academic J. Plant Sci., 2 (2): 78-81, 2009 Table 1: Manglicolous marine fungi isolated from Avicennia and Bruguiera Percentage frequency of occurrence (FO) ----------------------------------------------------------------------Avicennia
Name of Fungi
Bruguiera
Ascomycetes Aigialus grandis Kohlm and Schatz
1.6
Aniptodera chesapeakensis Shearer and Miller
4.8.
9.4
Aniptodera mangrovei Hyde
7.2
4.1
Aniptodera longispora Hyde
8.0
Aniptodera salsuginosa Nakagiri and Ito
7.2
Ascocratera manglicola Kohlm
6.4
Biatriospora marina Hyde and Borse
2.4
Dactylospora haliotrepha (Kohlm and Kohlm) Hafellner
8.8
Halorosellina oceanica Whalley, Jones, Hyde and Laessoe
14.8
Halosarpheia retorquens Shearer and Crane
2.6
Halosarpheia abonnis Kohlm
9.6
Halosarpheia marina (Cribb and Cribb) Kohlm
6.4
Halosarpheia minuta Leong
5.6
Halosarpheia viscosa (I. Schmidt) Shearer and Crane ex Kohlm and Volkm. Kohlm
4.0
Lignincola tropica Kohlm
1.7
12.8
Lignincola longirostris (Cribb and Cribb) Kohlm
8.8
Lulworthia grandispora Meyers
7.7 5.6
Marinosphaera mangrovei Hyde
6.4
Salsuginea ramicola Hyde
10.4
Savoryella lignicola Jones and Eaton
10.00
Savoryella paucispora (Cribb and Cribb) Koch
11.2
7.7
Torpedospora radiata Meyers
4.8
Verruculina enalia (Kohlm) Kohlm and Kohlm
8.8
6.4
4.8
2.00
10.4
12.00
Basidiomycete Halocyphina villosa Kohlm Mitosporic Fungi Cirrenalia pygmea Kohlm C. macrocephala (Kohlm.) Meyers
8.0
Dendryphiella salina (Sutherland) Pugh and Nicot
6.4
Periconia prolifica Anastasiou
9.6
Phoma sp
2.4
Trichocladium alopallonellum (Meyers and Moore) Kohlm and V. Kohlm
8.0 3.4
Zalerion maritmum (Linder) Anastasiou
8.0
Zalerion varium Anastasiou
4.1
Presentation of Data: Percent frequency of occurrence (FO) = Number of isolates of a particular species divided by total number of wood samples supporting marine fungi X 100. On the basis of percentage occurrence, the marine fungi were classified as most frequent (occurring in > 10% samples), frequent (in 5-10%), occasional (in 3-5% samples) and sporadic (in < 3%).
fungi were isolated. Aniptodera chesapeakensis, Aniptodera mangrovei, Halosarpheia viscosa, Lignincola longirostris, Savoryella paucispora, Verruculina enalia, Halocyphina villosa, Cirrenalia pygmea and Periconia prolifica were found common on both hosts. Maximum fungal species were recorded on Avicennia than Bruguiera. A total of 25 higher marine fungi were encountered from Avicennia including 18 ascomycetes 1 basidiomycete and 6 mitosporic fungi. Most frequent species isolated were Lignincola tropica, Salsuginea ramicola and Savoryella paucispora.14 species were frequently isolated. Four species were occasionally
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Altogether 32 manglicolous marine fungi belonging to 23 ascomycetes, 1 basidiomycete and 8 mitosporic 79
Academic J. Plant Sci., 2 (2): 78-81, 2009
obtained. Three species namely Aigialus grandis, Biatriospora marina and Phoma sp were sporadic in their occurrence. The total numbers of species isolated from Bruguiera were sixteen, which include 11 ascomycetes, 1 basidiomycete and 4 mitosporic fungi. Most frequent species encountered from Bruguiera were Halorosellina oceanica and Cirrenalia pygmea. Eight species were frequently obtained. Three species were occasionally seen. Halosarpheia retorquens, Halosarpheia viscosa and Halocyphina villosa were sporadic in their occurrence. A range of fungi occur in the mangrove ecosystem although these differ as to their location and some fungi occur more frequently than others. The percentage occurrence is an expression of the frequency of collection of fungi and gives an indication of the more common fungi in the mangrove habitat [21]. The work of Alias et al. [8] support the result of higher density of species from Avicennia than Bruguiera .However, Maria and Sridhar [27] obtained maximum fungal species from Bruguiera than Avicennia. Differences in the most common or frequent fungal communities between the present study and earlier reports from Peninsula India and other part of world are also evident. Along the east cost of India Verruculina enalia seems to be the most prevalent fungus [24-26]. However in the west coast of Indian mangrove ecosystem, there is quiet variation in dominant or common species. Aniptodera mangrovei, Cirrenalia pygmea, Lignincola laevis and Savoryella lignicola are the dominant fungi from Karnataka mangroves [21]. While Lignincola longirostries and Halocyphina villosa were the most frequent fungal species of Kerala mangroves [13]. Similarlly Massarina velatospora was the common species from Maharashtra mangrove habitat [10]. Mangroves of Brunei, India, Malaysia and Mauritius consist of more than 10 coregroup fungi. Dactylospora haliotrepha, Halosarpheia marina, Lignincola laevis, Lulworthia grandispora and Halocyphina villosa were the core-group fungi in five or more areas among 16 geographical regions studied. Thirty five core-group fungi were isolated on woody litter from different mangroves of India [27]. The availability of substrata for fungal colonization type of wood, nature of floor, oceanic region, tidal inundation, salinity, pH and length of monsoon season affect fungal community, diversity and their functions in mangrove ecosystem [28-30]. Despite a better understanding of the importance of mangrove, they continue to be destroyed at an alarming rate [26]. Therefore it is imperative to record
and quantify the abundance of marine fungi in the mangrove ecosystem and to culture them to ensure their conservation for future biological, genetic and molecular studies [24]. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors are thankful to the Principal and Management of Sir Syed College, Taliparamba for providing necessary facilities. We are also grateful to DAE/ BRNS for the financial support. REFERENCES 1.
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