2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028. MWh. Year of availabilty. Reference. Medium. Monetary policy. 0. 200,000. 400,000.
Second-Life Battery Applications Market potentials and contribution to the cost effectiveness of electric vehicles Life Cycle of Traction Batteries
Battery State of Health (SOH) Battery Value
Motivation EV market penetration is currently restricted by the high costs of batteries Traction batteries are decommissioned when they do not meet the automotive requirements anymore but then are still suitable for applications with less demanding load profiles A secondary use in an extended life cycle reduces life cycle costs and can generate additional revenues
100 % 80 %
Battery manufacturing
Second-life application
Repurposing • • • •
Procurement of raw materials Electrode fabrication Cell assembly and cell formation Module, pack and system assembly Integration into EV powertrain
Recycling • • • •
Removal/Disassembly Test/Analysis/Assessment Refurbishment/Reassembly Reselling
(or remanufacturing) Collecting, sorting and disassembling Mechanical reprocessing or pyrolysis Hydro- or pyrometallurgical treatment Refining and disposal of residual materials
Classification of Second-Life Applications Stationary on-grid solutions
(Industrial) plant operators
Operator
Charging infrastructure operators
Storage operators
Short-term storage for renewable Applications energy production plants (wind, photovoltaics)
Residential and commercial real estate owners Storage systems for load shifting energy-intensive consumers (load management)
Storage systems for Short-term storage for grid Storage buffers for DC-quick participating in electricity stabilization and regulation charging stations balancing markets Stationary off-grid solutions Operator (Small) plant operators/private households Operators of critical infrastructure Storage/charging infrastructure operators Storage systems for optimizing Autarkic storage systems for micro mobility Storage systems for uninterruptible Emergency power systems for ensuring Applications the own consumption of electrical (e.g. charging e-bikes in non-grid-connected power supply of private households security of supply energy from photovoltaics areas) Quasi-stationary off-grid solutions Applications Decentralized energy supply of major events Decentralized energy supply of construction sites Mobile solutions Operator Industrial operators Private and commercial operators Re-use in e-bikes, e-scooters, golf carts etc. Re-use in industrial trucks (e.g. forklifts, tractors, trolleys), sweepers etc. Applications Battery swapping systems for e-bikes, e-scooters Re-use in driverless transport vehicles for the internal transport Re-use in driverless transport vehicles
Business Models
Market Potentials 20,000
1,200,000
Integrated business model
18,000 1,000,000
14,000
800,000 600,000
12,000
Battery supplier
10,000 8,000
400,000
6,000
(modules/cells)
4,000
200,000 0 2009
Multi agent business model
16,000
MWh
PEV stock
• • • • •
Automotive application
Number of Charge Cycles Battery Lifetime
Recycling company
Battery supplier
Recycling company Power supplier
2,000 0 2011
2013
Reference
2015 Year Medium
2017
2019
2021
Monetary policy
Reference-scenario: Quadratic extrapolation of the real PEV stock
Medium-scenario: Willingness to pay, costs of infrastructure, limited availability of PEV
Monetary policy-sceanrio: Special depreciation, price subsidy from 2018
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Year of availabilty Reference Medium Monetary policy
Closed market
Key results: 12.88 GWh to 44.15 GWh total market potential (years 2017 – 2028) Maximum market potential for the year 2028 o Reference: 3.32 GWh o Medium: 9.08 GWh o Monetary policy: 19.55 GWh
Gefördert durch:
VEReMo
Financial services
PEV-production (incl. battery)
Second-life battery application
Automotive OEM PEV purchase
battery leasing
PEV-user
PEV-user
Open market Battery manager
Energystorage manager …
