Market potentials and contribution to the cost

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2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028. MWh. Year of availabilty. Reference. Medium. Monetary policy. 0. 200,000. 400,000.
Second-Life Battery Applications Market potentials and contribution to the cost effectiveness of electric vehicles Life Cycle of Traction Batteries

Battery State of Health (SOH) Battery Value

Motivation  EV market penetration is currently restricted by the high costs of batteries  Traction batteries are decommissioned when they do not meet the automotive requirements anymore but then are still suitable for applications with less demanding load profiles  A secondary use in an extended life cycle reduces life cycle costs and can generate additional revenues

100 % 80 %

Battery manufacturing

Second-life application

Repurposing • • • •

Procurement of raw materials Electrode fabrication Cell assembly and cell formation Module, pack and system assembly Integration into EV powertrain

Recycling • • • •

Removal/Disassembly Test/Analysis/Assessment Refurbishment/Reassembly Reselling

(or remanufacturing) Collecting, sorting and disassembling Mechanical reprocessing or pyrolysis Hydro- or pyrometallurgical treatment Refining and disposal of residual materials

Classification of Second-Life Applications Stationary on-grid solutions

(Industrial) plant operators

Operator

Charging infrastructure operators

Storage operators

Short-term storage for renewable Applications energy production plants (wind, photovoltaics)

Residential and commercial real estate owners Storage systems for load shifting energy-intensive consumers (load management)

Storage systems for Short-term storage for grid Storage buffers for DC-quick participating in electricity stabilization and regulation charging stations balancing markets Stationary off-grid solutions Operator (Small) plant operators/private households Operators of critical infrastructure Storage/charging infrastructure operators Storage systems for optimizing Autarkic storage systems for micro mobility Storage systems for uninterruptible Emergency power systems for ensuring Applications the own consumption of electrical (e.g. charging e-bikes in non-grid-connected power supply of private households security of supply energy from photovoltaics areas) Quasi-stationary off-grid solutions Applications Decentralized energy supply of major events Decentralized energy supply of construction sites Mobile solutions Operator Industrial operators Private and commercial operators Re-use in e-bikes, e-scooters, golf carts etc. Re-use in industrial trucks (e.g. forklifts, tractors, trolleys), sweepers etc. Applications Battery swapping systems for e-bikes, e-scooters Re-use in driverless transport vehicles for the internal transport Re-use in driverless transport vehicles

Business Models

Market Potentials 20,000

1,200,000

Integrated business model

18,000 1,000,000

14,000

800,000 600,000

12,000

Battery supplier

10,000 8,000

400,000

6,000

(modules/cells)

4,000

200,000 0 2009

Multi agent business model

16,000

MWh

PEV stock

• • • • •

Automotive application

Number of Charge Cycles Battery Lifetime

Recycling company

Battery supplier

Recycling company Power supplier

2,000 0 2011

2013

Reference

2015 Year Medium

2017

2019

2021

Monetary policy

 Reference-scenario: Quadratic extrapolation of the real PEV stock

 Medium-scenario: Willingness to pay, costs of infrastructure, limited availability of PEV

 Monetary policy-sceanrio: Special depreciation, price subsidy from 2018

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Year of availabilty Reference Medium Monetary policy

Closed market

Key results:  12.88 GWh to 44.15 GWh total market potential (years 2017 – 2028)  Maximum market potential for the year 2028 o Reference: 3.32 GWh o Medium: 9.08 GWh o Monetary policy: 19.55 GWh

Gefördert durch:

VEReMo

Financial services

PEV-production (incl. battery)

Second-life battery application

Automotive OEM PEV purchase

battery leasing

PEV-user

PEV-user

Open market Battery manager

Energystorage manager …