Measurement of Thermal Effusivity and Thermal

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 127 (2015) 48 – 55

,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ&RPSXWDWLRQDO+HDWDQG0DVV7UDQVIHU

0HDVXUHPHQWRI7KHUPDO(IIXVLYLW\DQG7KHUPDO&RQGXFWLYLW\DW 9DULRXV:DWHU&RQWHQWIRU7ZR7URSLFDO:RRG6SHFLHV +281*$1&RPODQ$ULVWLGHDEF $:$172&KULVWRSKHE'-26628$\LKDRX $UPDQGDF$1-25,10DODKLPLE9,$128$QWRLQHEF D

7HFKQRORJLFDO,QVWLWXWHRI/RNRVVD8QLYHUVLW\'HSDUWPHQWRI$SSOLHG0HFKDQLFDQG(QJLQHHULQJ E /DERUDWRU\IRUDSSOLHG(QHUJ\DQG0HFKDQLFV/(0$(3$&  %3$ERPH\FDODYL&RWRQRX%HQLQ F /DERUDWRU\RI7KHUPRSK\VLFV&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRI0DWHULDOVDQG(QHUJ\2ZQHUVKLS&70$((3$& 

DULVWLGHKRXQJDQ#LXWXDFEM&KULVWRSKHDZDQWR#JPDLOFRP

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© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU%9 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI,&&+07± Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICCHMT – 2015 .H\ZRUGV7URSLFDOZRRGWKHUPDOHIIXVLYLW\WKHUPDOFRQGXFWLYLW\ZDWHUFRQWHQWKRWVWULSPHWKRG

,QWURGXFWLRQ ,QFRQWH[WRIGUDVWLFULVHDQGWKHFRVWRIFRQYHQWLRQDOPDWHULDOVIRUFRPIRUWDQGHQHUJ\VDYLQJQHHGVLQEXLOGLQJ H\HV DUH LQFUHDVLQJO\ WXUQHG WRZDUGV HFRPDWHULDOV VXFK DV PDWHULDOV PDGH XS RI ZRRG ILEUHV 7KH FRQWURO DQG 



&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[ (PDLODGGUHVVDULVWLGHKRXQJDQ#LXWXDFEM

1877-7058 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICCHMT – 2015

doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2015.11.328

Houngan Comlan Aristide et al. / Procedia Engineering 127 (2015) 48 – 55

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۸Ǥ ‫ିܕ‬૛ Ǥ ۹ ି૚ Ǥ ‫ି ܛ‬૙Ǥ૞  5 (OHFWULFDO5HVLVWDQFHષ 7 7HPSHUDWXUH. 9 9ROWDJH9 $ 6XUIDFH‫ܕ‬૛  / /HQJWKP P 0DVVNJ W 7LPHV ‫ ܋ܟ‬ :DWHUFRQWHQW [\] VSDFHYDULDEOHVP S /DSODFHYDULDEOH  *UHHNOHWWHUV ૃ 7KHUPDOFRQGXFWLYLW\‫܅‬Ǥ ‫ିܕ‬૚ Ǥ ۹ ି૚  ૖ +HDWIOX[: ી /DSODFHWUDQVIRUPRIWKHUHGXFHGWHPSHUDWXUH ઴ /DSODFHWUDQVIRUPRIWKHKHDWIOX[  ,QGLFHV([KLELWRUV Q RUGHU V 5HODWHGWRSUREH  0DWHULDO )LJXUH VKRZV WKH WKUHH DQDWRPLF GLUHFWLRQV RI ZRRG VSHFLHV 7KH VDPSOHV RI WZR ZRRGV VSHFLHV WHVWHG DUH SUHVHQWHG LQ ILJXUH  6SHFLPHQV ZHUH FXW LQ WDQJHQWLDO GLUHFWLRQ IURP WZR WURSLFDO ZRRG VSHFLHV HERQ\ DQG PDKRJDQ\ XVHGDVEXLOGLQJPDWHULDOVLQ%HQLQZLWKîî ଷ GLPHQVLRQV'U\GHQVLW\ZLWKGUDZDOWDQJHQWLDO DQG UDGLDO FRHIILFLHQW DQG ILEUHV VDWXUDWLRQ SRLQW RI ZRRG VSHFLHV DUH SUHVHQWHG LQ WDEOH  7KLV WDEOH VKRZV ZLWKGUDZDOWDQJHQWLDODQGUDGLDOFRHIILFLHQWDQGILEUHVVDWXUDWLRQSRLQWRIHERQ\DUHKLJKHUWKDQWKRVHRIPDKRJDQ\ EXWGU\GHQVLW\RIHERQ\LVORZHUWKDQGU\GHQVLW\RIPDKRJDQ\   

49

50

Houngan Comlan Aristide et al. / Procedia Engineering 127 (2015) 48 – 55 7DEOH(ERQ\DQGPDKRJDQ\VSHFLHVSK\VLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV>@ :RRG6SHFLHV 

'U\GHQVLW\ ‫܏ܓ‬Ǥ ‫ିܕ‬૜ 





(ERQ\ 0DKRJDQ\

7DQJHQWLDO ZLWKGUDZDO FRHIILFLHQW 

5DGLDOZLWKGUDZDO FRHIILFLHQW 

)LEUHVVDWXUDWLRQ SRLQW 





















 )LJ$QDWRPLFGLUHFWLRQVRIZRRGVSHFLHV>@)LJ(ERQ\DQGPDKRJDQ\VSHFLPHQV

:DWHU&RQWHQWV2EWDLQLQJ 7KHZDWHUFRQWHQWVRIPDWHULDOVZHUHGHWHUPLQHGE\GU\LQJWKHVDPSOHVLQRYHQDWƒ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

51

Houngan Comlan Aristide et al. / Procedia Engineering 127 (2015) 48 – 55

0RGHOLQJ 7KHH[SHULPHQWDOVHWXSLVSUHVHQWHGLQILJXUH 

 )LJ([SHULPHQWDOVHWXS

7KHSDUWLDOGLIIHUHQWLDOHTXDWLRQIRUWHPSHUDWXUHLQFUHDVHୱ ሺšǡ ›ǡ –ሻDWFRRUGLQDWHSRLQW[\ RIWKHKRWVWULSDW WLPHWVDWLVI\LQJELGLUHFWLRQDOKHDWWUDQVIHULQILQLWHKRWVWULS LV డమ ்ೞ ሺ௫ǡ௬ǡ௧ሻ డ௫ మ

൅

డమ ்ೞ ሺ௫ǡ௬ǡ௧ሻ డ௬ మ

ൌ

ଵ డ்ೞ ሺ௫ǡ௬ǡ௧ሻ ௔



డ௧



 

ൌ െ߶LI‫ ݔ‬൏ ܾ

 

LI‫ ݔ‬൐ ܾ

 

ZLWKWKHIROORZLQJERXQGDU\FRQGLWLRQV DW

‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͳെߣ

DQGെߣ

డ்ೞ ሺ௫ǡ௬ǡ௧ሻ డ௬

డ்ೞ ሺ௫ǡ௬ǡ௧ሻ డ௬

ൌ Ͳ

DW‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͲV\PPHWU\ 

െߣ

డ்ೞ ሺ௫ǡ௬ǡ௧ሻ డ௫

 

ൌ Ͳ

DW‫ ݔ‬ൌ ‫ܮ‬VHPLLQILQLWHPHGLXPLQ;GLUHFWLRQ ܶ௦ ሺ‫ܮ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ Ͳ

 

DW‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݁VHPLLQILQLWHPHGLXPLQ@ ܶ௦ ሺͲǡͲǡ ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ

௟௡ሺଶሻ ௧

ಷ σ௡௝ୀଵ ܸ௝ ߠ௦ ቀͲǡͲǡ

௝௟௡ሺଶሻ ௧

ቁ



 

'HWHUPLQDWLRQRI7KHUPDO(IIXVLYLW\DQG&RQGXFWLYLW\ 7KHWKHUPDOSUREHRIWKHKRWVWULSXVHGLQWKHH[SHULPHQWVLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH

 



 )LJ,OOXVWUDWLRQRIH[SHULPHQWDOKRWVWULS 6WDELOL]HGDOLPHQWDWLRQ7HPSHUDWXUHUHFRUGHU+HDWLQJHOHPHQWLQVHUWHGEHWZHHQWZRVDPSOHV

7KHUPDOHIIXVLYLW\HVWLPDWLRQ )RUWKHWLPH–ଵ ZKHQWKHKHDWWUDQVIHUDWWKHFHQWHURIWKHKRWVWULSUHPDLQHGXQLGLUHFWLRQDOWKHWHPSHUDWXUHDWWKH FHQWHURIWKHKRWVWULSZDVGLVWULEXWHGDVDKRWSODQHLHLQ/DSODFHVSDFHZLWKWHPSHUDWXUHGLVWULEXWLRQ

53

Houngan Comlan Aristide et al. / Procedia Engineering 127 (2015) 48 – 55

ߠ௦ ሺͲǡͲǡ ‫݌‬ሻ ൌ

థ

ଵାோ೎ ா஺ξ௣  ௣ ௠ೞ ௖ೞ ௣ାሾଵାோ೎ ௠ೞ ௖ೞ ௣ሿா஺ξ௣



 

DQGIRUORQJSHULRGRIWLPHWKHWHPSHUDWXUHDWWDLQHGZDV ܶ௦ ሺͲǡͲǡ ‫ݐ‬ሻ െ ܶ௦ ሺͲǡͲǡͲሻ ൌ

ଶథ ா஺ξగ

௠ೞ ௖ೞ

 

ξ‫ ݐ‬൅ ߶ ቂܴ௖ െ ሺா஺ሻమቃ

7KH WKHUPDO HIIXVLYLW\ ZDV HVWLPDWHG IURP WKH PHDQ VORSH RI WKH H[SHULPHQWDO FXUYHୱ ሺͲǡͲǡ –ሻ െ ୱ ሺͲǡͲǡͲሻ ൌ ˆ൫ξ–൯HTXLYDOHQWWRʹ߶Ȁሺ‫ܣܧ‬ξߨሻ GHWHUPLQHGE\OLQHDUUHJUHVVLRQEHWZHHQWKHWZRWLPHV– ଴ DQG–ଵ ZKHQWKHKHDWLQJ FXUYHZDVDVVXPHGWREHDVWUDLJKWOLQHLQWKHWLPHLQWHUYDO 7KHUPDO&RQGXFWLYLW\(VWLPDWLRQ 7KHWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHLQILQLWHKRWVWULSWHQGHGDV\PSWRWLFDOO\WRWKDWRIDKRWZLUH>@%\QHJOHFWLQJWKHLQHUWLD HIIHFWRIWKHSUREHWKH/DSODFHWUDQVIRUPRIWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHKRWZLUHZLWKUDGLXVUDQGOHQJWK୦୵ ZDV ߠ௦ ሺͲǡͲǡ ‫݌‬ሻ ൌ

థ ௣

ቂܴ௖ ൅

௄బ ሺ௤௥ሻ

ቃ 

ଶగఒ௅೓ೢ ௤௥௄భ ሺ௤௥ሻ

)RUYHU\ORQJWLPHVWKHWHPSHUDWXUHୱ ሺͲǡͲǡ –ሻZDVOLQHDUL]HGLQWKHIRUP ܶ௦ ሺͲǡͲǡ ‫ݐ‬ሻ െ ܶ௦ ሺͲǡͲǡͲሻ ൌ

థ ସగఒ௅೓ೢ

݈݊ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൅ ߶ ቈܴ௖ െ

௟௡ቀ

ೝ ቁ ξೌ

ଶగఒ௅೓ೢ

൅

଴Ǥହ଻଻ ସగఒ௅೓ೢ

 

቉

+RZHYHUWKHKRWVWULSEHKDYHGDVDKRWZLUHDIWHUDYHU\ORQJWLPHLQWHUYDOVRWKDWWKHDV\PSWRWLFEHKDYLRUFRXOG QRW EH XVHG WR HVWLPDWH WKH WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ LQ D UHODWLYHO\ VKRUW WLPH DV LQWHQGHG ,I WKH VORSH RI WKH FXUYH ୱ ሺͲǡͲǡ –ሻ െ ୱ ሺͲǡͲǡͲሻ ൌ ˆ൫Žሺ–ሻ൯YDULHGIRUWKHKRWVWULSWKHYDULDWLRQZDVVXIILFLHQWO\VORZDQGFRQVLGHUHGFRQVWDQW RQ UHGXFHG WLPH LQWHUYDOV 7KH WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ɉZDV HVWLPDWHG IURP WKH VORSH ࢥʌȜ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۳ሺ۸Ǥ ‫ିܕ‬૛ Ǥ ۹ ି૚ Ǥ ‫ି ܛ‬૙Ǥ૞ ሻ

ૃሺ‫܅‬Ǥ ‫ିܕ‬૚ Ǥ ۹ ି૚ ሻ

0HWKRG

7HVW1ƒ









+RWVWULS















0HDQYDOXHV

േ

േ

൑(൑



/LWHUDWXUH>@

Houngan Comlan Aristide et al. / Procedia Engineering 127 (2015) 48 – 55

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‫ ܋ܟ‬ሺΨሻ

(۸Ǥ ‫ିܕ‬૛ Ǥ ۹ ି૚ Ǥ ‫ି ܛ‬૙Ǥ૞ 

ૃሺ‫܅‬Ǥ ‫ିܕ‬૚ Ǥ ۹ ି૚ ሻ



േ

േ



േ

േ



േ

േ



േ

േ

7DEOH7DQJHQWLDOWKHUPDOHIIXVLYLW\DQGFRQGXFWLYLW\DWGLIIHUHQWZDWHUFRQWHQWVRIPDKRJDQ\ ‫ ܋ܟ‬ሺΨሻ

(۸Ǥ ‫ିܕ‬૛ Ǥ ۹ ି૚ Ǥ ‫ି ܛ‬૙Ǥ૞ 

ૃሺ‫܅‬Ǥ ‫ିܕ‬૚ Ǥ ۹ ି૚ ሻ



േ

േ



േ

േ



േ

േ



േ

േ



േ

േ



(ERQ\ 0DKRJDQ\















7KHUPDOHIIXVLYLW\-P . V

54

     











:DWHUFRQWHQW









)LJ,QIOXHQFHRIZDWHUFRQWHQWRQWDQJHQWLDOWKHUPDOHIIXVLYLW\RIHERQ\DQGPDKRJDQ\

Houngan Comlan Aristide et al. / Procedia Engineering 127 (2015) 48 – 55

7DEOH&RPSDULVRQRIPDKRJDQ\WDQJHQWLDOWKHUPDOFRQGXFWLYLW\ ([SHULPHQWDO FRQGLWLRQV

7DQJHQWLDOWKHUPDOFRQGXFWLYLW\ ૃሺ‫܅‬Ǥ ‫ିܕ‬૚ Ǥ ۹ ି૚ ሻ +RWVWULS

/LWHUDWXUH>@

'U\

േ

േ

6DWXUDWHG

േ

േ

7DEOH&RPSDULVRQRIPDKRJDQ\DQDWRPLFGLUHFWLRQVWKHUPDOFRQGXFWLYLWLHV ([SHULPHQWDO

7KHUPDOFRQGXFWLYLW\ૃሺ‫܅‬Ǥ ‫ିܕ‬૚ Ǥ ۹ ି૚ ሻ

FRQGLWLRQV

+RWVWULS

/LWHUDWXUH>@

7DQJHQWLDO

5DGLDO

$[LDO

'U\

േ

േ

േ

6DWXUDWHG

േ

േ

േ

&RQFOXVLRQ 5HFDOO WKDW WKH REMHFWLYH RI WKLV VWXG\ LV WR UHLQIRUFH WKH VFLHQWLILF GDWD EDVH UHODWLQJ WR ZRRG VSHFLHV XVHG DV EXLOGLQJPDWHULDOLQ%HQLQ6RWDQJHQWLDOWKHUPDOHIIXVLYLW\DQGWKHUPDOFRQGXFWLYLW\RIHERQ\DQGPDKRJDQ\ZHUH PHDVXUHGIRUGLIIHUHQWZDWHUFRQWHQWVXVLQJKRWVWULSPHWKRG7KXVPDWKHPDWLFDOPRGHOVDQGH[SHULPHQWDOGHYLFH ZHUHILUVWYDOLGDWHGXVLQJ3OH[LJODVDVUHIHUHQFH PDWHULDO 5HVXOWVREWDLQHGDUH LQDJUHHPHQW ZLWKOLWHUDWXUH YDOXHV DQGVKRZWKDWWKHUPDOHIIXVLYLW\DQGFRQGXFWLYLW\RIWZRZRRGVVSHFLHVLQFUHDVHZLWKZDWHUFRQWHQW0RUHRYHUIRU VDPH ZDWHU FRQWHQW WKHUPDO HIIXVLYLW\ DQG FRQGXFWLYLW\ RI HERQ\ DUH KLJKHU WKDQ WKRVH RI PDKRJDQ\ ,W ZDV DOVR IRXQGD[LDOWKHUPDOFRQGXFWLYLW\LVODUJHO\KLJKHUWKDQLQRWKHUGLUHFWLRQVDQGWKDWWDQJHQWLDOWKHUPDOFRQGXFWLYLW\LV VOLJKWO\ORZHUWKDQWKHUDGLDOWKHUPDOFRQGXFWLYLW\ 5HIHUHQFHV >@ $ 7HQ :ROGH-'0F 1DWW / $QG .UDKQ 7KHUPDO SURSHUWLHV RIZRRG DQG ZRRG SDQHO SURGXFWV IRU XVH LQ EXLOGLQJV '2(86'$ 86'HSDUWPHQWRI(QHUJ\2DN5LGJH1DWLRQDO/DERUDWRU\2DN5LGJH7HQQHVVHHSS >@ :-2OHN :HUHV DQG 5*X]HQGD (IIHFWV RI WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ GDWD RQ DFFXUDF\ RI PRGHOLQJ KHDW WUDQVIHU LQ ZRRG +RO] IRU VFKXQJ  ± >@ 77 +DUDGD +DWD6 ,VKLKDUD 7KHUPDO FRQVWDQWV RI ZRRG GXULQJWKHKHDWLQJ SURFHVV PHDVXUHG ZLWK WKH ODVHU IODVK PHWKRG - :RRG 6FL  ±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ƒ& WR  ƒ& $ /LWHUDWXUH 5HYLHZ )RUHVW 3URGXFWV /DERUDWRU\)RUHVW6HUYLFH86'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUH0DGLVRQ:LVFRQVLQ >@ + *X 6WUXFWXUH %DVHG 7ZR 'LPHQVLRQDO $QLVRWURSLF 7UDQVLHQW +HDW &RQGXFWLRQ 0RGHO )RU :RRG 3K' 'LVVHUWDWLRQ )DFXOW\ RI WKH 9LUJLQLD3RO\WHFKQLF,QVWLWXWH%ODFNVEXUJ9$

55