Psychological flexibility is coceptualized as a primary treatment goal in. Acceptance ... The Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth (AFQ-Y;. Greco et al.
Measuring psychological inflexibility in Japanese adolescents A-P-041
: Development of the Japanese version of Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for youth
Tomu OHTSUKI1, Midori UEMURA2, Yosuke KAKUTANI2, Yuzo KIJIMA2, Ken-ishiro ISHIZU3, & Yoshiyuki Shimoda3 1Faculty
of Human Sciences, Waseda University, 2Graduate School of Human Sciences, Waseda University, 3Faculty of Human Development of Psychology, Toyama University
Table1: Factor loading and Item-total correlation of the AFQ-Y
Psychological Flexibility and Inflexibility Psychological flexibility is coceptualized as a primary treatment goal in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and refers to one’s ability to engage in value-consistent action even in the presence of great psychological pain. In ACT theory, psychological flexibility is defined as the ability to contact the present moment more fully as a conscious human being, and to either change or persist when doing so serves valued ends (Hayes & Strosahl, 2004).
Assessment of Psychological Flexibility Adult measures of psychological flexibility such as Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II; Bond et al., 2011) may be useful for older adolescents; however, it may be difficult for younger children or youth to understand its item content. Thus, recent efforts have been made to develop child-friendly measures of psychological inflexibility characterized by high levels of experiential avoidance and cognitive fusion. The Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth (AFQ-Y; Greco et al., 2008) is one of a self-report measure designed to assess child and adolescent psychological inflexibility.
Purpose The purpose of present study was to develop the Japanese version of AFQ-Y and to understand the property of psychological inflexibility in Japanese adolescents by using the 7-item AAQ-II and the AFQ-Y.
No.
Item
1 2
幸せだと思えるようになるまで、私の人生は良いものにはならない。
3
もし悲しかったり怖かったりするなら、自分の調子はどこか悪いにちがい ない。
0.48
0.45
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
自分が自分の欠点だと思うところは、きっとそうに違いない。
私は、自分が望まないような考えや気持ちをなくそうとする。
0.55 0.51 0.59 0.59 0.57 0.54 0.40 0.62
0.52 0.48 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.51 0.39 0.57
12
イライラしたり、いやな気分の時はいつでも、大切な事でもするのをやめ てしまう。
0.63
0.59
13
自分を悲しく暗い気持ちにさせるような思いをもっているとき、学校では いつもより物事がうまくいかない。
0.64
0.60
14
私は、自分がかっこよく見てもらえるように話をする。
0.45
0.42
15
心の中にある、悲しい気分のすべてがなくなるような、魔法を使えたらい いのにと思う。
0.53
0.49
16
私は自分の気持ちが怖い。
0.62
0.60
17
いやな気持ちになった時、私はいつものように友達に接することができ ない。
0.54
0.50
自分の考えや気持ちは、私の人生をダメにする。
もし、うまくできないと思ったら、新しいことには取り組まない。 よい人生を送るために、心配や不安はなくしていかなければいけない。 みんなからバカにされないように、できることは何でもする。 自分が傷つくような記憶は、心からなくそうとする。 からだの痛みや調子の悪さは、がまんできない。 心臓の動きがドキドキとはやいなら、自分の調子がどこか悪いに違いない。
Contribution (%)
Sample A: 171 undergraduate students (age: 19.91 ± 1.23) Sample B: 130 undergraduate students (age: 20.22 ± 1.28)
Translation of the AFQ-Y The original English version of the AFQ-Y was translated into Japanese by the fist, fifth, and sixth authors. This Japanese translation was backtranslated into English by a bilingual individual. This back-translation were discussed with one of the original developer.
Measures Sample A (N = 171): >> AAQ-II (Kishita et al., 2008) >> Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Moroi, 1991) Sample B (N = 130): >> AFQ-Y >> AAQ-II (Kishita et al., 2008) >> Stress Response Scale-18 (Suzuki et al., 2007) >> State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Form JYZ (Hidano et al., 2000) >> White Bear Suppression Inventory (Wegner & Zanakos, 1994)
Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the AAQ-II had a one-factor structure with a Cronbach’s α coefficient of .84, corresponding with the original version of the AAQ-II (Bond et al., 2011). Another factor analysis revealed that the Japanese version of the AFQ-Y had a one-factor structure with a Cronbach’s α coefficient of .87 (Table1). Table2 shows correlations among measures.
33.70
Table2: Correlations among self-report measures 1. AFQ-Y
Participants
Factor Item-total loading correlation 0.48 0.45 0.43 0.41
2. AAQ-II 3. UCLA Loneliness 4. SRS-18 5. STAI 6. WBSI
1 1.00
2 0.68** 1.00
3 -
0.38** 1.00
4 0.50**
5 0.39**
6 0.54**
0.49** 1.00
0.53** 0.61** 1.00
0.55** 0.43** 0.52** 1.00
We compared the data of AFQ-Y and AAQ-II in Japanese adolescents to the data of previous studies in other countries (Table3 & 4). Table3: Means and SDs in AAQ-II Study Present study Bond et al. (2011) Bond et al. (2011)
participants Undergraduate students in Japan Undergraduate students in USA Outpatients for substance use in USA
N
Mean
SD
293
23.32
7.06
433
17.34
4.37
290
28.34
9.92
N
Mean
SD
127
21.73
10.71
Table4: Means and SDs in AFQ-Y Study Present study
participants Undergraduate students in Japan
Greco et al. (2008)
Grades 9 & 10 in USA
277
21.04
13.01
Schmalz & Murrell (2010)
Undergraduate students in USA
500
20.00
12.60
These results suggested that the Japanese versions of the 7-item AAQII and AFQ-Y are psychometrically sound measures of psychological inflexibility in Japanese adolescents. And in AAQ-II, we found that Japanse undergraduate students scored higher than their American counterparts, but not in AFQ-Y.
