Mineralization Characteristics and Structural ... - Wiley Online Library

RESOURCE GEOLOGY, vol. 53, no. 3, 175–192, 2003

Mineralization Characteristics and Structural Controls of Hydrothermal Deposits in the Gyeongsang Basin, South Korea

Sang-Mo KOH, Chung-Ryul RYOO and Min-Sub SONG Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, 30 Gajeong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea 305-350 [[email protected]] Received on July 12, 2002; accepted on July 5, 2003 Abstract: Hydrothermal deposits in the Gyeongsang Basin show the genetic relationship with igneous activity from Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary in the spatial and temporal viewpoints. Many hydrothermal Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn and clay deposits are dominantly distributed within the Gyeongsang Basin. The Gyeongsang Basin is divided into seven metallogenic provinces by spatial distribution. The age ranges of igneous activity and mineralization are 140~40 Ma and 100~40 Ma, respectively, and the most dominant age ranges of the both activities are from 90 Ma (Coniacian) to 50 Ma (Eocene). The age consistency between igneous activity and mineralization suggests that this age range is the climactic period of the hydrothermal activity of the Gyeongsang Basin. The metallogenic epochs in the Gyeongsang Basin are divided into three epochs of 100~80 Ma (western part of the Gyeongsang Basin), 80~60 Ma (central part of the Gyeongsang Basin), and 60~40 Ma (eastern part of the Gyeongsang Basin). The mineralization and igneous activity tend to become young eastward in the Gyeongsang Basin. NNW-SSE mineralized veins from 100 to 80 Ma in the western part of the Gyeongsang Basin are interpreted as the control of the parallel tensional fissures caused by NNW-SSE compressional stress. NW-SE mineralized veins from 80 to 60 Ma in the central part of the Gyeongsang Basin seem to have been formed under the same stress as that of the Gaeum and Yangsan Fault Systems. Namely, NW-SE tensional stress is associated with a conjugate set of fracturing of the WNW-ESE Gaeum Fault System and NNE-SSW Yangsan Fault System. Also NE-SW mineralized veins from 60 to 40 Ma in the eastern part of the Gyeongsang Basin seem to be controlled by the NE-SW fractures. The fractures are related with NE-SW compressional stress and are developed as secondary fractures within the dextral strike slip Yangsan Fault System. Keywords: Gyeongsang Basin, hydrothermal, mineralization, age, metallic, non-metallic, compressional stress, tensional stress, conjugate fracturing, Yangsan Fault System, Gaeum Fault System

logical structures were anatomized on the basis of the published data such as geology, parent rock, deposit type, vein strike, mineralization age, fault, and lineament extracted from satellite image data in this study. Park (1994) interpreted that the epigenetic mineralization of the Gyeongsang Basin is related with the intrusion activity of Bulguksa granite by the spatial distribution of hydrothermal metallic ore deposits and by the temporal relationship based on the mineralization age. Chang (1994) interpreted that the mineralization of the Gyeongsang Basin is related with the igneous activities based on the Pb isotopic data of ore (galena) and the Bulguksa granite. Moon (1994) interpreted that the formation environments of Miryang pyrophyllite, Bobae and Sangdong sericite deposits are related with volcanic activities based on the sericite age, alteration mineral assemblages, and stable isotopic data of clay minerals. Koh et al. (2000a) suggested that the epigenetic hydrothermal alteration which formed hydrothermal deposits such as pyrophyllite, sericite, and porcelain stone in South Korea is closely related with Cretaceous post-volcanic activities in the Gyeongsang Basin based on the age data of volcanic rocks, sericite, and alunite, and on the geochemical data

1. Introduction The Gyeongsang Basin formed in Cretaceous Period is located in the southeastern tip part of the Korean Peninsula (Fig. 1). The basin comprises sedimentary, volcanic, and plutonic rocks of the Cretaceous to Early Tertiary. In particular, igneous activities occurred along the belt connecting the southeastern China - southeastern Korea (Gyeongsang Basin) - southwestern Japan from the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary. This belt seems to be closely related with the subduction of Pacific and Kula plates during the same period (Park, 1994). There are about six hundreds hydrothermal deposits including vein-type Au-Ag, Cu, and Pb-Zn, and hydrothermal clay deposits (pyrophyllite-kaolin-sericite) within the Gyeongsang Basin. The hydrothermal mineralization in this basin is controlled by geological and geotectonic environments such as igneous activities, fracturing, and hydrothermal activities. In this study, we interpret the spatial and temporal relationship between the mineralization and fracturing which took place within the Gyeongsang Basin. Characteristics of metallogenic provinces and geo175

176

S.-M. KOH, C.-R. RYOO and M.-S. SONG

N

127°

125°

131°

129°

42°

China

RESOURCE GEOLOGY :

such as isotopic compositions of pyrite and clay minerals. Koh et al. (2000b) constructed the mineral resources maps of the 1:250,000 Busan and Andong Geological Sheets and interpreted the characteristics of the metallogenic provinces. 2. Distribution of Ore Deposits

40°

North Korea elt

Imjingang B

38°

Ma

ss if

South Korea

if Gy eo n Ba gs sin ang

elt nB

36°

Yeo n

gna

mM

Og

ch

ass

eo

Gy eo

ng

gi

Yellow Sea

100 km

34° Fig. 1 Geotectonic map of South Korea (modified from Chwae et al., 1995).

140 Au-Ag

120

Frequency

100 Metallic deposit Non-Metallic deposit

80 60

Ben

Cu

40

Pyr Pb-Zn

Zeo

20 Fe

W Mo Sn Bi

Por Kao Si Ser

Dia

Ls Fd

0

Mineral type Fig. 2 Frequency histogram of each mineral type occurring in the Gyeongsang Basin (Por: Porcelainstone; Kao: Kaolin; Si: Silicastone; Ser: Sericite; Pyr: Pyrophyllite; Ls: Limestone; Fd: Feldspar; Dia: Diatomite; Ben: Bentonite; Zeo: Zeolite).

Major mineral types distributed in the Gyeongsang Basin consist of eight metal commodities of Au-Ag, Cu, Pb-Zn, Fe, W, Mo, Bi, and Sn, and ten non-metal commodities of kaolin, porcelainstone, silicastone, feldspar, pyrophyllite, sericite, limestone, bentonite, zeolite, and diatomite (Figs. 2 and 3; Appendix). The number of major deposits is 372 including 189 metallic and 183 non-metallic deposits. Among these, Au-Ag deposits of hydrothermal origin are common (Figs. 2 and 3). The types of ore deposit in the Gyeongsang Basin are hydrothermal fissure-filling and/or vein-type, hydrothermal replacement, sedimentary, weathering, metamorphic, orthomagmatic (granitic or pegmatitic), and hydrothermal clay deposits (Koh et al., 2000b). Hydrothermal deposits related genetically to igneous activities are more than 60 % of all deposits in number within the Gyeongsang Basin (Koh et al., 2000b). Hydrothermal clay deposits such as pyrophyllite, sericite, and porcelainstone are concentrated within the area of the volcanic rocks of the Yucheon Group in Gyeongju-Miryang-Cheongdo-Yangsan area (Fig. 3). Koh and Chang (1997) named this area as "Gyeongsang hydrothermal alteration area". Bentonite, zeolite, and diatomite deposits are distributed near Pohang area, which is composed mainly of Tertiary formations (Fig. 3). Bentonite and zeolite deposits were formed by diagenetic alteration of acidic tuff and tuffaceous sedimentary rocks of Tertiary age. Limestone deposits are mainly distributed in the northern part of Uiseong and Yeongyang-Yeongdeok

Fig. 3 Distribution of major mineral deposits and metallogenic provinces of the hydrothermal metallic and non-metallic deposits in the Gyeongsang Basin and neighboring area (modified from Koh et al., 2000b). The number attached to the symbol of mineral type is same as the list number of mineral deposits in Appendix. Circled numbers represent the following fault name, ①: Jain Fault; ②: Miryang Fault; ③: Moryang Fault; ④: Yangsan Fault; ⑤: Dongrae Fault; ⑥: Ilkwang Fault: ⑦: Ulsan Fault; ⑧: Geumcheon Fault; ⑨: Gaeum Fault; ⑩: Ubo Fault; ⑪: Sinryeong Fault. The thickest curves are geotectonic line, moderate thick straight lines are known faults, and dotted lines are inferred faults.

vol. 53, no. 3, 2003

Hydrothermal Deposits in Gyeongsang Basin, South Korea

177

37°

Uljin Bonghwa

N 28 149 145 140

Bonghwa Ogcheon Belt

Mungyeong

84 12

44

62

71

82

45

20

65

40

59

Miryang

98

131 24

181 35

153

Sacheon 72

7 114

191

222

Masan 17 2

124 199 123 9 13

152 168

14

68 135 198 183

174 110

103 196

Jinhae

5

155 170

221 211 36 118 208 161 218 209 146 105 96 139 231

3

66

Yangsan 4 104

Cr e - Gr a.

8 193

187 106

Tongyeong

190

215

0

50 km

201

37 93 197

189 216 Cr e - Sedi .

Ulsan

17 237

Goseong

100

7

Yangsan

159 112 57 233 227 217 182 3 167 73 120 144 127 122 142 5 55 219 165 99 179 132 158 67 74 102 89 79 115 34

210

76 42 41 178 154

195

80 163 166

125

212

Mineral type

Jinju

38

2 206

49 26

128

36°

238 169 220

Gyeongju

2

18 228

Masan–Goseong

25

1

143 31 171

173 176

25

148

151

180

54

60

51

Hapc heon

75

88

136 46

Cr et - Sedi

11

Pohang

119

Miryang -Cheongdo

69

207

225

214 204

194

109

117

188

Tertiary basin

162

Daegu

203 50

205 107

235

Ter t61

Gor y eong 4

77

9 Uiseong 11 223

95

108

Seongju

92

8

29

129 78

137

200

10

150

70 86

111

126 63

27 147

22

83 90

19 213

43

185

113 48 177

Yeongdeok

224

23

160

10

Gumi

175

47

85 121 134

30

226 56 164

130

157

97

81

133

184

Uiseong

52

53

39 236

58

229

116

Yeongnam Massif

186

Yeongyang -Yeongdeok 1

Sangju

Hapcheon-Goryeong -Seongju

64

192 87

Yeongyang

6 156 138 230

16 15

101 202

94

6

Busan 232

Metallic ore deposits Sn Fe W Bl Mo Non-metallic ore deposis Pyrophy Porcelain Diatomite -stone -llite Bentonite Kaolin Limestone Zeolite Silica Feldspar Sericite Non-metallic province Metallic province Au-Ag Cu Pb-Zn

Yangsan Name of metallogenic province

128°

129°

35°

178


areas (Fig. 3). Limestone in these deposits is interbedded within the Yulri and Wonnam Groups of Precambrian age, and was recrystallized by Precambrian regional metamorphism. The other types of the deposits are scattered within the Gyeongsang Basin (Fig. 3). 3. Metallogenic Province Most of hydrothermal metallic deposits are included in five metallogenic provinces of Masan-Goseong, Hapcheon-Goryeong-Seongju, Uiseong, Bonghwa, and Yeongyang-Yeongdeok (Fig. 3). Hydrothermal nonmetallic clay deposits are included in the MiryangCheongdo and Yangsan metallogenic provinces (Fig. 3). The Masan-Goseong province is distributed in the southern part of the Gyeongsang Basin and includes about 70 hydrothermal Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn deposits (Fig. 3). Mineralization ages of some deposits in this province are 67.2±1.4 Ma and 67.3±1.4 Ma (Bulgok Au-Ag), 67.0 ±1.4 Ma (Dongseong Au-Ag), 68.8±1.4 Ma (Samgeo Cu), 72.9±1.2 Ma (Tongyeong Au-Ag), 81.8±1.7 Ma (Samsan Cu), 89.4±1.7 Ma and 84.8±2.1 Ma (Sambong Cu) (Appendix). The whole rock-biotite Rb/Sr isochron age of the Bulguksa granite near the Bulgok Au-Ag deposit is 83.3±2.3 Ma (Choi et al., 1989). These age data suggest that these deposits were related with the intrusion activities of the Bulguksa granite, which was emplaced during Late Cretaceous in this province. Many researchers reported that the mineralization of this province seems to be genetically related with the Bulguksa granite without clear evidences (Lee, 1972; Lee, 1981; Lee and Yoon, 1974; Jin, 1981; Min et al., 1982). Most of deposits in this province are fracture-filling or vein-type deposits with the direction of N-S and NNW (Fig. 7). The Hapcheon-Goryeong-Seongju province is located along the boundary of the eastern Yeongnam Massif (Jirisan gneiss complex) and the western Gyeongsang Basin and is composed of about 45 Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn deposits (Fig. 3). The deposits in this province are aligned in a NNE direction along the tectonic boundary of the Yeongnam Massif and the Gyeongsang Basin (Fig. 3). The deposits distributed in the southern part of this province have dominant NNE veins and those of the central and northern parts of this province have NNE and NW veins (Fig. 7). The Uiseong province is located in the Uiseong subbasin of the northern part of the Gyeongsang Basin and includes about 25 Au-Ag-Cu deposits (Fig. 3). These deposits are hosted in the sedimentary rocks such as the Iljik, Hupyeongdong, Jeomkok, and Sakok Formations of Hayang Group of the Late Cretaceous Period. The mineralization ages of Cheongsong (60.7~60.2 Ma), Donghwa

RESOURCE GEOLOGY :

(59.8 Ma), Dongcheokoksan (57.5 Ma), and Geumhak (62.3~60.1 Ma) Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn deposits in this province are similar to those of the acidic plutonism of biotite granite (66.7~60.2 Ma) and quartz porphyry (60.9 Ma) near the deposits (Kim et al, 1997; Lee et al., 1997). These age consistency indicates that the mineralization and acidic igneous activity may be genetically related each other. Most of deposits have dominant NW and WNW veins parallel to the Gaeum Fault System and lineaments (Fig. 7). The Bonghwa province is distributed in the northern part of Gyeongsang Basin and in the Yeongnam Massif outside the Gyeongsang Basin. This province is located in the southern part of Taebaeksan region and includes about 25 Au-Ag-Cu deposits (Koh et al., 2002) (Fig. 3). The geology of this province mainly consists of Precambrian Buncheon and Hongjesa granitic gneisses and Yulri Formation, and Jurassic granite. Park et al. (1988) reported that mineralization of Taebaeksan region is distinctly divided into five metallogenic epochs of 1,792 Ma, 1,526 ~1,480 Ma, 202~127 Ma, 98~73 Ma, and 52 Ma. The mineralization of this province shows complicated and overprinted hydrothermal activities. The deposits in this province have dominant NNE and NNW mineralized veins (Fig. 7). The Yeongyang-Yeongdeok province in the northeastern tip part of the Gyeongsang Basin includes about 25 Au-Ag-Cu deposits (Fig. 3). Most of deposits are located in sedimentary rocks of the Hayang Group and volcanic rocks of the Yucheon Group (Fig. 4). The deposits in this province have dominant NS and NE mineralized veins (Fig. 7). The Miryang-Cheongdo province in the southern part of the Gyeongsang Basin includes pyrophyllite-porcelainstone deposits. All the deposits are distributed in the volcanic rocks of the Yucheon Group (Fig. 4). The deposits are distributed along a NNE trend parallel to the Yangsan Fault System (Fig. 3). Mineralization age of Miryang pyrophyllite deposit in this province is 69.7 Ma (Koh et al., 2000a). The Yangsan province in the southeastern margin of the Gyeongsang Basin is mainly composed of pyrophyllite-porcelainstone deposits. All the deposits are hosted in the volcanic rocks of the Yucheon Group (Fig. 4). These deposits are aligned in a NNE trend parallel to the Ilgwang and Dongrae Fault Systems (Fig. 3). Mineralization age of Bobae porcelainstone, Dongrae and Cheonbulsan pyrophyllite deposits in this province ranges from 79.4 to 65.9 Ma (Koh et al., 2000a). 4. Mineralization and Igneous Activity Metallic hydrothermal deposits distributed in the Gyeongsang Basin are mostly limited within or near the

vol. 53, no. 3, 2003


179

37°

Uljin

N

Bonghwa 28 149 145 140 64

192 87

Yeongyang

84 12

Mungyeong

186

44

Sangju

1 62

133

45

20

22

92

77

235 150

162

113 48 177

19

70

213

223

29

86

111

95

108

117

Daegu

69

40

59 151

18

98 24 131

176 181

Jinju 153

Sacheon 72

143

148

Miryang

173

35

25

31 171

180 54

49 26

128

191

Masan

38

60

51

Hapcheon

75

88

136

207

11

124

46

188

228

2 206

7 114 152 168

100

80 163 166

68 135 198 183

174 110

237

0

128°

66

Yangsan

CRETACEOUS

187 190

50 km

189

17

103 231 196

215

37 93 197

Ulsan

8

106

201

216

155 170

6 156 138 230

16 15

101 202

94

Busan 232

35°

LEGEND

Goseong

Tongyeong

41 178 154

195

Jinhae

193

76 42

212

25

221 211 36 118 208 161 218 209 146 105 96 139

125

123 9 13

222 172 14 104 159 112 57 233 227 182 217 3 167 73 120 144 127 122 142 5 55 219 165 99 179 132 158 67 74 102 89 79 115 34

210

36°

238 169 220

Gyeongju 199

65

Goryeong 43

61

Pohang 119

203 50

205 107

225

214 204

194

109

129 78

Seongju

81

137

200

10

Gumi

53

126 63

27 147

185 83 90

97

Yeongdeok

224

23

160

85 121 134

30

175

47 157

Uiseong

52

130

184

71

82

226 56 164

58

229

116

4

39 236

Tertiary volcanic and sedimentary rocks Bulguksa granite

Yucheon group Hayang group Shindong group Granites(Precambrian)

)

129°

Fig. 4 Geology and distribution of hydrothermal mineral deposits of the Gyeongsang Basin (Deposit symbol is same as those of Figure 3, and geology is from 1:1,000,000 Geological Map of Korea edited by Chwae et al., 1995).

180


Frequency

20

K-Ar age of sericite from metallic deposit K-Ar age of sericite from non-metallic deposit

10

Ma

0 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

40 35

Frequency

30

Age of granitic rocks Age of volcanic rocks

25 20 15 10

RESOURCE GEOLOGY :

(Cretaceous Coniacian) to 50 Ma (Tertiary Eocene). The metallogenic provinces of the Gyeongsang Basin are divided into three continuous mineralization epochs of 100~80 Ma, 80~60 Ma, and 60~40 Ma to examine time-space relationship (Fig. 6). The MasanGoseong and Hapcheon-GoryeongSeongju provinces in the western part of the Gyeongsang Basin show the mineralization age from 100 Ma (Cenomanian) to 80 Ma (Santonian). The Uiseong, Miryang-Cheongdo and Yangsan provinces in the central part of the Gyeongsang Basin are characterized by the mineralization from 80 Ma (Santonian) to 60 Ma (Paleocene Montian) in age. The deposits distributed in the region of the Tertiary basin of the eastern part of the Gyeongsang Basin show the mineralization from 60 Ma (Paleocene Montian) to 40 Ma (Eocene Batonian). Thus the mineralization age becomes young from western part to eastern part of the Gyeongsang Basin (Fig. 6). 5. Geological Structure

5

Ma

The Gyeongsang Basin and its vicinity are divided into three structural domains based on the orientation of faults and lineaments. The Quaternary Mesozoic western part of the Gyeongsang Tertiary Cretaceous Basin dominates in a N-S to NNWJurassic SSE trend, whereas the central part Lower Upper of the Gyeongsang Basin dominates in a WNW-ESE trend, known as Fig. 5 Histogram showing K-Ar age data of volcanic rocks and sericite occurring in mineral deposits of the Gyeongsang Basin. The data sources of K-Ar age of Gaeum Fault System, and NNEsericite are listed in Appendix. Ages of igneous rocks are complied from the data SSW trend is dominant in the eastof Park (1994), Kim et al. (1997), and Shin and Jin (1995b, 1995c). ern part of Gyeongsang Basin, Fig. 5 known as Yangsan Fault System or Bulguksa granite (Fig. 4). Most of the hydrothermal "Kyongju horsetail structure" (Ryoo, 1997) (Fig. 7). pyrophyllite, sericite, and porcelainstone deposits are In the central part of the Gyeongsang Basin, the Gaeum distributed within the volcanic rocks of the Yucheon Fault System consists of Geumcheon, Gaeum, Ubo, and Group (Fig. 4). About 150 age data of igneous rocks Sinryeong Faults from north to south (Fig. 7). Choi (1996) (granite and volcanic rocks) and sericite occurring in and Choi et al. (2001) suggested mainly five tectonic metallic and clay deposits were compiled and examined events around the Gaeum Fault System; E-W (Barremi(Fig. 5). The age of granites and volcanic rocks, and an), N-S (Turonian), NW-SE (Paleocene), NE-SW mineralization age range from 140 to 40 Ma and 100 to (Oligocene), and WNW-ESE (Late Miocene) compres40 Ma, respectively (Fig. 5). The dominant ages of sional tectonic events. Among five tectonic events, a igneous activity and mineralization range from 90 Ma sinistral movement of Gaeum Fault System is the most 0

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

vol. 53, no. 3, 2003


181

37°

Uljin

N

Bonghwa

Ogcheon Mungyeong Belt

Yeongyang 62 59.8

236

1. 3

1. 5

60. 6

Sangju 58 57.5

1. 3

229

224

160 60.2

65.7 1. 7

45.4 1.0

Yeongdeok

1. 3

63

85

Uiseong

60.1 1 . 3

2.1

82.5 22 60. 2 1.3 83 71.5 1. 8

235

48.1 1. 2 47.7 1. 2

Gumi

238

8 0 - 6 0 Ma 203

87. 8 1. 6 53 77.3

60- 40 Ma

Daegu

Gyeongju

25 69.7 1. 8

169

39. 7 0. 9

205 98.4 1.8

1.9

36°

Pohang

29 77. 7 2. 0 86 67.2 1.7

Seongju Yeongnam Massif

51.2 1.3

76

198 65. 0 67Ks e

Goryeong

57.7 1.5 37

54. 0 42 66.8

1.7

197

100 - 80 Ma 11 81.3

53.9 1.4

Hapcheon

171 69.7

2. 0

Ulsan

2.1

17 68.6

2.0

216

Miryang 131 81.5

159

95, 92, 93, 100Kse

233 Masan 84.8 2.1

Jinju 127

58.0

2.1

237 82. 4 161 86.8

2.2

Yangsan

138 69.0 6. 2

2 74. 9 ± 1. 9

Jinhae

84.0

1. 4

66

Busan

2.1

79.4± 2.0 66.0± 2.0 68.6± 2.0

120 82.4 1.4

Sacheon

193 82.0

5

Goseong 67

187 85.0

Tongyeong

67.0 1.4

215 72.9 1. 2

128°

35°

79, 68, 66, 68, 79.0 65.9± 1.7 67.5± 1. 7 67.5± 1. 3 79.4 ± 2. 1

0

50 km

129°

Fig. 6 Classification of mineralization age of the hydrothermal deposits of the Gyeongsang Basin. The circled number near the symbol of mineral deposits is same as the list number of mineral deposits in Appendix, and the numbers near circled deposit number mean the mineralization age (sericite age) with unit of Ma.

182


important and conspicuous one. This sinistral movement of the Gaeum Fault System coincides with a NW-SE compressional event of the Paleocene (65~55 Ma) (Choi et al., 2001). We consider that the NW-SE compressional event developed tensional fractures before the main sinistral movement of Gaeum Fault System. In the eastern part of the Gyeongsang Basin, six faults run sub-parallel to the NNE-SSW direction. These faults are the Jain, Miryang, Moryang, Yangsan, Dongrae, and Ilgwang Faults from west to east, which are called Yangsan Fault System. The Dongrae Fault joins with Ulsan Fault trending mainly NNW-SSE (Fig. 7). These faults are distributed in the Cretaceous sedimentary and volcanic rocks, and displaced the Cretaceous to Early Tertiary granitic rocks. The Yangsan Fault System which is named as the "Kyongju horsetail structure" is mainly resulted in the dextral shearing along the convergent continental margin during 42~15 Ma (Ryoo, 1997). 6. Mineralization and Geological Structure The NNW-SSE veins dominated in the western part of the Gyeongsang Basin are 100 to 80 Ma in age (Fig. 7). The tensional fissures are mainly developed parallel to NNW-SSE compressional stress in the Hapcheon-Goryeong-Seongju and Masan-Goseong provinces (Fig. 7). The deposits distributed in the central part of the Gyeongsang Basin have the dominant NW-SE veins with the mineralization age from 80 to 60 Ma (Fig. 7). The formation of these veins seems to have been derived from the stress which formed the Gaeum and Yangsan Fault systems. Namely, NW-SE tensional fractures were developed parallel to the compressional stress which is associated with the conjugate fracturing between WNWESE fracturing of Gaeum Fault System and NNE-SSW fracturing of Yangsan Fault System (Fig. 7). There are also a number of WNW-ESE veins of 80-60 Ma, in particular, in the northern part of the Gyeongsang Basin. These veins may be developed parallel to WNW-ESE faults at the same time. NE-SW mineralized veins are dominant in the eastern part of the Gyeongsang Basin (Fig. 7), which show the youngest mineralization age from 60 to 40 Ma in contrast to the veins of western and central parts of the Gyeongsang Basin. The mineralization of the deposits with NE-SW veins seems to be controlled by the NESW fracturing which is mainly related with NE-SW compressional stress and is also developed as secondary fractures within the dextrally moved NNE-trending Yangsan Fault System (Ryoo, 1997; Chwae et al., 1998) (Fig. 7). In particular, NNE-SSW mineralized veins are prevailed in all basin area, which may be resulted in a reactivation of fractures developed in the first stage (Fig. 7), namely NNE-trending fractures.

RESOURCE GEOLOGY :

7. Discussions on Mineralization and Tectonics This paper tries to explain the following four questions: (1) Why did the hydrothermal deposits gather within the Gyeongsang Basin? (2) Why the seven metallogenic provinces in the Gyeongsang Basin were formed? (3) Why the metallic and non-metallic deposits were formed in the different provinces of the Gyeongsang Basin? and (4) How three stages of mineralization, stress field, fracturing in the Gyeongsang Basin were related each other? For explaining the above questions, we compile and interpret many data, and propose our new idea from viewpoints of the regional geological, structural, and geochemical characteristics of the igneous rocks and mineralization of the Gyeongsang Basin as follows. Firstly, it is the spatial distribution of ore deposits in the Gyeongsang Basin. Most of the metallic deposits are distributed within or near the Bulguksa granite, whereas most of the hydrothermal clay deposits are volcanichosted of the Yucheon Group. It means the metallic deposits may be related spatially with the intrusion activities of the Bulguksa granite, and hydrothermal clay deposits may be related spatially with the intermediate volcanism in the Late Cretaceous Period. Secondly, it is the age similarity of the igneous rocks and mineralization. The dominant ages of igneous rocks (granites and volcanic rocks) and mineralization range from 90 Ma (Cretaceous Coniacian) to 50 Ma (Tertiary Eocene). These data indicate that the igneous activities and mineralization are mainly limited in the time. Thirdly, the Gyeongsang Basin are divided into three structural domains based on the orientation of faults and lineaments, namely, NNW-SSE trend in the western part, WNW-ESE trend (Gaeum Fault System) in the central part, and NNE-SSW trend (Yangsan Fault System) in the eastern part of the Gyeongsang Basin. The veins of ore deposits have also similar directions as the structures in the Gyeongsang Basin (Fig. 7). This indicates that the formation of mineralized veins was mainly controlled by the structural channels of the above three fracture systems. Fourthly, 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and 208Pb/204Pb of isotopic data of 39 ore (galena) samples occurring in various metallic deposits are 18.2~18.6, 15.49~15.65, and 38.0~39.0, respectively, and those of 40 samples belonging to the Bulguksa granite are 18.3~18.8, 15.57~15.64, and 38.4~39.0 (Kwon, 1992; Chang, 1997). This similarity of Pb isotopes between ore galena and common lead indicates that Pb source of galena and the Bulguksa granite are derived from a same origin, and supports the genetic relationship between mineralization and the intrusion activity of the Bulguksa granite. The above interpretations are not enough to explain

128°

11

10

9

8

1 2 3

5

0

129°

4 6

7

50 km

N

Central part of the Gyeongsang basin (n=51) : pale pink colored area

Eastern part of the Gyeongsang basin (n=15) : pale blue colored area

2nd Stage (80 to 60 Ma)

3rd Stage (60 to 40 Ma)

Fig. 7 Fault (thick line), lineament (thinner line), and vein strikes (red thick line) of hydrothermal vein deposits of the Gyeongsang Basin and neighboring area. The different colors of fault and lineament mean the different directions and stages. NS and NNW faults and lineaments are presented by orange color, NNE, WNW, and NW structural lines by blue color, and NE structural lines by green color. The rose diagram represents the vein directions of the metallic hydrothermal vein type deposits, which are divided into the western, central, and eastern parts of the Gyeongsang Basin. The box model represents the directions of compressional and tensional stresses with the different stages and periods. Circled numbers representing the fault names are same as Figure 3.

1st Stage (100 to 80 Ma)

Sequential model of compressional and tensional stresses

Western part of the Gyeongsang basin (n=74) : pale yellow colored area

Rose diagram of vein directions


Fi g. 7

35°

36°

37°

vol. 53, no. 3, 2003 183

184


completely four questions which we cited in the first paragraph. Nevertheless, we propose that the main igneous activities, mineralization, and fracturing are probably related each other, and are divided into at least three stages of 100~80, 80~60, and 60~40 Ma. The intermediate to acidic volcanic rocks and volcanichosted hydrothermal pyrophyllite deposits are distributed in the confined belt connecting Southeast China Southeast Korea - Southwest Japan. In addition to this spatial distribution, the age of volcanic rocks and hydrothermal alteration are very similar. For example, the formation ages of the hydrothermal alteration formed the Ohira pyrophyllite, Hiraki kaolin, and Shokozan pyrophyllite deposits in Southwest Japan, range form 80 to 60 Ma (Fujii et al., 1979; Kitagawa et al., 1988; Myint et al., 1995), and those of Korean pyrophyllite deposits are from 80 to 65 Ma (Koh et al., 2000a; 2000c). These results coincide with the model of Terakado and Nohda (1993) that Japanese island arc was located near the Korean Peninsula and a NE-trending subduction belt was made in the southeastern sea side by the movement of the Pacific and Kula plates. They also suggest that an igneous activity belt with NE direction connecting Southeast China - Southeast Korea - Southwest Japan was formed. Chang (1997) suggested that Sr isotope values of igneous rocks of the Gyeongsang Basin and southwestern Japan are almost the same values of 0.706 and ore Pb isotope values (207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb) of galena in the ore deposits of the both areas have the same range of 15.49~15.65 and 38.0~39.0. The above characteristics indicate that the hydrothermal deposits distributed within the Gyeongsang Basin were formed by the hydrothermal activities associated with the igneous activities in the NE-trending belt connecting Southeast China Southeast Korea - Southwest Japan since the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary. 8. Summary and Conclusions The hydrothermal deposits in the Gyeongsang Basin are included in five metallogenic provinces of MasanGoseong, Hapcheon-Goryeong-Seongju, Uiseong, Bonghwa, and Yeongyang-Yeongdeok, and two nonmetallic provinces of Miryang-Cheongdo and Yangsan. The metallogenic epochs in the Gyeongsang Basin are divided into three epochs of 100~80 Ma (western part), 80~60 Ma (central part), and 60~40 Ma (eastern part of the Gyeongsang Basin). The mineralized veins show three dominant directions of NNW-SSE, NW-SE, and NE-SW. NNW-SSE veins in the western part of the Gyeongsang Basin were hosted by tensional fissures associated with NNW-SSE compressional stresses from 100 to 80 Ma. NW-SE veins in the central part of the Gyeongsang Basin seem to be

RESOURCE GEOLOGY :

derived from the same stresses which formed the Gaeum and Yangsan Fault systems from 80 to 60 Ma. NW-SE tensional stresses are interpreted to be associated with the conjugate fracturing of WNW-ESE fracturing formed the Gaeum Fault System and NNE-SSW fracturing formed the Yangsan Fault System. NE-SW veins in the eastern part of the Gyeongsang Basin seem to be hosted by the NE-SW fractures, which is mainly related with NE-SW compressional stress and also developed as secondary fractures within the dextrally moved NNE-trending Yangsan Fault System from 60 to 40 Ma. Therefore, the mineralization and fracturing of the Gyeongsang Basin show the progressive episodes from west to east during the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary. The mineralization within the Gyeongsang Basin was genetically associated with the igneous activity that occurred in NE-SW igneous belt connecting Southeast China - Southeast Korea - Southwest Japan. This igneous belt with the continuous series of volcanismplutonism-hydrothermal activity would be formed by the subduction of the Pacific and Kula plates. Acknowledgments: The authors are very grateful to Dr. Y. Watanabe of the Institute for Geo-Resources and Environment, AIST, Japan, for his critical reviewing of an early manuscript with helpful comments. We thank to Dr. A. J. Reedman for his English revision of the draft of the manuscript. References Chang, B. U. (1997) A Study on the Lead Isotopic Compositions of Ore Deposits and Igneous Rocks in the Gyeongsang Basin, Southeast Korea. Seoul National Univ., PhD Thesis, 100p. Chang, H. W. (1994) Igneous activity and metallic mineral deposits in the Gyeongsang Basin. in Processes of Formation of Metallic and Non-metallic Mineral Deposits in the Gyeongsang Basin. KOSEF, 91-06-00-03, 77–181. Choi, P. Y. (1996) Reconstitutions des paleocontraintes en tectonique cassante: methodes et application aux domaines continentaux deformes (Coree, Jura). Doctoral Dissertation of Universite P. & M. Curie, 257p. Choi, P. Y., Kwon, S. K., Hwang, J. H. and Lee, S. R. (2001) Formation and deformation of the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Basin, Korea. Abstracts of 1st Symposium on the Geology of Korea. 11–14. Choi, P. Y. and 25 others (2002) Tectonic Evolution of Korea: Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution (2). KIGAM Report, KR-02-01, 241p. Choi, S. K., Chi, S. J., Yun, S. T., Koh, Y. K. and Yu, J. S. (1989) Gold-silver mineralization of the Geojae area. Jour. Korean Inst. Mining Geol., 22, 303–314. Chwae, U., Kim, K. B., Hong, S. H., Lee, B. J., Hwang, J. H., Park, K. H, Hwang, S. K., Choi, P. Y., Song, K. Y. and Jin, M. S. (1995) Geological Map of Korea (1/1,000,000). Korea Institute of Geology, Mining and Materials. Chwae, U. and 57 others (1998) Final Report of the Re-evalu-

vol. 53, no. 3, 2003


ation to the Design Base Earthquake Considering the Yangsan Fault. Korea Institute of Geology, Mining and Materials, Korea Electric Power Corporation, 1694p. Fletcher, C. J. N. and Rundle, C. C. (1977) Age of mineralization at Sannae and Ilkwang mines, Kyeongsang Basin, Republic of Korea. Jour. Geol. Soc. Korea, 13, 71–75. Fujii, N., Hirano, H., Sudo, S., Kamitani, M. and Togashi, Y. (1979) Geologic features to formation of the pyrophyllite and sericite clay (roseki) deposits in the Mitsuishi area, Southern Japan. Mining Geol., 29, 83–95. Jin, M. S. (1981) Petrology and Geochemistry of the Cretaceous Granitic Rocks in South Korea. PhD Thesis, Seoul National Univ. Kim, S. J. (1997) Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Igneous Activity and Polymetallic Mineralization in the Northern Gyeongsang Basin, Korea. PhD Thesis, Chungnam National Univ., 276p. Kim, S. J., Lee, H. K. and Itaya, T. (1997) K-Ar ages and geochemistry for granitic and volcanic rocks in the Euiseong and Shinryeong area, Korea. Econ. Environ. Geol., 30, 603–612. Kitagawa, R., Nishido, H. and Takeno, S. (1988) K-Ar ages of the sericite and kaolin deposits in the Chugoku district, southwest Japan. Mining Geol., 38, 279–290. Koh, S. M. and Chang, H. W. (1997) Comparative anatomy of the hydrothermal alteration of Chonnam and Gyeongsang hydrothermal clay alteration areas in Korea. Econ. Environ. Geol., 30, 81–87. Koh, S. M., Takagi, T., Kim, M. Y., Naito, K., Hong, S. S. and Sudo, S. (2000a) Geological and geochemical characteristics of the hydrothermal clay alteration in South Korea. Resource Geol., 50, 229–242. Koh, S. M., Hwang, D. H., Kim, S. Y., Lee, D. J., Kim, D. U., Lee, H. Y., Kim, Y. U., Kim, Y. I., Yun, H. Y., Paek, S. H. and Lee, C. O. (2000b) Study on the Data-base and Assessment of Domestic Mineral Resources I (Area of 1:250,000 Pusan and Andong Geological Sheets). KIGAM, 2000-RTIO2-P-03, 90p. Koh, S. M., Kim, M. Y., Kim, D. U., Kim, Y. U., Kim, S. Y., Lee, H. Y., Takagi, T., Naito, K. and Sudo, S. (2000c) Study on the Non-metallic Mineral Deposits in Korea and Japan. KIGAM, KR-00(T)-19, 158p. Koh, S. M., Hwang, D. H., Kim, S. Y., Lee, D. J., Kim, D. U., Lee, H. Y., Kim, Y. U., Yoo, J. H., Kim, Y. I., Ryoo, C. R. and Song, M. S. (2002) Study on the Data-base and Assessment of Domestic Mineral Resources III (Area of 1:250,000 Seoul and Gangreung Geological Sheets). KIGAM, KR02(C)-14, 84p. Kwon, S. T. (1992) Lead isotopic study of Phanerozoic granitic rocks in south Korea: preliminary report. Abstract of papers presented at the 47th Annual Meeting, Jour. Soc. Korea. Lee, H. K., Kim, S. J. and Itaya, T. (1997) K-Ar ages of igneous rocks and mineralization around the EuseongCheongsong Area, Korea. Memoirs of Professor Hee-In Park's Retirement, 169–175. Lee, S. M. (1972) Granites and mineralization in the Gyeongsang basin. Memoirs in Celebration of the 60th Birthday of Professor Chi-Moo Son, 195–215.

185

Lee, S. M. (1981) Geology and metallic mineralization associated with Mesozoic granitic magmatism in South Korea. Jour. Korean Inst. Mining Geol., 31, 235–244. Lee, S. M. and Yoon, S. (1974) Relationship between Igneous Activity and Mineralization in Korea. MOST, R-74-48. Min, K. D., Kim, O. J., Yoon, S., Lee, D. S. and Joo, S. H. (1982) Applicability of plate tectonics to the post-late Cretaceous igneous activities and mineralization in the southern part of South Korea (I). Jour. Korean Inst. Mining Geol., 15, 123–154. Moon, H. S. (1994) Mineralogy and genetic environment of some industrial mineral deposits in the Gyeongsang Basin. in Processes of Formation of Metallic and Non-metallic Mineral Deposits in the Gyeongsang Basin. KOSEF, 9106-00-03, 183–305. Myint, K. K., Watanabe, M. and Nishido, H. (1995) K-Ar ages of the felsic magmatism and their significance on volcanostratigraphy and kaolin mineralization at the Hiraki mine, Hyogo Prefecture, SW Japan. Resource Geol., 45, 341–345. Park, H. I. (1994) Metallogenic epochs and provinces of the Gyeongsang Basin. in Processes of Formation of Metallic and Non-metallic Mineral Deposits in the Gyeongsang Basin. KOSEF, 91-06-00-03, 29–75. Park, H. I., Chang, H. W. and Jin, M. S. (1988) K-Ar ages of mineral deposits in the Taebaeg Mountain District. Jour. Korean Inst. Mining Geol., 21, 57–67. Ryoo, C.-R. (1997) Fault system in the southeastern Korea: Kyongju horsetail structure as a new synthetic interpretation. in Lee, Y. I. and Kim, J. H. (eds.) Tectonic Evolution of Eastern Asian Continent. Geol. Soc. Korea 50th Ann.. Intern. Symp., 22-27. Shelton, K. L., So, C. S., Haeussler, G. T., Chi, S. J. and Lee, K. Y. (1990) Geochemical studies of the Tongyoung goldsilver deposits, Republic of Korea: Evidence of meteoric water dominance in a Te-bearing epithermal system. Econ. Geol., 85, 1114–1132. Shin, S. C. and Jin, M. S. (1995a) Isotope Age Map of Ore Deposits in Korea (1:1,000,000). KIGAM. Shin, S. C. and Jin, M. S. (1995b) Isotope Age Map of Plutonic Rocks in Korea (1:1,000,000). KIGAM. Shin, S. C. and Jin, M. S. (1995c) Isotope Age Map of Volcanic Rocks in Korea (1:1,000,000). KIGAM. So, C. S., Choi, S. H., Chi, S. J., Choi, S. G. and Shelton, K. L. (1989) Geochemical studies on the Au-Ag hydrothermal vein deposits, Republic of Korea: Goryeong-Waegwan mineralization area. Jour. Korean. Inst. Mining Geol., 22, 221–235. So, C. S., Shelton, K. L., Chi, S. J. and Yun, S. T. (1991) Geochemical studies of the Gyeongsang W-Mo mine, Republic of Korea: Progressive meteoric water inundation of a magmatic hydrothermal system. Econ. Geol., 86, 750–767. Terakado, Y. and Nohda, S. (1993) Rb-Sr dating of acidic rocks from the middle part of the Inner Zone of Southwest Japan Tectonic implications for the migration of the Cretaceous to Paleogene igneous activity. Chem. Geol., 109, 69–87. (Editorial handling: Hiroharu MATSUEDA)

186


RESOURCE GEOLOGY :

APPENDIX. Data of metallic hydrothermal vein type Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn and non-metallic hydrothermal clay deposits in the Gyeongsang Basin. No. Deposit name

Major ore

Minor ore

Host rock Jurassic biotite granite Cretaceous andesite

1

Andong

Cu

2

Baegwol

Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Zn

3

Baegyang

Cu

4

Baeyeon

Au-Ag

W, Au-Ag Micrographic granite granite gneiss

5

Bobae

porcelainstone

rhyodacitic tuff (Yucheon Group)

6

Bukdongrae

pyrophyllite

7

Bukmyeon

pyrophyllite

8

Bulgok

Au-Ag

9

Bulguksa

pyrophyllite

10 11

Bunam Burim

pyrophyllite Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Zn

12 13 14

Changbo Changgang Changheung

Cu Au-Ag Au-Ag

Au Pb-Zn Cu-Pb-Zn

15

Cheolma

Cu

Fe, S

16 17

Cheolwon Cheonbulsan

Au-Ag pyrophyllite

Cu

Cu-Pb-Zn

Cheonji

Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Zn

27

Cheonmasan

Au-Ag

28

Chilbo

Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Zn

29

Chilgok

Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Zn

30

porcelainstone

31

Chojeon -ceramics Chunhwa

32

Chunyang (1) Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Zn

33

Chunyang (2) Au-Ag

Cu-Fe

pyrophyllite

hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal

Mineralization age (Ma)

Park (1994): 74.9±1.9 (sericite)

Vein strike

Vein dip

N45°W

70°SW

N20-30°W

70-80°NE

N70-80°W N30°W

70-80°NE

N30°W

70°SW

Moon (1994): 79.4±2.1(sericite) 67.5±1.7 (sericite) 65.9±2.1 (sericite); Park (1994): 79.4±1.8 (sericite)

andesitic rock (Yucheon Group) andesitic rock (Yucheon Group) andesitic breccia

hydrothermal N60°W

75-80°SW

andesitic rock (Yucheon Group) tuff (Yucheon Group) Cretaceous sedimentary rock Bulguksa granite Cretaceous andesite Cretaceous sedimentary rock andesite

hydrothermal quartz-vein Choi et al. (2002) 67.2±1.4 (sericite) 67.3±1.4 (sericite) hydrothermal hydrothermal hydrothermal quartz-vein Park (1994): 81.3±2.0 (sericite) hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal quartz-vein

N70°E N50-60°E

30°SE 80-85°SW

N60-70°W NS

85°NE 60°W

N20-40°W

70-85°NE

N55-65°W

65-75°SW

NS

80°W-90°

Cretaceous porphyry andesitic rock (Yucheon Group) 18 Cheongam Cu Pb-Zn Cretaceous sedimentary rock, andesite, granodiorite 19 Cheonggye Au-Ag Cu-Pb-Zn Precambrian granitic gneiss 20 Cheonghwa Au-Ag Precambrian granitic gneiss 21 Cheongryong Pb-Zn Cu-Au-Ag tuff, tuffaceous breccia 22 Cheongsong(1) Au-Ag Cu-Pb-Zn Cretaceous sedimentary rock 23 Cheongsong(2) porcelainstone Cretaceous felsite 24 Cheongyong Au-Ag Cu-Pb-Zn Cretaceous volcanic rock (tuff) 25 Cheonil Au-Ag Cu-Pb Cretaceous granite 26

Deposit type

hydrothermal

hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal

Koh et al. (2000c): 68.6±2.0 (sericite)

hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal quartz-vein

N10-30°W, 70-80°SW, N80°W 90°

hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal vein Kim (1997): (fracture filling) 60.2±1.3 (sericite) hydrothermal hydrothermal quartz-vein

N40-60°W

50-60°NE

N20-40°W

80°NE

N40-60°W

50-60°NE

hydrothermal quartz-vein Park (1994): 69.7±1.8 (sericite) hydrothermal quartz-vein

N70°W

Cretaceous andesite, tuff Cretaceous sedimen- hydrothermal quartz-vein tary rock Precambrian limestone skarn (Wonnam Series) Cretaceous granite hydrothermal vein Park (1994) (fracture filling) 77.7±2.0 (sericite) Cretaceous quartz hydrothermal porphyry andesitic rock hydrothermal (Yucheon Group) Jurassic biotite granite hydrothermal quartz-vein (Chunyang granite) Precambrian limestone skarn (Yulri Series)

N10-20°W

90°

NS

72-80°E

EW

N10°W

N10°E

45°NW

vol. 53, no. 3, 2003


APPENDIX (continued) No. Deposit name Major ore

Minor ore

Host rock

34

Daegeum

Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Zn

35

Daegok

Au-Ag

Cu

36 37

Daehan Daejang (1)

porcelainstone sericite

38

Daejang (2)

Au-Ag

Cretaceous sedimentary rock Cretaceous sedimentary rock Cretaceous felsite Cretaceous feldspar porphyry, biotite granite Cretaceous sedimentary rock limestone, biotite granite, quartzhornblende diorite Cretaceous andesite Cretaceous rhyolite, limestone Cretaceous andesite

39 Daejang -Cheolsan

Cu

40 Daejeon 41 Daeju

Au-Ag Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Zn

42

Daejung

Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Zn

43

Daemin

Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Zn

44

Fe

45

Daemyeong Pb-Zn -Mungyeong Daeneung Au-Ag

46

Daesan

47

Daeseong (1) Au-Ag

48

Daeseong (2) Cu-Pb-Zn

49

Daewon

Cu-Pb-Zn, Fe Cu-Pb-Zn Cretaceous sedimentary rock Au-Ag Cretaceous sedimentary rock, Bulguksa intrusives Cu Cretaceous andesite

Au-Ag

Au-Ag

Cretaceous biotite granite Cambrian limestone granite gneiss

50 Daeyeong 51 Dalseong

Au-Ag Cu

52

Danmil

Au-Ag

53

Darak

Au-Ag

Pb-Zn

54 55

Deokchon Deokwoo

Au-Ag Au-Ag

Cu-Pb Cu

56

Dogok

Cu

Pb-Zn

57

Dongbo

Cu

Pb-Zn

58

Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Zn

59 60

Dongcheok -Oksan Donggok (1) Donggok (2)

Au-Ag pyrophyllite

Cu-Pb

61

Donghae

Porcelainstone

62

Donghwa

Au-Ag

Cu

63

Dongjeom

Au-Ag

Cu-Pb

64

Dongjin

Au-Ag

65

Dongmun

Au-Ag

66

Dongrae

Pyrophyllite

Au-Ag -Pb-Zn

Jurassic biotite granite andesitic rock Cretaceous sedimentary rock granite gneiss granite gneiss Cretaceous sedimentary rock, andesite Cretaceous sedimentary rock, quartz porphyry micrographic granite Cretaceous sedimentary rock Cretaceous andesite andesitic rock (Yucheon Group) Cretaceous quartz porphyry Cretaceous sedimentary rock Cretaceous sedimentary rock, Cretaceous biotite granite Cretaceous sedimentary rock, Cretaceous Onjeongri biotite granite Cretaceous biotite granite andesitic rock (Yucheon Group)

187

Deposit type

Mineralization age Vein strike (Ma) hydrothermal quartz-vein NS

65-70°W

hydrothermal quartz-vein

N25°E

70-75°SE

N30°W N50°E

80°SE

hydrothermal hydrothermal

Park(1994): 53.8±1.4(sericite)


Vein dip

N10°EN10°W N75°WN60°E

65-85°SE (NE) 55-65°NE

hydrothermal quartz-vein skarn

N30°W EW

80°SW 40°N

hydrothermal quartz-vein Park(1994): 66.8±1.7(sericite) hydrothermal quartz-vein

N40-80°W

85°SW

N40-60°W

60-80°SW

N10EN20°W N10-20°W

90° 70°NE

N20-60°W

68-88°NE

N15°WN15°E N10-25°W N70°W

70°SW

N35°W

70-75°SW

skarn

skarn hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal quartz-vein Park(1994): 77.3±1.9(sericite) hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal quartz-vein

N60-80°W

70-90°SW

N10-30°W N60°W

70-85°SW 85°NE


NS

E

hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal quartz-vein Kim(1997): 57.5±1.3(sericite) hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal

N60-70°W

70-80°NE

N20-50°W

hydrothermal hydrothermal quartz-vein Kim (1997): 59.8±1.3 (sericite) Park (1994): N45°E hydrothermal quartz-vein 82.5±2.1 (sericite) hydrothermal quartz-vein

90°

N80°E


Park (1994): EW 79.4±2.0 (sericite) Koh et al. (2000c): 66.0±2.0 (sericite) 67.3±2.0 (sericite)

15-20°N

188


RESOURCE GEOLOGY :


Minor ore

67

Dongseong

Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Zn Cretaceous andesite

68

Duseo

pyrophyllite

69

Eunpo

Au-Ag

70

Eunseong

Au-Ag

71

Euseong

Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Zn

72

Gacheon

Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Zn

73

Gadeok (1)

Pb-Zn

Fe

74 75

Gadeok (2) Gahwae

pyrophyllite Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Ba

76

Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Zn

77

Gampo -Eunsan Geoseong

Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Zn

78

Geumban

Au-Ag

79

Geumbong

Au-Ag

80

Geumcheon

Porcelainstone

81

Geumdeok

Cu

Pb-Zn

82

Geumdong

Au-Ag

Cu-Pb

83

Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Zn

84

Geumdong -Chilbo Geumgu

Cu

Au-Ag

85

Geumhak

Au-Ag

86

Geumhwa

Au-Ag

87

Geumjang

Au-Ag

88

Geumjeon

Au-Ag

89

Geumjeong (1) Au-Ag

Pb-Zn

Host rock

andesitic rock (Yucheon Group) Precambrian granitic gneiss Cretaceous sedimentary rock, Cretaceous granite Cretaceous sedimentary rock Cretaceous granodiorite quartz porphyry, felsite, hornblende granite andesitic breccia Cretaceous biotite granite Cretaceous felsite porphyry Cretaceous sedimentary rock Cretaceous sedimentary rock Cretaceous sedimentary rock andesitic tuff (Yucheon Group) Ulyeonsan conglomerate, Cretaceous felsite Cretaceous sedimentary rock Cretaceous granite

Cretaceous sedimentary rock Cu-Pb-Zn Cretaceous sedimentary rock Cu, W Cretaceous sedimentary rock Cu-Pb-Zn Cretaceous Onjeongri granite Pb-Zn Cretaceous andesite Pb

Precambrian schists (Goseonri Fm.) 90 Geumjeong (2) Au-Ag Cretaceous diorite 91 Geumjeongsan Cu Au-Ag Cretaceous sedimentary rock 92 Geumjin Au-Ag Cu-Fe granite 93 Geumryeong Au-Ag Cu-Pb Cretaceous granodiorite, quartz porphyry 94 Geumryeonsan Cu Pb-Zn Cretaceous sedimentary rock 95 Geumryong Au-Ag Cu-Pb-Zn Cretaceous sedimentary rock 96 Geumseok Pyrophyllite andesitic rock (Yucheon Group) 97 Geumseong Porcelainstone Cretaceous quartz porphyry 98 Geumsuchalbi Au-Ag Cretaceous sedimentary rock 99 Geumyeong Au-Ag Cu Cretaceous sedimentary rock 100 Gigu Au-Ag Cu-Pb-Zn Cretaceous sedimentary rock 101 Gijang Au-Ag Cu-Pb-Zn Cretaceous diorite

Deposit type hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal

Mineralization age (Ma) Park (1994):67.0± 1.4 (K-feldspar)

Vein strike

Vein dip

N20°E

55°SW

N65-85°W

75-80°SW

hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) skarn hydrothermal hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal quartz-vein Park (1994): 57.7±1.5 (sericite) hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal quartz-vein

NS N50°E, EW 33°NW, 30°N N20-40°E 70-85°SE N10-20°W 75-85°NE N10-30°E

80-85°NW

N75°W

85°NE

N20°E, N70°W N5-15°E

80°NW, 70°NE 60-70°SE

NS

70-80°W

N30-45°W

80-85°NE

N20-30°W

80°NE

hydrothermal hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal quartz-vein Park (1994): 71.5±1.8 (sericite) hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal quartz-vein Kim (1997): 60.1±1.3 (sericite) hydrothermal quartz-vein Park (1994): 67.2±1.7 (sericite) hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal quartz-vein

N55-60°W, 55-65°SW, N10°E 75-80°SE

N30-40°W

70-80°NE

NS

65-80°W

pegmatite vein

N60°W, N40°E N20-40°W

85°SW, 60°SE 50-60°NE

hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal quartz-vein porphyry-Cu

N20-75°W N20°EN20°W NS N10-35°W

60°NE

60°E 55-85°SW


N70-80°W

60-80°SW

hydrothermal

N45-60°W

20°SW

hydrothermal calcite-vein

N10-20°W

60-85°SW

hydrothermal breccia

N30-40°W

65-70°SW


N60-75°W

70-85°SW

hydrothermal vein (fracture filling)

N6°W

68°NE

hydrothermal

vol. 53, no. 3, 2003 APPENDIX (continued) No. Deposit name Major ore


Minor ore

102 Gimhae (1) 103 Gimhae (2)

pyrophyllite porcelainstone

104 Gimhae (3)

porcelainstone

105 Gimhae -Deokbong 106 Gohyeon

pyrophyllite Au-Ag

Cu-Pb

107 Goryong

Au-Ag

Pb-Zn

108 Guam

Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Zn

109 Gujeong

Au-Ag

110 Gukjeon 111 Gumi

Cu Au-Ag

Pb-Zn

112 Gunbuk

Au-Ag

Cu

113 Gunwhae 114 Guryong

Au-Ag Au-Ag

Cu Cu-Pb-Zn

115 Gusan

Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Zn

116 Gwangdeuk

Au-Ag

117 Gwangshin -Yubong 118 Gwimyeong

Au-Ag

119 Gyeongbuk

Pyrophyllite

Au-Ag

Cu

120 Gyeongchang W

Mo

121 Gyeonghwa

Au-Ag

Cu

122 Gyeongjin

Au-Ag

Cu

123 Gyeongju (1) pyrophyllite 124 Gyeongju (2) porcelainstone 125 Gyeongju (3) porcelainstone 126 Haejeong 127 Haman

Au-Ag Cu

Cu Au-Ag

Host rock tuff (Yucheon Group) Cretaceous felsite porphyry Cretaceous Palyongsan tuff (Yucheon Group) Cretaceous Palyongsan tuff (Yucheon Group) andesitic breccia Cretaceous sedimentary rock Cretaceous sedimentary rock Cretaceous sedimentary rock andesite, limestone Precambrian granite gneiss Cretaceous sedimentary rock granite Cretaceous andesite, granite Cretaceous sedimentary rock, andesite Cretaceous sedimentary rock Cretaceous granite Cretaceous diorite, quartz porphyry andesitic rock (Yucheon Group) Cretaceous hornblende granite Cretaceous sedimentary rock Cretaceous biotite granite rhyolitic tuff (Yucheon Group) Cretaceous quartz porphyry Cretaceous quartz porphyry dolomitic limestone granodiorite, hornfels

Deposit type



189

Vein strike N60°E N45°E

Vein dip 40°NW


N20°-25°W


N45°E

60°NW


N70°W

30°SE


N30-60°W

90°

skarn hydrothermal quartz-vein

N40°W

80°SW


N10-20°W

80-85°SW

hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal quartz-vein

N70°W 80°SW NS-N20°W


N20°WN20°E N60°W

80°NE80°NW 85°SW


N70°E

75-85°SE


NS

58°W

hydrothermal

N60-80°E

hydrothermal vein

So et al. (1991): 82.4±1.4 (sericite)

N70-80°W

60°SW

N70-85°E, N70-80°W N10°W

30°SW

N45-75°E NS

90°

N70°W N10°E

85°SW 70°NW

N15°W

80°SW

hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal hydrothermal hydrothermal

skarn hydrothermal quartz-vein Park (1994): 84.0±2.1 (sericite) 128 Hanil porcelainstone Cretaceous acidic dike hydrothermal 129 Hansu Au-Ag Cu-Pb Cretaceous sedimen- hydrothermal quartz-vein tary rock 130 Hwacheon Au-Ag Pb-Zn Cretaceous sedimen- hydrothermal quartz-vein tary rock (sandstone) 131 Hwacheonri pyrophyllite Au-Ag Cretaceous andesite hydrothermal Park (1994): Bulguksa granite 81.5±2.1 (sericite) 132 Hwajeon Cu Au-Ag, Pb hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) 133 Hwamae porcelainstone Cretaceous sandstone hydrothermal (Donghwachi Fm.) 134 Hwanghaksan Au-Ag Cu-Pb Cretaceous sedimen- hydrothermal quartz-vein tary rock 135 Hwaseok pyrophyllite quartz porphyry hydrothermal (Yucheon Group) 136 Hyeongdae Cu-Pb-Zn Au-Ag granite porphyry hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) 137 Ildong porcelainstone tuff (Yucheon Group) hydrothermal 138 Ilkwang Au-Ag Cu-Pb-Zn, Cretaceous granodio- hydrothermal breccia pipe Fletcher and Rundle W rite (1977): 69.0±6.2 (sericite)

N20-40°W, N50-65°E NS 90°

N10°W

90°

N15-40°E

70-80°NW

EW

90°

190



Minor ore

Host rock

Deposit type hydrothermal quartz-vein

139 Ilsan

Au-Ag

140 Ilweol 141 Imdang

Au-Ag pyrophyllite

Cu-Pb-Zn

142 Ingok

Cu

Pb-Zn

143 Inmokri 144 Isan

Cu Cu-Pb

Au-Ag

Cretaceous sedimentary rock Precambrian schists andesitic rock (Yucheon Group) Cretaceous sedimentary rock, granodiorite quartz porphyry Cretaceous andesite

145 Jaesan 146 Jagyaksan

Cu Cu

Pb-Zn

limestone granite porphyry

147 Jail

Cu

148 Jain

Cu

149 Janggun

Au-Ag

150 Jangja 151 Jaryeon

Au-Ag Au-Ag

152 Jeongbyeong

Au-Ag

153 Jeongdong

Cu

154 Jeongeun

Au-Ag

155 Jeonggak

Au-Ag

156 Jeonggwan

pyrophyllite

157 Jeonheung 158 Jinhae

Au-Ag, Cu-Pb-Zn pyrophyllite

159 Jinju

Pb-Zn

160 Jiso

Au-Ag

161 Joeumri

Cu

162 Jukjang

pyrophyllite

163 Jungang

pyrophyllite

164 Maejung 165 Majin

Au-Ag Au-Ag

166 Mangeumbong Cu

Cretaceous sedimentary rock, quartz porphyry Pb-Zn Cretaceous andesitic rock Cu-Pb-Zn, limestone Mn (Wonnam Series) Cretaceous granite Cretaceous sedimentary rock Cretaceous granite (Masanite) Au-Ag Cretaceous sedimentary rock, felsite dike Cu Cretaceous biotite granite Cu-Pb-Zn Cretaceous volcanic rock (tuff) andesitic rock (Yucheon Group) Fe Cretaceous sedimentary rock andesitic rock (Yucheon Group) Cu, Au-Ag Cretaceous sedimentary rock (chert), granodiorite Cu-Pb-Zn Cretaceous sedimentary rock Pb-Zn andesite, andesitic lapilli tuff andesitic rock (Yucheon Group) tuff (Yucheon Group) Cu limestone Cu-Pb Cretaceous feldspar porphyry Pb-Zn shale, sandstone

167 Masandong

Au-Ag

Cu

168 Masanisan

Au-Ag

Cu

169 Maxtec

sericite

170 Miryang (1)

Au-Ag

171 Miryang (2)

pyrophyllite

172 Misan 173 Mulsan

Au-Ag Au-Ag

174 Munhwa -Taeryong

pyrophyllite

Cu-Pb-Zn

Cu Cu-Pb-Zn

Cretaceous sedimentary rock Cretaceous tuff Tertiary rhyodacitic tuff (Yongdongri Fm.) Cretaceous quartz andesite, tuff Miryang andesite (Yucheon Group) Cretaceous granodiorite Cretaceous sedimentary rock rhyolitic tuff (Yucheon Group)

RESOURCE GEOLOGY :


Vein strike

Vein dip

N40-45°E

70°SE

hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal vein (quartz-vein) skarn hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) skarn

N25°E,NS N45°W N65-75°W

90°, 40-65°W 75°NE 80°NE

N85°W

85°NE

hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) skarn

N15-30°W

75-85°NE

hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal quartz-vein

N50-60°W N15°W, N10°E N30°W

75-80°SW 80°NE, 80-85°NW 80-85°NE

hydrothermal

N65°W

80°NE


NE

hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal

hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal hydrothermal quartz-vein

N40°W

60-80°NE

hydrothermal

N10°E

80°NW

hydrothermal vein (fracture filling)

NS, N10°E

85-90°NW

hydrothermal quartz-vein Park (1994): 60.2±1.3 (granite) hydrothermal vein Park (1994): 86.8± (fracture filling) 2.2 (muscovite) hydrothermal

N40-60°W

65-80°NE

N40°E

hydrothermal skarn hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal


N45-75°E N15-20°E

70-75°SE

N30°W

80°SW

N40-60°W

80°NE

N65-75°W

80°NE

N40-50°E

20-30°NW

N10°E N5°E

90° 70-75°NW

skarn hydrothermal hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal


vol. 53, no. 3, 2003 APPENDIX (continued) No. Deposit name Major ore


Minor ore

175 Munmyeong

Au-Ag

176 Muntae

porcelainstone

177 Myeongbong 178 Naewa 179 Nakdong

Au-Ag Au-Ag Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Zn Cu-Pb-Zn

180 Namji

Au-Ag

Cu-Pb

181 Namseon

Cu

Pb-Zn

182 Namseong

Cu

Pb-Zn

183 Okbang

Cu

Fe

184 Okdong

Au-Ag

Cu

185 Oksan

Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Zn

186 Onjeong 187 Sambong

Au-Ag Cu

Cu-Pb-Zn Au-Ag

188 Samdeok

Au-Ag

189 Samdong

Au-Ag

190 Samgeo

Cu-Pb-Zn

Au-Ag

191 Samjeong

Au-Ag

Cu

192 Samjeongsan

Cu

Pb-Zn

193 Samsan

Cu

Au-Ag

194 Samseong (1) Au-Ag

Cu-Pb

195 Samseong (2) porcelainstone 196 Sangdong

sericite

197 Sangra

Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Zn

198 Sannae (1)

W

Mo

199 Sannae (2)

pyrophyllite

200 Seojeom

Au-Ag

Pb-Zn

201 Seokchon

Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Zn

202 Seongjin

W

Cu

203 Seongju

Au-Ag

Pb-Zn

204 Seongrim

Au

205 Sewon

Au-Ag

206 Sinchon 207 Sinseong 208 Sungjin

Au-Ag Cu porcelainstone pyrophyllite

209 Susan

porcelainstone

210 Sutae

Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Zn

Host rock Cretaceous sedimentary rock rhyodacitic tuff (Yucheon Group) Cretaceous granite Cretaceous andesite Cretaceous diorite Cretaceous sedimentary rock granodiorite

Deposit type



Cretaceous sedimentary rock quartz porphyry (Yucheon Group) Palyongsan tuff (Yucheon Group) Cretaceous sedimentary rock, quartz porphyry biotite granite

Vein strike

Vein dip

N50-60°W

60°SW

hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal quartz-vein

N25°E N45°W N6°W

80°SW 60°SW 68°NE

N60-80°W

70-80°NE


EW

90°

NS-N26°E

70-85°SE

hydrothermal

Cretaceous sedimentary rock andesite, biotite granite hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) Cretaceous sedimen- hydrothermal quartz-vein tary rock Cretaceous sedimen- hydrothermal quartz-vein tary rock Cretaceous granodiorite hydrothermal quartz-vein Cretaceous andesite hydrothermal quartz-vein Shin et al. (1995a): 84.8±2.1 (sericite) granite gneiss hydrothermal quartz-vein Cretaceous sedimentary rock andesitic rock (Yucheon Group) Cretaceous sedimentary rock Cretaceous sedimentary rock Cretaceous andesite

191

NNE(NW) N25-35°W

70-80°NE

N20-45°W

60°NE 80°NE 80°NW (SW) 80-85°NW (SW)


N30°W N10°EN10°W N10°EN10°W NE

hydrothermal vein Choi et al. (2002): (fracture filling) 68.8±1.4 (sericite) hydrothermal quartz-vein

N40-50°W N25-40°W

80°NE 70-85°NE

hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal vein

N5°E

50-60°NW

N60-70°E

70-85°SE

N12°E

31°SE

Shin et al. (1995a): 81.8±1.7 (sericite)

hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal hydrothermal skarn

Park (1994): 53.9±1.4 (sericite)

hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal

Fletcher and Rundle N65°W, (1977): 65 EW

andesitic rock (Yucheon Group) Cretaceous sedimen- hydrothermal quartz-vein tary rock Cretaceous granodio- porphyry-Cu rite, quartz porphyry biotite granite hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) Cretaceous sedimen- hydrothermal quartz-vein tary rock Cretaceous sedimen- hydrothermal quartz-vein tary rock, quartz porphyry Cretaceous sedimen- hydrothermal quartz-vein tary rock Cretaceous granite hydrothermal quartz-vein Cretaceous felsite hydrothermal andesite hydrothermal (Yucheon Group) Cretaceous Palyongsan hydrothermal tuff Cretaceous sedimen- hydrothermal quartz-vein tary rock, granodiorite

Park (1994): 87.8±1.6 (sericite)

So et al. (1989): 98.4±1.8 (sericite)

85°SW 70-80°S

N50-85°E, N20-45°W

70-85°SE, 50-60°SW

NS-N20°W

90°

N15°W

78°SW

N10°E, NS

70-75°SE, 70-75°W 90°

NS N20°W N10°E N12°W N5°WN15°E

75-85°NE, SE

192


RESOURCE GEOLOGY :

APPENDIX (continued) No. Deposit name 211 Taeryong 212 Taeung

Major ore

Minor ore

Host rock

216 Ulsan 217 Ungnam

Cu-Pb-Zn-Bi Cretaceous andesite Cretaceous felsite (Yucheon Group) Au-Ag Cu Cretaceous granite porcelainstone Cretaceous quartz porphyry Au-Ag Cu andesite, andesitic breccia Fe W limestone Au-Ag Cretaceous andesite

218 Ungyong

pyrophyllite

219 Wonwoo

Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Zn

220 Yangbuk

Au-Ag

221 Yanggudong 222 Yeohang

Au-Ag Au-Ag

223 Yeongcheon

Au-Ag

224 Yeongdeok

Au-Ag

225 Yeongil

Au-Ag

226 Yeongjin (1)

Au-Ag

227 Yeongjin (2)

Pb-Zn

228 Yeongsan

Cu

Cretaceous granite, granite porphyry Cu-Pb Cretaceous andesite Cretaceous sedimentary rock Cretaceous sedimentary rock Cretaceous sedimentary rock Cu-Pb-Zn, Cretaceous volcanic Fe-Mn rock (rhyolite) Cu-Pb-Zn Cretaceous sedimentary rock Mn Cretaceous sedimentary rock granodiorite

229 Yeonjeom

Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Zn

230 Yongcheon

pyrophyllite

231 Yongheung 232 Yonghodong

Au-Ag Au-Ag

Pb-Zn, Cu

233 Yongjang

Au-Ag

Cu

234 Yongju 235 Yucheon

Au-Ag Bi, sericite

Cu, Pb-Zn

236 Yugeum

Au-Ag

Cu-Pb-Zn

237 Yugwang

porcelainstone

238 Yugye

Bi

213 Taeyang 214 Toheung 215 Tongyeong

Au-Ag pyrophyllite

Au-Ag, Cu-Pb-Zn

andesitic rock (Yucheon Group) Cretaceous andesite

Cretaceous sedimentary rock, granite porphyry rhyolitic tuff (Yucheon Group) Cretaceous andesite Cretaceous andesite, tuff Cretaceous sedimentary rock Cretaceous diorite Cretaceous sedimentary rock, felsite dike, mafic dike Cretaceous granite rhyolite (Yucheon Group) Cretaceous sedimentary rock, quartz porphry

Deposit type

Vein strike

Vein dip

hydrothermal vein hydrothermal

N50-70°W

60-80°SW

hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal

N50-60°W N60°W

70-80°SW 30-40°NE

Shelton et al. (1990) N50-60°W 72.9±1.2 (sericite) N40-50°W

70-80°SW

hydrothermal vein skarn hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal


80-85°NE

hydrothermal vein Park (1994): (fracture filling) 51.2±1.3 (sericite) hydrothermal quartz-vein

N15°W, N30°E N20°W

70°NE, 90° 50°NE

hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal quartz-vein

N50°W NS, N25°E

80°NE 90°


N5-20°E

70-80°NW

hydrothermal quartz-vein Kim(1997): 45.4±1.0 (sericite) hydrothermal quartz-vein

N50°E

80°NW


N40-70°E

70°SE

hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal vein (fracture filling)

EW-N70°W 25-50°NE N10-20°E

90°

N15-30°W

80°NE

hydrothermal

N40°W

20°NE

hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal vein (fracture filling) hydrothermal quartz-vein Park (1994): 84.8±2.1 (sericite) hydrothermal quartz-vein hydrothermal vein Kim (1997): (fracture filling) 48.1±1.2 (sericite) 47.7±1.2 (sericite) hydrothermal quartz-vein Park (1994): 60.6±1.5 (sericite) hydrothermal Park (1994): 73.1±1.8 (sericite) hydrothermal vein (fracture filling)

N20°W EW

55-60°NE 90°

N60-70°W

90°

N50°E N30-50°E

87°SE

N20-25°W

60-80°SW

Park (1994): 65.7±1.7(sericite)