Once a west lake, the center of this plane is marshyto this day, although most of the ...... Candlewood. Sapindaceae. 17. Berberis lyceum. Berry. Berberidaceae.
PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE PLANT OF KAKUL HILLS AND CATCHMENT AREAS OF DISTRICT ABBOTTABAD
BY
MUHAMMAD ZIA KHAN
BS -BOTANY 4 YEARS
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY GOVT POST GRADUATE COLLEGE NO 1 ABBOTTABAD SESSION 2014
I
A Thesis Submitted to the Hazara University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of BS (HONS) In Botany.
Supervisor:
PROF. DR. GHULAM MUJTABA SHAH Department of Botany Government Postgraduate College No1 Abbottabad
Co Supervisor:
MR. WAQAS KHAN Department of Botany Government Postgraduate College No1 Abbottabad
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA PAKISTAN Session 2014 II
III
“He
laid Out the earth for His creatures, with all its fruits and palms having sheathed cluster, and grain with husk and scented herbs. So, O, jinn and men, which of your Rabb’s favors will both of you deny?” Al.Quran (Sura Rehman, Ayat: 9-13)
IV
Dedicated to My Loving Parent’s, brothers and sister specially my younger sister Savira khan
V
CERTIFICATE This thesis submitted by Mr. MUHAMMAD ZIA KHAN is accepted in its present form by Department of Botany Government Post Graduate College No: 1 Abbottabad, as satisfying the thesis requirements for degree of BS (Hons) in Botany.
1. Internal Examiner
______________________
(Supervisor)
(Prof. Dr. Mujtaba Shah) Department of Botany Government Post Graduate College No: 1 Abbottabad
2. External Examiner
______________________
3. Chairman
______________________ Department of Botany Government Post Graduate College No: 1 Abbottabad.
Date: -____________________
VI
CONTENTS TITLE
Page NO
Dedicated……………………………………………………………………….v Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………... xiii Abstract............................................................................... xix
Chapter No: 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1
General…………………………………………………………………………….… 2
1.2
Abbottabad ………………………………………………………………………..... 5
1.3
Physical Features and Topography……………………………………………..…… 5
1.4
Geology and Soil………………………………………………………………….… 5
1.5
Climate………………………………………………………………………….…… 6
1.6
1.5.1
Temperature…………………………………………………………….…… 7
1.5.2
Rainfall………………………………………………………………….…… 8
1.5.3
Humidity……………………………………………………………….….… 9
1.5.4
Snow fall………………………………………………………………...…. 10
Forests in Abbottabad …………………………………………………………...… 10 1.6.1
Types of forests……………………………………………………….……. 11
1.6.2
Timber harvesting………………………………………………………….. 12
1.7
land use………………………………………………………………………..…… 13
1.8
Flora and fauna of the area………………………………………………………… 14 VII
1.8.1 Flora of the area..…………………………………………………..……. 14 1.8.2 Fauna of the area …………………………………………………………... 15 1.9 Objective of the study………………………………………………………………….... 16
2. Chapter NO:2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE Review of Literature …....……….………………..…………………………………… 17
3. Chapter NO:3: MATERIALS & METHODS 3.1 Materials …………………………………………………………………………23 3.2 Location of field work……………………...…………………………………… 23 3.3 Methods…...…………………………………………………………………... 23 3.3.1 Vegetation sampling……………………………………………………...... 23 3.3.2 Quantitative Analysis.................................................................................... 23 3.3.3 Number of quadrates…………………………………………………...……. 23 3.4 Parameter of phytosociollogical attributes…...………………………….……… 23 3.4.1
Importance Value Index (I.V.I)…...……………… ……...………… 25
3.5 Life Form Classes …...…………………………………………………..……… 26 3.6 Leaf Spectra …………..…………………………….…………………...……… 28 3.7 Plants Collection, Processing and Identification …………………………..…… 28
4. Chapter NO:4: RESULTS & DISCUSSION 4.1 Results ……………………………………………………………………..…… 30 4.2 Discussion ……..…………………………………………………………..…… 52
VIII
5. Chapter No:5: Recommendation and suggestions 5.1 Recommendation and suggestions……...………………………......................... 57 5.2 Plates......................................................................................................................59
6. Chapter no:5: References 6.1References……………………………………………………………………..…… 69
IX
LIST OF TABLES CONTENTS
Page No
1. Table No. 1.1 Climate of Abbottabad…………………………............................... 7 2. Table No.1.2 Timber harvesting, Abbottabad……….................................……….. 13 3. Table No. 1.3 Birds of the area...………..………………………..………. ……….. 15 4. Table No.1.4 Mammals of area……………………………...……..………….……15 5. Table No. 3.1 Range of cover…………………………………................................ 25 6. Table No. 3.2 Life Form Classes………………………………………………........ 27 7. Table No. 3.3 Leaf Spectra Classes……………………………….......................... 28 8. Table No. 4.1.1 Pinus wallichiana, Vibernum gradiflurim, Viola conescers community ………………………………………………………………………………….…… 33 9. Table No. 4.1.2 Pinus wallichana, Berberis lyceum,Medicago denticulate, community ………………….…………....…………………………………………………….... 35 10. Table No. 4.1.3 Pinus Roxburghii, Berberis lyceum,Melilotus psrviflora, community …….……………………………………………………………………………….... 37 11. Table No. 4.1.4 Acacia Arabica, Berberys lyceum,Cynodon dactoyn community… ………………………………………………………………………………………. 39 12. Table No. 4.1.5 Pinus roxburghi,Berberis lyceum, Rumex nepalansis, community. ………………………………………………………………………………………. 41 13. Table No.4.1.6 Pinus wallichiana, Vibernum Grandifolrum, Cnicus argvracanthus community……...………………………………………………………………..….. 43 14. Table No. 4.1.7 Pinus wallichiana, Berberis lyceum, Rumex nepalansis community ……………………………………………………………………………………..... 45 X
15. Table No. 4.1.8 PinusRoxburghii, Berberis lyceum, Rumex nepalansis, community … ……………………………………………………………………………………… 47 16. Table No: 4.2 Names of Plants and their Familie…………………………………..……..50
XI
LIST OF FIGURES CONTENTS
Page NO
1. Figure. I Map of Pakistan………………………………………………… xvii 2. Figure. II Map of Abbottabad……………………………………………. xviii 3. Figure.1. View of Conifers forest ……………………………….…....…..….... 3 4. Figure.1.2 view of pallu track………………...…………….……………..…... 3 5. Figure.1.3 view of abies pindrow…………..…..……….….……………….… 4 6. Figure.1.4 view of the study area..................................................................4 7. Figure. 1.4 Maximum and minimum temperature of Kakul(1999)………….. 8 8. Figure.1.5 Average monthly rain distributed in mm........................…………... 9 9. Figure. 1.6 Rain fall in Abbottabad (1999-2000)...........................……........ 9 10. Figure. 1.7 Humidity of Kakul for last 10 year........... …………..................... 9
9. Figure.1.8 Forest type in Abbottabad………………………………………. 12 10. Figure. 1.9 Land use in Abbottabad…………...………..……………….…. 14 11. Figure.1.10 Author working in the field……….…………………………… 16 12.Figure. 4.1 Pinus -Vibernum-Viola - community…………………..…….... 34 13.Figure. 4.2 Pinus – Berberis- Medicago - community..................................... 36 14.Figure. 4.3 Pinus - Berberis - Melilotus community……………...………… 38 15. Figure.4.4 Acacia- Berberys- Cynodoncommunity………………………… 40 16.Figure.4.5 Pinus- Berberis- Rumex - community………….………….… 42 17. Figure. 4.6 Pinus - Viburnum - Cnicus community…………………………. 44 XII
18. Figure. 4.7 Pinus - Berberis -Rumex community……………………...…… 46 19. Figure. 4.8 Pinus- Berberis - Rumex community…………………………… 48
XIII
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I offer innumerable thanks from the core of my heart to ALMIGHTY ALLAH, who is merciful and compassionate, who enabled me to complete this project and all respects are for his last Prophet, Hazrat Muhammad(Peace be Upon Him), who is forever source of knowledge and guidance for entire humanity. I am grateful to my supervisor Dr. Zafar Jamal, Chairman Department of Botany for his helping attitude and vital instructions throughout my studies and research work. I am highly grateful to my research supervisor, Dr. Mujtaba shah, Associate professor in Hazara University Mansehra,(Department of Botany) for his guidance, affectionate and encouraging behavior throughout the research project. I am highly thankful to my co-supervisor Lect. Waquas khan for his encouragement, constant Support and valuable guidance during this work. I am very thankful to my friends Faizan ali, Ajaml Khan, Awais Khan and Kashif Khan, Nakash khan who help me and took a lot of pain during my research work. I am also thankful to my elder sister’s they guide me and help me during research work. I am also thankful to my parents and brothers for their constant financial support and encouragement during this work. I am deeply thankful to all of those who wished me success. May Allah Almighty bless them all with good health and prosperous long live.
(AMEEN)
XIV
ABSTRACT Phytosociology is the science that attempts to describe the diversity in plants communities. From the start, in early decades of last century, phytosociology have tried to apply a slandered approach to tasks of sampling and characterizing vegetation types (Braun Banquet, 1928, Tuzen, 1937) Phytosociological methods often involve the quantitative estimation of various parameters like cover, abundance, frequency etc. (Palmer, 2002). Present studies was carried out on the Kakul hills during the month April to October in 2013 the elevation range of the study area is 1310-2410m from the sea level. The studied was carried randomly by using quadrates of 10m×2mfor trees, 5m×2m for shrubs and 0.5m×0.5m for herbaceous plants. Density, Frequency and Cover of each species in different stands was recognized. The data is arranging in the tabular form and get important value index of each species. The communities are established and named after the three dominant species. The vegetative analysis were carried out during April to October 2013 in Kakul forest during the vegetative analysis the following plants community were recorded in to the different area survey.
1. Pinus -Vibernum-Viola - community 2. Pinus – Berberis- Medicago community 3. Pinus - Berberis - Melilotus community 4. Acacia- Berberis - Cynodon community 5. Pinus- Berberis - Rumex community 6. Pinus - Viburnum- Cnicus community 7. Pinus - Berberis -Rumex community 8. Pinus- Berberis - Rumex community
XV
Most of the plants are belong to the different families. AS regard use of the plants mostly the plants are used for fodder. Some of these are used as medicinal, fuel as well as timber.
XVI
Map of Pakistan
Source: Forest department, Abbottabad
XVII
Map of Abbottabad.
Source: Forest department, Abbottabad.
XVIII
CHAPTER INTRODUCTION
1
INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Pakistan is located in the traditional zone where the summer monsoon influence of the east gradually merges with the winter precipitation dominant by the Mediterranean climate of the west. Out of the total land area of the Pakistan, 88% is classified as arid and semi aired, only 12% is humid and sub-humid, primary located in the Himalayan and Karakorum ranges, only 5% of the total area of Pakistan is cover with forest.(Jamal, 2009) The forest area under the control of government forest department in Pakistan is 4.3 million hectares that is 4.8% of the total area. Nearly six thousands species of flowering plants reported to be occurring in Pakistan, a very large number is to be found in the Northwestern parts of Pakistan. (Khan, 2010) Phytosociology is the science that attempts to describe the diversity in plants communities. From the start, in early decades of last century, phytosociology have tried to apply a slandered approach to tasks of sampling and characterizing vegetation types (Braun Banquet, 1928, Tuzen, 1937) and to use a formal framework for naming and organizing them within a syntaxonomic hierarchy of association, alliances, orders and classes (Barkman et al, 1986, Munica and theurillat, 1999) however later on an enormous phytosociological literature has accumulated with diverse proposals for classifying many kinds of vegetation throughout the world (Saqib, 2002). Phytosociological methods often involve the quantitative estimation of various parameters like cover, abundance, frequency etc. community ecologist to analyze the effect of multiple environmental factors on dozens (if not hundred) of plant species simultaneously, and statistical errors (both measurement and structural ) tend to be huge and ill behaved. It is not surprising, therefore, that ecologist have employed a variety of multivariate approaches for community data. Ordination and classification (or clustering) is the two main classes for multivariate methods that community ecologist employ. To some degree, these two approaches are complementary. Classification or putting samples into (perhaps hierarchical) classes,(Palmer, 2002).
2
Fig: 1.1 View of Conifers forest
Fig: 1.2 view of Pallu track
3
Fig1.3 view of Abies pindrow
Fig:1.4 view of Chir Pine Dominanat Vegetation
4
1.2 Abbottabad District Abbottabad is once part of Hazara division, which covered the present day districts of Abbottabad, Battagram, Haripur, Kohistan and Mansehra. The districts take its name from the city Abbottabad, named after major James Abbot, the first deputy commissioner of Hazara, who served from 1849 to 1853 under the British colonial administration of India. The terrain of the area is both rugged and scenic, and its location at the base of the Himalayas lends it a temperate climate throughout most of the year. Situated between ,33⁰ to 50⁰ and 34⁰ to 23⁰ North, and 73⁰ to 35⁰ and 73⁰ to 31⁰ East. Abbottabad bordered by Mansehra districts in the North, Muzzafarabad and Rawalpindi districts in the South and Haripur district in the West (IUCN, 2004). 1.3 Physical Features and Topography Abbottabad districts are located in predominantly mountainous terrain. Spread over an area of 1,967km² (178,401 hac), the elevation of peaks in the districts ranges from 2,500m to 2,700m (the Mirajani peak at 3.313m is the highest point). The mountains from part of lesser Himalayas and dominate the landscape. The Dongagali range hugs the right banks of the Kunhar and Jhelum rivers, entering district from the north. It has several offshoots that vary in elevation from 2,500m to 2,700m. (IUCN2004). The mountains gradually give to a series of valleys. On the northern border of the district, a series of low laying hills from a barrier to the Mangal tract in Mansehra. To the south of these hills lies the rush plains, covering an area of 6 km2. Once a west lake, the center of this plane is marshyto this day, although most of the area is ideal for maize and potatoes. 1.4 Geology and Soil Abbottabad rocky ground is rich in minerals, containing deposits of biotitic, granite, limestone, phyletic, schist, slate, quartz and soapstone. These minerals soil occur as residual deposits in the hills and alluvial deposits on valley floors. Most of the soil grey in color (under moist forests) and course in texture. Mostly The soil is formed by snow deposits as well as water and sedimentary rock and is mostly in dry formed for subsistence cropping. Farm soil may be classified into four categories: i.
Loam and clay, mainly non calcareous;
ii.
Loam, steep and shallow soil (Humid mountainous region) ; 5
iii.
Loam and clay, partly non calcareous with loess traces ; and
iv.
Loam with stones, and shallow (sub humid mountain region). The climate and topography naturally divided into three parts.
A. The plains of Havellian and rush valley in Abbottabad, suitable for vegetable and fruit production. B. The mild hills of Tanawal-Sherwanbelt, suitable for fodder. C. The high hills of Galliyat suitable for forestry. (IUCN, 2004) 1.5 Climate Climate of the Abbottabadrepresent the both tropical and sub-tropical and the temperate zone, where the January and February are the coldest month while March and April are pleasant, May and June are the hot and dry month. Moon soon rains start from the middle of the June and continued up to the end of September. Growth and vegetation are highly dependent on the rate of the Rain fall, temperature and humidity. According to the Kakul weather station during the period 1960-90 is shown in Table.01. The average maximum temperature recorded is 22.76⁰C while the minimum is 11.41⁰C. Total precipitation is 1,366.18mm annually, with an average of 113.84mm per month. Average relative humidity is 56%.Annual Temperature, Precipitation and Humidity of Abbottabad. (IUCN, 2004)
6
Table NO: 1.1Climate of Abbottabad Temperature ( ⁰C)
Precipitation
Humidity
Maximum
Minimum
(%)
(%)
January
12.56
1.77
64.79
59.07
February
13.38
2.87
113.63
60.97
March
17.76
6.94
142.31
57.03
April
23.30
11.36
111.81
51.45
May
28.25
15.46
81.62
41.98
June
32.41
19.67
85.28
41.21
July
29.58
20.10
258.28
66.73
August
28.16
19.34
261.27
74.75
September
27.78
16.38
96.91
62.28
October
24.88
11.96
56.90
51.26
November
20.09
7.21
31.90
49.36
December
14.89
3.14
61.49
55.95
Average
27.76
11.41
113.85
56.00
Month
Total
1,366.18
Source: Data Processing Centre, Pakistan metrological department Karachi.
7
1.5.1 Temperature Owing to the area’s mountainous terrain, Abbottabad’s summer starts little late and is relative mild. Temperature begins to rise in the month of May, and by June the mean maximum and minimum temperatures recorded 32.41⁰C and 19.67⁰C respectively. Winters, meanwhile, are comparatively severe, with heavy snow fall in the higher elevations causing the snowline drop to around 1,650m. Temperatures are lowest during the months of December, January and February. In January which is by far the coldest month, mean maximum and minimum temperatures stand at 12.56⁰C and 1.77⁰C respectively. In 1999 the minimum temperature of Kakul dropped to -1.9⁰C (Figure 03). (IUCN, 2004), 1.9⁰C (Figure 1.4), (IUCN, 2004)
FIG: 1.5 Maximum And Minimum Temperatures Kakul (1999) 35
TEMPERATUR ᵒC
30
29.5 29.5 26.2
25
27.8 28
23.8
23.8
20 15
15.2
16.7
Min
13.4
11.9
10
22.5
20.7
20.1 19.3 18.6 17.7
11
10.6
10.1
7.7 7.5 5 1.9
0 Jan
Feb
5.4
3.7
1.8 Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
MONTH
Source: Go NWFP 1999
8
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec Mean
Max
1.5.2 Rainfall Abbottabad districts lies within the active monsoon zone. Most of the land is rain-fed with 60% of average precipitation received during the July-August period and the remaining 40% unevenly distributed between September and June. In 1999, a total of 1409.1mm rain was recorded in Kakul (Figure: 04) while during the last 10 year the average of the rain fall is 1424.1mm and the data of the rain fall is given bellow:
Fig:1.6 Average monthly rain distribution in mm, 350 305.5
Rainfall (mm)
300
268.3
250 200 150
141.3
128.1
103.9
100
93.3
79.9
76.8
89.3
50
46
43.7
33.3
0
0 Jun
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Month
Source: khan, 2010
Fig:1.6 Rainfall, Abbottabad (1999-2000) 250
Rainfall, (mm)
223.9 200
216.9
150 100
104.8
86.9
84.6
50
58.5
46 24.98
22.8
21
0
0 Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jun
Month
Source: Go NWFP 2001.
1.5.3 Humidity
9
Feb
Mar
Apr
0 May
Jun
The districts experiences relatively high humidity throughout the year with a 1999 average of 51.5% at 1200 hrs and 63.7% at 300 hrs.(Figure: 1.7). During the period 1961-90 average humidity stood at 56%. Humidity is highest between July and September, coinciding with the peak precipitation period. (IUCN, 2004)
Fig: 1.7 Humidity Of Kakul for the last 10 year 300 hrs
1200 hrs
180% 160% 65%
Humidity (%)
140% 120%
55%
55%
52%
100% 60%
47% 35%
80% 64%
71%
68%
72%
62%
40%
34%
52%
50%
May
Jun
79%
83%
5% 70%
52%
45%
47%
59%
60%
66%
Oct
Nov
Dec
20% 0% Jun
Feb
Mar
Apr
Jul
Aug
Sep
Month
Source: khan, 2010
1.5.4 Snow Fall During the winter sessions temperature are very low usually the month of December to march heavy snow fall. The range of snow fall is from few inches to 2ft.
1.6 Forests in Abbottabad Abbottabad district covers just 1.8% of the total land area of the KPK but accounts for 5.4% of the province’s forest resources (KfW 2000). Official statistics for forest cover in the district are at variance with estimates provided by other agencies according to an in inventorycarried out by KfW, Abbottabad forests cover 36,394.6 ha, amounting to 21.4% of the district’s total area, while official figures show the district’s forested area to be slightly higher, at 36,441 ha. The analysis below relies on official estimates.
10
1.6.1 Types of Forests Forests in the district consist of three major types (Fig: 1.8). I.
Himalayan moist temperate forest, this category accounts for the majority (67.4%) of Abbottabad’s forests and consists of the following sub-types: a. Pure blue pine (Pinuswallichiana), known locally as kail, occupies by far the largest area in this category, covering 12,000 ha (38.8% of designated forest). It accounts for over 50% of reserved forests and 30% of guzara forests in the district. b. Pure silver fir (Abiespindrow; also known as Abieswabiana) occupies 2,500 ha, comprising 8.6%of the district’s total forest cover, mostly occurring at around 2,600 m. While pure blue pine forests are fairly well stocked and regenerating adequately, silver fir regeneration is deficient, particularly in pure patches. c. Mixed coniferous forests containing blue pine and fir as well as deodar (Cedrusdeodara) and spruce (Piceasmithiana). d.
Mixed broad-leaved forests occur in greater proportion in the Gallies reserved forests, serving as a source of firewood for both Abbottabad and Muree. Excessive loping and cutting for a fuel has drastically reduced its size.
II. Subtropical pine forest. Pine is spread over 5,540 ha (17.7% of total forest cover) and occurs at 1,060-1,670 m. the main bulk of chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) forests are reported in lower Tanawal, Makhnial and Satura. The crop is stunted, open and patchy, with no sizeable continuous block reported. The TarbelaMangla watershed Management Project has provided a boost to plantation.
11
Fig: 1.8 FOREST TYPE ABBOTTABAD 80.00% 70.00%
60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 67.40%
30.00% 20.00% 10.00%
17.70%
14.90%
Subtropical Pine
Subtropical broad-leaved scrub
0.00% Himaliyan Moist Temperate
Sales
Source: Hussain, sector paper. “Forests and Watersheds” III.
Subtropical broad-leaved scrub forest. Scrub cover an area of 4,690 ha (constituting 14.9% of the districts forests) and mainly occurs at elevations below 1,060 m. this forest type is extremely degraded, open, patchy and exposed to heavy pressure from fodder and firewood collection as well as browsing. Wood from these forests is also taken to make agricultural implements.(IUCN 2004).
1.6.2 Timber harvesting Historicalrecords reveal the following felling from reserved, Guzaracantonment and location forests: a. Gallies reserved forests Based on information gathered from forest plane dating back to the 1887a total standard volume of 487,737m3 has been exploited commercially until the year 2001, at an average rate of 4,278.4 m3 per year
. b. Haripur Reserved forest 12
Due to the absence of the formal record it has been estimated that from 1904 to 1992, 21,019m3 forest has been exploited with the average of 239 m3 per year. c. GalliesGuzaraForests Estimates based on working plan prescriptions show that an average of 521 m3 has been removed annually over the last 51 years.
d. Cantonment and Location Forests A total standing volume of 648,652 m3 has been harvested over the last 114 years, at an average of 56,901 m3 per annum.
Table: 1.2 Timber Harvesting, Abbottabad Tables
Timber Harvesting , Abbottabad
Types
Periods
Gallies
Volume(m3)
Annual Average(m3)
reserved 1995—99
6,644
1,328
reserved 1985—92
1,713
245
forest Haripur forest GallieGuzara forest
1995--99
5,598
1,400
HaripurGuzara forest
1984—98
6,0272
431
2,973
372
Cantonment
and 1980--88
Location forest Source: Hussain, sector paper, ‘Forests and Watersheds’
1.7 LAND USE According to the kfw, forest resource survey the total area of the Abbottabad is 179,653.5 ha, of which the 20.3% is designed for forest and the 48.2% is designed for agricultural land. The remaining area consists of rangeland, shrub land and sparse vegetation. The district is heavily rain dependent, with only0.399% of the total area under irrigation, compared to 11.1% in the whole of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and 14.7% for settled districts in the 13
province (GoNWFP2001a). As a consequence, figures for Abbottabad show 14 persons per cultivated ha (compared to 11 for the province as a whole) and126 persons per irrigated (compared to 23 forth province). In addition, the location of the district and the nature of the terrain make the pursuit of new irrigation infrastructure economically unviable.
Fig:1.9 Land use in abbottabad
agriculture Forest()
other shrubland rangeland,sparse land
Source:Kfw 2000
1.8 Flora and fauna of the area: 1.8.1 Flora of the area: (a)
Important shrubs of the area; Important shrubs of the area are as under:
Berberis
lyceum,
Dodonaea
viscose,
Indigoferagerardiana,
Punicagranatum,
Rubusfruticosus, Skimmialaureola, Viburnum cotinifolium, Viburnum grandiflorum, Zanthoxylum alum, and Zizyphus jujube.(Khan, 2010) (b) Important Herbs in the area: Important Herbs of the area is as under: Arisaema
jacquemontii,
Artemisia
absenthia,
Trifoliumrepenes,
Lotus
corniculatus,
Cnicusargyracanthus, Jasminumofficinale, Bergenia ciliate, Plantago lanceolata, Frageria vesica, Rumex nepalansis, verbascumthapsusandMalvaneglecta. (Khan, 2010) (c) Important medicinal plant in the area: Important medicinal flora of the area is as under; 14
Arisaemaflavum,
Berberis
lyceum,
Graniumwallichanium,
Pistaciaintegerrima,PLantagolanceolata,
Podophylumamodi,
Poeneiaamodi, Skimmialaureola,
Valerianaofficinalis, Viburnumgrandiflorum, Viola conescens,andZanthoxylumalum. (Khan, 2010)1.8.2 Fauna of the area: Table: 1.3 Birds of area
BIRDS SCIENTIFIC NAME
ENGLISH NAME
Accipiter badius
Hawk
Alectorischukar
Konk/Choker
Apus melba
Common swift
Culculusmicropterus
Indian cuckoo
Dendicitvagabunda
Tree pie
Table: 1.4 Mammals of area
Mammals SCIENTIFIC NAME
ENGLISH NAME
Halopetesfimbritatus
Flying squirrel
Hyaenahyaena
Hyena
Hystrixindica
Porcupine
Martesflavigula
Yellow throated martin
Macacamullata
Rhesus monkey
(Source: wild life department)
15
Fig: 1.10 Author working in the field Objective of the study: The main objectives of the study are as follows; Explore area in terrn of phytosociological status. To make recombinition for the improvement of the range conddition in the kakul hills. To asses the current status of various ecconomically impartant plant species in Kakul Hills. To explore the botanical diversity of kakul hills. To study diffferent communities in the study area.
16
CHAPTER REVIEW OF LITERATURE
17
REVIEW OF LITERATURE Ahmed
et
al.,
(1987)
reported
3
plant
communities
i.e.Acacia
jacquemontii,
Callignumcosmosum and Saccharummunja in the eight sand dune plots in Muzzaaffargarh. The soil is semi established sand dune was found more fertile then that of non-established sand dune. Rashid et al., (1987) studied phytosociology of attockNizmapurevally during summer and he reported six plants communities vizSacchariumcymbopogon, RhazyaAdhatoda, Rhazya, Acacia, Cymbopogan, Acacia, Repotonia, Capparis, Adhatoda, Cymbopogon, Proopsi, Cynodon, Cymbopogon, and Saccharum, Brachypodium, Rhazyacommunites. Singh et al., (1987) analyses the forest of government house site near initial Utter Pradesh. The site was divided into eight compartment, in which three forest type i.e.Quercus floribunda forest,Mixed Oak conifer forest, and cedrus deodar forest, were revealed by phytosociology, analysis. Ahmed et al., (1990) conducted study on 60 nonspecific stands of juniperusexceisa. These stands were sampled were four location in Balochistan. Density basal area and height of individuals were recorded. Soil was analyses for reflected for physical and chemical characteristics and the degree of disturbance due to logging and burning was noted high densities were recorded were relatively undistributed stand and on west facing slopes. Among the edaphic variables CaCo3 was correlated with junk density and hazel area. It is concluded that size class gape and low sampling densities are the consequence of anthropogenic disturbance. Khan (1991) conducted phytosociologycal survey on Sulmani Mountain in Balochistan and identified two communities (a) Olea- pistacia and (b) Pinus ephedra-cotoneaster at lower and higher elevation respectively. Malik et al., (1994) studied phytosociology of the area Dhirkot and reported six plant communities
vizRosa-Berberis-Melia,
Pinus-Quercus-Punica,
Myrsia-Pinus-Themeda,
pinus-Viburnum-Berberis, Abies-Rosa-Qurcus, and Myrsine-Berberis-Themeda,
18
Zafar et al., (199) studied plant communities on the sandy area of Karachi university campus. Six plant communities were found in that area .the soil of the area is sandy and alkaline in nature. The soil had an appreciable amount of calcium carbonate with the moderate amount of maximum water holding capacity and high alkaline earth coronate, Eco and chloride. It was observed that certain edaphic and anthropogenic activity were responsible for variation in the composition and structure are responsible for variation in the composition and structure of composition. Shehzad et al., ., (1999) studied phytosociology the vegetation of Samanhivalley Azad Kashmir and recorded five plant communities, viz ( a)Melia-Lanatana-Stellaria, (b) MorusDodonea-Melilotus, (c) Dodonea-Grevi-Melia, (d) Srekkarua-zizypus-Dodopnea, and (e) Oxalis-prunis-oleacommunities. All the communities reflect highly deteriorated condition. Malik et al., (2001) reported 10 plant communities from Dau khan areas which were SalixPlantago,
Salix-Rumex,
Onychium-Oxalis,
Avena-Selinium-Micromera,
Elymus-Fragaria-Stellaria,
Geranium-Onychium,
Fragaria-Cyprus-Viola
Fragaria-
andPlantago-
Saussurea-Salix. They found that chemical contents of soil play important role in distribution of communities. Biological spectrum showed that Hemicryptophytes were dominant followed by Nanophanerophytes. In leaf size classes, Microphylls and Nanophylls were dominant followed by Leptophylls and mesophylls. Index of diversity varied from 1.98 to 2.88. Krestove et al., (2006) presented a phytosociological survey of the deciduous temperate forest of mainland Northeast Asia. They sampled 1200 releves and reported 4 orders, 12 alliances, 50 associations, 36subassociations and 8 variants. The communities are placed into two classes. Javidet al., (2006) conducted the comprehensive study on the Kuppi plantation location in the Faisalabad area. He was recorded 94 plants species belong to the different 35 families. He found that the present condition of the Kuppi Plantation is a representativedegraded forest habitats but support to the several plant species. Malik et al., (2007) studied the vegetation of Pirchinasi hills of Azad Kashmir. In this studied she founded that chemical contents of soil played role in giving particular shape to plant communities. On the whole 3 plant communities were recognized and total of 77 species
19
were recorded. Environmental factors such as climate, temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind and biotic factors were also studied in relation to vegetation structure. Perveen and Hussain (2007) explored the diversity of Gorakh hills located in Dadu district. They reported 74 plant species representing 62 genera and 32 families. They defined complete description of all plant species including life forms, species density, species relative density, species cover and frequency. Ajaib (2008) Conducted ecological study in SaneyBaney hills district Kotly Azad Kashmir. They were reported 15 plant communities in which therophytes and megaphanerphytes was dominant on spring seasons, while Ttherophytes and hemicryptophytes in winter. In case of leave Microphyls and Leptophylls were dominant in winter as well as in spring season. Fakher-I-Abbas et al., (2009) phytosociologically explores about 5,000 square km area of grey goral range in Azad Kashmir Pakistan by using line transect method. They reported that the area is very rich with high species diversity. 9 different plant communities, 22 trees, 24 shrubs, 31herbs and grass species were reported. They said that Pinusroxburghii was an indicator species of habitat. Trees and shrubs forms perennial layers, while herbs and grasses dry up during autumn and winter. Khan (2009), conduct the phytosociological studies on the vegetation of Thandiani Sub forest Division were conducted during April to October 2009. The elevation range 1191m to 2626 from the sea level. Vegetation was analyzed randomly by using the quadrates of 10×2 mfor trees, 5×2 m2, for shrubs and 0.5×0.5 m2 for herbaceous plant. Density, frequency and canopy cover of each species in different stand was recognized. The data change into relative scales and then added together to get important value of each species. The established communities were name after the three leading dominant species. Khan et al., (2010) conducted a phytosociological study on Quercus forests of ChitralHiduksh range of Pakistan. 8 stands were sampled at four different valleys i.e. Gol National Park, Bumburate Kalash, Rambor Kalash, and Birir Kalash ranging from 17702370m.asl. They reported 60 species including Quercus baloot was dominant on all sites. Vidyasagranet et al., (2011) investigated the floristic diversity of Mangroves of Kunnur and reported 12 species 9 genera belonging to 7 families. Rhizoophoraceae represented maximum genera with 4 species.
20
Bibi (2013) Conduct the study of Floristic composition and Phytosociological studies on the vegetation of Bara Gally District Abbottabad was conducting during April to October 2012. From the elevation of 2200- 2370 meter. They were recorded 50 species belong to the 33 different families out of which 5 were tree , 10 shrubs and 35 herbs. Asteraceae was dominant with 6 species andRoseaceae with 4 species, followed by the Pteridaceaeand Caprifloreaceae with 3 species.
21
CHAPTER MATERIALS & METHODS
22
MATERIALS & METHODS 3.1 Materials During the field survey following material is used; Altimeter , pencils, Note book , Paper, Digital Camera , measuring tape, Cutter, Binocular, Ropes, Steel rods, Plant presser, , herbarium sheets etc. 3.2 Location of field work; The Kakul hill was selected for phytosociological studied. The Quadrates were conducted in spring 2013. The field work was carried out within eight months from March 2013 to October 2013.During the field work eight quadrate were laid on the following sites; Gojarmera, Nellore, Batangadara, Mandroach, Dana, Sattu Bangla, and palluzeyrat 3.3 Methods: 3.3.1 Vegetation sampling Quadrates method was used for sampling of vegetation. The size of the quadrates was 10×2mfor tree, 5×2mfor shrubs,0.5×0.5 for herbs.(MAlik 1986) 3.3.2 Quantitative Analysis The important quantitative analysis such as density, frequency and cover of tree species, shrubs and herbs species were determined as per Curtis and Melntosh (1950). 3.3.3 Number of quadrates; Total number of quadrates in all sites was 5 for tree, 10 for shrubs, and 20 for herbs. 3.4 Parameter of phytosociollogicalattributes; (a) Density (D) Density is an expression of the numerical strength of a species where the total number of individuals of each species where total number of quadrates studied. Density is calculated by the equation:
Density= Total number of individuals of a species in all quadrates Total number of quadrates 23
(b) Frequency (F) This term refers to the degree of dispersion of individual species in an area and usually expressed in terms of percentage occurrence. It was study by sampling the study area at several places at random recorded the name of the species that occurred in each sampling units. It was calculated by the equation:
Frequency
Number of quadrates in which species occurred 100 Total number of quadrates studied
(c) Abundance It is the study is the number of individuals of different species in the community per unit area. By quadrates methods, sampling are made at random at several places and the number of individuals of each species was summed up for all the quadrates divided by the number of quadrates in which the species occurred. It is represented by the equation:
Abundance
Total number of individuals of a species in all quadrates Total number of quadrates in which the species occurred
(d) The Canopy Cover Or Dominance (Cc) It is defined as the volume of a space occupied or the amount of ground covered by the crown or canopy of plants. Canopy Cover
Total cover square feet of a species Number of plants of a species
The coverage of herbs and shrubs was calculated using the Daubenmire coverage classes (R.F. Daubenmire, 1959).
24
Table: 3.1 Range of cover Range of cover
Mid-point (%)
1
Covering up to 5% of the ground
2.5%
2
Covering 5% to 25% of the ground
15.0%
3
Covering 25% to 50% of the ground
37.5%
4
Covering 50% to 75% of the ground
62.5%
5
Covering 75% to 95% of the ground
85.5%
6
Covering 95% to 100% of the ground
97.5%
Class
Source: Daubenmire, 1959 3.4.1 Importance Value Index (I.V.I) The index is used to determine the overall importance of each species in the community structure. In calculating this index, the percentage value of the relative frequency, relative density and relative dominance are summed up together and this value is designated as the Importance Value Index or IVI of the species. (Curtis, 1959).
I .V .I
R.D R.F R.C 3
(a) Relative Density (R.D) Relative density is the study of numerical strength of species in relation to the total number of individuals of all the species and can be calculated as;
Relative Density
Number of individual of the species 100 Number of individuals of all the species
25
(b) Relative Frequency (R.F) The degree of dispersion of individual species in an area in relation to the number of all the species occurred.
Relative Frequency
Number of occurrence of the species 100 Number of occurrence of all the species
(c) Relative Dominance Or Relative Canopy Cover Dominance of a species is determined by the value of the total basal cover. Relative dominance is the coverage value of a species with respect to the sum of the coverage of the rest of the species in the area.
Relative Dominance
Total basal area of the species 100 Total basal area of all the species
The total basal area was calculated from the sum of the total diameter of immerging stems. In trees, poles and saplings, the basal area was measured at breast height (1.5m) and by using the formula лr²: but in case of herbaceous vegetation it was measured on the ground level by using calipers. 3.5 Life Form Classes The plant species found in the study area were grouped into different life forms on the basis criteria outlined by Runkiaer (1934), Misra (1968) and Ellenberg and Muller – Dombois (1974).
26
Table: 3.2 Life-Form of plants
Life-Form
Description (position of perennatig bud from the ground)
Megaphanerophyte
Above 30m high
Mesophanerophyte
8-30m high
Microphanerophyte
2-8 high
Nanophanerophyte
Up to 2m high
Chamaephyte
Up to 0.3m high (low woody plants or herbs)
Geophyte
Underground
Theophyte
Survival in unfavorable condition through seeds
Epiphyte
Plants growing on other plants
Liana/Scandent/Climber
Mechanically dependent plant.
27
3.6 Leaf Spectra Leaf spectra Oosting (1956) opened that leaf size knowledge may help in understanding the phytosociological process of plant community. Further the leaf size classes have proved to be useful in classifying association leaf size aspect was determined by classifying the leaves into the following classes as described by Runkier (1956). Table: 3.3 leaf size Leptophyll
The Leaf size is 25sq.mm (0.000025sq.m)
Nanophyll
The Leaf size is 9×25=225sq.mm (0.00025sq.m)
Microphyll
The Leaf size is 9×9×25=2025sq.mm (0.002025sq.m)
Mesophylls
The Leaf size is 9×9×9×25sq.mm (0.018225sq.m)
Macrophyll or Megaphyll
The Leaf size is 9×9×9×9×25=164025sq.mm(0.16405sq.m)
3.7 Plant Collection, Processing and Identification Extensive and intensive floristic survey was carried out in the study area at monthly intervals during the study period. Specimens of flowering and non-flowering vascular plants fond in the study area were collected, processed and poisoned with Agcl+Cuso4+C2H5OH in the laboratory. The plants specimens were collected from the study area were pressed between the absorbents under heavy pressure immediately after reaching the laboratory. Dried specimens were poisoned by dipping the whole plant in a solution of Agcl+Cuso4+C2H5OH in ethyl alcohol (Agcl+Cuso4+C2H5OH dissolved in 4.5 liter ethyl alcohol, called Kew Mixture). After the specimens were poisoned, they were dried and affixed (along with a label) on a herbarium sheets, voucher specimens number were assigned and deposited in Herbarium Deportment of Botany Government Post Graduate College Abbottabad.
28
CHAPTER RESULTS & DISCUSSION
29
4.1 Results 4.1.1 Vegetation Analysis The vegetative analysis were carried out during April to October 2013 in Kakul forest during the vegetative analysis the following plants community were recorded in to the different area survey.
1. Pinus -Vibernum-Viola - community 2. Pinus – Berberis- Medicago community 3. Pinus - Berberis - Melilotus community 4. Acacia- Berberis - Cynodon community 5. Pinus- Berberis - Rumex community 6. Pinus - Viburnum- Cinicus community 7. Pinus - Berberis -Rumex community 8. Pinus- Berberis - Rumex community 1. Pinus -Vibernum-Viola - community This community was recorded during moon soon seasons. This community contains 4-tree, 5-Shrubs and 6-herbs. The IVI dominant species are Vibernumgradiflurim, Viola conescersand Pinuswallichainarespectively. These species are mixed with the Abiespindrow, AesculusIndica,Berberis lyceum, Indigoferagerardiana, Rosa moschata, Aquilegapubiflora, DuchesneaindicaMalvaneglecta. The remaining specie were rare due to their low IVI value (Table: 4.1.1)
2. Pinus – Berberis- Medicago community This community was recorded during moon soon seasons. This community contains 6-tree, 4-Shrubs and 4-herbs. The IVI dominant species are Berberis lyceum, Pinus wallichana, Pistaciaintegrima
respectively.
The
species
are
mixed
with
the
co-dominant
speciesMedicago denticulate, Menthapiperata, Indigoferagerardiana, Rubusfruticouus, Zizyphusjujube, Pyruspashia, Morusalba, Melia Azedarach. The remaining species were low due to their low IVI values. (Table: 4.1.2) 30
3. Pinus - Berberis - Melilotus community This community was recorded during moon soon seasons. This community contains 16 species Dodonea
of plants. The IVI dominant species are PinusRoxburghii, Berberislyceum, and viscose.
These
are
mixd
with
theIndigoferagerardiana,
Pyruspashia,
Punicagranatum. Melilotuspsrviflora, Rumexhastatus. The remaining species were low due to their low IVI values. (Table: 4.1.3)
4. Acacia- Berberis - Cynodon community This community was recorded during moon soon seasons. This community contains 17species
of plants. The IVI dominant species are Berberys lyceum, Acacia Arabica,
Pinusroxburghi are mixed with the Melilotusalba, Rumexnephlances, Dodonea viscose, Cynodondactoyn, Arudodonex. The remaining species are low due to their low IVI value.. (Table: 4.1.4)
5. Pinus- Berberis - Rumex community This community was recorded during moon soon seasons. This community contains 15 species of plants. These are 6- Tree, 4-Shrubs and 5-Herbs. The IVI dominant species are Rumexnephlances ,Berberis lyceum, Pinu sroxburghii, . The co-dominant Pyruspashia,
Rossa
sp.,
Melilotusalba,
Dodonaea
viscose,
species are
Lathyrusapaca,
Xanthoxylumalatum. The remaining species are low due to their low IVI value. . (Table: 4.1.5)
6. Pinus - Viburnum- Cnicus community This community was recorded during moon soon seasons. This community contains 15 species of plants. These are 4- tree, 5-Shrubs and 7-Herbs. The IVI dominant species are Pinus wallichiana, Vibernum grandifolrum, Cincusar gvracanthus. These are mixed with the Pinus
Roxburghii, Berberis lyceum, Frageria nubicola, Rumex nepalansis, and Rumex muricatus. The remaining species are low due to their low IVI value. . (Table: 4.1.6)
\
7. Pinus - Berberis -Rumex community
31
This community was recorded during moon soon seasons. This community contains 16 species
of plants. These are 3- tree, 4-Shrubs and 9-Herbs. The IVI dominant species are
Pinus wallichiana , Melilotus psruiflora , Rumex nepalansis and these species are mixed with the Berberis lyceum , Abies pindrow, , Aesculus indca, , Strobila thesalatus, Themedaanatheras. The remaining species are low due to their low IVI value.. (Table: 4.1.7)
8. Pinus- Berberis - Rumex community This community was recorded during moon soon seasons. This community contains 16 species
of plants. These are 5- tree, 4-Shrubs and 7-Herbs. The IVI dominant species are
Rumex nepalansis, Berberis lyceum, and Pinus roxburghii. The co-dominant species are Acacia Arabica, Cynodondactyon, Arudodonex, Medicago denticulate, Rossa sp.,
Rumex hastatus,
Verbascum Thapsus. The remaining species are low due to their low IVI
value. . (Table: 4.1.8)
32
APENDIX NO: 4.1.1Pinus wallichiana, Vibernum gradiflurim, Viola conescers community were recorded from pallu zyaret in 2013. S
Species
density
frequency
Cc
RD
RF
RCC
IVI
no Trees 1
Abies pindrow
0.4
55
2.57
2.6
5.0
1.7
3.1
2
Aesculus Indica
0.8
85
6.7
5.16
7.8
4.4
5.8
3
Pinus wallichiana
1
100
14.6
6.45
9.25
9.6
8.4
4
Quraqus incans
0.6
60
5.78
3.87
5.55
3.8
4.4
Shrubs 5
Berberis lyceum
0.4
45
13.4
2.58
4.1
8.8
5.2
6
Indigofera gerardiana
0.8
70
8.14
5.16
6.4
5.3
5.6
7
Rosa moschata
0.6
55
5.6
3.87
5.0
3.6
4.1
8
Sarcococa saligna
0.8
70
9.7
5.16
6.4
6.3
6
9
Vibernum gradiflurim
2.3
100
15.54
14.83
9.25
10.23
11.4
Herbs 10
Aquilega pubiflora
0.9
75
5.15
5.80
6.9
3.4
5.4
11
Duchesnea indica
1.2
55
8.5
7.74
5.0
5.6
6.1
12
Malva neglecta
0.6
65
3.75
3.87
6.0
2.4
4.1
13
Rumex nepalansis
2.7
100
19.25
17.4
9.25
12.6
13
14
Strobilanthes alatus
1.0
60
10.34
6.45
5.55
6.8
6.3
15
Viola conescers
1.6
86
12.75
10.3
7.9
8.4
8.9
15.5
1081
151.77
Total
33
Fig 4.1 Pinus -Vibernum-Viola - community 14 13 12
11.4
I.V.I
10 8.9
8.4
8 6
5.8
5.2 4.4
4
6
5.6 4.1
3.1 2 0
PLANTS SPECIES
34
6.3
6.1 5.4 4.1
APENDIX NO: 4.1.2Pinus wallichana, Berberis lyceum,Medicago denticulate, community were recorded from Balolia in 2013. S no
Species
density
frequency
Cc
1
Melia Azedarach
0.4
66
16.4
2
Morus alba
0.2
60
3
Pinus wallichiana
0.8
4
Pistacia integrima
5
RD
RF
RCC
IV I
2.79
6.46
7.88
5.7
18.54
1.39
5.87
8.9
5.4
80
41.5
5.59
7.8
19.9
11.1
1.8
100
22.5
12.58
9.79
10.8
11.0
Pyrus pashia
1.6
75
21.7
11.18
7.34
10.4
9.5
6
Berberis lyceum
1.8
95
25.4
12.58
9.30
12.21
11.4
7
Indigofera
1.3
65
12.17
9.0
6.36
5.8
7.0
Tree
Shrubs
gerardiana 8
Rubus fruticouus
0.6
60
5.7
4.19
5.87
2.7
4.2
9
Zizyphus jujube
0.8
85
8.12
5.59
8.3
3.9
5.9
Medicago
1.6
100
11.25
11.18
9.79
5.4
8.8
Herbs 10
denticulate 11
Mentha piperata
1.3
80
8.6
9.0
7.8
4.1
7.0
12
Rumex nepalansis
0.6
85
5.75
4.2
8.3
2.7
5.1
13
Tagetes minuta
1.5
70
10.25
10.48
6.85
4.9
7.4
14.3
1021
207.88
Total
35
Fig 4.2 Pinus – Berberis- Medicago community 12 11.1
11
11.4
10 8.8 8
I.V.I
7 6
5.7
7.4
7 5.9
5.4
5.1 4.2
4
2
0
0
PLANTS SPECIES
36
0
APENDIX NO: 4.1.3Pinus Roxburghii, Berberis lyceum,Melilotus psrviflora, community were recorded from Mandroach in 2013. S no
Species
density
frequenc
Cc
RD
RF
RCC
IVI
y Tree 1
Acacia Arabica
0.6
80
15.54
3.72
6.98
9.0
6.6
2
Pinus Roxburghii
1.8
100
32.45
11.18
8.7
18.8
12.9
3
Punica granatum
0.8
75
21.5
4.96
6.55
12.45
8.0
4
Pyrus pashia
0.8
60
17.5
4.96
5.2
10.1
6.7
5
Berberis lyceum
2.0
90
17.1
12.42
7.86
10.0
10.1
6
Dedonea viscose
1.6
85
10.5
9.9
7.4
6.1
8.0
7
Rosa sp.
0.9
80
11.2
5.59
6.98
6.4
6.3
8
Rubus fruticous
0.6
55
5
3.72
4.8
2.9
3.8
9
Arudo donex
0.6
66
5.0
3.72
5.76
2.8
4.1
10
Cynodon dactyo’n
1.8
84
6.75
11.18
7.33
3.9
7.5
11
Gallium aoarine
0.7
50
4.0
4.34
4.36
2.3
3.6
12
Latyrus apaca
0.3
34
2.5
1.8
2.96
1.44
1.73
13
Melilotus
1.6
86
11.0
9.9
7.51
6.3
7.9
Shrubs
Herbs
psrviflora 14
Rumex hastatus
0.5
75
9.5
3.10
6.55
5.5
5.0
15
Rumex nepalansis
1.0
80
6.15
6.2
6.98
3.5
5.5
16
Zizyphus jujube
0.5
45
3.1
3.1
3.93
1.8
2.9
16.1
1145
172.64
Total
37
Fig4.3 Pinus - Berberis - Melilotus community 14 12.9 12 10.1
I.V.I
10 8
8 6.6
6
8 6.7
7.9
7.5 6.3
5 4
3.8
4.1
5.5
3.6 2.9
2
1.73
0
PLANTS SPECIES
38
APENDIX NO: 4.1.4Acacia Arabica, Berberys lyceum,Cynodon dactoyn, community were recorded from Nellore in 2013. S no
Species
density
frequency
Cc
RD
RF
RCC
IVI
1
Acacia Arabica
1.4
100
10.17
10.0
8.37
6.63
8.3
2
Punica antigeraima
0.2
40
2.6
1.43
3.35
1.7
2.2
3
Pestesia interrima
0.6
70
6.7
4.30
5.86
4.3
4.5
4
Altisemia
0.4
55
7.1
2.86
4.60
4.6
4.0
5
Pinus roxburghi
1.2
80
13.75
8.60
6.70
8.9
8.0
6
Prmus Persica
0.6
60
14.65
4.30
5.0
9.5
6.2
7
Pyrus Pashia
0.4
40
17.0
2.86
3.35
11.0
5.7
Zizyphus jujube
0.4
40
4.4
2.86
3.35
2.8
3.0
9
Rosa sp.
0.75
70
5.0
5.37
5.86
3.2
4.8
10
Dodonea viscose
1.2
80
12.17
8.60
6.70
7.9
7.7
1!
Berberys lyceum
1.3
100
21.5
9.31
8.37
14.0
10.6
12
Arudo donex
0.8
75
4.5
5.73
6.28
2.9
5.0
13
Cynodon dactoyn
1.2
100
7.4
8.60
8.37
4.8
7.2
14
Lathyrus apaca
0.7
35
5.45
5.01
2.93
3.5
3.8
15
Melilotus alba
1.2
85
6.1
8.60
7.11
4
6.6
16
Rumex nepalansis
1.0
100
5.7
7.16
8.37
3.7
6.4
17
Verbascum Thapsus
0.6
64
3.2
4.30
5.36
2.1
3.9
13.95
1194
153.39
Tree
Shrubs
Herbs
Total
39
12
Fig 4.4 Acacia- Berberis- Cynodon community 10.6
10
8
8.3
8
7.7
I.V.I
7.2 6.6
6.2
6
4.8
4.5 4
4
2
5 3.8
3 2.2
0
PLANTS SPECIES
40
6.4
3.9
APENDIX NO: 4.1.5 Pinus roxburghi,Berberis lyceum, Rumex nepalansis community were recorded from batanga dara in 2013. S no
Species
density
frequency
Cc
RD
RF
RCC
IVI
1
Pinus roxburghii
1.0
100
15.4
7.81
9.25
12.7
9.9
2
Pistocia antigeraima
0.4
45
5.7
3.12
4.16
4.7
4.0
3
Pyrus pashia
0.8
85
9.1
6.25
7.87
7.5
7.2
4
Altisemia
0.4
80
6.5
3.12
7.40
5.4
5.3
5
Punica Granatum
0.6
65
4.65
4.68
6.01
3.84
4.8
6
Ficus carica
0.6
60
3.7
4.68
5.55
3.1
4.4
7
Berberis lyceum
1.8
100
12.6
14.0
9.25
10.4
11.2
8
Rossa sp.
0.9
90
13.0
7.03
8.33
10.7
8.7
9
Dodonaea viscose
0.5
45
5.9
3.90
4.16
4.9
4.3
10
Zanthoxylum alatum
0.4
35
4.8
3.12
3.24
3.9
3.4
11
Melilotus alba
1.0
70
5.2
7.81
6.48
4.3
6.2
12
Lathyrus apaca
1.5
85
6.1
11.71
7.87
5.04
8.2
13
Cynodon dactoy’n
0.4
65
3.1
3.12
6.01
2.5
3.9
14
Rumex nepalansis
1.9
100
15.3
14.84
9.25
12.6
12.2
15
Viola conesceus
0.6
55
3.7
4.68
5.09
3.1
4.3
Total
12.8
1080
120.85
114.75
Tree
Shrubs
Herbs
41
Fig4.5 Pinus- Berberis- Rumex community 14 12.2
12 11.2 10
9.9
I.V.I
8.7
8.2
8
7.2 6.2
6 5.3 4
4
4.8
4.4
4.3 3.4
2 0
PLANTS SPECIES
42
3.9
4.3
APENDIX NO: 4.1.6 Pinus wallichiana, Vibernum Grandifolrum, Cnicus argvracanthus community recorded from Mrarehmat khan in 2013. S no
Species
density
frequency Cc
RD
RF
RCC
IVI
1
Pinus roxbughii
0.8
65
28.1
4.30
5.38
15.4
8.4
2
Cedrus deodara
0.4
60
12.7
2.15
4.97
7.0
4.7
3
Pinus wallichiana
1.0
100
45.8
5.37
8.28
25.2
12.9
4
Premus persica
0.2
45
10.3
1.07
3.72
6.7
3.8
5
Vibernum Grandifolrum
2.5
100
15.3
13.44
8.28
8.8
10.2
6
Berberis lyceum
1.8
90
12.1
9.67
7.45
6.6
7.9
7
Andrachne silagna
1.0
60
6.4
5.37
4.97
3.5
4.6
8
Rossa sp.
0.6
55
5.3
3.22
4.55
2.9
3.5
9
Rhus punjabensis
0.8
50
7.6
4.30
4.14
4.2
4.2
10
Achilli millefolium
0.8
82
4.1
4.30
6.79
2.25
4.4
11
Cincus argvracanthus
2.9
100
7.3
15.59
8.28
4.0
9.
12
Frageria nubicola
1.9
100
7.75
10.21
8.28
4.3
7.6
13
Rumex nepalansis
1.35
85
7.2
7.25
7.04
3.9
6.0
14
Rumex muricatus
1.35
70
5.3
7.35
5.79
2.9
5.3
15
Aspodelus tenuifolius
0.6
80
2.7
3.22
6.62
1.5
3.6
16
Traxacum officinale
0.6
65
3.8
3.22
5.38
2.1
3.6
18.6
1207
181.75
Tree
Shrubs
Herbs
Total
43
Fig4.6 Pinus - Viburnum - Cnicus community 14 12.9 12 10.2
10
I.V.I
9.3 8
8.4
7.9
7.6
6
6 5.3
4.7 4
4.6 3.8
4.2
4.4
3.5
2 0
PLANTS SPECIES
44
3.6
3.6
APENDIX NO: 4.1.7 Pinus wallichiana, Berberis lyceum, Rumex nepalansis Community were recorded from Sattu Bangla in 2013. S no
Species
density
frequency
Cc
RD
RF
RCC
IVI
1
Abies pindrow
0.6
60
17.1
3.49
5.17
10.1
6.2
2
Aesculus indca
0.8
80
14.3
4.66
6.89
8.4
6.6
3
Pinus wallichiana
1.2
100
41.7
6.99
8.62
24.6
13.4
4
Berberis lyceum
1.9
100
17.2
11.00
8.62
10.1
9.9
5
Indigofera gradiane
0.6
55
5.4
3.49
4.74
3.2
3.8
6
Rossa sp.
0.9
80
12.54
5.24
6.89
7.4
6.5
7
Viburnum grandiflorum
0.7
65
3.5
4.00
5.60
2.1
3.9
8
Rumex nepalansis
2.9
90
11.2
16.90
7.75
6.6
10.4
9
Malva neglecta
0.4
35
0.45
2.33
3.00
0.3
1.9
10
Aquilegia pubiflora
0.7
45
3.9
4.00
3.87
2.3
3.4
11
Duchesnea indica
0.6
65
5.1
3.49
5.60
3.0
4.0
12
Cincus argurscanthus
0.8
70
4.3
4.66
6.00
2.5
4.4
13
Asphodelus terifolias
0.75
65
5.4
4.37
5.60
3.2
4.4
14
Melilotus Psruiflora
2.5
100
13.14
14.57
8.62
7.7
10.3
15
Strobilathes alatus
1.2
80
9.2
6.99
6.89
5.4
6.4
16
Themeda anatheras
0.6
70
5.1
4.49
6.00
3.0
4.5
17.15
1160
169.53
Tree
Shrubs
Herbs
Total
45
Fig4.7 Pinus - Berberis -Rumex community 16 14
13.4
12
I.V.I
10
10.4
9.9
10.3
8 6 4
6.2
6.6
6.5
6.4 3.9
3.8
2
3.4 1.9
0
PLANTS SPECIES
46
4
4.4
4.4
4.5
APENDIX NO: 4.1.8 PinusRoxburghii, Berberis lyceum, Rumex nepalansis , community were recorded from Batanga Moree in 2013. S no
Species
density
frequency
Cc
RD
RF
RCC
IVI
1
PinusRoxburghii
1.2
100
17.2
5.25
8.26
10.7
8.
2
Ficus carica
0.4
60
9.1
1.75
4.95
5.7
4.1
3
Punica granatum
0.6
50
5.14
2.62
4.13
3.2
3.3
4
Pyrus pashia
0.6
55
7.3
2.62
4.54
4.6
3.9
5
Acacia Arabica
1
80
12.3
4.4
6.61
7.7
6.2
6
Berberis lyceum
1.2
100
18
5.25
8.26
11.3
8.3
7
Rossa sp.
0.9
70
8.1
3.93
5.78
5.1
4.9
8
Dodonea viscose
0.7
65
7.4
3.00
5.37
4.6
4.3
9
Punica granatum
0.8
80
8.5
3.50
6.61
5.3
5.1
10
Rumex nepalansis
2.5
100
13.1
10.94
8.26
8.2
9.1
11
Rumex hastatus
0.9
85
5.9
3.93
7.02
3.7
4.9
12
Viola conescens
0.6
55
3.2
2.62
4.54
2
3.0
13
Cynodon dactyon
2.2
80
9.0
9.62
6.61
5.6
7.3
14
Arudo donex
1.9
90
10.2
8.31
7.43
6.4
7.4
15
Verbascum thapsus
0.75
65
7.1
3.28
5.37
4.4
4.3
16
Medicago denticulate
1.2
75
9.5
5.25
6.19
5.9
5.8
22.85
1210
160.04
Tree
Shrubs
Herbs
Total
47
Fig4.8 Pinus- Berberis - Rumex community 10 9.1
9 8
8.3
8
7.3
7 6.2
I.V.I
6
5.8
5 4 3
7.4
5.1
4.9 4.1
4.9
4.3
3.9
3.3
4.3 3
2 1 0
PLANTS SPECIES
48
KEYS: A. D = Density. B. F = Frequency C. Cc = Canopy Cover. D. R.D = Relative Density. E. R.F = Relative Frequency. F. R.C = Relative Frequency. G. I.V.I = Importance Value Index.
49
4.2 NAMES OF PLANTS AND THEIR FAMILIES Table No: 4.2 Names of Plants and their Families. S.No
Botanical Name
English Name
Family
1
Pinus roxburghii
Chir pine
Pinaceae
2
Abies pindrow
Pindrow Fir
Pinaceae
3
Quraqus incans
Bluejack oak
Fagaceae
4
Pinus wallichaina
Blue Pine
Pinaceae
7
Morus alba
White mulberry
Moraceae
8
Acacia Arabica
Acacia
legumeneace
9
Aesculus Indica
Indian Horse Chestnut
Hippocastanaceae
10
Punica granatum
Pomegranate
Lythraceae
11
Pistacia integerrima
kakar singhi
Anacardiaceous
12
Cedrus deodara
Deodar cedar
Pinaceae
13
Pyrus pashia
Wild pear
Rosaceae
14
Ficus carica
Common fig
Moraceae
15
Melia azadarach
White cedar
Meliaceae
16
Dedonea viscosa
Candlewood
Sapindaceae
17
Berberis lyceum
Berry
Berberidaceae
18
Zizyphus sp
Chinese date
Rhamnaceae
19
Conimum sp
Poison hemlock
Apiaceae
20
Zanthoxylum alatum
Toothache tree
Rutacaea
21
Rhus punjabensis
Punjab Sumac
Rhizophoraceae
22
Vibernum grandiflorum
Vibernum grandiflorum
Caprifoliaceae
23
Punica granatum
Wild pomegranate
Punicaceae
24
Rosa sp
Black chokeberry
Rosaceae
25
Indigofera heterantha
Himalayan indigo
Fabaceae
Trees
Shrubs
50
Herbs 26
Malva neglecta
Common mallow
Malvaceae
27
Strobilathes alatus
Blue Nettle
Sterculiaceae
28
Duchesnea indica
Indian strawberry
Rosaceae
29
Verbascum thapus
common mullein
Schrophlariaceae
30
Medicago denticulate
Medick
Paplionaceae
31
Arudo donex
Wild cane
Poaceae
32
Cynodon dactylon
Bermuda grass
Poaceae
33
Bromus
Grass
Poaceae
34
Rumex nephlansis
Nepal Dock
Polygonaceae
35
Rumex hastatus
Arrowleaf Dock
Polygonaceae
36
Rumex muricatus
Aegean Dock
Polygonaceae
37
Medicago sp
Shore medico
Fabaceae
38
Viola sp
Sylvia hart
Violaceae
39
Mentha pipreta
Peppermint
Lamiaceae
40
Cannabis sativa
Hemp
Cannabaceae
41
Traxacum officinale
common dandelion
Plantaginaceae
42
Achilli millefolium
Common yarrow
Compositeae
44
Aquilega pubiflora
Himalayan Columbine
Ranunculaceae
51
4.2 DISCUSSION Phytosociology is the study of the characteristics, classification, relationship and distribution of the plants communities. (The American heritage dictionary 3rd edition) To investigate the area of the Kakul,Abies pindrow, Aesculus Indica, Pinus wallichaina, Punica granatum , and Pinus roxburghii species are used as a fuel. Destruction are caused by the cutting
of trees and herbs and shrubs for fodder and timber mafia cause the
destruction of forest in the area , over grazing may be destruct the vegetation of the area and very little extent medicinal plants. The local inhabitants uproot most of the herbaceous plants and it is used for the cure of various diseases, whole plant is used or plant part is used for the cure of the various diseases. Local people are used Abies pindrow, Pinus roxburghi trees as fuels, shelter and as timber, due to the over grazing, uprooting the herbaceous flora become extent. At the lower ridges, palatable species are replaced due to the over grazing. Themeda and cynodon are the palatable species which increase under grazing. Themeda is the fine fodder grass and cynodon is an allelopathy grass, which suppresses the growth of the other species. (Farrakhan, 2003) Everything which present in the earth is called diversity. In community which has high number of plant the community have a high diversity while the community have low number of plants which have low diversity. The data show that the most of the same species are present to top of the hills. Similar finding were reported by Malik et al. (2007) The sum of total number of plants in any particular are it is known as plant community. It may be on sand, rock or in water. It may be herb, shrub and tree. It may be hydrophytes, xerophytes or Mesophytes. The present study was conducted for phytosociological surveys of
52
Kakul hills and adjacent areas of District Abbottabad. The altitudes of this community differ from the 1310m to 2736m. Berberys lyceum is dominant with Acacia Arabica andPinus roxburghi at the altitude of 1310m.With the increase of the altitude Berberys - Acacia - Pinus community were replaced with the Rumex - Berberis - Pinus community. With the increase of the altitude pinus, vibernum, and Berberis communities were dominant that indicate that thepinus, vibernum and Berberis are are dominen at the heigh altitude. In the altitude of1378m Rumex – Berberis- Pinus community was dominants. From1410m Rumex Berberious - Pinus community was dominant. From 1544m Pinus - Berberis - Dodonea communitywas dominant. From 1933m Berberis -Pinus - Pistacia community was dominant. From 2336m Vibernum-Viola - Pinus community was dominant. From 2410m Pinus Melilotus -Rumex community was dominant. From 2736m Pinus - Vibernum - Cincus community was dominant. As shown in the 4.1.1 to 4.1.8 table. Similar studies were carried out by the Khan (2009) while studding the vegetation of the Thandiani forest. They were recorded 15 plants community i.e Pinus-Dodonae-community, Themeda-Zizyphus-Pinus community, Punica- dodonae- pinus community, Pinus- PunicaDodonae community, Pinus- Zizyphus-Cynodon community, pinus- Punica-Rumex community, Pinus- Rumex –Cedrus community, Pinus-Cedrus- Rumex community etc . These results are according to our results but the slightly different due to the altitudinal, geographical, edaphic factor or Climatic conditions. Similar studies were carried out by Akbar et al. in (2010) in some forest of Skardu District of Karakorum Range in Pakistan. The reported two Gymnosperm tree species i.e Pinus wallichiana and Juniperus execlsa and an angiosperm tree i.e Betula utilis is recorded in these forests. In every stand gymnospermic species are widely distributed and dominant with angiospermic species of Betula utilis in six stands. Highest density ha-(184.27) and in the Basal area (42.38m²ha-¹) were recorded from Pinus wallichiana, while Juniperus execlsa
53
attained up to 129 ha- ¹ density and 14.63 basal area m²ha-¹. Betula utilis occupied up to 159 density ha-¹ with 13.12 basal areas ² ha-¹. Ground flora consisted as Astragalus zanskarensis, Leontopodium himalyan, Taraxacum baltistanicum, Potenntilla anserine, Oxyria ddigyna, Hieracium lanceolatum, Rosa webbiana and seedling of Pinus wallichiana. Our results are different from Akbar et al; this difference might be due to altitudinal, geographical, edaphic factor or climatic variations. The term community is an assemblage of different populations, occurring together in same time and same place. The altitude of these communities ranges from (4000feet- 8000feet). Pinus roxburrghii was dominant with Vibernum, and Berberis at an altitude of 5500feet.With the increase in altitude to 8000feet. Pinus was dominant with Solanum and Companula community. At the same altitude Pinus, vibernum, indugofera, Berberisand Rumex, Cincus community was also recorded. Almost similar results were reported by Malik (1994) while studying the vegetation of kakul hills. In investigate the area grazing and deforestation is very common practice in the area. The over grazing damage not only the structure of the community but on tees slopes trampling so disturbed the soil and cause the soil erosion. Cows, sheep and goats badly damage to the vegetation, and some time medicinal herbs and shrubs become the pray of the grazing animal. Deforestation for fuel wood and timber wood is another serious threat that is damaging the structure of a community. These are the serial problems for the kakul forest. The data show that the Vibernum-Viola - Pinus community, Berberis -Pinus - Pistacia community, Pinus - Berberis - Dodonea community, Berberys - Acacia - Pinus community, Rumex - Berberious - Pinus community, Pinus - Vibernum - Cincus community, Pinus Melilotus -Rumex community, and Rumex - Berberis - Pinus community all community are mature because they have 60% or more than 60% frequency. Pichi Sermolli, 1948 reported 54
that the species become mature when it has 60% frequency. The species have less than 60% frequency is immature.
55
RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTION
56
Recommendations and Suggestions For the improvement of vegetation of Kakul hills the following recommendation are suggested. Local people are ignore about the floristic features of the area.
Local people must be educate, so that they get some awareness about the importance of the forest and its natural resources.
Forest department should design the strategy for land using planning and habitats protection.
Forest department should design the strategy to protect the forest from the timber mafia.
Proper reforestation programs may be introduced, where the vegetation is destroyed.
Quantitative survey should be conducted in the Kakul to know about the floristic composition of the area.
Government should provide resume to researchers to find out the new generation of the plant.
57
PLATES
58
Plate # Fragaria vesca
Plate # Rumex hastatus
59
Plate # Taraxicum spp.
Plate # Companula spp.
60
Plate # Viburnum grandiflorum
Plate # Punica granatum
61
Plate # Berberis lyceum
Plate # Cannabis sativa
62
Plate # Viola spp.
Plate # Pinus roxburghii
63
Plate # Pyrus pashia
Plate # Ficus carica
64
Plate # Viburnum grandiflorum
65
REFERENCES
66
REFERENCES
Ahmad, H (2002) People and Plants of Pakistan: Capacity- building in ethno botany applied to conservation and sustainable use of plant resources. Ahmad, S., m. Bukhari: A. A. Dastiand A. Hanan(1987) phytosociological studies of sanddunes . PI.Sci.Res.Pak.p29-34. Akbar M and Ahmad M, studies (2010), Phytosociology and structure of some forests of Skardu District of Karakorum Range of Pakkistan. American-Eurasian J.Agric & Environ.Sci. 9(5): 576-583. ISSN 1818-6769. Akbar M, Ahmad M, Afzal M, Choudhary F, Hussain Al study phytosociology and structure of some forests of Skardu District of Karakorum range of Pakistan. American-Eurasian J.Agric, & Environ,Sci., 9(5): 576-583. ISSN 1818-6769. IDOSI Publications, 2010. Akbar, K.F (2000) Urban Corridors: The ecology of roadside vegetation of Sahiwal city. Lead Pakistan occasional Paper NO.7. http//Pakistan.lead.org Ali, A (2004) Phytosociological studies on the vegetation of Pir Chinasin Hills, Muzaffarabad Azad Jammu and Kashmir. A thesis submitted to the department of Botany University of Muzaffaraabad Azad Jammu Kashmir. Arshad M.G Akbar (1999) studied the restoration pattern of Cholistan desserts as a natural habitat of Haubra Bustard and rangeland development. Awan, M.R, N.A Raja and M. Idris, 2001. Cluster analysis of vegetation of Swat District. Pak.J.Sci., Ind. Res., 44(I: 42-51. Ayub, M (2009) Phytosociological and Ethnobotanical, studies over selected flora in different agro-climatic zones of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. PHD Thesis Quaid-e-Azam Uni, Islamabad. Bibi A (2013) conducts the phytosociological attributes of bara gali abbottabad. Brown, L.R and H. Bezuidenhount (2000), the phytosociology of the De Rust Section of the mountain Zebra National Park, Eastern Cape Koedoe. 43(1):1-18 67
Fakhar ., T.Akhtari and A.Mian (2009). Phytosociological analysis within the range of Grey in Pakistan and Azad Kashmir. Pak.J.Bot 41(2):667-682. Farooq. S, A.Z khan. M.Yusaf and Hina Fazal (2010). Phytosociological studies of Push Ziarat area (shawal) in the South Waziristan, Pakistan. Pak.J.Weed.Sci.Res 16(1): 47-55. Friedrich S (2000), Flora and vegetation of the “ Wzgorzewidkowenad Miedzyodrzen” partial reserve near Szczecin. Folia-Uni.Agr-stet-Agricultural. 85:59:80. Gazetteer of Hazara District (2000), published under the authority of the Punjab Government, Sungemeel Publications. IUCN 2004, Abbottabad state of the Environment and Development. The world conservation union. Khan and S, S. Shoukat (2005) above ground standing phytomass of some grass dominated communities of Karachi; Winter aspect. Int.J.Bio.Biotech, 2(1):82-92. Khan W (2009) conducts the phytosociological and Geographical Distribution of Thandiani forest. Khan, M. H. (1991) phytosociological studies of Suleiman Mountaines in Balochistan, Pak.J. 9(1): 71-84. Krestov P.V, J.S song, Y.Nakarnura and V.P Verkholat (2006). A phytosociological survey of the deciduous temperate forests of main land Northeast Asia. Phytocoenologia 30(1) 77150. Ksrishnamurthy K. V. (2003) Text book of biodiversity Scence publishers, Inc Enfield, Nh, USA; Plymouth, UK. Mailk, Z.H., N.Z.H. Malik, S. Bashir and M.S Grosi (2001) Phytosociologoical studies on the vegetation of Dao Khun Hills. J.Sci and Tech.25:3 Bedori Hills, District Bagh, Azad Jummu and Kashmir with special reference to range conditions. Ph.D Thesis University of Peshawar, Peshawar. Malik N.Z.H., Malik (2004) present status of subtropical chir pine vegetation of Kotli Hills, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. J.Res (Si) 15(I): 85-90.
68
Malik Z. H (2005) Comparative study on the vegetation of Ganga Choti and Behori hills District bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Malik, N.Z and Z.H malik (2004) life form and index of similarity of communities recorded at Kotli Hills. Pak.J, Life Soc.Sci, 254-256. Malik, S.A, A.A... Dasti and Mamoona (2000) Phytosociological studies of waste land at B.Z. University, new campus Multan. Sci.Khy, 7:51-8. Malik, Z.H., F Hussain and N.Z Malik (2007). Life form and leaf size spectra of plant communities are bring Ganga Chotti and Bedori Hills. Int.J.Agri.Bio.9 (5). Milan, C. and O. Zdenka (2003) Plot sizes used for phytosociological sampling of Eurpion vegetation. J.Veg.Sci. 14:563-570. Moinuddin, A.T Hussain, A.H Sheik., S.S Hussain and M.F. Siddiqui (2006). Phytosociology and structure of Himalayan Forest from different climatic zones of Pakistan. Pak.J.Bot 38(2):361-383. Moktan, M.R., L.Norbu., H. Nirola, D.B. Chhetri., T.B. Rai and Rinchen (2006) Migratory Cattle Grazing: An Ecosystem approach to livelihood. Bhu.J.N.R:2(I) 18-28. Moral, R.D. and C. Jones (2002), Vegetation development on pumice at Mount St. Helens, USA. Plant Ecology 162:9-22. Nafeesa, Z.M., M. Arshad and N.M.Sarwat (2007) phytosociological attributes of different plant communities of Pir Chinasi hills of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. International journal of agriculture and biology 9(h) pp. 569-574. Nargis N and Mansoor H in (2010), Studies of Impact of Salinity on species association and Phytosociology of Halophytic plnt communities in the Cholistan Desrt, Pakistan. Pak.J.Bot., 42(4):2359-2367. Otyokova, Z., and C.Milan (2006), Effect of plot size on the ordination of vegetation samples. J.Veg.Sci, 17:465-472. Palmer, M.W. (2002), Ordination methods for biologist Okolhama State Uni USA. Perveen A and M.I Hussain (2007). Plant biodiversity and phytosociological attributes of Gorakh Hill ( Khirthar Range). Pak.J.Bot., Bot 39(3): 691-698. 69
Ranjan M.V, (2011) Phytosociolgical analysis of Mangroves at Kannur District Kerala. ISSN 0976-4402. Rashid, A., f.Hussain and I. Illahi (1987)Phytosociology of Attock-Nazampur hills.Illahi and hussain .Bot.Dept. Peshawar University, pp.47-52. Raunchier,C. (1934). The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography pp.632. Oxford Clarendon press. Rolecek, J.,(2005), Vegetation types of dry-mesic oak forest in Slovakia Vegetacni type subtermoffilich doubrav na Slovensku. Perslia.Praha, 77:241-261. Saima S in (2010) studies Florestic Diversity during Monsoon in Ayubia National Park, District Abbottabad. Pak J.Pl.Sci.16 (1):43-50. Saqib,Z. (2003), Floral Biodiversity assessment and ethnobotanical prospects in Kotli Sattian area. M.Phil thesis,Bio Sci, Quaid-e-Azam Uni Islamabad. Scott. M, S.Stutart and E. Marsh (2004), Cover and Density based vegetation classification of the Sonoran desert using Landsate TM and ERS-I SAR Imagery Remote Sensing of Environment. 93:131-149. Singh, R. S., P. K. Relhan and S. P. Sing (1987) phytosociological and population structure of oak-mixed conifers forest in a part of Kumaun Himalaya. Wangda, P.I and M. Ohsawa (2006), Forest pattern analysis along the Topographical and Climatic gradient of the dry west and humid east slopes of Dochula, westral Bhutan.Bhu.J.R.NR. 2(I):1-17.
70
