NEOTROPICAL CERVIDOLOY Biology and Medicine of Latin American Deer
Edited by José Maurício Barbanti Duarte Susana González
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Copyright © 2010 by Funep / IUCN Published by: Funep / IUCN Funep - Rodovia Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/nº - 14884-900 - Jaboticabal - SP - Brazil Designer: Renato Trizolio Cover illustration: Paulo Antonio Tosta (red brocket deer from Amazonia, Brazil) Map designer: Giordano Ciocheti
N438 Neotropical cervidology. Biology and medicine of Latin Amercian deer / Editors José Maurício Barbanti Duarte and Susana Gonzalez -- Jaboticabal: Funep/IUCN, 2010 393 p. : il. ; 29 cm Includes bibliographical references ISBN: 978-85-7805-046-7 1. Deer. 2. Neotropics. 3. Cervidae. 4. Biology. 5. Medicine. I. Duarte, José Maurício Barbanti. II. Gonzalez, Susana. III. Title CDU 599.735.3
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Authors .......................................................................................................................................
I
Associate Editors ......................................................................................................................... XIII
SECTION 1 – EVOLUTION, GENETICS, MORPHOLOGY, FISIOLOGY Chapter l – Origin, Systematics, and Morphological Radiation ...................................................... 2 Chapter 2 – Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution ...................................................................... 12 Chapter 3 – Chromosome Evolution .............................................................................................. 18 Chapter 4 – Biochemical Genetics .................................................................................................. 27 Chapter 5 – Hematology ................................................................................................................ 31 Chapter 6 – Male Reproduction ..................................................................................................... 39 Chapter 7 – Female Reproduction .................................................................................................. 51
SECTION 2 – NEOTROPICAL SPECIES BIOLOGY Chapter 8 – Marsh deer Blastocerus dichotomus (Illiger 1815) ..................................................... 66 Chapter 9 – Taruka Hippocamelus antisensis (d’Orbigny 1834) .................................................. 77 Chapter 10 – South Andean huemul Hippocamelus bisulcus (Molina 1784) .................................. 89 Chapter 11 – White-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann 1780) ............................... 101 Chapter 12 – Pampas deer Ozotoceros bezoarticus (Linnaeus 1758)................................................ 119 Chapter 13 – Northern pudu Pudu mephistophiles (De Winton 1896) .......................................... 133 Chapter 14 – Southern pudu Pudu puda (Molina 1782) .............................................................. 140 Chapter 15 – Red brocket deer Mazama americana (Erxleben 1777) .......................................... 151 Chapter 16 – Brazilian dwarf brocket deer Mazama nana (Hensel 1872) .................................... 160 Chapter 17 – Central American red brocket deer Mazama temama (Kerr 1792) .......................... 166 Chapter 18 – Small red brocket deer Mazama bororo (Duarte 1996) ............................................ 172 Chapter 19 – Dwarf red brocket deer Mazama rufina (Pucheran 1951) ...................................... 177 Chapter 20 – Merida brocket deer Mazama bricenii (Thomas 1908) ............................................ 181 Chapter 21 – Peruvian dwarf brocket deer Mazama chunyi (Hershkovits 1959) ........................... 185 Chapter 22 – Brown brocket deer Mazama gouazoubira (Fischer 1814) ...................................... 190 Chapter 23 – Amazonian brown brocket deer Mazama nemorivaga (Cuvier 1817) ...................... 202 Chapter 24 – Yucatan brown brocket deer Mazama pandora (Merriam 1901) ............................. 211
SECTION 3 – FIELD AND CAPTIVE TECHNIQUES Chapter 25 – Capture and Physical Restraint ................................................................................ 218 Chapter 26 – Anesthesia and Chemical Immobilization ................................................................ 228 Chapter 27 – Captive Management .............................................................................................. 240 Chapter 28 – Feeding and Nutrition ............................................................................................ 248 Chapter 29 – Assisted Reproductive Technology .......................................................................... 255 Chapter 30 – Population Estimates .............................................................................................. 271 Chapter 31 – Radiotelemetry ....................................................................................................... 283 Chapter 32 – Camera Traps .......................................................................................................... 296 Chapter 33 – Fecal DNA .............................................................................................................. 306 Chapter 34 – Fecal Hormones...................................................................................................... 313
SECTION 4 – MEDICINE Chapter 35 – Capture Myopathy .................................................................................................. 324 Chapter 36 – Viral Diseases .......................................................................................................... 330 Chapter 37 – Bacterial Diseases .................................................................................................... 342 Chapter 38 – Protozoan Diseases ................................................................................................. 363 Chapter 39 – Helminthic Diseases ................................................................................................ 376 Chapter 40 – Deer Ectoparasites .................................................................................................. 383 Chapter 41 – Clinical Examination and Therapeutics .................................................................... 387
I
AUTHORS Adauto Luis Veloso Nunes (Chapter 26, 41) Parque Zoologico Municipal Quinzinho de Barros Rua Teodoro Kaisel 883 18020-268 Sorocaba – SP, Brazil
[email protected],
[email protected] Adjair Antonio do Nascimento (Chapter 39) Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n 14884-900 Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil
[email protected] Adriana Maria Schettino (Chapter 37) Departamento Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva (SAMP) Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Pcia. De Buenos Aires (UNICEN) Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n Tandil (7000), Buenos Aires, Argentina
[email protected] Alejandro Rubén Vila (Chapter 10, 12) Wildlife Conservation Society Jauretche 4763 - (8400) Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina.
[email protected] Alexandre Berndt (Chapter 28) Instituto de Zootecnia, APTA/SAA Rua Heitor Penteado, no 56, Centro 13460-000, CP 60, Nova Odessa-SP, Brazil
[email protected] Alexandre N Zerbini (Chapter 30) National Marine Mammal Laboratory Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Bldg 4 Seattle, WA, 98115-6349, USA / Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W 4th Ave Olympia, WA, 98501, USA
[email protected] Alexandre Vogliotti (Chapters 16, 18, 22, 31, 32) Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos (NUPECCE) Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n 14884-900 Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil
[email protected] Artur Andriolo (Chapters 30, 31, 32) Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Campus Universitário 36036-900 Juiz de Fora - MG, Brazil
[email protected]
II Bruna Furlan Polegato (Chapters 07, 29, 34) Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos (NUPECCE) Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n 14884-900 Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil
[email protected] Carlos A. Delgado-V. (Chapter 19) Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Apartado Aéreo 1226 Medellín, Colombia
[email protected] Clara Mardegan de Souza Camargo (Chapter 05, 35) Autonomous Veterinary Rua Dom Pedro II, 622 16400-047 Lins-SP, Brazil
[email protected] Claudia Dellafiore (chapter 12) Depto. Biología Vegetal y Ecología - Universidad de Sevilla Av. Reina Mercedes S/N 41012 - Sevilla (España)
[email protected] Cristián Enrique Saucedo Galvez (Chapter 10, 25, 37) Wildlife Manager - Patagonia Park Conservación Patagónica, Paseo Horn 47 –B Coyhaique, Chile
[email protected],
[email protected] Damian I. Rumiz (Chapter 21) Wildlife Conservation Society Av. Argentina, Calle Tte. Parada 155 Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
[email protected] Dante Pazzanese Duarte Lanna (Chapter 28) Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Av. Pádua Dias, 11 - Bairro Agronomia 13418-900 Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
[email protected] Dennis Aldridge (Chapter 10) Corporación Nacional Forestal, Dirección Regional de Aysén Los Coigües s/n, Recinto CONAF, Casilla de Correo 412 Coyhaique, Chile.
[email protected] Diana Sandra Faride Vargas-Munar (Chapter 03) Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos (NUPECCE) Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n 14884-900 Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil
[email protected]
III Diego J. Lizcano (Chapter 19, 20) Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Pamplona Vía Bucaramanga , Km. 1 Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia
[email protected],
[email protected] Diego M. Varela (Chapters 08, 15, 16, 32) Conservación Argentina and Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico Salta117 Puerto Iguazú (3370), Misiones, Argentina
[email protected],
[email protected] Diego G. Tirira (Chapter 13) Fundación Mamíferos y Conservación Dionisio Bras N35-290 y Mañosca Quito, Ecuador
[email protected] Eddy José Francisco de Oliveira (Chapter 04) Departamento de Ciências Biológicas - LENT Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana Av. Transnordestina, S/N - Novo Horizonte 44.036-900 - Feira de Santana – Bahia, Brazil
[email protected] Edgard Yerena (Chapter 20) Departamento de Estudios Ambientales Universidad Simón Bolívar Caracas, Venezuela.
[email protected] Edilberto Pardo (Chapter 21) Centro de Biodiversidad y Genética, Universidad Mayor San Simón, P.O. Box 538, Calle Jordan final Cochabamba, Bolivia,
[email protected] Eduardo Juan Ramilo (Chapter 10) Delegación Regional Patagonia, Administración de Parques Nacionales Vice Almirante O’Connor 1188 (8400) Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina.
[email protected] Estevam G. Lux Hoppe (Chapter 39) Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n 14884-900 Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil
[email protected] Eveline dos Santos Zanetti (Chapters 07, 29) Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos (NUPECCE) Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n 14884-900 Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil
[email protected]
IV Fernanda Góss Braga (Chapter 12) Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Florestal Universidade Federal do Paraná Rua Lothário Meissner, 632 Curitiba/Paraná 80210-170 Brasil
[email protected] Fernando Adrián Milano (Chapter 37) Área de Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNICEN) Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n (7000) Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
[email protected] Fernando Pacheco Rodrigues (Chapter 30) Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Genética e Evolução Universidade Federal de São Carlos Caixa-Postal 676 Rodovia Washington Luís (SP - 310), km 235 13565-905 - Sao Carlos – SP, Brazil
[email protected] Gustavo Aprile (Chapter 37) Servicio de Asistencia para Animales Silvestres (S.A.S.) Asociación para la Conservación y Estudio de la Naturaleza (ACEN) Serrano, 1779 (1663) San Miguel, Buenos Aires, Argentina
[email protected] Hernani Gomes da Cunha Ramos (Chapter 31) A Rocha 18-19 Avenue Rd. Southall, London, UB1-3BL, UK.
[email protected] Hugo Fernando López Arévalo (Chapter 11) Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de Colombia Colombia A.A. 7495, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
[email protected] J. Rudolf Dietrich (Chapter 20) Eulerstr. 83 CH-4051 Basel,Switzerland
[email protected] Jáder Marinho-Filho (Chapter 08) Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade de Brasília (UnB) 70910900 Brasília – DF, Brazil
[email protected] Jaime E. Jiménez (Chapter 14) Laboratorio de Ecología, Universidad de Los Lagos Fuchslocher 1305, Casilla 933 Osorno, Chile.
[email protected]
V Jannet Benavides Fallaque (Chapter 13) Asociación Odebrecht Perú Av. Víctor Andrés Belaúnde 280. Of. 502. San Isidro Lima, Perú.
[email protected],
[email protected] Javier Adolfo Sarria-Perea (Chapter 03) Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos (NUPECCE) Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n 14884-900 Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil
[email protected] Javier Barrio (Chapter 09, 13, 30) Centro de Ornitologia y Biodiversidad Santa Rita 105, of. 2 - Urb. Huertos de San Antonio Lima 33, Peru
[email protected] Jesús E. Maldonado (Chapter 02) Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, National Zoological Park National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution PO Box 37012 MRC 5503 Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA.
[email protected] Jerry C. Haigh (Chapter 36) University of Saskatchewan, Wilidfe Veterinarian, Author, Stoyteller, 6, Discovery Bend, RR6, Site 601, Box 92, Saskatoon, SK S7K 3J9, CANADA
[email protected] João Pessoa Araújo Junior (chapter 36) Depto. Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Distrito de Rubião Junior, S/N. IB-UNESP 18618-000 Botucatu-SP, Brazil
[email protected] Joaquim Mansano Garcia (Chapter 29) Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n 14884-900 Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil
[email protected] Joaquin Bello-Gutiérrez (Chapter 11, 17) División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco. Km. 0.5 carretera Villahermosa- Cárdenas Entronque a Bosques de Saloya CP 86039 Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
[email protected]
VI José Eduardo Garcia (Chapters 04, 33) Núcleo de Biologia, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Rua Alto do Reservatório, s/n - Bela Vista 55608-680 Vitória de Santo Antão-PE, Brazil
[email protected] José Eduardo Mantovani (Chapter 31) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE Centro Regional do Nordeste - CRN Rua Carlos Serrano, 2073 - Bairro Lagoa Nova 59076-740 Natal-RN, Brazil
[email protected] José Luis Cartes (Chapter 12, 16, 22) Site Conservation Manager/Guyra Paraguay Gaetano Martino 215 esq. Tte Ross. C.C. 1132 Asunción, Paraguay
[email protected] José Luiz Catão-Dias (Chapter 35) Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens – LAPCOM Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Av. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 - Cidade Universitária 05508-270 São Paulo-SP, Brazil
[email protected] José Maurício Barbanti Duarte (Chapters 02, 03, 08, 15, 16, 18, 22, 23, 25, 27, 29, 41) Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos (NUPECCE) Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n 14884-900 Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil
[email protected] Juan Pablo Juliá (Chapter 22) Reserva Experimental Horco Molle Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo Universidad Nacional de Tucumán Miguel Lillo 205, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina
[email protected] Júlio Carlos Canola (Chapter 29) Depto. de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n 14884-900 Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil
[email protected] Kathia Rivero Guzmán (Chapter 15) Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado Av. Irala 565, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
[email protected] Leonardo Maffei (Chapter 12, 22) Jaguar Conservation Program / Wildlife Conservation Society Av. Arias Schereiber 347 - Urbanización Aurora - Miraflores Casilla L-01844, Lima, Perú
[email protected]
VII Leonilda Correia dos Santos (Chapter 05) ITAIPU BINACIONAL/UNIOESTE Av. Por do Sol, 769 Conj. Libra I 85856-430 Foz do Iguaçu-PR, Brazil
[email protected] Liliani Marília Tiepolo (Chapter 08) Universidade Federal do Paraná - Setor Litoral Rua Jaguariaíva, 512 – Caiobá 83.260-000 Matinhos – PR, Brazil
[email protected] Loyola L. Escamilo Boggio (Chapter 13) ProNaturaleza Pasaje Adán Mejía 165, Jesús María. Lima, Perú.
[email protected],
[email protected] Luis Antonio Mathias (Chapter 37) Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n 14884-900 Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil
[email protected] Manuel Weber (Chapters 11, 24) El Colegio de la Frontera Sur. ECOSUR-Campeche Calle 10 No.264 Centro Campeche, Campeche, México.
[email protected] Marcela Maria Uhart (Chapters 25, 37) Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Health Program Área de Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA Los Alerces 3376 Puerto Madryn (9120), Chubut, Argentina
[email protected] Marcelo Bahia Labruna (Chapter 40) Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária 05508-270 São Paulo-SP, Brazil
[email protected] Márcia Furlan Nogueira (Chapter 36) EMBRAPA Pantanal Rua 21 de setembro, 1880 - Bairro N. Sra de Fátima Caixa Postal: 109 79.320-900 Corumbá-MS, Brazil
[email protected] Márcio Botelho de Castro (Chapter 05) Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária - FAV Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro Hospital Veterinário - Via L4, Setor de Clubes Norte Caixa Postal 4.508 70.910-970 Brasília-DF, Brazil.
[email protected]
VIII María Cristina Jorge (Chapter 37) Departamento Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva (SAMP) Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Pcia. de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA) Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n Tandil (7000), Buenos Aires, Argentina
[email protected] María del Carmen Catena (Chapter 37) Departamento Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva (SAMP) Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Pcia. de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA) Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n Tandil (7000), Buenos Aires, Argentina
[email protected] Mariana Cosse (Chapter 12) Genética de La Conservación Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable Unidad Asociada Facultad de Ciencias-UdelaR Av. Italia 3318 Montevideo 11600 Uruguay
[email protected] Mariângela Pereira de Pinho (Chapter 26) Instituto Lina Galvani Av. Onófrio Milano, 589 – Jaguaré 05348-030 São Paulo – SP, Brazil
[email protected] Mariano Gimenez Dixon (Chapter 12) Anasagasti 2064, piso 6 C1425DOB Buenos Aires, Argentina
[email protected] Mariano Lisandro Merino (Chapter 01, 12) División Zoología Vertebrados Museo de La Plata / CICPBA Paseo del Bosque s/n La Plata (B1900FWA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
[email protected] Marina Salles Munerato (Chapter 26) Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos (NUPECCE) Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n 14884-900 Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil
[email protected] Matias Pablo Juan Szabó (Chapter 05, 40) Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Av. Pará, 1720/Campus Umuarama-Bloco 2T 38400-902 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil
[email protected] Orico dos Santos Balta (Chapter 31) Instituto Cisalpina Rua: Antenor Fonseca, 420 – Centro 79670-000 Brasilândia-MS, Brazil
[email protected]
IX Patricia Black-Décima (Chapter 22) Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo Universidad Nacional de Tucumán Miguel Lillo 205 4000 Tucumán, Argentina
[email protected],
[email protected] Paulo Corti (Chapter 10, 37) Instituto de Zoología Universidad Austral de Chile Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
[email protected] Paulo Rogerio Mangini (Chapter 37) Pesquisador Associado - IPÊ – Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas VIDA LIVRE – Medicina de Animais Selvagens LTDA R. Petit Carneiro, 77 80240-050 Curitiba-PR, Brazil
[email protected],
[email protected] Raquel Terragno (Chapter 37) Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, - ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán” Velez Sarsfield 563 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
[email protected],
[email protected] Rafael Reyna-Hurtado (Chapter 17) Latin American and Caribbean Program, Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx Zoo, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, Nueva York, NY 10460, USA
[email protected] Raul José Silva Girio (Chapter 37) Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n 14884-900 Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil
[email protected] Ricardo José Garcia Pereira (Chapters 06, 07, 34) Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos (NUPECCE) Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n 14884-900 Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil
[email protected] Richard Bodmer (Chapter 23) School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, United Kingdom
[email protected] Roberto Guilherme Trovati (Chapter 15, 23) Passeio Barbacena, 203 15385-000 Ilha Solteira – SP, Brazil
[email protected]
X Rodrigo Martins Soares (Chapter 38) Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 - Cidade Universitária 05508-000 São Paulo – SP, Brazil
[email protected] Rodrigo Medellin (Chapter 24) Instituto de Ecología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria DF, México
[email protected] Rogério Vieira Rossi (Chapter 01, 15, 22, 23) Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367 78060-900 Cuiabá-MT, Brazil
[email protected] Rosângela Zacarias Machado (Chapter 38) Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n 14884-900 Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil
[email protected] Salvador Mandujano (Chapter 11) Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz CP 91070, México
[email protected] Sandra Mayumi Nishi (Chapter 38) Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 - Cidade Universitária 05508-000 São Paulo-SP, Brazil
[email protected] Silvia J. Alvarez (Chapter 19, 20) Grupo de Investigación en Ecología y Biogeografía Universidad de Pamplona Km 1, Via Pamplona Bucaramanga Pamplona, Colombia
[email protected] Solange Maria Gennari (Chapter 38) Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 - Cidade Universitária 05508-000 São Paulo-SP, Brazil
[email protected]
XI Sonia Gallina (Chapter 11) Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz CP 91070, México
[email protected] Susana González (Chapter 02, 12, 22, 33) Genética de la Conservación Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable Unidad Asociada Facultad de Ciencias-UdelaR Av. Italia 3318 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
[email protected] Taís Fukuta da Cruz (Chapter 36) Depto. Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Distrito de Rubião Júnior, S/N. IB-UNESP 18618-000 Botucatu-SP, Brazil
[email protected] Ubiratam Piovezan (Chapter 08, 31) Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Pantanal, Embrapa Pantanal Caixa Postal, 109 Rua 21 de setembro, 1880 79.320-900 Corumbá-MS, Brazil
[email protected] Vanessa Veltrini Abril (Chapter 03, 16) Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos (NUPECCE) Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n 14884-900 Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil
[email protected] Walfrido Moraes Tomas (Chapter 08) Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Pantanal, Embrapa Pantanal Caixa Postal, 109 Rua 21 de setembro, 1880 79.320-900 Corumbá-MS, Brazil
[email protected] Wilham Jorge (Chapter 17) Caixa Postal 079 18603-970 – Botucatu-SP, Brazil
[email protected],
[email protected]
XIII
ASSOCIATE EDITORS Alan R. Walker (Chapter 05) Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin, EH25 9RG, Scotland, U.K.
[email protected] Budhan Pukazhenthi (Chapter 29) Department of Reproductive Sciences / Center for Species Survival Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Road Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
[email protected] Colin Groves (Chapter 01, 03) School of Archaeology & Anthropology, Building 14 Australian National University Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
[email protected] Donald E. Moore III (Chapter 27) Directorate for Animal Health and Wellbeing Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park 1111 N Capitol St, NE MRC 5507 Lion/Tiger Bldg Washington, DC 20560, USA
[email protected] George A. Bubenik (Chapters 06, 07) Department of Integrative Biology University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
[email protected] Jerry C. Haigh (Chapters 37, 38, 39) University of Saskatchewan, 6, Discovery Bend, RR6, Site 601, Box 92, Saskatoon, SK S7K 3J9, CANADA
[email protected] Jesus E. Maldonado (Chapter 4, 33) Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, National Zoological Park National Museum of Natural History / Smithsonian Institution PO Box 37012 MRC 5503 Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA.
[email protected] Joshua Millspaugh (Chapter 34) Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences University of Missouri 302 Natural Resources Building Columbia, MO 65211, USA
[email protected] Katherine M. Kocan (Chapter 40) Department of Veterinary Pathobiology Center for Veterinary Health Sciences Oklahoma State University 250 McElroy Hall Stillwater, OK, 74078-2007, USA
[email protected]
XIV Mariano Gimenez Dixon (Chapters 08, 09,10,11,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24) Anasagasti 2064, piso 6 C1425DOB Buenos Aires, Argentina
[email protected] Marissa A. Ahlering (Chapter 02) Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics National Zoological Park / Smithsonian Institution 3001 Connecticut Ave., NW Washington, DC 20008 USA
[email protected] Nigel Antony Caulkett (Chapter 26) Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Science 3330 Hospital Drive NW T2N4N1, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
[email protected] Patricia Black-Décima (Chapter 30) Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo Universidad Nacional de Tucumán Miguel Lillo 205 4000 Tucumán, Argentina
[email protected],
[email protected] Robert D. Brown (Chapter 28) College of Natural Resources North Carolina State University 2028 Biltmore Hall - Campus Box 8001 Raleigh, NC 27695-8001, USA
[email protected] Robin Gill (Chapter 31) Forest Research Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham Surrey GU10 4LH, UK
[email protected] Sonia M. Hernandez (Chapter 35, 41) Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources and the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia Athens, GA 30602, USA
[email protected] William B. Karesh (Chapter 25) Global Health Program Wildlife Conservation Society 2300 Southern Blvd. Bronx, NY 10460 U.S.A.
[email protected]
William McShea (Chapter 32) Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park Conservation & Research Center 1500 Remount Road Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
[email protected]
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YUCATAN BROWN BROCKET DEER Mazama pandora (Merriam 1901) Authors: MANUEL WEBER, RODRIGO A. MEDELLIN Associate Editor: MARIANO GIMENEZ DIXON SPECIES SYNONYMY Mazama pandora Merriam, 1901 Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 14:105. Type locality: Tunkás, Yucatán. Mazama gouazoubira pandora Hershkovitz, 1951 Fieldiana: Zool., 31:567 Type locality. Mazama temama pandora Hershkovitz, 1966 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Chicago, XII+861:567 Type locality. Mazama pandora, Medellín, Gardner and Aranda, 1998 Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 111:8 Type locality. COMMON NAMES Spanish: Venado temazate café English: Yucatan brown brocket deer Mayan: sac-yuc TAXONOMY The name Mazama pandora was first used by Merriam in 1901, who described the species. In 1915, Allen kept the name and aligned the species with other brown species of the genus Mazama. Several other authors treated this species inconsistently as belonging to the brown or to the red group of brocket deer. Goldman and Moore, in their study on the biotic provinces of Mexico (1945), included the name pandora as a subspecies of the Mexican red brocket, then considered Mazama sartorii Saussure, 1860. Hershkovitz (1951) allocated pandora as a subspecies of the South American brown brocket M. gouazoubira. Hershkovitz’s arrangement was adopted and published by Miller and Kellogg (1955) and Hall and Kelson (1959) who used the name combination M. gouazoubira pandora. Then, Hershkovitz (1966:743, footnote) changed this decision and considered the Yucatán brown brocket as a color variant of the red brocket, stating that these brown brocket deer from Yucatan should be known as Mazama americana pandora. Many authors concurred with this suggestion, including at least Hall (1981), Ramírez Pulido et al. (1986), and Grubb (1993). A few authors kept treating this species as a disjunct subspecies of M. gouazoubira (Bisbal 1991; Czernay 1987). In 1988, Medellín et al. examined over 70 specimens of brocket deer, including 24 specimens from the Yucatan peninsula, and determined that in this region there were two distinct species of brocket deer, one red, and one brown. Following
a detailed analysis of the morphology and morphometrics, they concluded that the Yucatan brown brocket deer was indeed Mazama pandora Merriam 1901. This conclusion was then followed by Wemmer (1998), Ramírez-Pulido et al. (2000), Ceballos et al. 2002 and Weber and Gonzalez (2003). SUBSPECIES No subspecies have been described of this species. Given its small distribution range, it is unlikely that any subspecies exist. MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION The Yucatan brown brocket deer is a medium-sized Mazama, slightly larger than the Mexican populations of red brocket deer, and slightly smaller than the sympatric populations of Yucatan white-tailed deer. The dorsal pelage is uniform brown to gray-brown, becoming paler to whitish ventrally. The hair is relatively short and sparse. The rostrum is relatively broad, short, and tapered, and the ears are relatively short for the genus. There is a tuft of bristle-like stiff hairs in the front between the eyes, and the forehead is very wide. The antlers of this species are very distinctive, with widely separated bases and massive pedicels that are deeply furrowed unless the antlers are heavily worn. The antlers are very long for the genus, and certainly longer than any M. temama from Yucatan, and they are divergent, often curving so the tips are convergent, but with a wide space between them. In the Greater Calakmul Region, Campeche, Mexico, at the base of the Yucatan peninsula average body mass of 13 adult males (10 hunted and 3 captured for radio-telemetry) was 20.5 (s. d. = 3.8) kg while that of 8 adult females (6 hunted and 2 captured) was 17.3 kg (s. d. = 4.2) (Figures 1 and 2). DISTRIBUTION Historical and Current The species occupies the Yucatan Peninsula of southeastern Mexico. Although this region has undergone a moderate level of habitat fragmentation and modification, recent evidence indicates that the historical and current distribution may not differ by much. There are records of this species from the three states of the
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Yucatan Peninsula, (Yucatan, Campeche and Quintana Roo). Despite the vegetation and habitat gradient in Yucatan, going from very wet and seasonally flooded in the south of the Peninsula to drier and rarely flooded in the north, the species seems to occur throughout (Weber and Gonzalez 2003). It is sympatric with the red brocket only in the southern areas, in the tropical rain forest areas. The species is likely to be found as well in northern Guatemala and Belize, but we do not know of any published records or specimens from those countries (Figure 3).
Figure 2 - A male Yucatan brown brocket deer (Photo by M. Weber). Figure 1 - A female Yucatan brown brocket deer with fawn (Photo by Rafael Reyna-Hurtado).
Figure 3 - Current distribution of the Yucatan brown brocket deer (Mazama pandora) in the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico, Guatemala and Belize). The questions marks point at places (northern Quintana Roo and western Campeche states) where no verifiable records exist today. The distribution in Guatemala and Belize is based in un-published reports but it is likely that the distribution of the species is larger than depicted.
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168 YUCATAN BROWN BROCKET DEER Mazama pandora KNOWN POPULATIONS In situ populations Populations of the Yucatan brown brocket deer are well represented in most of its historical distribution. One area extensively studied is the Greater Calakmul Region, south-eastern Campeche, Mexico where this species is still common and wide-spread. Studies are needed in the northern (Yucatan state) and western extremes of its distribution (i.e. limits between Tabasco and Campeche states) as well as more complete surveys in Quinatana Roo along the eastern coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, where hunting and habitat destruction might be having an impact in its populations. Detailed studies are also needed in the Petén region, Guatemala and Belize. Ex situ populations To the best of our knowledge, there are only three captive herds of the Yucatan Brown brocket deer in Mexico. These are the Centenario Zoo in Mérida, Yucatan, where a healthy herd of more than 25 brockets are exhibited; the Parque Ecológico de Campeche, with a population of about 15 animals; and the Siberia farm near Mexico City where a small group has been kept for several years. No other ex situ populations are known elsewhere. HABITAT USE AND ABUNDANCE The Yucatan brown brocket deer is a habitat generalist using a wide variety of habitat types throughout its range. The only information available on habitat use patterns are from Weber (2005) and Reyna-Hurtado and Tanner (2005). Both authors found the species using habitats in relation to availability of vegetation types and no clear habitat preferences. In comparison with the Red brocket deer (M. temama) and the white-tailed deer (O. virginianus) with which this species is sympatric in many areas of its distribution, the Yucatan brown brocket is clearly a habitat generalist. M. temama strongly prefers the tall and medium semi-evergreen forests and the white-tailed deer prefers deforested (second growth and agricultural areas) in the Yucatan Peninsula (Weber 2008). Estimating abundance of brocket deer populations is a challenge. The solitary and wary nature of these deer species, together with the fact that they live in habitats where the use of standard survey methodology (i.e. Distance sampling) is at best, problematic, makes the use of indirect techniques (abundance indices such as track and pathway counts and subsistence hunting
harvest data) the most common method used to date (Weber 2005). Density estimates of the two brocket deer species inhabiting the Yucatan peninsula (M. pandora and M. temama) range from 0.90 to 1.5 deer/km2. However, these are probably underestimated since subsistence hunting harvest data suggest much higher densities of these deer in certain habitat types (Weber in press). The relative abundance of the two brockets is from 3 to 5 times that of the white-tailed deer, suggesting that the tropical habitats of Mazama sp in the Yucatan are suboptimal habitat for the white-tailed deer (Weber 2005). SPATIAL USE AND HOME RANGE No data on home range size or any other spatial ecology exists for the Yucatan brown brocket deer. Trapping this animal for radio-telemetry studies proved to be extremely difficult and challenging and only four animals where caught in two years of discontinuous trapping effort in Calakmul. Of these animals, only one survived long enough to provide a glimpse of home range size, the other three where either killed by predators, poachers or died from post-capture myopathy (Weber et al. in litt). This surviving sub-adult female exhibited a remarkably small range of movements during the three months of radio-monitoring with a home-range of less than 50 hectares. FEEDING ECOLOGY In a study of sympatric deer in Calakmul, the whitetailed deer consumed the wider array of plant resources available year-round (26 species from 36 available in the whole deer diet spectrum) but Mazama pandora consumed the largest array during the wet season. The diet of Mazama temama was the most specialised, consuming less than ten classes of plants (at any taxonomic level) during the dry season and between 10 and 15 during the wet season, or a total of 20 species from 46 available in the whole deer diet spectrum (Weber 2005). Diet was studied through the analysis of stomach samples. The analysis of deer diet richness at the plant family, genus and species levels shows that Mazama pandora presents strong preferences for the Moraceae (Brosimum alicastrum), Sapotaceae (Manilkara zapota), Leguminosae (Eugenia spp., Haematoxlum spp. and other species), Lauraceae (Nectandra salicifolia) Mirtaceae (mostly Thevetia spp) and Palmae (mostly Chamaedorae spp. and Sabal spp.) (Table 1) (Figure 4). This brocket consumed large amounts of fruits of
Table 1 - Deer diet richness as expressed by all plant material identified to the plant family, genus and species levels in the stomach contents sampled (Total n= 52; Mazama temama, n = 18, Mazama pandora, n = 17, Odocoileus virginianus, n =17) in the GCR, Mexico.
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Figure 4 - Johnson’s rank preference indices of diet of the Yucatan peninsula brown brocket deer (Mazama pandora) at the plant family level determined through the analysis of stomach contents (n= 17) in the Greater Calakmul Region, Campeche, Mexico. Positive values indicate avoidance while negative values indicate preference for a consumed plant resource. Species in bold font are the ones most commonly consumed.
It is clear from the results of this diet study that the three species of deer are well separated into different ecological niches throughout different foraging habits on the plant vegetative and reproductive portions consumed. This difference is evident between Mazama temama and the other two deer species but less obvious between Mazama pandora and Odocoileus virginianus. Mazama temama is clearly a specialist in the consumption of fruits from the Tall and Medium semievergreen forest, while both Mazama pandora and Odocoileus virginianus exhibited a wider range of plant use and preferences from the available spectrum (Weber 2005) In general, the diet of Mazama pandora was richer in plant species during the wet season and much more restricted during the dry season. This is suggestive of the occurrence of some nutritional stress during the dry season. While Mazama temama diet is composed yearround by no more than 15 species of plants, the diets of both Mazama pandora and Odocoileus virginianus can be almost twice as rich at almost any taxonomic plant level, particularly during the wet season (Weber 2005). Some results of this deer diet study contrast with results obtained in southern latitudes in other Neotropical forests. Branan et al. (1985) studied the diet of whitetailed deer and two brocket deer species (Mazama temama and M. gouazoubira) in Suriname and found a lack of dominance of single plant resources in the diets of deer. They found that fungi are an important component of the diet of Mazama temama, but concluded that all three species of deer behave as non-
selective feeders in Suriname. Bodmer (1989, 1991) found that the diet of these same species of brockets was composed mainly of fruits (80% of diet) in the Peruvian Amazon. Similarly, a more recent study found that the diet of these species in the French Guyana is composed mainly of fruits (56% in red brockets and 68% in grey brockets) and the authors considered them as non-selective feeders (Gayot et al. 2004). The degree of overlap in the diets of deer is greater between Mazama pandora and Odocoileus virginianus than between Mazama temama and the other two species. Again, this suggests that some competition might occur between the former two species when availability of resources is limiting (e.g. dry season) more often than competition with Mazama temama. The separation of deer throughout different habitat use patterns supports this hypothesis (Weber 2005). To the best of our knowledge no other study had ever measured the degree of dietary overlap for small, forest-dwelling ungulates in Neotropical forests. REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY No systematic study on the reproductive biology of this species has been carried out. Anecdotal and opportunistic observations in the GCR suggest that the species is not a seasonal breeder. Overall, eight newborn fawns have been observed in the wild by the first author and his students. Fawns have been observed in March (2), May (1), July (2), August (2) and October(1) in this area. All have been apparently single fawns and no record of twins has been recorded from both extensive hunting interviews and field work. CONSERVATION STATUS This species is not included in the Mexican List of Species at Risk. More field work is needed throughout its distribution, in particular in the thorn-shrubland and short deciduous tropical forests of the northern Yucatan state and in those areas where subsistence hunting and habitat fragmentation might be having negative impacts on the populations of this endemic deer species. However the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species re asses this species in 2008 (IUCN 2009), and considered Vulnerable, in light of a continuing decline in population, inferred from rates of habitat loss for this forest dependant species, estimated to be >30% over the past 3 generations (18 years). Furthermore this species is highlighted as a research priority to determine the demographic trends and the population threats (Weber et al. 2008). LITERATURE CITED BISBAL, E. F. J. 1991. Distribución y taxonomía del venado Matacán (Mazama sp) en Venezuela. Acta Biológica Venezuelica 13(1-2):89-104. BZN. 1996. Notices. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 53:145. BODMER, R. E. 1989. Frugivory in Amazonian Artiodactyla: evidence for the evolution of the ruminant stomach. Journal of Zoology, London. 219: 457-467. BODMER, R. E. 1991. Influence of digestive morphology on resource partitioning in Amazonian ungulates. Oecologia. 85: 361-365.
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Manilkara sapota and Brosimum alicastrum trees through the year, but Mazama temama diet was largely composed of fruits of these two species (more than 80% of total annual aggregated percent volume (APV) per stomach).
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170 YUCATAN BROWN BROCKET DEER Mazama pandora CEBALLOS, G., J. ARROYO-CABRALES, and R. A. MEDELLÍN. 2002. The mammals of México: composition, distribution, and status. Occasional Papers, Texas Tech University, 218: 1 – 27.
REYNA-HURTADO, R. A. AND G. W. TANNER, 2005. Habitat preferentes of ungulates in hunted and nonhunted areas in the Calakmul forest. Campeche, Mexico. Biotropica. 37: 676-685
BRANAN, W. V., M. C. WERKHOVEN, AND R. L. MARCHINTON 1985. Food habits of brocket and white-tailed deer in Suriname. Journal of Wildlife Management. 49: 972-976.
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CZERNAY, S. 1987. Die Spiesshirsche und Pudus. Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei, 84 pp. GAYOT, M. O. HENRY, G. DUBOST, AND D. SABATIER. 2004. Comparative diet of the two forest cervids of the genus Mazama in French Guiana. Journal of Tropical Ecology. 20: 31-43 GOLDMAN, E. A., AND R. T. MOORE. 1945. The biotic provinces of Mexico. Journal of Mammalogy 26:347-360. GRUBB, P. 1993. Order Artiodactyla. Pp. 377-414, in Mammal species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic reference (D. E. Wilson, and D. M. Reeder, eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., xviii + 1206 pp. HALL, E. R. 1981. The mammals of North America. 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2:viii + 600-1182 + 90 pp. HALL, E. R. AND K. R. KELSON. 1959. The mammals of North America. Ronald Press Co., New York, 2:x + 5471084 + 79 pp. HERSHKOVITZ, P. 1951. Mammals from British Honduras, Mexico, Jamaica, and Haiti. Fieldiana-Zoology 31(47):547-569. HERSHKOVITZ, P. 1966. Mice, land bridges and Latin American faunal interchange. Pp. 725-751 in R. L. Wenzel and V. J. Tipton, eds., Ectoparasites of Panama. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago. IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 18 May 2009. MEDELLIN, A. R., A. L. GARDNER, AND J. M. ARANDA. 1998. The taxonomic status of the Yucatan brown brocket Mazama pandora (Mammalia: Cervidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 111:1-14. MERRIAM, C. H. 1901. A new brocket from Yucatan. — Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 14:105-106 MILLER, G. S., JR. AND R. KELLOGG. 1955. List of North American Recent mammals. Bulletin of the United States National Museum of Natural History 205:xii + 1-954. RAMÍREZ-P. J., A. CASTRO-CAMPILLO, M. A. ARMELLA, AND A. SALAME-MÉNDEZ. 2000. Bibliografía reciente de los mamíferos de México 1994-2000. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, México, D. F., 280 pp. RAMÍREZ-P, J., M. C. BRITTON, A. PERDOMO, AND A. CASTRO. 1986. Guía de los mamíferos de México. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México, D.F., 720 pp. REYNA-HURTADO, R. A. 2002. Hunting effects on ungulate populations in Calakmul, Mexico. M.Sc. dissertation. University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida, USA. 72 pp.
WEBER, M. 2005. Ecology and conservation of tropical deer populations in the Greater Calakmul Region, Mexico. PhD dissertation. University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom, 240 pp. WEBER M. 2008. Un especialista, un generalista y un oportunista: uso de tipos de vegetación por tres especies de venados en Calakmul, Campeche. Pp. 483-496. in Avances en el estudio de los mamíferos de México II. (Lorenzo C., Espinoza E., Ortega J. eds.) CIBNOR, ECOSUR, IPN, UAEM, UAM, UNICACH, Universidad Veracruzana. México, D.F. + 691 p.. WEBER, M AND S. GONZALEZ 2003. Latin American deer diversity and conser vation: a review of status and distribution. Ecoscience. 10: 443-454. WEBER, M., P.C. DE GRAMMONT, AND A.D. CUARÓN, 2008. Mazama pandora. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 18 May 2009. WEMMER, C. 1998. Deer, Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN, the World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland.
