Oil Palm Cultivation and Management:
ENHANCING SUSTAINABLE PALM OIL PRODUCTION DR NORMAN KAMARUDIN BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH DIVISION
MALAYSIAN PALM OIL BOARD, P.O.BOX 10620, 50720 KUALA LUMPUR
Oil palm cultivation and Management -Challenges Profit – can we get more from the soil and crop? People – can we get more with less manpower? People and Planet – can we reduce chemicals? The only thing that is constant is change Adapt and Adopt CHANGE for sustainability
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ENHANCING SUSTAINABLE PALM OIL PRODUCTION 1. Cultivation of high yielding planting
materials 2. Implementing Best Management Practices 3. Mechanisation of Oil Palm Field Operations
Climatic and soil Suitability For Oil Palm • Sunshine: >5.5 hrs/d • Solar radiation: >16 MJ/m2 • Annual rainfall: 2,000-2,500 mm/yr • Monthly rainfall: >100 mm/month throughout the year • Annual water deficit: 200 kg/palm/year • Oil/bunch > 28% Sampling of leaf cabbage from selected ortet
Improved Planting Materials
4 oil t /ha
High Yielding
8 oil t/ha
P368 Ortet performance: OTB=28.82% FFB=181.5 kg/palm/year
P379 Ortet performance: OTB=31.89% FFB=190.13 kg/palm/year
INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY: Potential Clone P325 Age: 5¼ years, oil yield = 8.05 t/ha/yr.
Best Management Practices
Land Clearing • From jungle, rubber, coconut, oil palm areas • Mechanised using Chipping of old oil palm stand for replanting bulldozers, chain saws • Zero burning – environmental friendly • Necessity to burn (e.g. disease) – should get permit • Burning 6-8 weeks after felling
• Plant with cover crop to avoid erosion
Best Management Practice
Cover crop and nutrient recycling
Agronomic research on sustainable practices: 1. Optimum fertilizer inputs 2. Nutrient recycling – conserving soil fertility 3. Maintaining biodiversity of soil fauna and microbial communities 4. Moisture conservation and improved soil fertility
Study on nutrient: One set of lysimeter tubes at palm circle
Water management
Cover Crops • Objectives • To control erosion and nutrient losses • To improve nutrient status from leguminous covers • To stabilise soil moisture • To improve soil structure and aeration • To prevent weeds • Mucuna spp. Cover crops
Calopogonium mucunoides Pueraria phaseoloides Calopoganium caeruleum
2.8 kg/ha 2.3 kg/ha 0.6 kg/ha
Biodiversity • Biodiversity and its conservation given attention in plantations: • conservation of flora and fauna • dicotyledons, monocotyledons, sedges, ferns and brackens, anthropods, mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians • Emphasis on the conservation and enhancement of biodiversity in the oil palm environment
X = oil palm X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Frond pile
X
Harvesting path
X
X
X
Frond pile
X
Harvesting path
X
Frond pile
X
X
Frond pile
X
Harvesting path
Harvesting Paths and Frond Piles
Fertilizer Requirements • A major cost in plantation operation • Correct and timely application has impact on yield production and economic return • Large quantity of N, P, K, Mg fertilizer requirements • Fertilizer recommendations • Depends on age of palm, soil type, field conditions • Based on soil and foliar analyses • Fertilizers are applied within the palm circles
Fertiliser Application Schedule Young Palms Fertiliser NPKMg SA (N) MOP (K) CIRP (P) Kieserite (Mg)
Rate of application (kg/p/yr) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 3-5 5-6 2-3 2.5 - 3 1- 2 0.5 - 1
Rounds/yr 4 2 2 1 1
Fertiliser Application Schedule Matured palms
Fertilizer spreader
Fertiliser
Rate of application (kg/p/yr)
Rounds/yr
SA (N) MOP (K) CIRP (P) Kieserite (Mg)
2.5 - 3.5 2.8 - 3.5 1- 2 0.5 - 1.5
2 2 1 1
Nutrient Recycling EFB mulching • Empty fruit bunches (EFB) • Fertilizer equivalent of 1 tonne EFB 8kg Urea, 2.9kg CIRP, 18.3kg MOP, 4.7kg Kieserite • Palm oil mill effluent (POME) • Fertilizer equivalent 360-5500 litres of POME 2-3kg Urea, 1.8-2.8kg CIRP, 1.5-2.2kg MOP, 2.3-3.5kg Kieserite
Nutrient Recycling • Pruned fronds • Fertilizer equivalent 1 tonne dried fronds 59.8kg Urea, 14kg CIRP, 39.8kg MOP, 27.8kg Kieserite • Palm residues (zero burning land-clearing) • Fertilizer equivalent of trunk and fronds per hectare 737.9kg Urea, 92.1kg CIRP, 707.1kg MOP, 281.4kg Kieserite
Pest and Disease Management
Integrated Pest Management: Environmental Friendly Bio pesticides 1. The use of Metarhizium and Oryctes virus to control the rhinoceros beetle 2. Bacillus thuringiensis for Integrated Pest Management of Ecobac-1 (EC) bagworm
Aerial spray of MPOB Ecobac-1(EC)
POWDER FORMULATION ORY-X FOR CONTROLLING Oryctes rhinoceros ORY-X ai 2.5 x 1012 cfu/kg
• • •
Higher spores viability 9 months after storage. Still effective even after 7 & 15 months of storage. Easy handling, transportation and field application.
Powder formulation of Metarhizium
Application by tractor in flat areas
Population (N)/ sampling plots
IMPACT OF M. anisopliae ON POPULATION OF O. rhinoceros a
250
a
200
a
a
a
a
a a a
150
a
100 a
a
a b
b
50 b
0
a
a
Ctr T1 T2
Ctr T1 T2
Ctr T1 T2
Ctr T1 T2
Ctr T1 T2
Ctr T1 T2
Before
1 Month
3 Months
5 Months
8 Months
12 Months
T i m e
Larvae
After
Pre-pupa
T r e a t m e n t
Pupa
Adult
Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrV) RELEASING BEETLE ADULTS INTO THE FIELD FOR CONTROLLING Oryctes rhinoceros
Virus solution
Inoculation of virus
- Virus Infects and kills adults & larvae. - Introduction of OrV in the field + Beetle adults - efficient vector + Adult population & palm damage reduced after 1-2 years
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of bagworms • Bagworms have been gazetted as a dangerous pest in Malaysia • IPM involves the cooperation of all parties involved (smallholders and plantations) • Implementation of IPM strategies include spraying of BT, establishing beneficial plants and pheromone trapping
Bagworm predator Parasitoid
Planting benificial plants
Insectivorous birds Pheromone trapping
Planting of beneficial plants will attract beneficial insects.
The synergism between the core element contributes to reduction of bagworm population.
Cassia cobanensis
Turnera sp.
IPM OF BAGWORMS Aerial spray of Ecobac-1 (EC) Pheromone traps control the male moths, hence reduced mating occurence
Control
Control
• Enemies of bagworms • Require food/ nectar of C. obanensis
Disease: Basal stem rot - Ganoderma
Pathogenicity of Ganoderma species
G. boninense
G. zonatum
Pathogenic
Pathogenic
G. miniatocinctum
G. tornatum
Pathogenic
Non-Pathogenic
INTEGRATED GANODERMA MANAGEMENT (IGM) FLOW CHART
Ganoderma census plays an important role for disease control and management approaches
CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF GANODERMA DISEASE
1. In existing plantings 2. At replanting - to prolong the productive life of the infected palms. - to eradicate the Ganoderma inoculum. - to minimize the inoculum burden carried over in the subsequent planting.
DISEASE CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT IN EXISTING PLANTINGS A) PREVENTIVE CONTROL :
1. Sanitation by removal (deboling) of diseased palm 2. Stump treatment with fumigant dazomet 3. GanoEF biofertilizer 4. EMBIO actinoPLUS biofertilizer
deboling
B) Curative Control/Prolonging the productive life of the Ganoderma-infected palms:
1. Fungicide hexaconazole (trunk injection) 2. Soil mounding
hexaconazole
dazomet
Soil mounding
Sanitation Technique At Replanting
partially burning
deboling
ploughing
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► In Segamat – after 16 years, BSR incidence was lower in sanitation areas (13.4%) compared to 51.6% without sanitation. Disease reduction of 38.3%. ► In Sepang – after 16 years, BSR incidence was lower in sanitation areas (7.5%) compared to 35% without sanitation. Disease reduction of 27.5%.
Biocontrol agents for Ganoderma control
Production of biocontrol agents formulated as a biofertilizer shows good promise towards minimizing risks of this disease, both at the nursery and in the field.
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GanoEF Biofertilizer Biological Control of Ganoderma Disease Incorporated Hendersonia GanoEF1 (endophytic fungus) into organic and inorganic fertilizer. It is a formula for Ganoderma prevention, soil fertility and vegetative growth. The product has significantly reduced (70%) the Ganoderma infection in oil palm (nursery evaluation).
EMBIO actinoPLUS Biofertilizer Biological Control of Ganoderma Disease Incorporated Streptomyces GanoSA1 (soil actinomycete) into organic fertilizer. It is a formula for Ganoderma prevention, soil fertility and vegetative growth. The product has significantly reduced (60%) the Ganoderma infection in oil palm (nursery evaluation).
Screening of tolerant oil palm progenies to GANODERMA
43 progenies have been screened (DxP, OxO, OxP, TxT, DxD, TxP) Most tolerant progeny (DxP, Zaire x Cameroon)
Progeny
is currently field tested in Ganoderma prone areas
Mechanisation of Field Activities
Harvesting Locate ripe bunches • Remove obstructing fronds • Harvest FFB Pruned fronds stacked neatly in frond pile
• Bunch stalk cut to at least 2.5cm • Loose fruits collection, put in sacks Evacuate FFB and loose fruits to platform by the roadside
Mechanisation: Harvesting Technologies Mechanisation in harvesting, evacuation and transportation of fruit to increase productivity and reduce labour requirement
Aluminium pole
The Grabber
Beluga
CANTAS
Harvesting
• Starts bearing at 2½ to 3 years after field planting • Harvest when 1-2 loose fruits on the ground • Harvesting schedule • 2 – 3 times a month (10 to 15 day round in a month) • Mechanical Harvesting tool • Chisel for young palms – C-KAT • Sickle for older palms CANTAS
Oil Palm Mechanisation • Mechanisation in harvesting, evacuation on and transportation of fruit that increase productivity and reduce labour requirement. • Motorised cutter (Cantas) increased productivity from 1.5 tonnes/man-day to 2.8 tonnes/man-day
Mechanical FFB Loader: Grabber
Mechanical Harvesting Machine
Transportation of FFB Palm
Platform
Ramp
Mill
• From palms to platforms manual, wheel-barrow, bicycles, buffaloes, motorcycle-trailer, mini tractors, etc. • From platforms to ramp by tractors on the same day • From ramp to mill by lorries either on the same day or the following day
Tractor and grabber used by plantations
Motorcycle-trailer used by smallholders
Mechanical Loose Fruit Collector (Roller Picker)
Kaedah manual Roller Type Oil Palm Loose Fruit Picker
Loose Fruit Collector (Vacuum type) • loose fruits are sucked quickly • reduces back pain of worker • increases worker’s productivity
Track Type Transporter for Oil Palm Field Activities in Peat Areas • Single chassis, compact and robust • Efficient weight distribution ratio, - least ground pressure • For infield collection on peat and soft conditions • For fertilizer application & weed control
Cost of Production Cost item
% of total cost
General upkeep
12
Fertilizers
22
Harvesting & transportation
34
Maintenance & supervision
10
Depreciation & maintenance of facilities
3
R&D and advisory
1
Others
18
MPOB Certifications for Sustainability 1. Code of Practice for Oil Palm Nurseries; 2. Code of Practice for Oil Palm Estate and Smallholdings; 3. Code of Practice for Palm Oil Mills; 4. Code of Practice for Palm Kernel Crushers;
5. Code of Practice for Palm Oil Refineries; 6. Code of Practice for the Handling, Transport and Storage of Products from the Oil Palm;
7. Code of Practice for Bulking Facilities of Palm Oil, Palm Kernel Oil and their Products. 8. MSPO
Conclusion • Oil palm is the highest oil-bearing crop • Main products are PO and PKO • Important factors in OP cultivation • Suitable land • High yielding planting materials/ clones • Sustainable Pest and Disease management • Labour and Mechanization • Ensuring Best Management Practices for Certification
Terima Kasih Thank You
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