OPEN JOURNAL SYSTEMS
Available on line at Directory of Open Access Journals Journal of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing v.7, n.5 (2017) 306-314 www.periodicos.ufpe.br/revistas/jhrs
Journal of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing
ISSN:2237-2202
Mapping of pedological potential of soils For cultivation of the sugar cane (Saccharum spp) in Paraíba state using geotechnologies Paulo R. M. Francisco*, Djail Santos**, Eduardo R. V. de Lima***, João M. de Moraes Neto****, Homero C. M. da Trindade***** *
Phd. Research DCR CNPq/Fapesq, Federal University of Paraíba, UFPB. E-mail:
[email protected]; ** Phd. Prof. Federal University of Paraíba, UFPB. E-mail:
[email protected]; *** Doc. Prof. Federal University of Paraíba, UFPB. E-mail:
[email protected]; *** Doc. Prof. Federal University of Campina Grande, UFCG. E-mail:
[email protected]; **** Doc. Prof. Federal University of Paraíba, UFPB. E-mail:
[email protected] Received 14 November 2017; accepted 20 January 2017
Abstract Agricultural planning, as a precept of environmental policy, is an instrument of great importance in the process of managing the rural space and agricultural activity. This work aimed to identify and map the soil information of the lands of the State of Paraíba for the sugar cane cultivation, aiming to recognize the potential of the physical environment. In the methodology, the Agricultural Zoning of the State of Paraíba and the digital map of soils were used in a data base elaborated in the software SPRING 5.2.2, extracted the pedological information of the soils and elaborated the pedological potential. The results showed that with the use of geoprocessing techniques it was possible the spatialization of the areas and the definition of the favorable environments of potential of the culture contributing to the reduction of the risks of degradation of the environment; The State of Paraíba presents a greater pedological potential for the cultivation of sugarcane in 10.04% of its total area; The areas identified as Very Low Potential correspond to 54.52% of the total area distributed throughout the State; The Argisols present the smallest and the Neosols the greatest impediments to the development of the culture; It was not possible to map smaller areas due to the scale of work, with the possibility of cultivating the sugar cane cultivation in small areas not identified in this study. Keywords: Geotechnology, land use capacity, land use restrictions, pedological aptitud.
1. Introduction Inadequate land use has caused degradation of soil characteristics by not taking into account its limiting factors, accelerating the impact of human activities on the environment. Economic growth and rational exploitation of the rural environment have been constantly undermined by a lack of more realistic planning based on knowledge of environmental resources and the dynamics of their appropriation (Francisco, 2010). Thus, good rural planning is indispensable for ordering land use, avoiding or minimizing environmental problems, and improving the competitiveness of the agricultural sector (Barros et al., 2012). According to Ballestero et al. (2000), the knowledge of soil characteristics is a fundamental factor for the proper planning of land use, as well as its rational management. Agricultural planning, as a precept of environmental policy, is an instrument of great importance in the process of managing the rural space and agricultural activity. When properly applied, it
rationalizes actions, becoming an instrument for systematizing information, reflecting on problems and speculating potential scenarios for the use of environmental resources (Francisco, 2010). In planning for the development of sustainable agriculture, knowledge of the environmental vocations of a region to be explored is fundamental. In this sense, prior to any intervention in the rural area, it is essential to have prior knowledge of the potential and limitations of the land. From this knowledge, the agricultural activities can be planned in a way compatible with the support capacity of the same, making possible its use within the conservation principles (Marques et al., 2010). Currently, surveys of natural resources have been constituted in works of great importance in the direct orientation of the use of a given resource, as well as to subsidize the studies directed to the mapping and environmental management (Francisco, 2010). For FAO (1976), land evaluation is the process of estimating land performance when used for specific purposes, involving the execution and interpretation
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of surveys and studies of relief forms, soils, vegetation, climate, and others aspects. Its objective is to identify and compare the most promising types of land use in terms of applicability to the objectives of the evaluation (Calderano Filho et al., 2007). According to Sousa et al. (2003), agricultural production is strongly influenced by the edaphoclimatic conditions of the site and has been one of the main limiting factors of production. Depending on availability and soil quality, the productive capacity of the agricultural sector may be even more limiting. Several states and municipalities have advanced substantially in these studies, especially in the South and Southeast regions, and the areas that are suitable for the exploration of their main cultivation, such as coffee, orange, cotton, wheat, rice and soy are well defined. However, Chagas (1999) warns that the occupation of the Brazilian agricultural space has been carried out without a basic instrument to guide the planning and use of its natural resources. Sugar cane (Saccharum sp) originates in South Asia, usually grown in tropical and subtropical countries to obtain sugar, alcohol and brandy (Waldheim, 2006). Currently, sugarcane occupies more than 7 million hectares, with Brazil being the largest producer in the world, followed by India, Thailand and Australia (UNICA, 2009). Sugar cane is cultivated between latitudes of 36°N and 31°S from sea level up to 1,000m altitude. Essentially, it is considered as a tropical plant and has a long vegetative cycle, remaining in the field during all seasons of the year and, therefore, its productivity is strongly influenced by the climate (Varejão-Silva and Barros, 2001). According to EMBRAPA (2012), in relation to the pedological requirements of the cultivation, the deep soils with texture varying from medium to clayey, well drained are considered more favorable, standing out the Latosols and Argisols in flat relief to smooth wavy. It is also possible to reach satisfactory productivities in Fluvicic Neosols, Fluvic Cambisols, Gleissolos Haplops and Melanic Gleysols when artificially drained. Regarding the nutritional requirements, the plant develops well in soils with pH in the range of 5.5 to 6.0, with saturation by bases above 60% and with adequate supply of Ca, N and K. Duarte Jr. and Coelho (2008) indicate that the balance between nitrogen and potassium, associated to calcium, iron, copper and zinc contents in the soil, are the main nutritional limits of productivity, regardless of the method of soil preparation. According to EMBRAPA (2012), with regard to soil management, the use of conservation practices, such as cultivation rotation, mechanical operations according to ground-level curves, soil maintenance covered by plant residues, especially in stadiums the
initial growth of the cultivation, and the traffic of machines under ideal conditions of humidity are fundamental to maintain the organic matter content and the structure of the soil, besides promoting the cycling of nutrients and to avoid the compaction of the soil and its degradation by the process erosive (Ramalho Filho and Beek, 1995; Maia and Ribeiro, 2004; Bezerra and Cantalice, 2006; Rosseto et al., 2008; Portela et al., 2011). In addition, the use of fire should be avoided due to the negative effects of this practice on nutrient cycling and the quality of physical and chemical attributes of the soil (Ceddia et al., 1999; Silva et al., 2007; Rosseto et al., 2008). According to Francisco et al. (2012), with the advancement of information technology, the provision of satellite images at high resolutions and computer programs for environmental analysis, there has been a great progress in studies related to the management of natural resources. In this context, geoprocessing emerges as a discipline that uses a set of mathematical and computational techniques, in the form of programs, the geographic information system, which enables combinations of information from different technological procedures, generating new information that helps decision making, in different contexts (Duarte and Barbosa, 2009). Considering the importance of the production of sugar cane and its products for regional and national socioeconomic development, it is necessary to identify the potential of the state soils for its production. Therefore, this work aims to identify and map the soil information of the lands of the State of Paraíba for the sugar cane cultivation, aiming to recognize the potential of the physical environment. 2. Material and methods The study area comprises the State of Paraíba which has an area of 56,372 km². Its positioning is between the parallels 6°02'12" and 8°19'18" S, and between the meridians of 34°45'54" and 38°45'45" W (Francisco, 2010). The climate is characterized by high average temperatures, varying between 22 and 30oC, a very small annual thermal amplitude, due to the low latitudes and elevations (
