Organization Oriented Programming: From Closed to Open

Organization Oriented Programming: From Closed to Open Organizations Olivier Boissier ENS Mines Saint Etienne, France

MAS/G2I/EMSE 158 cours Fauriel, 42023 Saint-Etienne Cedex, France Contact : [email protected] Tel : 33 4 77 42 66 14 Fax : 33 4 77 42 66 66

Outline 1. Introduction 2. Organization Modeling Language 3. Organization Infrastructure 4. Organizational Deliberative Agent 5. Conclusion and Perspectives

O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008

OOP: From Closed to Open Organizations

2

Organization  Organization is a supra-agent pattern of emergent cooperation or predefined cooperation of the agents in the system, that could be defined by the designer or by the agents themselves, for a purpose.  Pattern of emergent/potential cooperation • Organizational entity, institution, social relations, commitments

 Pattern of predefined cooperation • Organizational structure, norms, …



3

Multi-Agent Organizations (global picture) Agents know about organization

Agents don’t know about organization Pattern of Emergent Cooperation

MAS MAS

MAS

MAS

Pattern of

MAS MAS

MAS

Predefined Cooperation



4

Organization Oriented Programming (OOP) Agents know about organization

Agents don’t know about organization Pattern of Emergent Cooperation Agent Centered Point of View

Pattern of Predefined Cooperation Organization Centered Point of View

Organization is observed. Implicitly programmed in Agents, Interactions, Environment.

Organization is observed. Coalition mechanisms programmed in the Agents.

Organization is a design model. It may be hard coded in the Agents.

Organization is programmed in the Agents and/or in specialized … middleware services.

MAS

MAS

MAS

MAS

MAS


MAS

MAS


5

OOP : Multi-Agent Platform MAS

“Multi-Agent Platform”

AMS

DF

ACC

Infrastructure/Platforms for MAS in which domain agents operate on top of a middleware layer  Supporting the implementation of agents  Providing fundamental global generic services e.g. JADE, FIPA-OS, SACI, …



6

OOP: Organization Modeling Language Deontic Specification (DS)

MAS


AMS

Structural Specification (SS)

DF

ACC

Functional Specification (FS)

Organization Modeling Language (OML): Declarative specification of MultiAgent Organization(s), collecting and expressing specific constraints and cooperation patterns imposed on the agents e.g. AGR [Ferber 98], Teamwork [Tambe 98], Islander [Esteva 01], Moise+ [Hubner 02], … O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008


7

OOP: Org. Implementation Architecture MAS

Organization Infrastructure

MAS Services “Multi-Agent Platform”

AMS

DF

Interaction Infrastructure

Environment Infrastructure

ACC

Org. Specification written with Organization Modeling Language (OML) Organization Implementation Architecture (OIA) helps the management of the Organizational Entity • into the agents (Organizational Deliberative Agent) e.g. Jason-MOISE [Hubner 06], Autonomy based reasoning [Carabelea 07] • but also into an Organization Infrastructure e.g. Madkit [Gutknecht 98], Karma [Pynadath 03], Ameli [Esteva 04], S-Moise+ [Hubner 05], SYNAI [Gateau 07], … O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008


8




9

Organization Modeling Language  Agents can ‘‘reason’’ about the organization • Declarative representation of the organization » Possibility to enter into the organization during execution » Possibility to change the organization » Possibility to disobey the organization (organization is no more a regimentation)

• Multiple dimensions: » » » »

Functional (e.g. TAEMS [Decker 96]) Structural (e.g. AGR [Ferber & Gütknecht 98]) Functional and Structural (e.g. STEAM [Tambe 98], MOISE+ [Hübner 03]) Structural and Interaction (e.g.: OPERA [Dignum 03], OMNI [Dignum 05], ISLANDER [Esteva et al. 02]) » Normative (e.g.: MOISEInst [Gâteau et al. 05])

 OI can interpret and monitor the agents within the organization O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008


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Organizations and Agent’s Autonomy Environment E

P O

Agents’ desired behavior: P ∩ E ∩ O not too big • increases performance • constrains agents’ autonomy P ∩ E ∩ O not too small • increases adaptation • keeps agents’ autonomy

B B: agents’ possible behaviors P: agents’ behaviors that lead to global purpose E: agents’ possible behaviors constrained by the environment O: agents’ possible/permitted/obliged behaviors constrained by the organization



11

TAEMS  Task Analysis, Environment Modeling and Simulation [Decker 96]

 Main ideas: • Task interrelations define potential areas of coordination among agents. • Agents must coordinate to maximize the sum of quality achieved for each task group before its schedule.

 TAEMS proposes a Domain independent language for defining models of hierarchical task structures for worth oriented environment.  It has been used in DVMT, GPGP, JAF, DECAF, … O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008


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TAEMS Example Recommend a High-End PC System

From [Lesser 04] Task Method Subtask relation Task nle Resource nle

q_seq_last() Build  Product Objects

Outcomes Num Prod 1-4 Num Prod 5-8 Num Prod 9-12 Num Prod …

q_sum_all()

Get Basic Product Information

enables

facilitates & hinders

facilitates & hinders q multiplier(100%+20%) d multiplier(100%+20%) Gather Reviews

q_sum() Query & Extract Vender m

Query & Extract Possible Marker n

q(…),c(…),d(…)

q(…),c(…),d(…)

Query & Extract PC Connection q(20%0)(80%8) c(100%0) d(50%1min)(50%2min)

Query & Extract NECX q(10%0)(90%10) c(100%0) d(10%2min)(80%3min)


Make Decision

Search & Process Zdnet Reviews

…

q_sum()

q_sum() Search & Process PC World q(…),c(…),d(…)

q(15%0)(75%10) c(100%0) d(30%3min)   (30%4min) Query & Process   (40%5min)

Consumers Reports q(25%0)(75%20) c(100%$2) d(90%3)(10%5)

consumes $2 limits q multiplier(100%0) c multplier(x) d multiplier(x)

Money Resource


13

TAEMS Dimensions [Decker 96] Environment P

E

B

OF

Functional Specification

B: agents’ possible behaviors P: agents’ behaviors that lead to global purpose E: agents’ possible behaviors constrained by the environment OF: agents’ possible/permitted/obliged behaviors functionally constrained by the organization



14

AGR  Agent Group Role [Ferber & Gütknecht 98]  Main concepts • Agent: active entity that plays roles within groups. • Group: set of agents sharing common characteristics • Role: abstract representation of the status, position, function of an agent within a group » Agents may have several roles and may belong to several groups. » Two agents can’t communicate with each other if they don’t belong to the same group

 Used within the O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008

platform OOP: From Closed to Open Organizations

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AGR Example Client Provider

Group

Broker Provider

Client

Role

Broker

Agent

Contract

Buyer Seller O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008


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AGR Dimensions [Ferber & Gütknecht 98] Environment E

P

OS

Structural Specification

B

B: agents’ possible behaviors P: agents’ behaviors that lead to global purpose E: agents’ possible behaviors constrained by the environment OS: agents’ possible/permitted/obliged behaviors structurally constrained by the organization



17

STEAM  Shell for TEAMwork [Tambe 98]  Main features • enhanced SOAR architecture • Joint intentions theory [Levesque 90, Jennings 95] • Shared plans theory [Grosz 96, Rich 97]

 Main principles : • • • •

Team synchronization Reorganize if there is a critical role failure Reassign critical roles based on joint intentions Decision theoretic communication

 Different applications: Attack, Transport, Robocup soccer O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008


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STEAM TEAM SPECIFICATION From [Tambe 00] EVACUATE  [TASK  FORCE]

TASK FORCE

ORDERS SAFETY INFO FLIGHT OBTAINER OBTAINER TEAM

ROUTE PLANNER

PROCESS ORDERS [TASK  FORCE]

EXECUTE MISSION [TASK  FORCE]

LANDING ZONE MANEUVERS [TASK FORCE]  

ESCORT TRANSPORT

HELO1

HELO2

HELO1 HELO2

Organization: hierarchy of roles that may be filled by agents or groups of agents.


OBTAIN ORDERS [ORDERS    OBTAINER]  

FLY-FLIGHT MASK PICKUP PLAN OBSERVE [TRANSPORT]   [TASK  FORCE] [ESCORT]   FLY-CONTROL ROUTE [TASK  FORCE]

Team Plan: • initial conditions, • term. cond. : achievability, irrelevance, unachievability • team-level actions. OOP: From Closed to Open Organizations

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STEAM Dimensions [Tambe 98] Environment P

E OS


B

OF


B: agents’ possible behaviors P: agents’ behaviors that lead to global purpose E: agents’ possible behaviors constrained by the environment OS: agents’ possible/permitted/obliged behaviors structurally constrained by the organization OF: agents’ possible/permitted/obliged behaviors functionally constrained by the organization O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008


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E-Institutions (define-institution [Esteva soccer-server as dialogic-framework = soccer-df performative-structure = soccer-pf norms = ( free-kick coach-messages … ) )

et al. 02]

Performative Structure O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008


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E-Institutions Dimensions [Esteva et al. 02] Environment E

P

OS


OI B

Interaction Specification

B: agents’ possible behaviors P: agents’ behaviors that lead to global purpose E: agents’ possible behaviors constrained by the environment OS: agents’ possible/permitted/obliged behaviors structurally constrained by the organization OI: agents’ possible/permitted/obliged behaviors interactionally constrained by the organization O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008


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MOISE+  Model of Organization for multI-agent SystEms [Hannoun 02, Hübner 03]

 http://www.lti.pcs.usp.br/moise  Distinguishes three main dimensions in the organization of a Multi-Agent System: • Structural Specification • Functional Specification • Deontic Specification



23

MOISE+ Dimensions Environment P

E OS

Structural Specification Groups, links, roles Compatibilities, multiplicities inheritance


B


OF

Deontic Specification: Permissions, Obligations Allows agents autonomy!

Global goals, plans, Missions, schemas, preferences


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MOISE+ Structural Specification Graphical view of SoccerGame Application SS : 3-5-2 soc

player

Organizational Entity from OS 3-5-2

coach 1..2

back

middle

3..3

5..5

attacker goalkeeper 1..1

leader 0..1

1..1

2..2 0..1

attack defense

1..1

Marcos goalkeeper Lucio Edmilson back Roque Jr. leader Cafu Gilberto Silva Juninho middle Ronaldinho Roberto Carlos Ronaldo attacker Rivaldo

1..1

• Roles team

• Links • Groups



25

MOISE+ Functional Specification Graphical view of SoccerGame Application FS Social Scheme : side_attack

Score a goal

m1 Get the ball

m3 Shot at the opponent’s goal m2 Kick the ball to the goal area m2

===

m1 Go toward the opponent field

m2

Be placed in the middle field m3 Be placed in the opponent goal area

m1, m2, m3

Go to the opponent back line m1 Kick the ball to the agent Committed to m2

mission

goal

sequence O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008

choice

parallelisme OOP: From Closed to Open Organizations

26

MOISE+ Deontic Specification  Explicit relation between the functional and structural specifications • Permissions and obligations to commit to missions in the context of a role • To make explicit the normative dimension of a role Role

Mission

Back

Deontic Relation Permission

m1

Temporal Constraint (cf. [carron 01]) In [0 30]

Middle

Obligation

m2

during [Attacker]

Attacker

Obligation

m3

Any



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MOISE+ Deontic Specification m1, m2, m3 Score a Goal

Permissions Obligations

m1 m2 soc

m3

m1 Get the Ball

m3

===

m1

player

coach

Go toward the Opponent field

1..2

m2

m1

Shoot at The opponent’s m2 goal Kick the ball m2In the center area Go to the Opponent back line

Kick the ball to the agent Be placed in Committed to m2 The m iddle field

m3

back

Be placed in the Opponent goal area

middle 5..5

leader

3..3

0..1

goalkeeper

0..1

attacker 2..2

1..1

attack

1..1

defense

1..1

1..1

team

Organisational Entity Lucio ----- m1 Cafu ----- m2 Rivaldo ----- m3

Graphical view of SoccerGame Application DS O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008


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MOISEinst Dimensions [Gateau 07] Contextual Specification

Environment P

E OS

Structural Specification Groups, links, roles Compatibilities, multiplicities inheritance


B


OF

Normative Specification: Permissions, Obligations

Global goals, plans, Missions, schemas, preferences


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iTV Application



30

MOISEInst 



Organizational Specification (OS) along 4 dimensions Structural Specification (SS) structure of the organization in term of roles, groups and links SS

CS NS

FS



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MOISEInst Structural Specification Soc

key

Player

Group

GameMaster 1..1

Role

Abs Role

BasicPlayer

Chief 1..1

inheritance composition

History

Links

intra-group

inter-group

Geo

1..1

Science

1..1

1..1

Sport 1..1

OrgCandidate *..n

acq aut

4..4

com compat

Team

1..1

Game

Graphical view of iTV Application Domain SS O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008


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Inst Inst MOISE Moise 



Organizational Specification (OS) along 4 dimensions Structural Specification (SS) structure of the organization in term of roles, groups and links

SS

CS NS

FS


 Functional Specification (FS) goals to be achieved in the organization


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MOISEInst Functional Specification OrgEnter Scheme

Functional Scheme

g1m1

key

Sanction Scheme

g2m2

g6m9

goal missions

sequence

OrgExit Scheme g3m3 g4m4

g5m4

Score Scheme

g61 m10 g62 m10 Score Scheme Score Scheme

g41 m4

g42 m4

g43m4

g44 m4

g411 m4g412 m5,m16 g421 m4 g422 m6,m16 g431 m4 g432 m7,m16 g441 m4 g442 m8,m16

g1: Team joined g2: X pts scored g4: Topic handled g5: Answer evaluated g3: Team quit

g41: "History" topic handled g411: "History" question asked g412: "History" question answered g42: "Geo" topic handled g421: "Geo" question asked g422: "Geo" question answered

choice

parallelism

Emotion Scheme

g7m11

g8m13

g71 m12 g72 m12

g81 m14 g82 m15

g43: "Sport" topic handled g431: "Sport" question asked g432: "Sport" question answered g44: "Science" topic handled g441: "Science" question asked g442: "Science" question answered

g6: Sanction applied g61: Player ejected g62: Team disqualified g7: Score changed g71: Score increased g72: Score decreased g8: Emotion shown g81: Be happy g82: Be sad

Graphical view of iTV Application FS O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008


34


Functional Scheme

g1m1

key

Sanction Scheme

g2m2

g6m9

goal missions

sequence


g5m4

Score Scheme


g41 m4

g42 m4

g43m4

g44 m4


g1: Team joined g2: X pts scored g4: Topic handled g5: Answer evaluated g3: Team quit


choice

parallelism

Emotion Scheme

g7m11

g8m13

g71 m12 g72 m12

g81 m14 g82 m15





35


Functional Scheme

g1m1

key

Sanction Scheme

g2m2

g6m9

goal missions

sequence


g5m4

Score Scheme


g41 m4

g42 m4

g43m4

g44 m4



parallelism

Emotion Scheme

g7m11

g8m13

g71 m12 g72 m12

g81 m14 g82 m15

Org. Management View g1: Team joined g2: X pts scored g4: Topic handled g5: Answer evaluated g3: Team quit

choice





36

MOISEInst 



Organizational Specification (OS) along 4 dimensions  Contextual Specification (CS) Structural Specification (SS) all possible “a priori” structure of the organization in states of the organization term of roles, groups and links  SS

CS NS

FS


Functional Specification (FS) goals to be achieved in the organization


37

MOISEInst Contextual Specification  ‘A priori’ temporal evolution of the Organization

 Contexts = States • Particular state in which organization can be • Influences the applicability of norms

 Transitions • Link between states • Triggered by events

Légende Spécification de Contexte Transition

Graphical view of iTV application CS Round1

chgRd

Round2

chgRd

Contexte Initial

évènement

Round3

Contexte Final

endG

Begin hmT

avT

beginG

chgT MyTurn

endG End

NotMyTurn chgT

Game


endG

endG


38

MOISEInst 

Organizational Specification (OS) along 4 dimensions 



Structural Specification (SS) structure of the organization in term of roles, groups and links

Contextual Specification (CS) all possible “a priori” states of the organization 

 Normative Specification (NS) norms gluing all SS, FS and CS together O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008

SS

CS NS

FS

Functional Specification (FS) goals to be achieved in the organization


39

MOISEInst Normative Specification 

Norm defines rights and duties for a bearer (role or a group) to execute a mission in a particular context and during a given time supervised by an issuer which can apply a sanction if the norm is not respected. ::= '(':id :weight '::' [:conditions ] :context :operator :bearer :issuer :action [:relation :deadline ] [:sanction ] ')’



Conditions are conjonction/disjunction of predicates bearing on: •

Application, Organization states (e.g. number of agents, cardinalityMax, …), Status of the norms (violated, respected)



40

MOISEInst Normative Specification Functioning of the game: 

Obligation for the “GameMaster” role to ask questions and to verify answer -“m4” missionduring all the game -“Game” context-: (Norm :id N4 :weight 1 :operator O :issuer Supervisor :bearer GameMaster :context Game :action do(m4))



Obligation for the “Chief” role to answer questions -”m16” missionduring the third round -“Round3” context-: (Norm :id N9 :weight 1 :operator O :issuer GameMaster :bearer Chief :context Round3 :action do(m16) :relation < :deadline answer_delay)

 ... iTV Application NS O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008


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MOISEInst Normative Specification Management of the organization: 

Obligation for the “OrgCandidate” role to join a team -”m1” mission- at the beginning of the game -”Begin” context- in order to play a role in it: (Norm :id N1 :weight 1 :condition (number(Team)!=cardinalityMax(Team)) :operator O :issuer GameMaster :bearer OrgCandidate :context Begin :action do(m1))



Interdiction for an agent playing “OrgCandidate” role to join a team -“m1” missionduring the game -“Game” context-: (Norm :id N6 :weight 1 :operator F :issuer GameMaster :bearer OrgCandidate :context Game :action do(m1) :sanction N17)



…

iTV Application NS O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008


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MOISEInst Normative Specification Regulation of the organization: “Enforcement/reward Norms” [Lopez y lopez]







If N6 is not respected then the “Arbitrator” role has the obligation to eject -“m9” missionthe agent violating the norm N6 - the one wearing “OrgCandidate” role-: (Norm :id N17 :weight 1 :condition (violated(N6)) :operator O :issuer GameMaster :bearer Arbitrator :context Game :action do(m9)) If N8 is not respected then the “Arbitrator” role acts on the score -“m11” mission- of the team in which the agent violating N8 is wearing the role: (Norm :id N18 :weight 1 :condition (violated(N8)) :operator O :issuer GameMaster :bearer Arbitrator :context Game :action do(m11)) …

iTV Application NS O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008


43

MOISEInst Normative Specification  Norms Life Cycle  Active norms • Norms applied to played roles, to committed missions given the current state of the context Respected Active

conditions satisfaites

Valid

Violated

 Respect (violation) of a valid norm depends on: • • • •

change of state of context time Accomplishment of Mission Deontic operator



44




45

Agents using TAEMS

 Agents using TAEMS: • Belief database • Local scheduler • Coordination module

 The scheduler uses information in the database to schedule execution of methods, in a way to maximize quality.  The coordination module handles communication with other agents and makes/breaks commitments with them in order to complete tasks.



46

MADKIT

Multi-Agent Development Kit www.madkit.org



47

TEAMCORE [Pynadath 03]

 Core Team Reasoning (TEAMCORE) focuses on enabling software developers to build largescale agent organizations • Specification and monitoring of the agent organization  Knowledgeable Agent Resources Manager Assistant (KARMA)

• Robust teamwork among agents  TEAMCORE Wrappers based on STEAM Teamwork model O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008


48

TEAMCORE requirements for roles searches for agents with relevant expertise assists in assigning agents to organizational roles. Team-Oriented Program Domain (team plans and organization) Registration Human

From [Pynadath 03]

Agent

Agent Naming Service

Human Beings

KARMA

Middle agents

Team Oriented Programming Interface


Registration

TEAMCORE Wrapper

TEAMCORE Wrapper

TEAMCORE Broadcast net

TEAMCORE Wrapper

TEAMCORE Wrapper

Domain Agent

Domain Agent

execute the team plans of the teamoriented program.


49

AMELI GOVERNORS

[Esteva 04] Ai

...

An

G1

...

Gi

...

Gn

Agents Layer

Public

...

AMELI IM

S M1

... ... S Mm

T M1

... T Mk

Private

Institution Specification (XML format)

A1

-

-

From [Noriega 04]

Communication Layer

INSTITUTION MANAGER O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008

SCENE MANAGERS

TRANSITION MANAGERS OOP: From Closed to Open Organizations

50

OI supporting MOISE+

[Hübner 03]

MAS

Org. Box

Reorganization MAS Services


Org. Box

Org. Box

Org. Manager

Entry / Exit

Organization Infrastructure S-MOISE+ AMS

DF

Int. Infrastr.

Env. Infrastr.

ACC

 Organization Modeling Language: MOISE+ [Hubner 02]  Organization Infrastructure: S-MOISE+ [Hubner 05],  Organization Deliberative Agent: J-MOISE+ [Hubner 06] O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008


51

S-MOISE+ OrgBox Services  Communication: • sending/receiving messages to/from other agents • verification of communication links

 Generation of organizational events: • agents may enter the system, commit to a role, create a group

 Informing obligations: • OrgBox keeps the agent informed of the missions it is obliged to commit

 Informing possible goals: • OrgBox keeps the agent informed of the possible goals it can choose to achieve O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008


52

S-MOISE+ Organizational Events  Organization life-cycle • Entrance/Exit of an agent • Creation/Deletion of an OE

 Structural Organization life-cycle • Creation/Deletion of a group • Adoption/Release of a role by an agent

 Functional Organization life-cycle • Creation/End of a schema • Commitment/Release of a mission by an agent • Change of a global goal state O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008


53

S-MOISE+ Events Examples Multi-Agent Application layer 1. oe1=createOE(‘score a goal’, ‘3-5-2’) 2. g1=createGroup(‘team’,oe1) 3. g1-1=createSubgroup(‘defense’, g1) 4. sc1=createScheme(‘side_attack’, g1)

OrgBox

OrgBox

S-MOISE+ Organizational Infrastructure

OrgManager O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008


54

S-MOISE+ OrgManager GUI Organizational Entity after the events The defense group is not well formed since there is no agent playing ‘back’ role O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008


55

Reorganisation Organization Specification



56

MOISEInst-SYNAI Architecture Domain

Organization Infrastructure

Org. Spec.

OEManager SE

SEManager

Roles Groups

FE

Functional States FEManager

Contexts CEManager NE

CS

SS

CE

NS

FS

Norms

NEManager Domain Agents


OrgWrapper

Supervisor Agents


57

MOISEInst-SYNAI Regulation SS Domain Struct. Spec.

ComManager OrgWrapper 0..*

Soc

StructManager

Supervisor

FunctManager

1..1

1..1

ContextManager 1..1

NormManager 1..1

InstManager 1..1

Arbitrator 1..1

Institution

Game



58

MOISEInst-SYNAI Regulation FS & CS Corrective and Preventive Monitoring Modes

Domain Func. Spec.



59

MOISEInst-Violation Detection sd Violation treatment protocol

I2: StructMngrAg

I4: FunctMngrAg

request(setGoalSatisfied)

I1: InstMngrAg

1 inform(SSViolated) 2

4 OrgCoherent m AC, m AB

request(setGoalSatisfied) agree(goalSatisfied)

3 3

m AB

request(setGoalSatisfied) agree(goalSatisfied)

4

OrgControlled

2

request(setGoalSatisfied)

ViolDetected m De t

agree(goalSatisfied) request(finishScheme) agree(schemeFinished)

1 ViolStrucDet

m VS

ViolFuncDet

m VF

ViolNorm Det m VN

reply(violationTreated)



60

iTV Application Organization and Rules of the Game.

Avatars

MAS Domain Agents

CS

SS

Synai

NS FS

MAS Services

Interaction Services

“Multi-Agent Platform” O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008

AMS

DF

Environment Services ACC OOP: From Closed to Open Organizations

61




62

Agents in Open Organizations  Agent centered point of view : Autonomy based reasoning [Carabelea 07] rôles

B C

normes

interactions

A

organisation

niveau (global) système coordination au niveau du système contrôle au niveau de l'agent autonomie de l'agent

niveau (local) agent

 Coordination (system)  control (agent)  autonomie • Balancing autonomy and control (Chopinaud 2007) 03/12/2007 O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008

Solution - définir l'autonomie

63


63

AC-Autonomy based reasoning (1) Internal perspective: To have autonomy to decide

Constraints

Inter-agent

institutional

Decision

Dependence Theory

Authority Links

Social Politics (normes) Social Power Theory

Behaviour

roles Social Commitments norms attached to roles contract to play a role

External perspective : To be in an autonomous behaviour O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008


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AC-Autonomy based reasoning (2)

To be autonomous To have autonomy Indirect powers Power relations Dependence relations Individual powers action, resource, goal, plan, task, permission


Social commitments for roles, obligations, Authority relations

Social commitments


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From Closed to Open Organizations  What we “have”: • Declarative Organization specified with OML • Monitoring and Supervision of the agents to ensure coherent organization • Building Blocs for “Organizational Deliberative” Agents to ensure adaptation, reorganization,

 What we need: • to combine ACPW and OCPW models • to combine agent and middleware levels programming of organizational models • Organizational Deliberative Agents for emergent organization O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008

MAS


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Perspectives  Organizational Modeling Language • Dimensions: are there other dimensions? • Evaluation » robustness, flexibility, consistancy » design [Hannoun 98] and run time

 Organization and Agent’s Autonomy • deontic and normative aspects explicit in the model (e.g.: MOISE+, MOISEInst, OMNI) • Autonomy based reasoning

 Organization Infrastructure • Organizations life cycle : formation, dissolution, exit/entering of agents • Reorganization, Monitoring and supervision • Instrumenting Organization to give back the power to the agents

 Agents in Multiple Organizations • interoperability, conflicts, preferences, agent-centered autonomy based reasoning O. Boissier, SMA/G2I/ENSM-SE 7 m ay 2008


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Agents in Multiple Organizations Organizational Models Interoperability [Coutinho 06] Electronic Commerce

Organization

Open MAS

INTERNET buyer

E-Market

Agent Organization buyer

Open MAS


E-Market


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Instrumenting Organizations Organizational Artifacts for MAS (ORA4MAS) [Kitio 07]



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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION  USP-COFECUB cooperation program    

Jaime Simão Sichman, University of São Paulo, Brazil Jomi Fred Hübner, University of Blumenau, Brazil Alessandro Ricci DEIS Univ. Bologne, Italy Rosine Kitio, Cosmin Carabelea, Benjamin Gâteau, Mahdi Hannoun, Thibault Carron, ENS Mines SaintEtienne, France



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Organization Oriented Programming: From Closed to Open

Organization Oriented Programming: From Closed to Open

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