Acemoglu, D. 1997 Training and Innovation in an Imperfect Labour Market, .... Lucas, R. E., Jr. 1988 On the Mechanics of
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ഭᏒ႐ߩᄌൻߣ╷ߩࠅᣇ* ⇌ ㄘ ㍈ ⍫**
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㧝㧚ഭᏒ႐ߩᄌൻ㧦⛔⸘⊛ታ ࡃࡉ࡞፣უએ㒠㧘ࠊ߇࿖ߩഭᏒ႐ߦߪ㧘ߊߟ߆ߩ㊀ⷐߥᄌൻ߇↢ߓߡࠆߢߎߘޕ㧘߹ߕ㧘ၮᧄߣ ߥࠆ⛔⸘⊛ታߦߟߡ⏕ߒߡ߅ߎ߁ޕ ࿑ 1 ߪ㔌⡯₸ߩផ⒖ࠍ␜ߒߚ߽ߩߢࠆޕ࿑ࠃࠅ㧘ㄭᐕߩᵹേൻㅴዷߩะࠍ⏕ߢ߈ࠆޕᅚᕈߦߟ ߡߪᓴⅣ⊛ߥᄌൻߦㆊ߉ߥน⢻ᕈ߽ࠆ߇㧘↵ᕈߦߟߡߪะ⊛ߦᵹേൻ߇ㅴࠎߢࠆޕᰴߦ㧘ࠃࠅ ⚦ߦᬌ⸛ߔࠆߚߦ㧘㔌⡯₸ࠍ৻⥸ഭ⠪ߣࡄ࠻࠲ࠗࡓഭ⠪ߦಽߌߡ⠨߃ߡߺࠃ߁ޕ࿑ 2 ߦࠃࠆߣ㧘 㛳ߊߴ߈ߎߣߦ㧘࿑ 1 ߢ⏕ߒߚ⍎ߥ㐳ᦼ࠻ࡦ࠼ߪⷰኤߢ߈ߥߪߢࠇߘޕ㧘㧘ᐔဋ⊛ߥ㔌⡯₸ ߪߒߚߩߛࠈ߁߆ޕ ᵈ⋡ߔߴ߈ߪ㧘৻⥸ഭ⠪ߣࡄ࠻࠲ࠗࡓഭ⠪ߩ㑆ߢ㔌⡯₸ߩ᳓ḰߦᏅ߇ࠄࠇࠆὐߢࠆࠃߩߎޕ ߁ߥ⁁ᴫߢߪ㧘৻⥸ഭ⠪ߣࡄ࠻࠲ࠗࡓഭ⠪ߩࠪࠚࠕ߇ᄌൻߔࠆߣ㧘ᐔဋ⊛ߥ㔌⡯₸߽ᄌൻߔࠆߎޕ ߩߎߣࠍ⏕ߔࠆߚߦ㧘࿑ 3 ߦߪోഭ⠪ߦභࠆࡄ࠻࠲ࠗࡓഭ⠪Ყ₸ࠍ␜ߒߚޕࠄ߆ߦ ะࠍ␜ߒߡࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆࠅ߹ߟޕ㧘ഭᏒ႐ߩᵹേᕈߩ㜞߹ࠅߪ㧘㕖ᱜⷙ㓹↪ߣ߁ᵹേᕈߩ㜞ࠣ ࡞ࡊߩჇടߦࠃࠅ㗼ൻߒߡࠆߩߢࠆޕߒߡ㧘ߔߴߡߩഭ⠪ߩ⋥㕙ߔࠆᵹേᕈ߇Ⴧߒߡࠆࠊ ߌߢߪߥ߽߆ߒޕ㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥᵹേൻߪ⧯ᐕጀߦ㓸ਛ⊛ߦ↢ߓߡࠆ ޕ1 ߪᐕ㦂㓏⚖ߦ㔌⡯₸ߩᄌ ൻࠍߚ߽ߩߢࠆࠄ߆ߎߎޕ㧘㔌⡯₸ߩ߇ 20 ઍ߹ߢߩ⧯ᐕጀߦ㗼⪺ߥ⽎ߢࠆߎߣ߇ኈᤃߦ⺒ ߺขࠇࠆޕ ᦨᓟߦ㧘ᕆㅦߦㅴዷߔࠆ IT ൻߦࠃߞߡዞᬺⅣႺ߇ᄢ߈ߊᄌൻߒߡࠆߎߣ߽ㅏߖߥޕ࿑ 4 ߪᖱႎ ൻᛩ⾗㗵ߩኻ GDP Ყ₸ࠍ␜ߒߚ߽ߩߢࠆޕ1990 ᐕઍඨ߫એ㒠㧘ᖱႎ㑐ㅪߩ⾗ᧄ⫾Ⓧ߇ᕆㅦߦㅴࠎߛߎ ߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕⅣႺߢߪ㧘IT ߩᵴ↪⢻ജ߇ഭ⠪ߦߣߞߡᭂߡ㊀ⷐߢࠆߎߣߪᗐߦ㔍ߊߥ ޕ
*ᧄⓂߩᚑߦߚࠅ㧘㤗↢⦟ᢥ㧔⽷ോ⋭⽷ോ✚ว╷⎇ⓥᚲᘮᙥ⟵Ⴖᄢቇ㧕 㧘ਛ↰⌀↵㧔⽷ോ⋭⽷ോ✚ว╷⎇ⓥᚲ㧕 㧘ਛൎస㧔ፉᄢ ቇ㧕ߩవ↢ᣇ߆ࠄ⾆㊀ߥഥ⸒ࠍߚߛߚߡߒ⸥ޕᗵ⻢ߔࠆߒߛߚޕ㧘ᧄⓂߪ╩⠪ߩੱ⊛⸃ࠍ␜ߒߚ߽ߩߢࠅ㧘ߔߴߡߩ⸥ㅀߩ⽿છߪ ╩⠪ߦᏫߔࠆޕ ** 1966 ᐕ↢߹ࠇޕ91 ᐕ৻ᯅᄢቇ⚻ᷣቇㇱතᬺ㧘98 ᐕ৻ᯅᄢቇᄢቇ㒮⚻ᷣቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ඳ჻⺖⒟නขᓧㅌቇ㧘04 ᐕߦหᄢቇࠃࠅඳ჻㧔⚻ᷣቇ㧕 ޕ 98 ᐕ৻ᯅᄢቇᄢቇ㒮⚻ᷣቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ഥᚻ㧘99 ᐕජ⪲ᄢቇᢎ⢒ቇㇱ⻠Ꮷ㧘01 ᐕหഥᢎࠍ⚻ߡ 06 ᐕࠃࠅ⡯ߩߘޕ㑆ߦ 02 ᐕ⽷ോ⋭⽷ോ✚ว ╷⎇ⓥᚲਥછ⎇ⓥቭ㧘04 ᐕห․⎇ⓥቭޕኾߪ⚻ᷣቇ⽷ቇޕᚲዻቇળߪᣣᧄ⚻ᷣቇળ㧘ᣣᧄ⽷ቇળ㧘ᣣᧄ⛔⸘ቇળ㧘ㆬᛯቇ ળޕਥߥ⺰ᢥߦ⽷ޟᡰߩቯⷐ࿃ޠ 㧔 ޡㆬᛯߩ⎇ⓥ ╙ޢ45 ภ㧘2005 ᐕ㧘⪺㧕 㧘 ⽷ޟ⿒ሼߩࡑࠢࡠ⚻ᷣലᨐޠ 㧔 ࡞ࡖࠪࡦ࠽ࠖࡈޡ ࡆࡘ ╙ޢ74 ภ㧘2004 ᐕ㧘න⪺㧕 㧘 ␠ޟળ⊛㒮ߩቯ㊂⊛ᛠីߣ⾌↪ផ⸘ޠ 㧔 ޡක≮⚻ᷣ⎇ⓥ ╙ޢ15 ภ㧘2004 ᐕ㧘න⪺㧕߇ࠆޕ
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ળ⸘ᬌᩏ⎇ⓥ No.34㧔2006.9㧕
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ᵈ㧦ᖱႎൻᛩ⾗ߪ㧘㔚᳇ㅢାᯏེ㧘㔚ሶ⸘▚ᯏᧄหઃዻⵝ⟎㧘࠰ࡈ࠻࠙ࠚࠕ߆ࠄᚑࠆޕ ⾗ᢱ㧦✚ോ⋭ޡᖱႎㅢା⊕ᦠ ᐔᚑ 17 ᐕ ޢ 㧘ౝ㑑ᐭޡ࿖᳃⚻ᷣ⸘▚ᐕႎ ᐔᚑ 17 ᐕ ޢ 㧚
એߩ⛔⸘⊛ታࠍ߹ߣࠆߣ㧘એਅߩ 4 ὐࠍᒝ⺞ߢ߈ࠆߢࠈ߁ޕ ԘഭᏒ႐ߩᵹേൻ߇ㅴࠎߢࠆޕ ԙ㧔ᵹേᕈߩ㜞㧕㕖ᱜⷙ㓹↪ߩჇട߇ᵹേൻߩਥ࿃ߢࠆޕ Ԛᵹേൻߪ⧯ᐕጀߢ㓸ਛ⊛ߦߎߞߡࠆޕ ԛᕆㅦߥ IT ൻߦࠃࠅዞᬺⅣႺ߇ᄢ߈ߊᄌࠊࠅߟߟࠆޕ ᧄⓂߢߪ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩഭᏒ႐ߩᄌൻࠍ〯߹߃ߚߢ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߦଥࠊࠆ╷ߩࠅᣇߦߟߡ ⠨߃ࠆߩߘޕ㓙㧘1990 ᐕઍඨ߫એ㒠ߩ⎇ⓥᚑᨐࠍ〯߹߃ߚ⼏⺰ࠍዷ㐿ߒߡࠆߎߣ߇ᧄⓂߩᦨᄢߩ․ᓽߣ ⸒߃ࠃ߁⺰ޕᢥߩ᭴ᚑߪએਅߩㅢࠅߢࠆޕ ╙ 2 ▵ߢߪ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄℂ⺰ߩၮ␆ߣߒߡቢోᏒ႐ߩࠤࠬࠍ⏕ߔࠆޕή⺰㧘ߎߩࠤࠬߢߪᐭߩᓎ ഀߪᒝ⺞ߐࠇߕ㧘ߊ߹ߢಽᨆߩࡌࡦ࠴ࡑࠢߦㆊ߉ߥޕᰴߦ㧘╙ 3 ▵ߢߪ㧘ㄭᐕߩ⊒ዷ߇⋡ⷡߒਇ ቢోᏒ႐ߩࠤࠬߦߟߡ⠨ኤࠍട߃ࠆߢߎߎޕ╷ߩࠅᣇߦߟߡ㧘ߊߟ߆ߩ㊀ⷐߥ␜ໂ߇ᓧ ࠄࠇࠆ⊛⸘⛔ޕታԘߦኻᔕߒߚ╙ 4 ▵ߢߪ㧘ᵹേൻߩ㜞߹ࠅߣੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߩ㑐ଥߦߟߡ⼏⺰ߔࠆޕ ╙ 5 ▵ߢߪ⛔⸘⊛ታԙߣԚߦኻᔕߔࠆߜࠊߥߔޕ㧘⧯ᐕጀࠍਛᔃߦ↢ߓߡࠆ㕖ᱜⷙ㓹↪ߩჇᄢ߇ੱ⊛ ⾗ᧄ⫾Ⓧߦ߷ߔᓇ㗀ߦߟߡ⠨߃ࠆ ╙ޕ6 ▵ߪ⛔⸘⊛ታԛߦኻᔕߒ㧘IT ൻߩㅴዷߣੱ⊛⾗ᧄ⫾Ⓧߩ㑐 ଥߦߟߡㄭᐕߩታ⸽⎇ⓥߩᚑᨐࠍ〯߹߃ߡᬌ⸛ߔࠆᦨޕᓟߩ╙ 7 ▵ߪ߹ߣߢࠆޕ
㧞㧚ቢోᏒ႐ߦ߅ߌࠆੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ 㧔㧝㧕ၮᧄ⊛ᨒ⚵ߺ ߹ߕ⼏⺰ߩ⊒ὐߣߒߡ㧘Becker㧔1962㧕ߦࠃࠅ⏕┙ߐࠇߚቢోᏒ႐ߦ߅ߌࠆੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߩℂ⺰ߦߟ ߡᢛℂߒߡ߅ߎ߁1)ߩߎޕ⠨߃ᣇߦၮߠߊߣ㧘Ꮢ႐ේℂߦࠃࠅᦨㆡߥੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ࠍታߢ߈ࠆߩߢ㧘 1) એਅߩ⠨߃ᣇߪ Becker㧔1993㧕ߦᴪߞߡࠆ߇㧘ᢙᑼߩዷ㐿߿⺑ߩᣇᴺߦߟߡߪᐞಽࠕࡦࠫࠍട߃ߡࠆߚ߹ޕ㧘ᰴ▵એ㒠ߣ㑐ଥߩ ⭯ㇱಽߦߪ⸅ࠇߡߥޕ
㧙㧙
ഭᏒ႐ߩᄌൻߣ╷ߩࠅᣇ
ߎߩ㗴ߦ㑐ߒߡ╷ߩᓎഀߪሽߒߥ࡞࠺ࡕߩ▵ᧄޕಽᨆߪ㧘ᰴ▵એ㒠ߢਇቢోᏒ႐ߩࠕࠗ࠺ࠖ ࠕࠍዉߒ㧘╷ߩࠅᣇࠍ⠨߃ࠆߚߩࡌࡦ࠴ࡑࠢߣߒߡ⟎ઃߌࠆߣࠊ߆ࠅ߿ߔޕ ߹㧘ࠆഭ⠪߇⧯ᐕᦼߣჽᐕᦼߩ 2 ᦼ㑆ߦߟߡዞᬺߔࠆ߽ߩߣߒࠃ߁ߩߎޕഭ⠪ߩ㒢⇇↢↥ജ ࠍ f i 㧘⾓㊄ࠍ wi ߣᦠ߈㧘ᷝ߃ሼ i =0 ߪ⧯ᐕᦼࠍ㧘 i =1 ߪჽᐕᦼࠍ␜ߔ߽ߩߣߔࠆ‛↥↢ޕᏒ႐߅ࠃ߮ഭ Ꮢ႐߇ߣ߽ߦቢో┹ਅߦࠆߣᗐቯߒߚ႐ว㧘 ડᬺ߇㧘 ߎߩ㓹↪ߦߟߡẢᭂᄢൻࠍ࿑ࠆ႐วߦߪ㧘 (1)
fi
wi
ߩ㑐ଥ߇᧦ઙߣߥࠆޕડᬺ߆ࠄࠆߣ㧘ߎߩᑼߩᏀㄝߪ㧘ฝㄝߪᡰࠍߒߡࠆ߈ߣߩߎޕ㧘ሶ ₸㧔ഀᒁ₸㧕ࠍ r ߣߔࠇ߫㧘
(2)
f0
f1 1 r
w0
w1 1 r
߇ᚑࠅ┙ߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘ߎߩ㓹↪ߦ㑐ߔࠆోᦼ㑆ߩᡰߪဋⴧߔࠆޕᏀㄝߪ 2 ᦼ㑆ߦࠊߚࠆડᬺߩߩ ଔ୯㧘ฝㄝߪ 2 ᦼ㑆ߦࠊߚࠆડᬺߩᡰߩଔ୯ߢࠆޕ ߎߎߢ㧘⧯ᐕᦼߦੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ࠍⴕ߁ߣ㧘ჽᐕᦼߦੱ⊛⾗ᧄ߇㜞߹ࠆ႐วࠍ⠨߃ߡߺࠃ߁ᧄ⾗⊛ੱޕᛩ ⾗ࠍⴕߞߚ႐วߩჽᐕᦼߩᷝ߃ሼࠍ i =2 ߣᦠߊߎߣߣߒ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߦⷐߔࠆ⾌↪ࠍ k ߣߔࠆߣ㧘ડᬺ ߩᡰဋ╬ᑼߪ
(3)
f0
f2 1 r
w0
w2 k 1 r
ߢߐࠇࠆߩߎޕ႐ว㧘(1)ߩࠃ߁ߦฦᦼߦ߅ߡᡰ߇╬ߒߊߥࠆ⸽ߪߥౕޕ⊛ߦߪ㧘 f 0 > w0 ߆
f 2 > w2 㧘߹ߚߪ㧘ਔᣇ߇ᚑࠅ┙ߟߪߕߢࠆ ޕf 0 > w0 ߪ㧘ᛩ⾗ᤨὐߦ߅ߌࠆડᬺߩ߇ᡰࠍ࿁ߞ ߡࠆߎߣࠍᗧߒ㧘ᛩ⾗ᤨߩ⾓㊄ࠍ↢↥ᕈࠃࠅ߽ૐߊ⸳ቯߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡᛩ⾗⾌↪ k ࠍᝳߒߡࠆ ߎߣߦߥࠆ⸒ޕ឵߃ࠆߣ㧘ᛩ⾗ᤨὐߦ߅ߡ⾌↪⽶ᜂߔࠆߩߪഭ⠪ߢࠅ㧘㜞߹ߞߚ⾓㊄ߦࠃࠅᛩ⾗ ⋉ࠍ࿁ߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆߦࠇߘޕኻߒߡ㧘 f 2 > w2 ߪ㧘ᛩ⾗࿁ᦼߦ߅ߌࠆડᬺߩ߇ᡰࠍ࿁ߞ ߡࠆߎߣࠍᗧߒ㧘 ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߩലᨐ߇ࠇߚᤨὐߢ⾓㊄ࠍ↢↥ᕈࠃࠅ߽ૐߊ⸳ቯߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ㧘 ડᬺ߇ᛩ⾗⾌↪ k ࠍ࿁ߒߡࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ⸒ޕ឵߃ࠆߣ㧘ߎߩ႐วߦߪᛩ⾗ᤨߩ⽶ᜂࠍડᬺ߇⢛⽶㧘 ჽᐕᦼߦᓧࠄࠇࠆᛩ⾗⋉߽ડᬺߦᏫዻߔࠆޕ ߎߎߢᵈ⋡ߐࠇࠆߩߪ㧘 Ԙੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߩ⾌↪⽶ᜂ⠪ߪ⺕߆㧘 ԙߘߩᛩ⾗㊂ߪᦨㆡߥ᳓Ḱࠍḩߚߔߩ߆㧘 ߣ߁ 2 ὐߢࠆߩࠄࠇߎޕὐࠍࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߚߦ㧘Becker ߪੱ⊛⾗ᧄߩ࠲ࠗࡊࠍ৻⥸⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߣ ડᬺ․ᱶ⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߩ 2 ߟߦ㘃ဳൻߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡౖဳ⊛ߥ⁁ᴫࠍ◲ẖߦ␜ߒ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߦኻߔࠆᛩ⾗ ⴕേߩࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓࠍࠄ߆ߦߒߚޕ 㧔㧞㧕৻⥸⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄ ৻⥸⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߪઁߩડᬺߦォ⡯ߒߡ߽ലߢࠅ⛯ߌࠆߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ㧘⧯ᐕᦼߦੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ࠍⴕߞ
㧙㧙
ળ⸘ᬌᩏ⎇ⓥ No.34㧔2006.9㧕
ߚഭ⠪߇㧘ჽᐕᦼߦᏒ႐ߦ߅ߡฃߌࠆ⹏ଔߪ㒢⇇↢↥ജ f 2 ߣ╬ߒߊߥࠆ ߒ߽ޕf 2 ࠍਅ࿁ࠆ⾓㊄ࠍ⸳ ቯߔࠆߣ㧘ഭ⠪ߪઁડᬺ߳⒖ߞߡߒ߹߁߆ࠄ㧘ડᬺߪ㒢⇇↢↥ജߦวߞߚ⾓㊄ࠍᡰᛄ߁ᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕ ߟ߹ࠅ㧘 f 2 = w2 ߇ᚑࠅ┙ߜ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߦࠃߞߡჇᄢߒߚ↢↥ജߩᕲᕺߪߔߴߡഭ⠪ߦᏫዻߔࠆߎ ߣߦߥࠆߣࠆ↪ࠍߣߎߩߎޕ㧘(3)ࠃࠅ㧘 (4)
w0
f0 k
߇ᓧࠄࠇ㧘ᛩ⾗ᤨὐߦ߅ߡߪ㧘ડᬺ߇㒢⇇↢↥ജࠃࠅ߽ k ߛߌૐ⾓㊄ߒ߆ᡰᛄࠊߥޕߩࠍߔ ࠇ߫㧘ഭ⠪ߪ㧘ᛩ⾗ᤨὐߦ߅ߡ㒢⇇↢↥ജࠃࠅ߽ૐ⾓㊄ࠍฃߌขࠆߎߣࠍㅢߓ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߩ⾌ ↪ࠍ⽶ᜂߒߡࠆߎߣߦߥࠆߦࠆߔⷐޕ㧘৻⥸⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄࠍᗐቯߔࠆߣ㧘⾌↪⽶ᜂߣ⋉ߪߔߴߡഭ⠪ ߦᏫߔࠆߩߢࠆޕ ߣߎࠈߢ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ࠍⴕࠊߥડᬺߦ߅ߡߪ㧘 f 0 ߣห㗵ߩ⾓㊄߇ਈ߃ࠄࠇࠆ߆ࠄ㧘ઁડᬺߦ⒖ࠇ ߫㧘ഭ⠪ߩߪჇടߔࠆߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ႐ว㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߩ⾌↪ࠍഭ⠪ߦ⽶ᜂߐߖࠆߣ㧘ઁડᬺߦ ᒁ߈ᛮ߆ࠇࠆᕟࠇߪߥߩߛࠈ߁߆ߪ߃╵ޕ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߩ⋉₸ߦଐሽߔࠆߣ߁ߎߣߦߥࠆ⧯ޕᐕ ᦼߦࠆഭ⠪ߪ㧘2 ᦼ㑆ࠍㅢߒߡⴕേߔࠆ߆ࠄ㧘ᦼߩ⾌↪⽶ᜂࠍ᧪ᦼߦขࠅᚯߖࠆߩߢࠇ߫㧘ઁ ડᬺߦࠃࠆᒁ߈ᛮ߈ߪᚑഞߒߥߜࠊߥߔޕ㧘 (5)
w2 w1 t 1 r k
ߩ᧦ઙ߇ᚑ┙ߒߡࠇ߫㧘 ⾌↪એߩ⋉߇ㄟࠆߩߢ㧘 ഭ⠪ߪㅴࠎߢੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߩ⾌↪ࠍ⽶ᜂߒ㧘 ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ࠍⴕࠊߥડᬺ߳Ⓧᭂ⊛ߦ⒖േߔࠆߎߣߪߥࠅ߹ߟޕ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߦ߁⾓㊄₸߇ ሶ₸એߢࠇ߫ࠃߎߣߦߥࠆߚ߹ޕ㧘(5)ߪ㧘 (6)
f 2 f1 t 1 r k
ߩᚑ┙ࠍᗧߔࠆ߆ࠄ㧘⚿ዪ㧘ሶ₸ߣߩᲧセߦ߅ߡ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߦࠃࠆ㒢⇇↢↥ജߩჇട߇චಽߦ ᄢ߈ߌࠇ߫㧘ഭ⠪ߪੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߩ⾌↪⽶ᜂࠍฃߌࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆޕ ৻⥸ߦ㧘㒢⇇↢↥ജ f 2 ߪੱ⊛⾗ᧄࠬ࠻࠶ࠢߩᷫዋ㑐ᢙߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆߚ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ࠍჇ߿ߔ߶ߤ㧘 ߘߩ⋉₸ߪૐਅߔࠆߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ㧘ᛩ⾗ߩ⋉ߦ㑐ߔࠆਇ⏕ታᕈࠍήⷞߔࠇ߫㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߩ⋉₸߇ ሶ₸ߣ╬ߒߊߥࠆ߹ߢ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄࠬ࠻࠶ࠢߦኻߔࠆᛩ⾗߇ⴕࠊࠇࠆߪߕߢࠆ⽶ߩ↪⾌ޕᜂ⠪ߢࠅ㧘 ⋉ߩ࿁⠪ߢ߽ࠆഭ⠪ߪ㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ࠍ༑ࠎߢฃߌࠇࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆߩߢ㧘ഭ⠪ߩ ਥ⊛ⴕേߦછߖߡ߅ߌ߫৻⥸⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߦߟߡߪᦨㆡߥᛩ⾗᳓Ḱ߇㆐ᚑߐࠇࠆޕ 㧔㧟㧕ડᬺ․ᱶ⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄ ડᬺ․ᱶ⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߪ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ࠍⴕߞߚડᬺߦ߅ߡߪ↪ߢࠆ߇㧘ߘࠇએᄖߩડᬺߦ߅ߡ ߪᗧࠍߥߐߥߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ㧘ߎߩ࠲ࠗࡊߩੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ࠍⴕߞߡ߽㧘ഭᏒ႐ߦ߅ߌࠆઁડᬺߩ⹏ଔ ߪᄌࠊࠄߥࠅ߹ߟޕ㧘ᒰડᬺߪੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗೨ߩ↢↥ᕈ f1 ߦว߁⾓㊄ࠍᡰᛄ߃߫㧘ઁડᬺߩᒁ߈ᛮ ߈ࠍ㒖ᱛߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߩߢ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ᓟߩჽᐕᦼߦ߅ߌࠆ⾓㊄ w2 ߪ f1 ߣ f 2 ߩ㑆ߦࠆ
㧙㧙
ഭᏒ႐ߩᄌൻߣ╷ߩࠅᣇ
㧔 f1 d w2 d f 2 㧕 ࠲ࡔࡄࠍߣߎߩߎޕa 0 d a d 1 㧕ࠍ↪ߡ㧘 (7)
w2
af1 1 a f 2
ߩࠃ߁ߦߘ߁ߢߎߎޕ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߩ⋉₸߇ሶ₸ߦ╬ߒ߽ߩߣߔࠆߣ㧘ߔߥࠊߜ
f 2 f1 (8)
1 r k ߣߔࠆߣ㧘(3)ߣ(7)߆ࠄ㧘 w0
f 0 1 a k
߇ᓧࠄࠇࠆ(ޕ8)߆ࠄ㧘 a ߇ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗⾌↪ߩ߁ߜડᬺ߇⽶ᜂߔࠆഀวࠍᗧߒߡࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆߚޕ ߣ߃߫㧘 a ߇ 0 ߢࠆߣ߈㧘(8)ߪ㧘 (9)
w0
f0 k
ߣߥࠅ㧘৻⥸⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߩࠤࠬߣห᭽㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߩ⾌↪ߩಽߛߌ⧯ᐕᦼߩ⾓㊄߇ૐߊߥࠆࠅ߹ߟޕ㧘ߔ ߴߡߩ⾌↪ࠍഭ⠪߇⽶ᜂߒ㧘ડᬺߩ⽶ᜂߪࡠߢࠆߦࠇߎޕኻߒߡ㧘 a ߇ 1 ߢࠆߣ߈㧘⧯ᐕᦼߦ߅ ߌࠆ⾓㊄ߪ㧘 (10)
w0
f0
ߩࠃ߁ߦ㒢⇇↢↥ജߦ╬ߒߊߥࠆߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ㧘ડᬺߪੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߩ⾌↪ߩಽߛߌᡰㆊߣߥࠅ㧘ߔ ߴߡߩ⾌↪ߪડᬺߦࠃߞߡ⽶ᜂߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆޕ ᰴߦ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߩ⋉ߩᏫዻߦߟߡ⠨߃ࠃ߁ᧄ⾗⊛ੱޕᛩ⾗ࠍⴕߞߚ႐ว㧘ഭ⠪߇ჽᐕᦼߦ ࠆߣ߈ߩડᬺߩߪ㧘(7)ᑼࠍ↪ࠆߣ (11)
f 2 w2
a f 2 f1
ߣߖࠆߪࠇߎޕ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߦ߁↢↥ᕈߩჇടߩ߁ߜ㧘 a ߩഀว߇ડᬺߩߣߥࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡ ࠆ߫߃ߣߚޕ㧘a ߇ 0 ߢࠆߣ߈㧘(11)ߪ (12)
f 2 w2
0
ߣߥࠅ㧘ડᬺߪੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߩ⋉ࠍฃߌขࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥߦࠇߎޕኻߒߡ㧘 a ߇ 1 ߢࠆߣ߈㧘(11) ߪ (13)
f 2 w2
f 2 f1
ߣߥࠅ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߩ⋉ߩߔߴߡߪડᬺߦᏫዻߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆޕ ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘ડᬺ߆ࠄߡ߽㧘ഭ⠪߆ࠄߡ߽㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߩ⾌↪⽶ᜂഀวߣ⋉ߩಽ㈩ഀว߇╬ 㧙㧙
ળ⸘ᬌᩏ⎇ⓥ No.34㧔2006.9㧕
ߒ႐ว㧘⽶ᜂߦᔕߓߚࠅ߇⚂᧤ߐࠇࠆߩߢ㧘ฦਥߪੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ࠍⴕ߁ߪߕߢࠆࠅ߹ߟޕ㧘 a ߩ୯ߦ㑐ଥߥߊ㧘ડᬺ․ᱶ⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߦ㑐ߔࠆᦨㆡߥᛩ⾗᳓Ḱ߇㆐ᚑߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆޕ
㧟㧚ਇቢోᏒ႐ߦ߅ߌࠆੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ Ꮢ႐߇ቢోߥ႐วߦߪ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߦߟߡ╷⊛ߥ⼏⺰ࠍⴕ߁ߪ߹ߞߚߊߥ߆ߞߚޕડᬺ߿ഭ ⠪ߦછߖߡ߅ߌ߫㧘ᦨㆡߥੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗߇ታߐࠇࠆ߆ࠄߢࠆߒ߆ߒޕ㧘Ꮢ႐ߦࠄ߆ߩਇቢోᕈ߇ ሽߔࠆ႐วߦߪ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗߇ല₸⊛ߦⴕࠊࠇߥน⢻ᕈ߇ࠆߦߋߔޕᗐߐࠇࠆߎߣߣߒߡ㧘ᛩ ⾗ਥ߇ᵹേᕈ⚂ߦ⋥㕙ߒߡࠆน⢻ᕈ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߦ㑐ࠊࠆᛩ⾗⋉ߩਇ⏕ታᕈߥߤ߇ߍࠄࠇࠆޕ ߒ߆ߒ㧘ㄭᐕߦ߅ߡ㊀ⷞߐࠇࠆߩߪ㧘ߒࠈࠨ࠴ࠦࠬ࠻߿ᖱႎߩਇቢోᕈࠍᒝ⺞ߒߚ⼏⺰ߢࠆ2)ޕ ߘߎߢ㧘߹ߕࠨ࠴ࠦࠬ࠻ߩሽߦࠃࠅ⢻ജߦวߞߚ⾓㊄ࠍᓧࠄࠇߥߣ߁ਇ⏕ታᕈ߿㧘ഭ⠪ߩ⾰ ߦ㑐ߔࠆᖱႎ߇ਇቢోߥߚ㧘⢻ജߦวߞߚ⾓㊄߇ឭ␜ߐࠇߥ⁁ᴫࠍᗐቯߒࠃ߁߈ߣߩߎޕ㧘ᄖㇱߩ ഭᏒ႐ߦ߅ߡឭ␜ߐࠇࠆᐔဋ⊛ߥ⾓㊄ߪഭ⠪ߩ㒢⇇↢↥ജߦᲧߴߡૐߊߥࠆߪߣߎߩߎޕ㧘ഭ⠪ ߇ൕߡࠆડᬺ߆ࠄࠇ߫㧘ᛩ⾗⋉ߩ࿁ᦼߦ߅ߡ㒢⇇↢↥ജࠃࠅ߽ૐ⾓㊄ࠍ⸳ቯߢ߈ࠆߎ ߣࠍᗧߔࠆ߆ࠄ㧘ડᬺߪ৻⥸⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߦᛩ⾗ߒߡ߽㧘ߘߩ⾌↪ࠍ࿁ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߢߎߎޕ㧘ડ ᬺ․ᱶ⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߣ⇣ߥࠅ㧘৻⥸⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߩᕲᕺߪォ⡯వߩડᬺߦ߽߱ߎߣࠍᕁߘ߁ᧄ⾗⊛ੱޕ ᛩ⾗߇ⴕࠊࠇࠆߣ߈㧘ഭ⠪ߪ⥄ಽߩฃߌขࠆߣ੍ᗐߐࠇࠆ⋉ࠍ㧘ߩൕవߩડᬺߪ⥄ࠄ߇ฃߌข ࠆߣ੍ᗐߐࠇࠆ⋉ࠍ⠨ᘦߔࠆ߇㧘᧪ߩォ⡯వߩડᬺ߇ฃߌขࠆߣ੍ᗐߐࠇࠆ⋉ߪൊ᩺ߐࠇߥߒޕ ߚ߇ߞߡ㧘ᛩ⾗ߩᒰ⠪ߢࠆഭ⠪ߣߩൕవડᬺߩ⑳⊛ଢ⋉ߩว⸘ߦᲧߴߡᄖㇱᕈࠍߚ␠ળ ⊛ଢ⋉ߩᣇ߇ᄢ߈ߩߢ㧘Ꮢ႐ߢቯߐࠇࠆੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߩ㊂ߪᦨㆡߥ᳓ḰߦᲧߴߡㆊዋߣߥࠆࠃߩߎޕ ߁ߥࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓࠍޟᒁ߈ᛮ߈ߩᄖㇱᕈޠ 㧔poaching externality㧕ߣ߱ޕ ࠃࠅ෩ኒߦߪ㧘߆ߥࠆ⁁ᴫߦ߅ߡડᬺ߇৻⥸⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߦኻߔࠆᛩ⾗ߩ⾌↪ࠍ⽶ᜂߔࠆࠗࡦࡦ࠹ ࠖࡉ߇↢ߓࠆߩ߆ߣ߁ὐ߇㗴ߦߥࠆޕAcemoglu and Pischke㧔1999b㧕ߪ㧘ߎߩߎߣࠍ◲ẖߦ⺑ߒ ߚ߹ޕ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄ᳓Ḱࠍ h ߣߒ㧘ߎߩߣ߈ߩ㒢⇇↢↥ജߣ⾓㊄ࠍߘࠇߙࠇ f(h) 㧘 w(h) ߣᦠߊߚ߹ޕ㧘 ࠨ࠴ࠦࠬ࠻߿ᖱႎߩ㕖ኻ⒓ᕈߦࠃߞߡ⊒↢ߔࠆഭ⠪ߩ៊ᄬ㧔⾓㊄ߩૐਅಽ㧕ࠍ c ߣߔ߈ߣߩߎޕ㧘 ߩൕవડᬺߪ㧘ഭ⠪ࠍᒁ߈ᱛࠆߚߦ㧘 (14)
w h
f h c
ߩ⾓㊄ࠍឭ␜ߔࠇ߫චಽߢࠅ㧘ડᬺߪੱ⊛⾗ᧄ߆ࠄ f h w h ߛߌߩ⋉ࠍᓧࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߛߚޕ ߒ㧘ડᬺߩᓧࠆ⋉ߪ c ߢࠆ߆ࠄ㧘ߎߩ߹߹ߢߪડᬺߩ⋉ߪੱ⊛⾗ᧄߣή㑐ଥߢࠅ㧘ડᬺ߇ᛩ⾗ߔ ࠆࠗࡦࡦ࠹ࠖࡉߪ↢߹ࠇߥޕડᬺ߇Ⓧᭂ⊛ߦੱ⊛⾗ᧄߦኻߒߡᛩ⾗ߔࠆߩߪ㧘ࠨ࠴ࠦࠬ࠻߿ᖱႎߩ 㕖ኻ⒓ᕈߦࠃߞߡ⊒↢ߔࠆഭ⠪ߩ៊ᄬ߇㧘 (15)
c
c h , cc h ! 0
ߩࠃ߁ߦੱ⊛⾗ᧄ᳓Ḱ h ߦଐሽߒߡߐࠇࠆࠤࠬߢࠆߪߢࠬࠤߩߎޕ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄ߇⫾Ⓧߐࠇࠆ߶ ߎࠇࠄߩ⼏⺰ߣߒߡߪ㧘ഭ⠪ߩዞᬺડᬺߣᄖㇱડᬺߩ㑆ߦ㧔ഭ⠪ߩ⢻ജߦ㑐ߔࠆ㧕ᖱႎߩ㕖ኻ⒓ᕈ߇ሽߔࠆߎߣߦᵈ⋡ߒߚ Katz and Ziderman㧔1990㧕 㧘Stevens㧔1994㧕 㧘Chang and Wang㧔1996㧕 㧘Acemoglu and Pischke㧔1998㧕ߥߤ㧘ࠨ࠴ㆊ⒟ߦ߅ߌࠆᡂࠍᒝ⺞ߒ ߚ Acemoglu㧔1997㧕 㧘Acemoglu and Pischke㧔1999b㧕ߥߤ߇ઍ⊛ߢࠆ߅ߥޕ㧘ࠨࡌࠗ⺰ᢥߣߒߡ㧘Acemoglu and Pischke㧔1999a㧕 㧘 ਛ㚍㧔1999㧕 㧘㤗↢㧔2004㧕 㧘Leuven㧔2005㧕߇ࠆޕ 2)
㧙㧙
ഭᏒ႐ߩᄌൻߣ╷ߩࠅᣇ
ߤ㧘ࠨ࠴ࠦࠬ࠻߿ᖱႎߩ㕖ኻ⒓ᕈߦ߁ഭ⠪ߩ៊ᄬ߇ᄢ߈ߊߥࠅ㧘ㅒߦ㧘ડᬺߦߣߞߡߪ⋉߇㜞ߊ ߥࠆޕડᬺ߇৻⥸⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߦᛩ⾗ߔࠆࠗࡦࡦ࠹ࠖࡉࠍߔࠆߚߦߪ㧘એߩࠃ߁ߦੱ⊛⾗ᧄ᳓Ḱߦ ᔕߓߚ㧔↢↥ᕈߦኻߔࠆ㧕⾓㊄ߩ❗߇↢ߓߡࠆߪߕߥߩߢࠆߩߎޕὐߦߟߡ㧘Bishop㧔1987㧕ߪ ห৻ડᬺౝߢห৻ᬺോࠍߎߥߔഭ⠪ߩ⾓㊄ᩰᏅ߇㧘ᓐ㧔ᅚ㧕ࠄߩ↢↥ᕈᩰᏅࠃࠅ߽ዊߐߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡ ࠆ ߪࠇߎޕAcemoglu and Pischke㧔1999b㧕ߩ⼏⺰ࠍᡰᜬߔࠆ⸽Ꮐߩ 1 ߟߣ⸒߃ࠃ߁ޕ ࠨ࠴ࠦࠬ࠻߿ᖱႎߩ㕖ኻ⒓ᕈࠍਥゲߦ߅ߚᏒ႐ߩᄬᢌߩ⼏⺰ߪ㧘2 ߟߩ␜ໂࠍਈ߃ࠆޕ1 ߟߪ㧘Ꮢ ႐ߦછߖࠆߣੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗߇ㆊዋߦߥࠆߚ㧘ᛩ⾗ߦࠗࡦࡦ࠹ࠖࡉࠍਈ߃ࠆࠃ߁ߥ⒢ߩ᭴▽߿ഥ㊄ ߥߤ㧘ࠄ߆ߩ╷߇ᔅⷐߦߥࠆߣ߁ߎߣߢࠆߪ⺰⚿ߩߎޕቢోᏒ႐ߩࠤࠬߣኻᾖ⊛ߢࠅ㧘 ߎߩ⒳ߩ⼏⺰ߩᄢ߈ߥ․ᓽߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ ߹ޕ1 ߟߪഭᏒ႐ߩᵹേᕈߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧߢࠆߦ⥸৻ޕ㧘ᒁ ߈ᛮ߈ߩᄖㇱᕈߩ㊀ⷐᕈߪഭᏒ႐ߩᵹേᕈߦᒝᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆࠅ߹ߟޕ㧘ᵹേᕈ߇㜞⚻ ᷣߦ߅ߡߪഭ⠪߇ォ⡯ߔࠆ⏕₸߇㜞ߚ㧘ᒁ߈ᛮ߈ߩᄖㇱᕈ߇㊀ⷐߣߥࠅ㧘৻⥸⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߪ ㆊዋߦߥࠆน⢻ᕈ߇㜞ޕㅒߦ㧘ᵹേᕈߩૐ⚻ᷣߢߪᄖㇱᕈߦࠃࠆᦨㆡ᳓Ḱ߆ࠄߩਵ㔌ߪዊߐߩߎޕ ࠃ߁ߥᗧߪ㧘৻⥸ߦାߓࠄࠇߡࠆᵹേᕈߩ㜞⚻ᷣ߇ᦸ߹ߒߣ߁⠨߃ᣇߣ⇣ߥࠆ߽ߩߢࠈ߁ޕ ߎߩߎߣࠍ⠨ᘦߔࠆߣ㧘ᵹേᕈߩ㜞ૐߪ⚻ᷣߩ⦟ߒᖡߒࠍࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆߦ߆⏕ޕ㧘৻ ⥸ߦାߓࠄࠇߡࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘ᵹേᕈߩ㜞⚻ᷣߪഭ㔛⛎ߩࡑ࠶࠴ࡦࠣߩⷰὐ߆ࠄߪࠃࠅല₸⊛ߢࠆߣ ᕁࠊࠇࠆ߇㧘ᄖㇱᕈߩ⊒↢ߣ߁ⷰὐ߆ࠄߪ㕖ല₸ߢࠆ߆ࠄ㧘৻ߦߤߜࠄߩ⁁ᘒ߇ᦸ߹ߒߣᢿߓࠆ ߎߣߪߢ߈ߥߩߢࠆޕ
㧠㧚ᵹേൻߣੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ ೨▵߹ߢߩℂ⺰⊛ಽᨆࠍ೨ឭߣߒߡ㧘╙ 1 ▵ߢ⏕ߒߚ⛔⸘⊛ታߦߟߡ⠨ኤࠍട߃ߡߎ߁ᦨޕೋ ߦࠄ߆ߦߔߴ߈ߎߣߪ㧘ഭᏒ႐ߩᵹേൻߩ㜞߹ࠅߣߘߩᓇ㗀ߦߟߡߢࠆޕ ৻⥸ߦ㧘ഭᏒ႐ߩᵹേᕈߪ㧘ߐ߹ߑ߹ߥᐲ⊛ⷐ࿃ߦട߃ߡ㧘ᖱႎߩ㕖ኻ⒓ᕈ߿ォ⡯ᤨߩࠨ࠴ࠦࠬ ࠻ߦࠃߞߡⷙቯߐࠇࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ߫߃ߣߚޕ㧘Burnside et al.㧔1993㧕ߪ㧘㔌⡯ᤨߦࠦࠬ࠻߇ᔅⷐߣ ߥࠆࠃ߁ߥ RBC㧔Real Business Cycle㧕ࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ↪ࠆߣ㧘᥊᳇ᄌേߦኻߒߡ㓹↪߇ቯ⊛ߥേ߈ࠍ␜ ߔഭ⬿ߣ߫ࠇࠆ⽎ࠍࠪࡒࡘ࠻ߢ߈ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒߚߒ߽ޕ㧘ᵹേᕈࠍⷙቯߔࠆਥ࿃߇ᖱႎߩ㕖 ኻ⒓ᕈ߿ࠨ࠴ࠦࠬ࠻ߛߣߔࠆߣ㧘ᒁ߈ᛮ߈ߩᄖㇱᕈߩ㗴ߪ✭ߐࠇࠆࠄߥߗߥޕ㧘㜞ࠨ࠴ࠦࠬ࠻ ߪ㧘⋥ធ⊛ߦߪᒁ߈ᛮ߈ߩᄖㇱᕈࠍᓟߒߔࠆ߽ߩߩ㧘ᵹേᕈߩૐਅࠍㅢߓߡᒁ߈ᛮ߈ߩᄖㇱᕈߩᓇ㗀ࠍ ᒙࠆ߆ࠄߢࠆޕ ߒ߆ߒ㧘ഭᏒ႐ߩᵹേᕈߩ㜞ૐߪઁߩⷐ࿃ߦࠃߞߡ⺑ߔࠆߎߣ߽ߢ߈ࠆޕᄢᣣ⾐㧔1995㧕ߪ㧘 RBC ࡕ࠺࡞ߦડᬺ․ᱶ⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄࠍ⚵ߺㄟߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘ഭ⬿ࠍߢ߈ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒߚޕડᬺ․ᱶ ⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߪᣢሽߩഭ⠪ߩォ⡯ߦࠃߞߡଔ୯ࠍᄬ㧘ᣂⷙ㓹↪ߦࠃߞߡ࿁ᓳߔࠆߎߣߪߢ߈ߥߚ㧘 ડᬺߪഭ⬿ࠍㆬᅢߔࠆߩߢࠆߚ߹ޕ㧘ᓐࠄߩࠪࡒࡘ࡚ࠪࡦಽᨆߦࠃࠆߣ㧘ડᬺ․ᱶ⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄ ߇ᄢ߈⚻ᷣߢߪ⧯ᐕഭ⠪ᢙ߇ GNP ߦ㕖ᗵᔕ⊛ߢࠆߩߦኻߒߡ㧘㜞㦂ഭ⠪ᢙߪ GNP ߦᗵᔕ⊛ߣ ߁⚿ᨐ߇ᓧࠄࠇߡࠆߪߣߎߩߎޕᰴߩࠃ߁ߦ⺑ߢ߈ࠆޕડᬺ߆ࠄߡ߽ഭ⠪߆ࠄߡ߽㧘ડᬺ․ ᱶ⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄ߳ߩᛩ⾗ߪ㧘⧯ᐕᦼߦ⾌↪ࠍ⽶ᜂߒ㧘㜞㦂ᦼߦ⋉ࠍᓧࠆߎߣߢቢ⚿ߔࠆߩߢ㧘⧯ᐕᦼߦ߅ ߌࠆ⸃㓹߿㔌⡯ߪ⋉ߩᯏળࠍᝥߡࠆߎߣࠍᗧߔࠆઁޕᣇ㧘ࠆ⒟ᐲߩ⋉ࠍ࿁ߒߚᓟߥࠄ߫㧘⸃㓹 ߿㔌⡯ߦࠃࠆੱ⊛⾗ᧄߩ៊ᄬߪዋߥߊߡᷣߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ㧘ડᬺ․ᱶ⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄ߇ᄢ߈ߣ㧘⧯ᐕഭ⠪ ߩᵹേᕈߪૐߊ㧘㜞㦂ഭ⠪ߩᵹേᕈߪ㜞ߊߥࠆޕ ߘࠇߢߪ㧘ࠊ߇࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆડᬺ․ᱶ⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߩ㊀ⷐᕈߪߤߩ⒟ᐲߥߩߛࠈ߁߆ߩߎޕὐߦߟߡ㧘 㧙㧙
ળ⸘ᬌᩏ⎇ⓥ No.34㧔2006.9㧕
Hashimoto and Raisian㧔1985㧕ߪ㧘1980 ᐕߩᣣᧄߦ߅ߌࠆൕ⛯ᐕᢙߩ⾓㊄߳ߩᓇ㗀߇࿖㓙⊛ߦᄢ߈߆ ߞߚߎߣࠍࠄ߆ߦߒ㧘ડᬺ․ᱶ⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߩ㊀ⷐᕈ߇㜞ߣਥᒛߒߚ3)⚿ߩߎޕᨐࠍାߓࠇ߫㧘ߎࠇ߹ ߢߩᣣᧄߦ߅ߡߪ㧘ડᬺ․ᱶ⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߩ㊀ⷐᕈߦ㧘ഭᏒ႐ߩᵹേᕈ߇ૐߊ㧘ᒁ߈ᛮ߈ߩᄖㇱᕈߦ ߁৻⥸⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߦଥࠊࠆᏒ႐ߩᄬᢌ߇⊒↢ߔࠆߪᲧセ⊛ዊߐ߆ߞߚߣ⸒߃ࠆޕ ߘߩᓟ㧘ࠨࡦࡊ࡞ᤨὐࠍⶄᢙߦߒ㧘1981 ᐕߣ 1986 ᐕࠍᲧセߒߚ Clark and Ogawa㧔1992㧕ߪ⾓㊄㑐 ᢙߦ߅ߌࠆൕ⛯ᐕᢙߩᓇ㗀߇ૐਅะߦࠆߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߒ㧘ડᬺ․ᱶ⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߩᓎഀ߇❗ዊߒߡࠆน ⢻ᕈࠍ␜ໂߒߚߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕᄌൻ߇ታߛߣߔࠆߣ㧘ᓟߩᣣᧄߩഭᏒ႐ߢߪᵹേᕈ߇㜞ߊߥࠅ㧘ᒁ߈ ᛮ߈ߩᄖㇱᕈߦ߁Ꮢ႐ߩᄬᢌ߇ࠢࡠ࠭ࠕ࠶ࡊߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ⺰ߦኻߒߡ㧘 Hashimoto and Raisian㧔1992㧕ߪࠨࡦࡊ࡞ᤨὐࠍߐࠄߦჇ߿ߒ㧘ൕ⛯ᐕᢙߩᓇ㗀߇ૐਅߒߡࠆࠃ߁ߦ ߃ࠆߩߪ᥊᳇ᓴⅣ╬ߩ৻ᤨ⊛ⷐ࿃ߢࠆน⢻ᕈࠍ␜ߒ㧘ะ⊛ߦડᬺ․ᱶ⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߩᓎഀ߇❗ዊߒߡ ࠆߣ߁⹏ଔࠍਅߔߩߪᣧ⸘ߢࠆߣᛕ್ߒߚߒ߆ߒޕ㧘1990 ᐕઍ߹ߢߩ࠺࠲ࠍߡห᭽ߩಽᨆࠍ ⴕߞߚᰞ㧔2000a㧕ߪ㧘ൕ⛯ᐕᢙߩᓇ㗀߇ૐਅߒߡࠆߎߣࠍ⏕ߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘ࠊ߇࿖ߦ߅ߡ㐳ᦼ⊛ߦ ડᬺ․ᱶ⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߩ㊀ⷐᕈ߇ૐਅߒߡࠆน⢻ᕈߪ߆ߥࠅ㜞ޕ એࠃࠅ㧘ㄭᐕߩᣣᧄߩഭᏒ႐ߢߪᵹേᕈ߇㜞ߊߥࠅ㧘ᒁ߈ᛮ߈ߩᄖㇱᕈߦ߁Ꮢ႐ߩᄬᢌ߇㗼⪺ߦ ߥࠅߟߟࠆน⢻ᕈࠍᜰ៰ߢ߈ࠆ⁁ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕᴫਅߢߪ㧘৻⥸⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄ߇ㆊዋߦߥߞߡߒ߹߁ߚ㧘 ࠄ߆ߩ╷ኻᔕߦࠃࠅ৻⥸⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߦኻߔࠆᛩ⾗ࠍᓟߒߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕ
㧡㧚ᵹേൻߩ㓸ਛߣੱ⊛⾗ᧄߩੑᭂൻ એߩࠃ߁ߥᵹേൻߪഭᏒ႐ߩ᭴ᚑຬߦᐔ╬ߦ↢ߓߡࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ⊛⸘⛔ޕታԙߦࠃࠇ߫㧘ᵹ േൻߩਥ࿃ߪ㕖ᱜⷙ㓹↪ߩჇടߢࠅ㧘߹ߚԚߦࠃࠇ߫㧘ᵹേൻߪ⧯ᐕጀߦ㓸ਛߒߡࠆࠅ߹ߟޕ㧘ో ߩᵹേൻߩ⒟ᐲ߇╬ߒߊߒߚߩߢߪߥߊ㧘⧯ᐕጀߦ߅ߡᵹേൻߩỗߒࠣ࡞ࡊ߇Ⴧടߒߚߩߢ ࠅ㧘ഭᏒ႐ߩᵹേൻ⽎ߪ․ቯߩጀߦ㓸ਛߒߡ↢ߓߡࠆޕ ࡈ࠲߿ᵷ㆜␠ຬߥߤߩ㧘ߎࠇ߹ߢߩᱜⷙ㓹↪ߩᨒ⚵ߺߦ߹ࠄߥዞᬺᒻᘒߩჇടߪߔߢߦᄙߊ ߩ⺰⠪߇ᜰ៰ߒߡࠆㅢࠅߢࠆ4)ޕ೨▵ߢߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘ડᬺ․ᱶ⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߩ㊀ⷐᕈ߇ૐਅߔࠆਛߢߪ㧘 ഭ⠪ߦߣߞߡ߽ડᬺߦߣߞߡ߽㐳ߊൕ⛯ߔࠆ㧔ߐߖࠆ㧕ࠗࡦࡦ࠹ࠖࡉߪૐਅߔࠆߩߢ㧘ᵹേᕈߩ㜞 ⡯⒳߇Ⴧടߔࠆߎߣߪኈᤃߦᗐߢ߈ࠆ߽߆ߒޕ㧘ᣢߩᄢᣣ⾐㧔1995㧕ߩಽᨆߦࠃࠆߣ㧘ડᬺ․ᱶ ⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄ߇ዋߥ⚻ᷣߦ߅ߡᵹേᕈ߇㜞߹ࠆߩߪ⧯ᐕഭ⠪ߢࠆ߆ࠄ㧘⛔⸘⊛ታԚ߽ࠄਇᕁ⼏ ߢߪߥޕ ⧯ᐕᦼߦ㕖ᱜⷙߩ㓹↪ᒻᘒࠍㆬᛯߔࠆߎߣߪ㧘ዊ᧖㧔2001㧕߇ᜰ៰ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘ࠠࡖࠕᒻᚑߦᖡᓇ㗀 ࠍ߷ߔน⢻ᕈ߇ࠆߎߣߪ⋥ᗵ⊛ߦ߽ࠄ߆ߢࠆޕታ⸽ಽᨆࡌ࡞ߢ߽㧘₵↰㧔1997㧕߿ਃ⼱㧔2001㧕 ߦࠃߞߡ㧘ቇතᓟߩ⡯ᤨߦ߅ߌࠆᦨೋߩ⚻㛎߇㧘ߘߩᓟߩዞᬺ⁁ᴫ߿⾓㊄᳓Ḱߦߣߞߡቯ⊛ߦ㊀ⷐߢ ࠆߎߣ߇⏕ߐࠇߡࠆࠆࠁࠊޕ⡯⚻〝ଐሽᕈߢࠆߚ߹ޕ㧘ᄢ⼱᪢ፒ᧻❥㧔2003㧕ߪᄢቇ㒮 ᢎ⢒ߣ␠ᓟߩ⡯ᬺ⸠✵㧔OJT㧕ߩᲧセᬌ⸛ࠍⴕߞߡࠆޕᓐࠄߩಽᨆߦࠃࠇ߫㧘ᄢቇ㒮ᢎ⢒ߘࠇ⥄ߪ 3) ᐕഞ⾓㊄ߪੱ⊛⾗ᧄℂ⺰ߦࠄߥߊߣ߽㧘Lazear㧔1979, 1981㧕߿ Lazear and Moore㧔1984㧕╬ߦࠃࠆࠗࡦࡦ࠹ࠖࡉ⺑ߦߞߡ߽⺑ ߢ߈ࠆߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ㧘ൕ⛯ᐕᢙߩᓇ㗀߇ࠆߎߣߪ㧘⋥ߜߦੱ⊛⾗ᧄ⫾Ⓧߩ㊀ⷐᕈࠍ┙⸽ߔࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥߩߎޕὐߦߟߡߪ㧘Okazaki (1993)߇ࠗࡦࡦ࠹ࠖࡉߩ㊀ⷐᕈࠍᒝ⺞ߒߡࠆߩߦኻߒߡ㧘ᄢᣣᶆဈ㧔1997㧕ߢߪࠗࡦࡦ࠹ࠖࡉߩ㊀ⷐᕈ߇Ⓧᭂ⊛ߦߪᡰᜬߐࠇߡ߅ࠄ ߕ㧘⚿⺰ߪᔅߕߒ߽৻⥌ߒߡߥߚ߹ޕ㧘㒙ㇱ㧔1996㧕ߪ㧘ᤘ 60 ᐕᐲ߆ࠄᐔᚑ 3 ᐕᐲߩޡ㓹↪േะ⺞ᩏ↪ࠍ࠲࠺ࡠࠢࠗࡑߩޢ㧘↥ ᬺౝ⒖േߦᲧߴߡ↥ᬺ㑆⒖േߦ߁⾓㊄ૐਅ߇ᄢ߈ߎߣࠍߒߚ⚿ߩߎޕᨐߪ㧘ࠕࡔࠞߦ߅ߌࠆห᭽ߩಽᨆߢࠆ Jacobson et.al.㧔1993㧕 ߿ Carrington and Zaman㧔1994㧕ߣᢛว⊛ߢࠅ㧘↥ᬺ․ᱶ⊛ߣ߽⸒߁ߴ߈ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߩሽࠍ┍ࠊߖࠆ㧔ડᬺ․ᱶ⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߩήߦߟ ߡߪ߽⸒߃ߥ㧕 ోޕߣߒߡ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄℂ⺰߇ቢోߦήലߢࠆߣߪ⠨߃ߦߊ߇㧘⏕ቯ⊛ߥ⚿⺰ࠍਅߔߚߦߪᓟߩታ⸽⎇ⓥߩ⫾Ⓧ߇ ᔅⷐߢࠆޕ 4) ߚߣ߃߫㧘₵↰㧔2001㧕 㧘ዊ᧖㧔2003㧕ߥߤࠍෳᾖߖࠃޕ
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ഭᏒ႐ߩᄌൻߣ╷ߩࠅᣇ
㧔ೋછ⛎ࠍᄌ߃ߥߣ߁ὐߢ㧕 ⾓㊄ᩰᏅߦᓇ㗀ࠍᜬߚߥޕ ᄢቇ㒮ත߇᧪⊛ߦᄢ߈ߥ⾓㊄ࠍᓧࠆߩߪ㧘 ␠ᓟߩ OJT ߦᩰᏅ߇ࠆ߆ࠄߢࠅ㧘OJT ᅤߦࠃࠅ㧘ߘߩᓟߩ⾓㊄⚻〝߇ቯߒߡߒ߹߁ߩߢࠆޕ એࠍ߹ߣࠆߣ㧘⧯ᐕᦼߦᵹേᕈߩ㜞㕖ᱜⷙ㓹↪ߦዻߒߚ႐ว㧘৻⥸⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗߇ㆊዋߦߥࠆ น⢻ᕈߪᭂߡ㜞߽߆ߒޕ㧘ᱜⷙ㓹↪ߣߩᩰᏅߪᄢߔࠆ৻ᣇߢࠅ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄ⫾Ⓧߩ⚻〝ߪੑᭂൻߔ ࠆߎߣ߇੍ᗐߐࠇࠆࠅ߹ߟޕ㧘ᵹേൻߩㅴዷߦࠃࠅࡑࠢࡠ⊛ߥᗧߢੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗߇ㆊዋߦߥࠆߣ߁ല ₸ᕈߩ㗴ߦട߃ߡ㧘 ߘߩ⽎߇㕖ᱜⷙ㓹↪ࠣ࡞ࡊߦ㓸ਛ⊛ߦ⊒↢ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠆਇᐔ╬߇㗴ߣߥࠆޕ
㧢㧚+6 㕟ߣᛛ⢻ะ⊛ᛛⴚㅴᱠ ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗߇චಽߦߥߐࠇࠆ߆ุ߆ߪ㧘ߘࠇ⥄㧘ᭂߡ㊀ᄢߥ㗴ߢࠆ߫߃ߣߚޕ㧘Lucas㧔1988㧕 ߪ㧘ᜬ⛯⊛ߥ⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ߦߣߞߡੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߎߘ߇ቯ⊛ߦ㊀ⷐߢࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒ㧘ߎߩ࠲ࠗࡊߩ⼏⺰ߩ ේဳࠍឭଏߒߚߚ߹ޕ㧘Blackburn et al.㧔2000㧕ߪ㧘Romer㧔1990㧕ߩࠃ߁ߥ⎇ⓥ㐿⊒ဳᚑ㐳ࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ ၮ␆ߣߒߚ႐วߢ߽㧘Lucas㧔1988㧕ဳߩੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ࠍ⚵ߺวࠊߖࠆߣ㧘ᜬ⛯⊛ߥ⚻ᷣᚑ㐳߇ੱߩޘㆬ ᅢߣੱ⊛⾗ᧄߩ⫾Ⓧߦࠃࠅⷙቯߐࠇ㧘⎇ⓥ㐿⊒ᵴേ߆ࠄߪ⁛┙ߣߥࠆࠤࠬ߇ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒߚޕᓐࠄߩ ࡕ࠺࡞ߦࠃࠇ߫㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߩჇᄢߥߒߦ⎇ⓥ㐿⊒ᵴേࠍᄢߒࠃ߁ߣߒߡ߽㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߦኻߔࠆ㔛ⷐ߇┹ วߔࠆߚ㧘ഭࠦࠬ࠻߇ߒ㧘⚿ᨐ⊛ߦ⎇ⓥ㐿⊒ᵴേߪᓥ೨ߩ߹߹ߣߥߞߡߒ߹߁ޕ ߒ߆ߒ㧘ߏߊᦨㄭߩᚑ㐳ℂ⺰ߩᚑᨐߦࠃࠇ߫㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗߇චಽߦⴕࠊࠇߥߎߣߩᏫ⚿ߪߎߩࠃ߁ ߥ⋥ធ⊛ߥᓇ㗀ߦߣߤ߹ࠄߕ㧘ࠃࠅᐢ▸߆ߟᷓೞߥ࠳ࡔࠫߣߥߞߡ⚻ᷣࠍⷅ߁น⢻ᕈ߇ࠆޕ㎛ߣߥࠆ ߩߪੱ⊛⾗ᧄߣᛛⴚㅴᱠߩ㑆ߦቢ⊛ߥ㑐ଥ߇ሽߔࠆน⢻ᕈߢࠆߪߢࠬࠤߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄ ᛩ⾗ߩਇ⿷ߣᛛⴚㅴᱠߩṛ߇⋧ߦ↪ߒ㧘⚻ᷣ߇ૐဋⴧ߳㒱ࠆ⇇ࠍឬ߈ߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕ Acemoglu㧔1997㧕߿ Redding㧔1996㧕ߪ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߣᛛⴚߩ㑆ߦቢ⊛ߥ㑐ଥ߇ࠆ႐ว㧘ᵴ⊒ߥᛛ ⴚ㐿⊒ᵴേߣ㜞ੱ⊛⾗ᧄ᳓Ḱߢߐࠇࠆ㜞ဋⴧߣਇᵴ⊒ߥᛛⴚ㐿⊒ߣૐੱ⊛⾗ᧄ᳓Ḱߢߐࠇࠆૐ ဋⴧ߇↢ߓࠆߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߒߚ⸳ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕቯߩਅߢߪ㧘ડᬺߣഭ⠪ߩ㑆ߦࠥࡓ⺰⊛ߥᚢ⇛㑐ଥ߇ ⊒↢ߔࠆ߆ࠄߢࠆࠅ߹ߟޕ㧘ഭ⠪߆ࠄࠆߣ㧘ડᬺ߇ᛛⴚ㐿⊒ߦᾲᔃ㧔ਇᾲᔃ㧕ߢࠆ߶ߤ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ ᧄᛩ⾗ߩ⋉₸߇㜞ߊ㧔ૐߊ㧕ߥࠅ㧘ડᬺ߆ࠄࠆߣ㧘ഭ⠪ߩੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗߇ᄙ㧔ዋߥ㧕߶ߤ㧘ᛛ ⴚ㐿⊒ߩ⋉₸߇㜞ߊ㧔ૐߊ㧕ߥࠆ⁁ߩߎޕᴫਅߢߪ㧘ᛛⴚ㐿⊒ߣੱ⊛⾗ᧄߩ᳓Ḱ߇ߣ߽ߦ㜞⁁ᘒߣ㧘 ߣ߽ߦૐ⁁ᘒߩⶄᢙဋⴧ߇ኈᤃߦ↢ߓᓧࠆ5)ޕ ㅀߩࠃ߁ߥⶄᢙߩဋⴧ߇ሽߔࠆ႐ว㧘⚻ᷣߪૐဋⴧߩ⟂ߦ⪭ߜㄟෂ㒾ᕈࠍᜬߟ߽߆ߒޕ㧘৻ᣤ㧘 ૐဋⴧߦ⪭ߜㄟࠎߢߒ߹߁ߣ㧘⥄ὼߦᛮߌߔߎߣߪ㕖Ᏹߦ㔍ߒߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ㧘৻⥸ߦ╷ߩᓎ ഀ߇㊀ⷐߣߥࠆᧄ⾗⊛ੱޕᛩ⾗ࠍᡰេߔࠆ߆㧘⎇ⓥ㐿⊒ࠍଦㅴߔࠆ߆㧘߹ߚߪਔ⠪ࠍ⚵ߺวࠊߖߡታᣉߔ ࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘ૐဋⴧߩ⟂߆ࠄ⚻ᷣࠍᢇߔᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕ ߎߎߢ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߣᛛⴚߩ㑆ߦቢ⊛㑐ଥ߇ࠆߣ߁⠨߃ᣇߩታᅷᒰᕈ߇㗴ߣߥࠆ߫ߒ߫ߒޕ㧘 ⁁ᴫ⸽ߩ 1 ߟߣߒߡߍࠄࠇࠆߩ߇࠺ࠫ࠲࡞࠺ࠖࡃࠗ࠼ߢࠆࠅ߹ߟޕ㧘ߎߎ 15 ᐕ⒟ߩ IT ᛛⴚߩㅴᱠ ߦߞߡ㧘࠺ࠫ࠲࡞ᛛⴚߦᾫ✵ߒߚഭ⠪ߩ⾓㊄߇⋧ኻ⊛ߦߒߡࠆߩߪ㧘IT ᛛⴚߩㅴᱠߣഭ⠪ߩ ᛛ⢻㧔ੱ⊛⾗ᧄ㧕ߩ㑆ߩቢ⊛㑐ଥߩ⸽Ꮐߢߪߥ߆ߣ߁ߩߢࠆޕ ߒ߆ߒ㧘ᾫ✵ഭ⠪ߩ⋧ኻ⾓㊄߇ߔࠆߣ߁⽎ߪ㧘Ᏹߦⷰኤߐࠇࠆࠊߌߢߪߥߊ㧘ᾫ✵ഭ⠪ߣ ᧂᾫ✵ഭ⠪ߩ㑆ߩ⾓㊄ᩰᏅ߇❗ዊߔࠆᤨᦼ߽ࠆߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߣᛛⴚߩ㑆ߩቢ⊛㑐ଥߪ ቯ⊛ߥ߽ߩߢߪߥߊ㧘ߚ߹ߚ߹ⷰኤߐࠇߡࠆߦㆊ߉ߥߩ߆߽ߒࠇߥߦࠇߎޕኻߒߡ㧘Acemoglu 5) ߚߛߒ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߣᛛⴚߩ㑆ߩቢ㑐ଥߪⶄᢙဋⴧߩᔅⷐ᧦ઙߢߪߥޕන⚐ߥࠨ࠴ࡕ࠺࡞ߦ߅ߡⶄᢙဋⴧ߇↢ߓࠆน⢻ᕈߦߟߡ ߪ Burdett and Smith㧔2002㧕ࠍෳᾖߐࠇߚޕ
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ળ⸘ᬌᩏ⎇ⓥ No.34㧔2006.9㧕
(1998)ߪᰴߩࠃ߁ߥࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓߦࠃࠅ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߣᛛⴚߩ㑆ߩቢ⊛㑐ଥ߇㐳ᦼ⊛ߦᚑ┙ߔࠆน⢻ᕈࠍᜰ ៰ߒߚޕ⍴ᦼ⊛ߦߪ㧘ࠆ⒳ߩੱ⊛⾗ᧄߩ⫾Ⓧ߇ㅴߣ㧘⋧ኻ⊛ߥᏗዋᕈߩૐਅߦࠃࠅ㧘ߘߩੱ⊛⾗ᧄߦ ኻߔࠆ⾓㊄ࡊࡒࠕࡓߪᷫዋߔࠆઁޕᣇ㧘ᣂߒᛛⴚߩ⒳㘃ߪ㧘ߘࠇࠍฃߌࠇߡߊࠇࠆᏒ႐ߩᄢ߈ߐߦ ࠃߞߡⷙቯߐࠇࠆࠅ߹ߟޕ㧘ࠆᛛⴚࠍߎߥߔߚߦᔅⷐߥੱ⊛⾗ᧄ߇ᄙ߶ߤ㧘ߘߩ⒳ߩᛛⴚ߇ᄙ ߊ㐿⊒ߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ㧘㐳ᦼ⊛ߦߪ⾮ሽ㊂ߩᄙੱ⊛⾗ᧄߣቢ⊛㑐ଥߦࠆᛛⴚߦߞ ߚ⎇ⓥ㐿⊒߇ଦߐࠇ㧘ߘߩ⚿ᨐ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩੱ⊛⾗ᧄߦኻߔࠆ⾓㊄ࡊࡒࠕࡓߪჇᄢߔࠆ⊛ੱߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ ⾗ᧄߣቢ⊛㑐ଥߦࠆᛛⴚ߇ㆬᛯߐࠇࠆะ߇ࠆߎߣߪ㧘ᛛ⢻ะ⊛ᛛⴚㅴᱠ㧔skill-biased technological change㧕ߣ߫ࠇ㧘৻⟲ߩታ⸽⎇ⓥࠍ↢ߺߒߚޕ ߹ߕ㧘ೋᦼߩታ⸽⎇ⓥߢࠆ Krueger㧔1993㧕ߪ㧘ࠦࡦࡇࡘ࠲ߩ↪߇⾓㊄ࠍߐߖ㧘ߒ߆߽ቇᩞ ᢎ⢒ߩ⋉₸ࠍᒁ߈ߍߡࠆߣਥᒛߒ㧘ᄙߊߩᓟ⛯ߩ⎇ⓥ߇⊒ߔࠆᄾᯏߣߥߞߚ߫߃ߣߚޕ㧘Haskel and Heden㧔1999㧕߿ Chun㧔2003㧕ߪห᭽ߩലᨐࠍ⏕ߒߡࠆߚ߹ޕ㧘Berman, Bound and Griliches 㧔1994㧕ߪࠦࡦࡇࡘ࠲㑐ㅪ߿ R&D ᛩ⾗ߣ㕖↢↥ഭ⠪ߩ㔛ⷐߩ㑆ߦᒝᱜߩ⋧㑐ࠍ⏕ߒ㧘Autor, Katz and Krueger㧔1998㧕߿ Autor, Levy and Murnane㧔2003㧕ߪࠦࡦࡇࡘ࠲ൻߣቇᩞᢎ⢒ߩ㑆ߦ ቢ⊛㑐ଥࠍߒߚޕ ή⺰㧘ߎࠇࠄߩ⼏⺰ߦኻߔࠆ⺰߽ࠆ߫߃ߣߚޕ㧘DiNardo and Pischke㧔1997㧕ߪ㧘ห᭽ߩ㑐ଥࠍ 㔚㔚ථ㋦╩ߢ߽⏕ߒ㧘ࠦࡦࡇࡘ࠲↪ߦࠃࠆ⾓㊄ലᨐߪߖ߆ߌߢࠅ㧘ࠦࡦࡇࡘ࠲ߩ ↪ߪࡎࡢࠗ࠻ࠞഭ⠪ߩઍℂᄌᢙߦߔ߉ߥߣᛕ್ߒߚߚ߹ޕ㧘㜞⾓㊄߇ࠦࡦࡇࡘ࠲↪ߦߟߥ ߇ࠆߣ߁ㅒߩ࿃ᨐ㑐ଥࠍ⠨ᘦߒ㧘ㅪ┙ᣇ⒟ᑼࠍหᤨផቯߔࠆࠕࡊࡠ࠴ࠍߣߞߚ Chennells and Van Reenen㧔1997㧕ߪ㧘ߘࠇ߹ߢߩផቯߦߪᣇࡃࠗࠕࠬ߇ߞߚߣᜰ៰ߒߡࠆޕ ⠡ߞߡᣣᧄߦ⋡ࠍะߌࠆߣ㧘ᦨㄭߦߥߞߡห᭽ߩ⼏⺰߇ዷ㐿ߐࠇߡࠆޕᰞ㧔2000b㧕ߪ㧘1980 ᐕઍ એ㒠㧘ㅧᬺߦ߅ߡ㕖↢↥ഭ⠪ߩࠪࠚࠕ߇㜞߹ࠅߟߟࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒߚߢ㧘ߘࠇࠄߩᄌൻ߇ࠦࡦࡇ ࡘ࠲ᛩ⾗ߣᒝᱜߩ㑐ଥߦࠆߎߣࠍ⏕ߒߚߚ߹ޕ㧘ᷡ᳓㧔1999㧕ߪ㧘㜞ቇᱧߢࠆ߶ߤ㧘ࡄ࠰ࠦࡦ ᚲߦࠃࠆ⾓㊄ᩰᏅ߇ᄢ߈ߎߣࠍࠄ߆ߦߒߡࠆ߇㧘ᷡ᳓᧻ᶆ㧔2000㧕ߦࠃࠆߣ㧘ߘߩࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓ ߪ㧘ᢎ⢒߇ࡄ࠰ࠦࡦᚲߦ⽎ᓽߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߥᣂᛛⴚ⠌ᓧദജࠍ㜞㧘ߘߩദജ߇⾓㊄ࠍ߽ߚࠄߔߣ ߁߽ߩߢࠆઁޕᣇ㧘ࠦࡦࡇࡘ࠲↪ߦࠃࠆ⾓㊄ലᨐߦኻߒߡุቯ⊛ߥ⚿ᨐࠍዉ߈ߒߚ⎇ⓥߪዋ ߥ߇㧘ㄆ߁ߓߡዊේᄢ┻㧔2001㧕ࠍߍࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߒߛߚޕ㧘ߎߩ⎇ⓥߦ߅ߡ߽㧘㜞ቇᱧ⠪㧔․ ߦ⧯ᐕ↵ᕈ㧕ߦߟߡߪࠦࡦࡇࡘ࠲ߩ↪߇ᗧߦ⾓㊄ࠍ㜞ߡࠆߎߣ߇⏕ߐࠇߚ߅ߥޕ㧘ᷡ᳓ ᧻ᶆ㧔1999㧕ߦࠃࠆߣ㧘ࡃࠗࠕࠬࠍ⠨ᘦߒߡหᤨផቯࠍⴕߞߚ႐วߢ߽㧘ࠦࡦࡇࡘ࠲ߩ↪߇⾓㊄ࠍ㜞 ࠆലᨐߪᗧߦ⸘᷹ߐࠇ㧘೨ㅀߩ Chennells and Van Reenen㧔1997㧕ߩᛕ್ߪᣣᧄߦ߅ߡߪ߹ࠅ ㊀ⷐߢߪߥࠃ߁ߢࠆޕ એࠍ߹ߣࠆߣ㧘IT ߦଥࠊࠆㄭᐕߩᛛⴚㅴᱠ߇৻⥸⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߣቢ⊛㑐ଥࠍᜬߞߡࠆน⢻ᕈߪᭂ ߡ㜞ߢߎߎޕ೨▵ߩ⼏⺰ࠍᕁߘ߁ᦨޕㄭߩഭᏒ႐ߩᵹേᕈߩ㜞߹ࠅߪ㧘ᒁ߈ᛮ߈ߩᄖㇱᕈߦࠃ ࠆᏒ႐ߩᄬᢌࠍ⺃ߒ㧘ߘߩᏫ⚿ߣߒߡ৻⥸⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߪㆊዋߦߥߞߡࠆ⼏ߩ▵ᧄߣߣߎߩߎޕ ⺰ࠍ૬ߖࠇ߫㧘ㆊዋߥ৻⥸⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߪ㧘ቢ⊛㑐ଥߦࠆ IT 㑐ㅪߩᛛⴚㅴᱠࠍ߽ṛߐߖ㧘⚻ᷣࠍૐ ဋⴧߩ⟂߳ߣ㒱ࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆޕ
㧣㧚߹ߣߣ⚿⺰ ᧄⓂߢߪ㧘ㄭᐕߩഭᏒ႐ߩᄌൻߦߟߡ㧘ᦨㄭߩ⚻ᷣಽᨆߩᚑᨐࠍ〯߹߃ߚߢ╷ߩᓎഀߦߟ ߡ⺰ߓߚᦨޕᓟߦ㧘ਥⷐߥ⺰ὐߦߟߡ߹ߣ㧘⺰ࠍ㐽ߓࠃ߁ߕ߹ޕ㧘ഭᏒ႐ߩᄌൻࠍߔ⛔⸘⊛ 㧙㧙
ഭᏒ႐ߩᄌൻߣ╷ߩࠅᣇ
ታߣߒߡએਅߩ 4 ὐࠍ␜ߒߚޕ ԘഭᏒ႐ߩᵹേൻ߇ㅴࠎߢࠆޕ ԙ㧔ᵹേᕈߩ㜞㧕㕖ᱜⷙ㓹↪ߩჇട߇ᵹേൻߩਥ࿃ߢࠆޕ Ԛᵹേൻߪ⧯ᐕጀߢ㓸ਛ⊛ߦߎߞߡࠆޕ ԛᕆㅦߥ IT ൻߦࠃࠅዞᬺⅣႺ߇ᄢ߈ߊᄌࠊࠅߟߟࠆޕ એࠍ〯߹߃ߚߢ㧘ㄭᐕߩ⎇ⓥᚑᨐࠃࠅએਅߩߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ߞߚޕ
1 ࠨ࠴ࠦࠬ࠻߿ᖱႎߩ㕖ኻ⒓ᕈ߇ήⷞߢ߈ߥ႐ว㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߪᦨㆡߥ᳓ḰߦᲧߴߡㆊዋ ߦߥࠆߚ߹ޕ㧘Ꮢ႐ߩᄬᢌߪഭᏒ႐ߩᵹേᕈ߇㜞႐วߦᷓೞߢࠆޕ
2 ㄭᐕ㧘ડᬺ․ᱶ⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߩ㊀ⷐᕈ߇ૐਅߒ㧘ഭᏒ႐ߩᵹേᕈ߇㜞߹ࠅߟߟࠆߞ߇ߚߒޕ ߡ㧘Ꮢ႐ߩᄬᢌ߇↢ߓࠆน⢻ᕈ߽Ⴧߒߡࠆޕ
3 Ꮢ႐ߩᄬᢌߪ⧯ᐕ㕖ᱜⷙ㓹↪ࠣ࡞ࡊߦ․ߦ㗼⪺ߦ⊒↢ߒ㧘ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߩ⫾Ⓧ⚻〝ߪੑᭂൻߔ ࠆޕ
4 ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߣᛛⴚㅴᱠߩ㑆ߦߪቢ⊛ߥ㑐ଥ߇ᚑ┙ߒߡࠆߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ႐ว㧘ⶄᢙဋⴧ߇↢ߓ ࠆน⢻ᕈ߇ࠅ㧘ૐߩੱ⊛⾗ᧄ߇ᛛⴚㅴᱠࠍ߽㒖ኂߔࠆޕ ߎࠇࠄߩߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘ᣣᧄߦ߅ߌࠆੱ⊛⾗ᧄ⫾Ⓧߦଥࠊࠆ╷߳ߩᗧߣߒߡ㧘ᰴߩ 3 ὐࠍᒝ⺞ߒߡ ߅ߎ߁ޕ
i Ꮢ႐ߩᄬᢌߩ㗼ൻߦ㧘৻⥸⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗߇ㆊዋߦߥࠅߟߟࠅ㧘৻⥸⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ ߦኻߔࠆ╷⊛ߥᡰេ߇ᦸ߹ࠇࠆޕ
ii ߎߩࠃ߁ߥᏒ႐ߩᄬᢌߪ⧯ᐕጀߩ㕖ᱜⷙ㓹↪ࠣ࡞ࡊߦ㓸ਛ⊛ߦ⊒↢ߔࠆߩߢ㧘ߎߩጀߦ⛉ߞ ߚኻ╷߇ᔅⷐߢࠆޕ
iii ᛛⴚㅴᱠߣੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߦ㑐ߒߡૐߩဋⴧߦ㒱ࠄߥߚߦ㧘ਔ⠪ߩቢ⊛㑐ଥߦ⇐ᗧߒߚ ߢੱ⊛⾗ᧄᛩ⾗ߦኻߔࠆ╷⊛ߥᡰេࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ߇ᦸ߹ࠇࠆޕ
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ળ⸘ᬌᩏ⎇ⓥ No.34㧔2006.9㧕
㨇ෳ⠨ᢥ₂㨉 㤗↢⦟ᢥ㧔2004㧕 ᧄ⾗⊛ੱޟᛩ⾗ߦ߅ߌࠆᐭߩᓎഀޠ ޡળ⸘ᬌᩏ⎇ⓥ ╙ޢ30 ภ㧦99-107 㗁㧚 㒙ㇱᱜᶈ㧔1996㧕 ޟォ⡯೨ᓟߩ⾓㊄ᄌൻߣੱ⊛⾗ᧄߩ៊ᄬޠ ޡਃ↰ቇ⎇ⓥ ╙ޢ39 Ꮞ 1 ภ㧦125-139 㗁㧚 ዊේ⟤♿ᄢ┻ᢥ㓶㧔2001㧕 ⾓߇↪࠲ࡘࡇࡦࠦޟ㊄ᩰᏅߦਈ߃ࠆᓇ㗀ޠ ޡᣣᧄഭ⎇ⓥ㔀 ╙ޢ494 ภ㧦16-30 㗁㧚 ᄢᣣᐽผ⾐ ஜ㧔1995㧕 ߩᧄ⾗⊛ੱޟᒻᚑߣഭ⬿̆RBC ℂ⺰ߩᣣᧄ⊛ഭᏒ႐߳ߩᔕ↪̆ޠ ࡈޡ ࠖ࠽ࡦࠪࡖ࡞ࡆࡘ ╙ޢ35 ภ㧦1-26 㗁㧚 ᄢᣣᐽผᶆဈ⚐ሶ㧔1997㧕 ⾓ޟ㊄൨㈩ߦ߅ߌࠆડᬺ․ᱶ⊛ੱ⊛⾗ᧄߣࠗࡦࡦ࠹ࠖࡉޠ 㧘ਛ㚍ብਯ㛁ᴡ ノ✬ޡ㓹↪ᘠⴕߩᄌൻߣᅚሶഭ᧲ޢ੩ᄢቇ ળ㧘╙ 4 ┨㧦115-139 㗁㧚 ᄢ⼱ ᪢ፒ ୃ᧻❥ኼ㧔2003㧕 ޟ┹ࡕ࠺࡞ߣੱ⊛⾗ᧄℂ⺰ࠪࠣ࠽ࡦࠣℂ⺰ߩታᅷᒰ ᕈߦ㑐ߔࠆታ⸽ಽᨆޠ ޡᣣᧄ⚻ᷣ⎇ⓥ ╙ޢ47 ภ㧦41-62 㗁㧚 ₵↰ผ㧔1997㧕 ৻ߪࠬࡦࡖ࠴ޟᐲ㧙ઍߣ⾓㊄ᩰᏅ㧙ޠ ޡᣣᧄഭ⎇ⓥ㔀 ╙ޢ449 ภ㧦2-12 㗁㧚 ₵↰ผ㧔2001㧕 ޡߩߥ߆ߩᦌᤒߥਇ̆ំࠇࠆ⧯ᐕߩޢਛᄩ⺰ᣂ␠㧚 ዊ᧖␞ሶ㧔2001㧕 ޟჇടߔࠆ⧯ᐕ㕖ᱜⷙ㓹↪⠪ߩታᘒߣߘߩ㗴ὐޠ ޡᣣᧄഭ⎇ⓥ㔀 ╙ޢ490 ภ㧦44-57 㗁㧚 ዊ᧖␞ሶ㧔2003㧕 ߈↢߁ߣ࠲ࡈޡᣇޢഹ⨲ᦠᚱ㧚 ޟ90 ᐕઍߩᣣᧄߩഭᏒ႐̆⾓㊄ࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߪߤߩࠃ߁ߦᄌൻߒߚ߆̆ޠ ␠ޡળ⑼ ᰞብੑ㇢㧔2000a㧕 ቇ⎇ⓥޢ 㧔᧲੩ᄢቇ␠ળ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ㧕╙ 51 Ꮞ 2 ภ㧦71-86 㗁㧚 ᰞብੑ㇢㧔2000b㧕 ޟะ⊛ᛛⴚㅴᱠߣ㓹↪̆ᣣᧄߩㅧᬺߩࠤࠬ̆ޠ 㧘ศᎹ ᵗᄢἏ㓷ਯ✬ޡᓴⅣ ߣᚑ㐳ߩࡑࠢࡠ⚻ᷣቇ᧲ޢ੩ᄢቇ ળ㧘╙ 7 ┨㧦165-189 㗁㧚 ᷡ᳓ᣇሶ㧔1999㧕 ޟᖱႎൻߣഭᚲᓧ㧘ቇᩞᢎ⢒ߩ㑐ଥߦߟߡ㧦ࠕࡦࠤ࠻⚿ᨐߩ㓸⸘ޠ ޡㇷ⎇ⓥᚲ ႎ ╙ޢ135 ภ㧦66-83 㗁㧚 ᷡ᳓ᣇሶ᧻ᶆసᏆ㧔1999㧕 ޟᛛⴚ㕟ᣂ߳ߩኻᔕߣࡎࡢࠗ࠻ࠞߩ⾓㊄㧙⾓㊄ߣࡄ࠰ࠦࡦᚲߩ⋧㑐 ଥޠ ޡᣣᧄഭ⎇ⓥ㔀 ╙ޢ467 ภ㧦31-45 㗁㧚 ᷡ᳓ᣇሶ᧻ᶆసᏆ㧔2000㧕 ޟദജߪႎࠊࠇࠆ߆̆ࡄ࠰ࠦࡦߣ⾓㊄㧘ᢎ⢒ߩ㑐ଥ̆ޠ ␠ޡળ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥޢ 㧔᧲ ੩ᄢቇ␠ળ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ㧕╙ 51 Ꮞ 2 ภ㧦115-136 㗁㧚 ਛ㚍ብਯ㧔1999㧕 ޟᛛ⢻⫾Ⓧવᛚࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ⚻ᷣಽᨆޠ ޡᣣᧄഭ⎇ⓥ㔀 ╙ޢ468 ภ㧦46-53 㗁㧚 ਃ⼱⋥♿㧔2001㧕 ޟ㐳ᦼਇᴫߣ⧯ᐕᄬᬺ̆⡯⚻〝ଐሽᕈߦߟߡ̆ޠ ޡ࿖᳃⚻ᷣ㔀 ╙ޢ183 Ꮞ 5 ภ㧦 45-62 㗁㧚 Acemoglu, D. 1997 “Training and Innovation in an Imperfect Labour Market,” Review of Economic
Studies 3: pp.445-464. Acemoglu, D. 1998 “Why Do New Technologies Complement Skills? Directed Technical Change and Wage Inequality,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 113: pp.1055-1089. Acemoglu, D. and J.-S. Pischke 1998 “Why Do Firms Train? Theory and Evidence,” Quarterly
Journal of Economics 113: pp.79-119. Acemoglu, D. and J.-S. Pischke 1999a “Beyond Becker: Training in Imperfect Labour Markets,”
Economic Journal 109: pp.F112-F142. Acemoglu, D. and J.-S. Pischke 1999b “The Structure of Wages and Investment in General Training,” Journal of Political Economy 107: pp.539-572. 㧙㧙
ഭᏒ႐ߩᄌൻߣ╷ߩࠅᣇ
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