Regional Science Association 37th European Congress Rome, Italy 26-29 August 1997 IB-15 SITAI - A Geografic Information System for the industrial areas of Sardinia Sergio Loddo, Osservatorio Industriale, Cagliari, Italy - E-mail:
[email protected] Germana Manca, CRS4. Cagliari, Italy - E-mail:
[email protected] Abstract To design and adapt the infrastructure associated with industrial areas in Sardinia to emerging industrial needs, the Osservatorio Industriale, together with Progemisa and the Centro di Ricerca, Sviluppo e Studi Superiori della Sardegna (CRS4), has completed the first phase of the SITAI (Sistema Informativo Territoriale per le Aree Industriali) project, a Geographic Information System for the 23 industrial areas in Sardinia. The chief objectives of this initiative are: 1. The optimization of location supply, through the analysis of the firms and the resources available in the Sardinian region and within the industrial areas; 2. The creation of a management and planning tool to be used by the administrative centers of each of the industrial areas; 3. The creation of a telematics-based instrument for geomarketing, dedicated to the promotion of industrial areas and firms. This first phase consists of the experimental development of SITAI for a pilot industrial area, implemented within a regional cartographic representation containing major themes and various entry points to the GIS for the pilot area. Through query operations, the user can obtain data on the industries located in the industrial area, relating these data, when necessary, to information relevant to the principal regional infrastructure. 1) The industrial system of Sardinia The infrastructure associated with the industrial areas in Sardinia is the result of a model of economic development, adopted in the early Sixties and based on the growth pole doctrine (Perroux 1955). According to this model, propulsive heavy industry, located inside infrastructured areas, or growth
poles, were supposed to spread their positive effects thanks to vertical and horizontal integration with other local firms (Hirschman 1958). Unfortunately there has not been strong evidence of the expected benefits in the long run; on the contrary, the development policies caused a dualistic industrial structure. Heavy industry (chemical and metal industries) appears concentrated inside the infrastructured areas, with scarce significant linkages to small local firms, mainly belonging to traditonal sectors like cork and food. The crisis in the heavy industry during the eighties and the good recovery of local firms during the nineties crowded out the site supply of the industrial areas, which were designed to attract large firms (Osservatorio Industriale 1994). The difficulties of the regional infrastructured areas to meet the current site demand emerge in Table 1, which compares firms and employment within ("In") and outside of ("Out") the infrastructured areas for 1991 and 1996. Table 1 Firm location in Sardinia (> 9 employees) Manufacturing sectors (electricity, gas and water excluded) Years 1991 and 1996 Firms Number and percentage variation
Percentage composition
In
Out
Total
In
Out
Total
1991
225
540
765
29.4
70.6
100
1996
233
624
857
27.2
72.8
100
91-96
3.6
15.6
12.0
Employees Number and percentage variation
Percentage composition
In
Out
Total
In
Out
Total
1991
19,502
16.826
36,328
53.7
46.3
100
1996
14,380
19,139
33,519
42.9
57.1
100
91-96
-26.3
13.7
-7.7
Source: SITAI and Register of Sardinian firms, Osservatorio Industriale
The 1991 data show the residual effects of the growth pole policies. Inside industrial areas are located mainly large public firms, which represent only 29.4% of the manufacturing sector, even though they still absorb over 53% of total employment. In 1996 the worsening of the crisis in heavy industry and the good performance of the traditional activities are summarized in a 12% growth in the number of firms and in a 7.7% decrease of the emploiees. Looking at location dynamics we see the crowding out of the industrial areas site supply,
which shows a marginal increase (+3,6%) in the number of firms and a remarkable decrease (-26,3%) in the number of employees. The Sardinian industrial areas issue has been investigated in preceeding studies. Among these, the aforementioned publication of the Osservatorio Industriale 1994, (Ecoter; Studio La Cava 1991) and (Ipi; Ficei Service 1991). The last one, a GIS based on planning maps of all industrial areas of the Mezzogiorno, has not developed further, due to the fact that collecting, elaborating and updating data of all Mezzogiorno regions proved too expensive. In this perspective SITAI is the first GIS based exclusively on regional resources which tries to manage a new design of the industrial areas inherited from the development policies of the Sixties. 2) What is GIS and why it is used Geographical information system (GIS) technology involves nearly AS many terms, acronyms and definitions as uses (Antenucci, et al. 1991). A commonly accepted definition of GIS is a "system of hardware, software, data, people, organizations and institutional arrangements for collecting, storing, analyzing and disseminating information about areas of the Earth. Similarly, a land information system (LIS) may be defined as "a geographical information system having, as its main focus, data concerning land records" (Duecker; Kyene 1989). According to these definitions, all LIS are GIS. Furthermore GIS is a computer-based system that can deal with virtually any kind of information about features that can be referenced by a geographical location. These methods are able of handling both location data and attribute data concerning such features (Lillesand; Kiefer 1994). Consequently, not only does a GIS perform the automated mapping or show feature locations, but it also provides a relational database capability for recording and analyzing descriptive characteristics about features. A GIS links data from different kinds of sources, and is capable of answering typical questions concerning: a) locations: it tries to find out what there is at a particular location; b) conditions: it involves spatial analysis operations to specify what it is present at a given location, under what conditions or criteria; c) trends: it involves simple multitemporal analysis to monitor differences or changes in time; d) patterns: it can extract that may exsist in the data; e) modeling: provides integration and analysis utilities. Current GIS support many kinds of daily activities, such as: applications for urban facilities planning like networks (roads), water, gas, electricity;
b) applications for demographers to analyze trends; c) environmental applications; e) industrial applications. In this paper an industrial application will be described. The GIS application to industrial facilities includes many aspects of land-use planning. Industrial facilities consist of physical entities which support processes of manufacturing, packaging or distributing products. One procedure for mapping an industrial area's man-made and natural elements is photogrammetry. This technique converts aerial photos into drawings. The features that need to be specified include: -coordinate system on UTM (Gauss-Boaga projections); -layering requirements for separation of planimetric features; -topological structure describing relationships among points, lines and polygons; -digital format for the files so that they can be imported readily into an FM/GIS system where they will be used. Another important step is to verify the data, checking that the files have been built correctly. This procedure is called a "quality assurance"(Douglas 1995) and consists in comparing layers with the real situation. At this phase all the data should be linked into a database. The database management system (DBMS) performs tasks, carried out by industrial managers, that focus on data collection and reporting associated with specific regulations, storing and applying data that fit to site investigations. The industrial facilities are drawn as buildings, equipment and infrastructure elements, and should take into account, inside the industrial area: -pipelines; -roads; -powerlines; -water-sewage lines; -bridges. These themes are represented by line segments. Additional layers, represented by polygons, include: -buildings (such as services, firms and offices); -ponds;
-green areas; -building sites. A final map is made by combining all the above layers, to yeld a GIS of the industrial area. Connected to each industrial area are themes related to the external infrastructure, such as: -highways and municipal roadways; -airports; -seaport facilities; -public utility high voltage lines; -municipal water and sewage lines and treatment plants; -electric and telephone distribution lines and stations. In effect every map representing industrial areas contains a wide range of data joined to the map features via lines, polygons or points. The DBMS is the best tool to store, to query and to apply data that are appropriate to site investigations. An important phase of field data entry is that field teams should be properly trained in the database structure so that the data are entered correctly. Each type of data has to be collected in a standard format. Standards for data are critical for large sites and organizations. The standard data request has to be satisfied in order to support such information for numerical and graphical display. GIS technology evolved in a way that allows introduction of alphanumeric data and integration with DBMS. The database structure consists of tables that list logical entities or groups of data and fields, representing the data elements. Different tables are linked via key fields. The database structure, wellorganized, performs common operations efficiently, usefully and flexibly. With a properly planned structure, a database provides information to users and can reduce data redundancy. The designed structure should be concerned with satisfying the user’s requirements, permitting, for example, compilation of reports. 3) The SITAI project The SITAI project was started in 1996. The workgroup is made up of Osservatorio Industriale, the project promoter and coordinator, and two other partners, specialized in cartography (Progemisa) and in GIS (CRS4). The chief objectives of this initiative are:
1) The optimization of infrastructured site supply, through the analysis of the firms and the resources available in the Sardinian region and within the industrial areas. Regional planners will be able to manage the industrial areas site supply through the analysis of the quality and the efficiency of the infrastructure system and also of the economic performance of the firms located inside the areas. An example analysis could be one which produces a selection of the best performing areas, which could reveal key location factors. Furthermore, through appropriate adaptations, SITAI could perform a wide range of spatial modeling functions, from industrial location dynamics to what-if scenarios. 2) The creation of a managment and planning tool to be used by the administrative centers of each of the industrial areas. The SITAI will give an updated and accurate overview of the infrastructure facilities of all industrial areas. Each administrative center will be able to monitor the territorial resources and plan marketing strategies according to emerging site demand. 3) The creation of a telematics-based instrument for geomarketing, dedicated to the promotion of industrial areas and firms. For all those who are interested in locating their industrial activities in Sardinia, SITAI will represent an Internet Web tool which allows industrial site selection through interactive queries, based on site price and dimension, area services, distances from ports, airports and transport networks, etc. Furthermore those looking for an industrial partnership will be able to select one or more firms which meet different combinations of economic attributes. 4) The pilot area A prototype of the SITAI project has been presented in April 1997. This pilot GIS displays a detailed industrial area, 22 less detailed industrial areas and 2 cartographic backgrounds at different scales (regional and provincial). The flow-chart 1 summarizes the phases of the project. Data collecting There are four main data sources: Osservatorio Industriale, IPI (Istituto per la Promozione Industriale), Progemisa and Compucart. Osservatorio Industriale surveyed all the firms located in the 23 industrial areas. The selection criteria for the firms were based on their fiscal code, their physical existence and their operational status inside the industrial areas. Firms of all dimension and all economic sectors were surveyed on several aspects of their economic activity, including: Production (input - output flows, relative markets);
Willingless to participate in joint ventures (sub-supply production, new markets, new technologies); Product certification; d) Economic performance. Flow-chart 1: Phases of the SITAI prototype project
Table 2 displays the total number of firms located inside the 23 industrial areas. Table 2 Firms inside industrial areas (30/09/96) Number
Percentage
1,381
87.0
No collaboration
44
2,8
No answer
56
3.5
Inactive or closed firms
50
3.1
Firms under construction
57
3.6
1,588
100
Surveyed firms Firms not surveyed
Total firms
Source: SITAI, Osservatorio Industriale
The GIS developed by IPI is just a first approach on the 21 industrial areas taken into account. This approach consists only in the visualization of the geographical layers (digitized from project cartography) such as sites, buildings, technology lines, roads. Progemisa provided a digitized cartography, already georeferenced, at 1:200.000 scale of Sardinia with followings layers: -seaports, airports, town council, etc (point features); -freeways, roads of first and secondary category, railroads, hydrography (line features); -urban areas and administrative boundaries (polygon features). Compucart provided a digital airphoto of the Tossilo and Elmas industrial zones at 1:2000 scale. Data management In this phase, all data coming from different sources have been processed in order to allow access by means of ARC/INFO and subsequently by ArcView. Progemisa provided not only the digital map of Sardinia, but also applied the quality assurance procedure to verify and to manipulate the IPI geographical data, especially to plot, georeference, edit and clip the industrial area already digitized in detail on a regional map. Following validation of data on the industrial areas by means of questionnaire surveys, all the data were transferred to CRS4. CRS4 processed the data, converting into formats compatible with the GIS software, and carried out the integration between all geographical and alphanumeric data within the GIS. GIS development
CRS4 and Osservatorio Industriale, jointly planned the database construction and the graphical user interface. The program routines were written in Avenue, the ARC/INFO programming language. The final result was the prototype for SITAI, installed in ArcView and operational as a user-friendly GIS for the industrial areas of Sardinia. 5) Some examples for the SITAI GIS Figure 1 shows Sardinia with the principal components or layers. At this scale it was sufficient to include only a limited set of themes, such as roads and the locations of the 23 industrial zones. From this first view it is easy to link to other projects or views at smaller scale. The views that can be exploded from the principal project are details of four provinces of Sardinia and details of each industrial area. Figure 2 is the view for the province of Nuoro, and contains more layers than the principal view, including industrial areas, town council boundaries, town council denominations, seaports, airports, railway stations and main and subsidiary roads. From this view the user can go back to the principal view, or link to an industrial area. The Tossilo area has been chosen as pilot area and is shown in Figure 3. The background of the view is reprensented by an airphoto at 1:2000 scale; above the photo some others layers are shown, such as roads, water sewage lines, bridges and canals. All are set as line feature. Each of these elements has a table of attributes, needed for explanation of the topology. The polygons layers include ponds, green areas, buildings and free and occupied sites. All the polygons are also associated to attribute tables. Many other polygon layers have been developed according to different economic attributes of the firms. Figure 4 displays a view of the Tossilo area and a simple site selection query based on site size. There are two sites that meet the query requirements. For each site, information about area, perimeter and prices is available. A more complex query has been performed in Figure 5. In this example we consider a firm looking for a specific intermediate good produced by Sardinian sub-suppliers. The outcome table displays general information about the firm which meets the query. It is also possible obtain detailed information (input and output markets, product certification, industrial performance) by activating the appropriate layer. The example in Figure 6 displays the incinerator, one of the infrastructures of the Tossilo industrial area. The table shown in this figure contains the principal characteristics of the incinerator, such as urban and industrial waste inputs and outputs. The last Figure 7 shows the industrial area of Elmas, including a digital airphoto and some of the layers to be processed for the extension of SITAI. 6) Future development of the SITAI project.
In 1997 the GIS should be developed for all 23 industrial areas to the same extent as was done fot Tossilo. Meanwhile the GIS system should be supplemented by many other digital maps, data and routine procedures. Many GIS key functionalities should be improved, in particular those related to the features of the surrounding land. One of these functionalities, for instance, should be a utility able to answer a question such as: "Where is the nearest seaport with free site containers?" The answer can be given with different options and alternatives, and the user should be able to select and visualize the most appropriate option. The Flow chart 2 describes what could be the final configuration of the SITAI project. The final system will provide three configurations: -Internet-based for Geomarketing and promotion; -Intranet-based for the workgroups and institutes involved in the implementation and management of the system; a stand-alone station for economic analysies and modeling. Flow-chart 2: Final configuration of the SITAI project
Figure 1 : Principal Project
Figure 2 : Province of Nuoro
Figure 3 : Tossilo Area
Figure 4 : Site selection query
Figure 5 : Sub – supplier query
Figure 6 : Infrastructure
Figure 7 : Elmas Area
Acknowledgments The other members of the working group of the SITAI project are: Giancarlo Cabras, Progemisa, Cagliari, Italy Fabrizio Pilloni, Progemisa, Cagliari, Italy Eva Lorrai, CRS4, Cagliari, Italy Andrea Giacomelli, CRS4, Cagliari, Italy Claudio Paniconi, CRS4, Cagliari, Italy This work has been supported in part by the Sardinia Regional Authorities. References Antenucci J. C. et al. (1991), Geographical Information System: A Guide to the technology, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York Conti S. (1996), La Localizzazione dell'Industria, Incontri pratesi sullo sviluppo locale, Artimino, Mimeo.
Douglas W. J. (1995), Enviromental Gis Application to Industrial Facilities, Lewis publisher. Dueker K. J. And Kjerne D. (1989), Multipurpose Cadastre Terms and Definition, American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing and Amercian Congress on Surveying and Mapping, Falls Church. Ecoter; Studio La Cava (1991), Progetto per le Aree Industriali della Sardegna, Regione Autonoma della Sardegna, Centro Regionale di Programmazione. Ipi, Ficei Service (1991), Sistema Informatico sui Fattori di Localizzazione delle Imprese nelle Regioni del Mezzogiorno d'Italia. Hirschman, A. O. (1968), The Strategy of Economic Development, New Haven, Yale Univ. Press. Lillesand T. M., Kiefer R. W. (1994), Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Osservatorio Industriale (1994), Le Aree Industriali della Sardegna. Perroux F. (1955), Note sur la Notion de pole de croissance, Economique Applique.
