hypoblast ... hypoblast ...
C
٣
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ
INTRODUCTION
1
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
Descriptive Embryology
gastrula blastula morula organogenesis Comparative Embryology
Developmental Biology
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٦
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ
CentrifugationChemical analysis electrophoresis electron microscope radio chemicals autoradiography Developmental Biology Experimental Embryology
regeneration in vitro fertilization Induction embryonic Ontogeny
gametogenesis gastrulation cleavage fertilization organogenesis Teratology
٧
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ Tissue Culture
in vitro studies
ﻧﺒﺬة ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٨
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ
Gale Leonardo Davinci De Graaf
Leonardo Davinci
٩
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ
Preformation Theory (1632 - 1723) Malpighi Leevaenhock Hartsoeker Hartsoeker ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٠
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ
Epigenesis Theory
Wolff Epigenesis
Spallanzani Vonbaer blastula zygote (DNA)
The Developing Human ١١
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ
Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
fertilization zygote ovarytestis Asexual Reproduction
fission regenerationbudding
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk William K. Purves.. et al. 2004 ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٢
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ Parthenogenesis
Arthropoda artificial parthenogenesis
www.parthenogenesis/com.msn.encarta
١٣
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
اﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ
Development Growth development Cell Differentiation Growth
Multiplicative Growth organismic growth
Static Cell Population glia Cells Expanding Cell Population
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٤
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ Renewing Cell Population
Stem Cells expanding cells
Wolpert L. 2002
١٥
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ Intercellular Growth
chondro-muco protein accretien growth Growth of Single Cells
auxetic growth dendrites
Cell Differentiation differentiation
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٦
William k.Purves... et al. 2004
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ
١٧
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺠﺬﻋﻴﺔ STEM CELLS
Master cells stem cells Stem Cells
totipotent totipotent ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٨
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ
blastocyte pluripotent stem cells pluripotent stem cells blood stem cells skin stem cells multipotent stem cells multipotent blood stemcells bone marrow
١٩
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
UW-MadisonDr. James A. Thomson (ploripotent) Thomsonblastocyte IVF
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٢٠
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ
Johns Hopkins gearhart (primordail germ cells (PGC (November 1998)
٢١
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
Dr. Gearhan & Dr. Thomson
UW-Madison Thomson gutA neural cellsB bonemarrow cellsC cartilageD musclesE kidney cellsF
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٢٢
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ
somatic cell nuclear transfer (scnt) totipotent pluripotent therapeutic cloning
٢٣
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
Advanced CellTechnology
cell therapy ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٢٤
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ
٢٥
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
(type I)
(SCNT) blastocyte ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٢٦
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ
Multipotent stem cells
٢٧
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٢٨
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ
DNA DNA pluripotent stem cells
telomerase ٢٩
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
Anthrogenesis john Haises Tissue engineering California Pittsburgh ature medicine
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٣٠
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ
٣١
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٣٢
2 ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ
ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺸﺎﺝ GAMETOGENESIS
1 2
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ
Sex cells haploid zygote diploid Primordial germ cells Primordial germ cells
After Wyliw C.C. et al.1993 ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٣٤
ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺸﺎﺝ
follicular sertoli cells cells Sexual differentiation
intermediate mesoderm genital ridge ٣٥
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 2
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ
medullacortex primitive indifferentgonadsex cords Testis Development
Ovary Development
Oogonia
www.herkules.oulu.fi ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٣٦
ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺸﺎﺝ Spermatogenesis
testis seminiferous tubules connective tissue primordial germ cells spermatogonia Sertoli cells
www.anatomy.iupui.edu ٣٧
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 2
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ Spermatogenesis
spermatogonia
www.biocourse.com
Multiplication Phase
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٣٨
ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺸﺎﺝ Growth Phase
Primary spermatocytes Maturation Phase
mitosis secondary spermatocyte tetrads spermatids haploid
Differentiation Phase spermiogenesis ٣٩
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 2
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ
www.biocourse.com
acrosome acrosomal vacuole ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٤٠
ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺸﺎﺝ pro-
acrosomal granule
www.talbotcentral.ucr.edu www.corante.com
flagellum centrioles Distal Proximal centriole ٤١
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 2
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ
centriole
www.biocourse.com
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٤٢
ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺸﺎﺝ
www.accessorystructuresmail.med.uppen.edu
www.biocourse.com ٤٣
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 2
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ Sperm Structure
sperm
www.biocourse.com
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٤٤
ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺸﺎﺝ
Culture of Spermatogenic Cells leibovitz-15 mediumlow cell density º acrosome Oogenesis
ovary differentiation phase ٤٥
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 2
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ
Multiplication Phase Oognia follicular cells
www.micro.magnet.fsu.edu
Growth Phase
Primary oocyte Grafian follicle ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٤٦
ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺸﺎﺝ
www.biocourse.com
www.wikipedia.com
٤٧
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 2
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ
microvilli
www.humanillness.com
Maturation Phase
first secondary oocyte polar body ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٤٨
ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺸﺎﺝ
second Polar body mature ovum ovulation
www.biocourse.com ٤٩
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 2
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ
www.biocourse.com
Ovum Structure
vitelline membrane zona pellucidia Chorion ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٥٠
ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺸﺎﺝ
ovum egg chalaza albumen
www.humanillness.com & www.biocourse.com
٥١
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
3 ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ
FERTILIZATION
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
zygote molecular aspects ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٥٤
3
ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ
Membranes Structure and Chemical Reaction
plasma membrane
From Raven &Johnson (2002) Biology 6th edition
Species-specific ٥٥
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
3
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
Lilli Fertilizin anti-fertilizin
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٥٦
ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ Molecular aspects
Wassarman Zona Pellucida ZP3، ZP2،ZP1 electrophoresis
Scientific American 1988 ٥٧
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
(ZP3،ZP2، ZP1) ZP3 ZP1 ZP2 ZP3 acrosomal reaction acro- Scientific American (1988) some ZP3 ZP3 ZP2 Zp1 The Role of Acrosome
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٥٨
3
ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ
Oppenheimer & Lefevre, 1984
fertilization cone microvilli The role of cortical granules
cortical granules ٥٩
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
3
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
www.biocourse.com
www.biocourse.com
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٦٠
ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ
Gilbert, 2003
(ZP3) hyaline layer fertilization membrane
٦١
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
3
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
polyspermy monospermy
Purves et al., 2003
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٦٢
ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ Biochemical Changes
protein synthesis Epele
Wolpert L. 2007
٦٣
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
Oppenheimer & Lefever, 1984
٦٤
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
3 ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
4
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ
ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻠﺞ EGG CLASSIFICATION & CLEAVAGE
4
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ
ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺎت EGG CLASSIFICATION Alecithal placental mammals Meiolecithal
amphioxusprotochordates
Mesolecithal Polylecithal
active cytoplasm ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٦٦
ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻠﺞ
El-Banhawy et al., 1981
Isolecithal type Telolecithal type
blastoderm Centrolecithal
٦٧
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
4
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ
اﻟﺘﻔﻠﺞ
Cleavage
DNA blastormes blastula
Purves et al., 2003 ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٦٨
ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻠﺞ
Levels of Cleavage
morula stage Types of Cleavage
Holoblastic Cleavage
Holoblastic equal Cleavage
٦٩
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
4
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ
Holoblastic unequal Cleavage
Meroblastic cleavage blastoderm active cytoplasm
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٧٠
ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻠﺞ
Superficial cleavage
Purves et al., 2003
٧١
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
4
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ
www.learner.org
Fate Maps Vogt Janus greennile blue sulphateneutral red radio chemicals cellophone
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٧٢
5 ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻴﻢ EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN AMPHIOXNS
1 5
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ
protochordata phylum chordata Subphylum cephalochordata brain vesicle notochord
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٧٤
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻴﻢ
www.learner.org El- Banhawy et al., 1981
٧٥
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 5
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ
Amphioxus Spermatozoa (Huettner, 1949)
Amphioxus ova
perivitelline space zygote
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٧٦
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻴﻢ
2-blastomeres holoblastic equal cleavage 4-blastomeres micromeres 8-blastomeres macromeres morula stage blastula coeleblastula
٧٧
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 5
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ
www.biocourse.com
Gastrulation first gastrulation differentiation phase ectoderm endodermmesoderm invagination ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٧٨
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻴﻢ
gastrocoel or archenteron blastopore ectoderm embryonicendoderm inducer tissueinduction cilia mesoderm
٧٩
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 5
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ
ﻋﻀﺎء,ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ا
Organs Development spinal cord brain vesicle enteron ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٨٠
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻴﻢ
Notochord Development Nervous System Development
neural tube foldsgroove neural neural neural tube neuropore ٨١
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 5
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ
neuronteric canal neurulation
Mesoderm Development mesodermal somites
Enteron Development
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٨٢
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻴﻢ
www.encyclopedia.com
٨٣
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 5
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٨٤
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻴﻢ
Hopper & Hart, 1985
Hopper & Hart, 1985 ٨٥
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
6 ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN FISH
1 6
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ
Osteichthes
Chondrichthes Sertoli cells Scylliorhinus Canicule ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٨٨
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ
– ovovivi parous heterandriaformosa Xipho Phorushellinviviparous hermaphrodite
www.daviddarling.info
٨٩
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 6
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ
Zebrafish Zebrafish Danio rerio Ethanol alcohol Retinoic acid
Chilton L. 2004 ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٩٠
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ
٩١
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 6
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ Cleavage in fish eggs
Telolecithal Blastodisc meros Meroblastic cleavage Discoidal meroblastic Discoidal cleavage
discoldal meroblastlc cleavage Gilbert, Scott f,. 2003
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٩٢
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ
actin cytoskeleton
(EVL)(A) Yolk syncitial layer ٩٣
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 6
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ
Wolpert, 2002
Yolk syncytial Layer (YSL)
(YSL)Internal YSL
Enveloping layer (EVL) Periderm ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٩٤
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ
(A) (B) (C) Gilbert,Scott f, 2003
Deep cells (EVL) (YSL) Gastrulation in fish embryo
deep epiboly cells ٩٥
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 6
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ
EVLYSL YSL EpibolyEVLYSL EVL YSL YSLEVL YSL epibolyTubulinpolymerization The formation of germ layers
Zebrafish germ ring hypoblastEpiblast hypoblast involution C ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٩٦
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ
(A) Gilbert, Scott f., 2003
(B) Marginal Region(C) Gilbert, Scott f., 2003
٩٧
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 6
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ
(D) (E) Gilbert, Scott f., 2003
Embryonic shield ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
٩٨
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ
notochordChorda mesoderm Paraxial mesoderm cells Chordamesoderm mesodermal somites Neural keel YSL
EmbryonicShield Gilbert, Scott f., 2003
٩٩
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 6
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ
Gilbert, Scott f., 2003
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٠٠
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ
Axis formation in fish embryos
Dorsal-ventral axis formation: The embryonic shield
Haffter et. al., 1996 ١٠١
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 6
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ
Organizer
Haffter et. al., 1996 ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٠٢
7 ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN AMPHIBIAN
1 7
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٠٤
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ
www.infovisual.info
١٠٥
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 7
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ
secondary oocytefirst polar body
www.trentu.ca ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٠٦
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ
Scott F. Gilbert (2007)
gray crescent dorsal lip normal development ١٠٧
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 7
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ
Woipert L. et. al., (2003)
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٠٨
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ
morula stage Blastula
early stage late stage pigmented granules
(G)(F)(E)(D) (H) www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov ١٠٩
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 7
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ
microblastomeres macroblastomeres
Woipert L. et. al., (2003) ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١١٠
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ
Woipert L. et. al., (2003)
Gastrulation
lip blastopore dorsal lip Lateral lips ventral lip ١١١
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 7
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ
bottle cells vital stain
Woipert L. et. al., (2002) ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١١٢
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ
yolk plug
اﻟﻀﻔﺎدع اﻟﻜﻴﺴﻴﺔ Marsupial Frogs ١١٣
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
www.biocourse.com
١١٤
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 7 ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ
nephridia
Wolpert L. (2002)
١١٥
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 7
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ
ﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ,ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ا Organs Development
Central Nervous System
Wolpert L. (2002) ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١١٦
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ
epidermal ectoderm neural groove neural folds neural plate central nervous system peripheral nervous system
www.biocourse.com ١١٧
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 7
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ
prosencephalon telencephalon Cerebral hemispheres diencephalon pineal body mesncephalon rhombencephalon metencephalon myelencephalon spinal cord glial cells Neural Crest
Wolpert L. (2002) ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١١٨
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ
Pituitary Gland pituitary body
١١٩
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 7
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ Epidermal and Cilia Development
S. Karim, (1993) ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٢٠
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ
The sense organs
olfactory organ olfactory pit internal nostrils external nostrils
Moore, K. (1982) ١٢١
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 7
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ Development of the eye
optic vesicles optic stalk retina pigmented layer neural retina layer
Purves et al., (2006) ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٢٢
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ
iris crystallin cornea choroid coat Development of the ear
auditory placode auditory vesicle utriculus sacclus semicircular canal middle earinner ear Eustachian tympanic membrane collumellatube ١٢٣
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 7
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ
www.med.unc.edu
Notochord plate
dorsal or mytomal region
somites ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٢٤
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ
myotome dermatome sclerotome
Wolpert L. (2002) Scott F. Gilbert (2006) ١٢٥
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 7
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ
Intermediate mesoderm or nephrotome
ventral or lateral region
somatic mesoderm splanchinc mesoderm Urogenital System
pronephros metanephros mesonephros pronephric tubules pronephric duct nephrostomes glomerulus ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٢٦
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ
Scott F. Gilbert (2006)
glomerulus ١٢٧
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 7
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ Heart Development
endothelium endocardium
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٢٨
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ
myocardium ventralmesocardium pericardial cavity septum trans versum pericardium S sinus venosus atrium ventricle conus arteriosus
Grotewold L. and Rüther U. (2002) ١٢٩
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 7
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ
Limbs Development somaticmesoderm
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٣٠
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ
Enteron Development
fore-gut thyroid gland mouth Liver diverticulum gall bladder anus mid-gut
Wolpert L. (2002) ١٣١
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 7
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ
Development of the gills visceral pouches visceral arches mandibular arch hyoid arch branchial arches external gills
Metamorphosis thyroid gland ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٣٢
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ
Wolpert L., (2002)
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٣٣
8 ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﺍﺣﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF REPTILES & AVES
1 8
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ
embryonic amnionmembranes allantois chorion yolk sac amniota anamniota
copulatory organ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٣٦
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﺍﺣﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ
S. Karim, (1998) ١٣٧
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 8
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ
penis hemipenis
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٣٨
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﺍﺣﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ
800X(MS)(Ss)(PS)(SG) www.people.eku.edu
infundibulum magnum chalaza isthmus uterus vagina
١٣٩
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 8
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ
www.education.vetmed.vt .edu20X
egg structure active cytoplasm blastodisc white yolk yellow yolk ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٤٠
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﺍﺣﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ
egg shell
www.people.eku.edu ١٤١
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 8
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ fertilization
Cleavage
www.skullsunlimite.com www.biocourse.com ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٤٢
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﺍﺣﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ
www.newcastle.edu.au
Wolpert L. (2002)
morula blastoderm
Blastula Development and Gastrulation
area pellucida area opaca ١٤٣
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 8
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ
primitive streak area pellucida Hensen 's node ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٤٤
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﺍﺣﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ
Wolpert L. (2002)
Wolpert L. (2002) ١٤٥
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 8
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ
Wolpert L. (2002)
ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ Primitive streak stage
primitive groove primitive ridge Hensen's node ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٤٦
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﺍﺣﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ
epiblast hypoblast somites
organogenesis ١٤٧
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 8
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ
Notochord
Neural Plate neural groove
Mesoderm pro-amnion somites ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٤٨
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﺍﺣﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ
Tyler and Ronald (2006)
١٤٩
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 8
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ
Wolpert L., (2002)
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٥٠
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﺍﺣﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ
Enetron head fold Primitive gut
Blood Islands area vasculosa
neural tube prosencephalon or fore brain mesencephalon or mid brain ١٥١
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 8
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ
rhombencepalon or hind brain anterior neuropore sinus rhomboicallis neural crest cells
Vascular System endocardial primordium ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٥٢
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﺍﺣﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ
Scott F. Gilbert’s, (2006)
١٥٣
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 8
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ
myocardium dorsal and ventral cardic mesocardium jelly
somites Enteron
Scott F. Gilbert (2006)
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٥٤
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﺍﺣﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ
flexion torsion
telencephalon diencephalon Myelen meten-cephalon cephalon
www.user.gru.net ١٥٥
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 8
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ
the auditary
www.uoguelph.ca ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٥٦
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﺍﺣﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ
www.uoguelph.ca
Embryonic Membranes Development
structures ١٥٧
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
1 8
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ
hindgutfore gut
Purves et al., (2004)
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
١٥٨
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﺍﺣﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ
amnion and chorion membrane head amnion fold tail amnion fold amnion amniotic cavity chorion extra-embryonic coelom
yolk sac membrane Allantoise membrane
١٥٩
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ
9 ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻟﻠﺜﺪﻳﻴﺎﺕ EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF MAMMALS