Pengantar pada Komunikasi-termediasi-komputer

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termediasi-komputer/Introduction. /Introduction ... Mengetahui aplikasi dari komunikasi termediasi ... networks—as its primary medium (Ess, 2007). Pertekom  ...
Pengantar pada KomunikasiKomunikasitermediasi--komputer termediasi komputer/Introduction /Introduction to ComputerComputer-mediated Communication Oleh Akhmad Riza Faizal S.Sos; IMDLL. [email protected]

Pertekom Sem. Ganjil TA 2009/2010

Tujuan Perkuliahan Memahami pengertian komunikasitermediasi-komputer  Mengetahui teori-teori yang melandasi komunikasi-termediasi-komputer  Mengetahui aplikasi dari komunikasi termediasi komputer 

Pertekom Sem. Ganjil TA 2009/2010

What is ComputerComputer-mediated Communication (CMC)? 

Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) is any form of communication between two or more individual people who interact and/or influence each other via separate computers through the Internet or a network connection - using social software. CMC does not include the methods by which two computers communicate, but rather how people communicate via computers. Pertekom Sem. Ganjil TA 2009/2010

Another definitions: 

A relatively new but rapidly growing form of interaction (Lee & Nass, 2002)



The process by which people create, exchange, and perceive information using computer systems that facilitate encoding, transmitting, and decoding messages (December, 2003)



The communication that takes place between people via the computer (Herring, 1996)



Interaction between two or more intelligent agents that relies on ICT—usually a personal computer and networks—as its primary medium (Ess, 2007) Pertekom Sem. Ganjil TA 2009/2010

CMC: at its broadest, at its smallest 

At its broadest CMC can encompass virtually all computer uses (Santoro, 1995)



In general, the term CMC refers to both task-related and interpersonal communication conducted by computer. This includes communication both to and through a personal or mainframe computer.(Ferris, 1997) Pertekom Sem. Ganjil TA 2009/2010

Dimensions of CMC 

Cue Richness ◦ Amount of multisensory communication cues available to each participant  Decreasing Cue Richness example: full-motion A/V, graphics with audio, audio only, text with emoticons, text



Synchronicity ◦ Synchronous – all participants acting simultaneously or within very short time window ◦ Asynchronous – participant engages in communication at any time, without requiring simultaneous presence of other participants Pertekom Sem. Ganjil TA 2009/2010

Types of CMC Asyncronous  Syncronous 

Pertekom Sem. Ganjil TA 2009/2010

Asyncronous Communication 

Asynchronous activities are independent of real-time and are comprised of activities, such as, viewing a web page, composing an Electronic Mail (e-mail), watching a video clip, or dowloading a file.

Pertekom Sem. Ganjil TA 2009/2010

Asyncronous CMC CMC can include anything that is text -based, uses ICT as a technological base and can be used for two way transmission of ideas. Examples of CMC can include:  emails  mailbases  shared network group folders  discussion boards (or fora/forums)  frequently updated hyperlinked webpages. Pertekom Sem. Ganjil TA 2009/2010

Synchronous Communication 

Synchronous activities occur concurrently between two or more users including such real-time applications as chat rooms or instant messaging which allow users to interact simultaneously through text, audio, and video with other users located anywhere in the world.

Synchronous CMC includes:  Chat  Instant messaging Pertekom Sem. Ganjil TA 2009/2010

Type vs Dimensions Type/Dimension Low Cues

High Cues

Asyncronous

Low cues ACMC

High cues ACMC

Ex: email, sms

Ex: video email, MMS, media sharing sites

Syncronous

Low cues SCMC

High cues SCMC

Ex: chatting, IM,

Ex: real-time

online games

video conference Pertekom Sem. Ganjil TA 2009/2010

Theories in CMC  Media

Richness Theory  Reduced cues  Social Identity model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE model)  Hyperpersonal

Pertekom Sem. Ganjil TA 2009/2010

Media Richness Theory (Daft & Lengel, Lengel, 1986) The degree of richness of a communication medium is dependent on the capacity of the medium to process ambiguous communication  Richer media are more effective for equivocal tasks, and leaner media are better for unequivocal tasks  Primary assumption is the more the medium reproduces face-to-face communication, the more people will feel the other person is “real”.  Implication: higher bandwidth (information content), produces more feelings of presence and connection 

Pertekom Sem. Ganjil TA 2009/2010

Task--media Fit Hypothesis Task Suh (1999) explains the relationship between a task and media richness as follows:  When a medium is too rich for a task (choice of a product), inefficient communication can result due to the distraction of non-essential cues and information; and  When a medium is too lean for a task, then inefficient communication may result because insufficient cues and information are transmitted. Pertekom Sem. Ganjil TA 2009/2010

Reduced cues 

Low ambiguity/uncertainty      



Face to face Video conferencing Telephone Instant messaging Letter E-mail

High ambiguity/uncertainty Pertekom Sem. Ganjil TA 2009/2010

Social Identity model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE) Theory The lack of individuating information renders intragroup differences less salient, thereby facilitating group identification with the partners  The polarization thus enhanced attachment to the group accounts for increased social influence (Lea, Spears, & de Groot, 2001; Postmes, Spears, & Lea, 1999) 

Pertekom Sem. Ganjil TA 2009/2010

Hyperpersonal Theory (Joseph Walther) Media providing fewer nonverbal and metalinguistic cues provide more feelings of presence  People assume conversational partners are like themselves  May explain tendency to self-reveal inappropriately  Compared to ordinary face-to-face situations, a hyperpersonal message sender has a greater ability to strategically develop and edit selfpresentation, enabling a selective and optimized presentation of oneself to others 

Pertekom Sem. Ganjil TA 2009/2010

Terima Kasih Thank you Tusen takk Grazie Mille Aitah Domo Arigatou

Pertekom Sem. Ganjil TA 2009/2010