Hansel, C. Ongki Kurniawan, Sri H. Suhardi*), Tjandra Setiadi Department of Chemical Engineering *)School of Life Science and Engineering Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) Bandung, Indonesia
[email protected] Presented in IEEC - International Environmental Engineering Conference 2013, 11 - 14 June 2013, Seoul, Korea
ABSTRACT •
•
•
Batik is the traditional cloth from Indonesia and has been acknowledged by UNESCO as the cultural heritage of Indonesia since October 2th, 2009. Ever since then, batik industries in Indonesia have experienced a vast growth. However, the rapid development of batik industries has increased the volume of wastewater produced by those industries. Wastewater produced by batik industries contains dyes, wax, starch, and other pollutants, which are harmful to the environment. Due to the high cost and the complexity of the wastewater processing, batik home industries are not able to treat their wastewater properly. Wastewater treatment using white-rot fungi is one of the alternative solutions that can be implemented to overcome this problem. The objective of this research is to determine the effectiveness of the batik industrial wastewater treatment using whiterot fungi Marasmius sp. based on the textile wastewater quality standard in Indonesia. This research used white-rot fungi Marasmius sp.cultivated on Luffa sp. as a support medium. Wastewaters were treated for seven days in trickle-bed bioreactors having six beds in a batch mode. The volume of wastewater sample was about 30 L in every run and collected from two different home industries. The analysis conducted on the sample was based on all parameters from the Indonesia textile wastewater quality standard. From the experiments, it can be concluded that this method reduced the BOD, COD, and TSS in the range of 66.67% to 93.75%, 43.75% to 82.73%, and 32.47% to 99.17%, respectively. Moreover, it could reduce color intensity and fat & oil content in the sample up to 78 and 88 %, respectively. Batik wastewater treatment in the biotic system (with fungi) shows better results than that of in the abiotic one. The biotic gave also much more consistent results. Despite the fact that the results were still not able to meet the wastewater quality standard at all time, this method seems to have a promising future with further research and optimization.
Outline • • • •
Introduction Methodology Results and Discussion Conclusions
Introduction
Seoul
INDONESIA
http://www.geographicgu ide.net/globes/pacificislands.htm
Introduction • Batik is the traditional cloth from Indonesia and has been acknowledged by UNESCO as the cultural heritage of Indonesia since October 2th, 2009.
•
http://krakatoabatikindonesia.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/batik12.jpg
Background The total number of 681 unit Batik Industries West Java Batik Industry in Indonesia
Polluted Environment Total volume of batik 3.025 labors wastewater Source : Wulandari, 2012
Batik Production Process Removal of starch The coating of batik fabric with another starch Fabric softening Pattern making (use malam) Immersion to pigment/dyes
Removal of excess malam
Batik Industry Waste • Starch • Pigment/dyes • Malam (wax, i.e., beeswax, parrafin) Source : http://bessitos.com/
Source :blog.batikputrabengawan.com/
Source : http://yogyakartacity.olx.co.id/
Pigment/Dyes
Most common pigment/dyes: Reactive Pigment – Azo Group
Source : Couto, 2008
Effluent Standard for Wastewater from Textile Industries in Indonesia No
Parameter
Unit
Eff. Standard
-
6-9
1
pH
2
BOD
mg/l
60
3
COD
mg/l
150
4
TSS
mg/l
50
5
Oil/fat
mg/l
3.0
6
Phenol
mg/l
0.5
7
Cr
mg/l
1.0
8
Total Amonia (NH3 – N)
mg/l
8.0
9
Sulfida (H2S)
mg/l
0.3
Source: SK Gub-Jabar No.6 Tahun 1999: max value; except for pH.
Options of Batik Wastewater Treatment • Chemical process and activated carbon adsorption(Setyaningsih, 1995) – drawback : high operating costs, producing sludge residue (might be classified as Harzardous waste)
• Electrocoagulation(Purwaningsih, 2008) – drawback: expensive electricity cost, easily corroded anode rods that need a regular replacement, and also produce sludge
Problem of Wastewater Treatment Relative expensive cost and complicated processes
Batik Home-industries
An alternative Solution Processing waste using the white rot fungi Marasmius sp.
Cheap
Simple
Can be conducted in a small-scale
✔
White Rot Fungi Marasmius sp. • Producing important enzymes in the dyes processing – Lignin peroxidase (LIP) – Manganese peroxidase (MNP) – laccase - Oxidation of phenolic compounds and aromatic amino - Reduction of O2 to water
• A number of researchers has been used white rot fungi to decolorize different dyes effluent (Wesenberg et al., 2003; Dominguez et al., 2005; Cuoto et al., 2008; Asgher et al., 2009), however no report on the application on batik wastewater.
Previous Studies on Marasmius sp on treating dyes wastewater in our laboratory No
Researchers
Methods
Conclusion
1
Guswandhi and Panjaitan (2007)
Indigo pigment and indigo bromine, immersion system, Luffa sp.
Maximum activity of Laccase enzyme is 44.17 U/L for carmine indigo and 14.71 U/L for indigo bromine
2
Hambali and Suwito (2008)
Textile Industrial The best method is threeWastewater in West bed trickling system Java, two-bed bioreactor and three-bed trickling system, empty palm fruit bunches (EPFB)
3
Arifianti (2009)
Textile Industrial Wastewater in Cirebon, trickle-bed six-bed bioreactor, wastewater rate 0.07, 0.21, 0.45 m3/hour, dimension EPFB: 2,5,10 cm
Reduction rate for dyes is 0.055-0.3854 g/L/day, maximum enzyme activity is 36.53 U/L, maximum COD reduction rate 0.27 mg/L/day with EPFB dimension of 10 cm
Objective • Determine the effectiveness of white rot fungi Marasmius sp in treating batik industry wastewater.
Scope of Study • • • •
Marasmius sp. Solid State Fermentation Luffa sp.as the medium support Waste water from two batik home-industries in Bandung • Bioreactor : trickle bed, 120 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm, six-bed • Batch processes
Methodology
Preparation Stage I Marasmius sp.
inoculation on Petri dishes
Transferring the inoculum on Luffa sp.
Luffa sp.
Original Luffa
Marasmius growth on Luffa
22
Treating Stage Placing immobilized Marasmius sp. to the bioreactors Filling wastewater to the tanks
Wastewater Circulation
Batik Wastewater Treatment Bioreactors • • • • • • •
Six-Beds Batch process 7 days 2 industries (A & B) Three runs each With fungi (biotic) Without (abiotic) or control
Results and Discussion
Batik Wastewater Characteristics Parameter BOD COD TSS Fenol Total Chrom
Unit
Eff.Standard
mg/l 60 mg/l 150 mg/l 50 mg/l 0.5 mg/l 1 mg/l NH3Ammonia 8 N Sulfide mg/l 0.3 O&G mg/l 3 pH 6-9 Note: Bold – meet the effluent standard
A-I 450 3,155 78 0.07 0.01
Industry A A-II A-III 2,390 13,320 3,665 19,446 423 1640 0.02 0.06 0.00 0.01
Industry B B-I B-II 200 1,080 659 1,859 181 8 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.01
B-III 280 684 185 0.06 0.01
0.99
1.17
0.74
0.73
2.04
0.92
0.09 17 9.30
0.47 162 8.53
0.77 295 9.85
1.91 5.67 5.20
0.47 63.00 6.91
0.19 14.67 2.56
Wastewater characteristics were varied with the processes. Samples were collected at different weeks
Batik Wastewater Industry A • Color Intensity
COD reduction and pH with time, sample A
Color Reduction
Batik Wastewater Industry A (2) • Result of batik wastewater treatment
Batik Wastewater Industry B • Color Intensity
COD reduction and pH with time, sample B
Batik Wastewater Industry B (2) • Result of batik wastewater treatment
Conclusions
Conclusions • Significant reduction on pollutants of batik industry wastewater in treating with Marasmius sp. , namely: – BOD (up to 93,75%) – COD (up to 80,74%) – TSS (up to >99,17%) – Fat and oil (up to 88,68%) – Color intensity (up to 78,74%) • The abiotic systems also reduced pollutants significantly. • However in the biotic system shows better results than the abiotic one. Moreover, the biotic gave much more consistent results. • Despite the fact that the results were still not able to meet the Indonesian effluent standard at all time, this method seems to have a promising future with further research and optimization
West Hall INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
Chemical Structure of Dyes
Naftol Source : http://www.ugr.es/
Chemical Structure of Lignin
Reaksi Penguraian Lignin
Malam Structure
Starch Structure
