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Programming PHP

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Programming PHP

Rasmus Lerdorf and Kevin Tatroe with Bob Kaehms and Ric McGredy

Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Paris • Sebastopol • Taipei • Tokyo

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Programming PHP by Rasmus Lerdorf and Kevin Tatroe with Bob Kaehms and Ric McGredy Copyright © 2002 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly & Associates books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (safari.oreilly.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: (800) 998-9938 or [email protected].

Editors:

Nathan Torkington and Paula Ferguson

Production Editor:

Rachel Wheeler

Cover Designer:

Ellie Volckhausen

Interior Designer:

Melanie Wang

Printing History: March 2002:

First Edition.

Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. The association between the image of a cuckoo and PHP is a trademark of O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and authors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.

ISBN: 1-56592-610-2 [M]

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About the Authors Rasmus Lerdorf was born in Godhavn/Qeqertarsuaq on Disco Island, off the coast of Greenland, in 1968. He has been dabbling with Unix-based solutions since 1985. He is known for having gotten the PHP project off the ground in 1995, and he can be blamed for the ANSI-92 SQL-defying LIMIT clause in mSQL 1.x, which has now, at least conceptually, crept into both MySQL and PostgreSQL. Rasmus tends to deny being a programmer, preferring to be seen as a techie who is adept at solving problems. If the solution requires a bit of coding and he can’t trick somebody else into writing the code, he will reluctantly give in and write it himself. He currently lives near San Francisco with his wife Christine. Kevin Tatroe has been a Macintosh and Unix programmer for 10 years. Being lazy, he’s attracted to languages and frameworks that do much of the work for you, such as the AppleScript, Perl, and PHP languages and the WebObjects and Cocoa programming environments. Kevin, his wife Jenn, his son Hadden, and their two cats live on the edge of the rural plains of Colorado, just far away enough from the mountains to avoid the worst snowfall, and just close enough to avoid tornadoes. The house is filled with LEGO creations, action figures, and numerous other toys. Bob Kaehms has spent most of his professional career working with computers. After a prolonged youth that he stretched into his late 20s as a professional scuba diver, ski patroller, and lifeguard, he went to work as a scientific programmer for Lockheed Missiles and Space Co. Frustrations with the lack of information-sharing within the defense industry led him first to groupware and then to the Web. Bob helped found the Internet Archive, where as Director of Computing he was responsible for the first full backup of all publicly available >

If text for the link $url is present in the variable $linktext, it is used as the text for the link; otherwise, the URL itself is displayed.

Flow-Control Statements PHP supports a number of traditional programming constructs for controlling the flow of execution of a program. Conditional statements, such as if/else and switch, allow a program to execute different pieces of code, or none at all, depending on some condition. Loops, such as while and for, support the repeated execution of particular code.

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if The if statement checks the truthfulness of an expression and, if the expression is true, evaluates a statement. An if statement looks like: if (expression) statement

To specify an alternative statement to execute when the expression is false, use the else keyword: if (expression) statement else statement

For example: if ($user_validated) echo "Welcome!"; else echo "Access Forbidden!";

To include more than one statement in an if statement, use a block—a curly braceenclosed set of statements: if ($user_validated) { echo 'Welcome!"; $greeted = 1; } else { echo "Access Forbidden!"; exit; }

PHP provides another syntax for blocks in tests and loops. Instead of enclosing the block of statements in curly braces, end the if line with a colon (:) and use a specific keyword to end the block (endif, in this case). For example: if ($user_validated) : echo "Welcome!"; $greeted = 1; else : echo "Access Forbidden!"; exit; endif;

Other statements described in this chapter also have similar alternate style syntax (and ending keywords); they can be useful if you have large blocks of HTML inside your statements. For example:

Flow-Control Statements This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2002 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.

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First Name:	Sophia
Last Name:	Lee

Please log in.

Because if is a statement, you can chain them: if ($good) print('Dandy!'); else if ($error) print('Oh, no!'); else print("I'm ambivalent...");

Such chains of if statements are common enough that PHP provides an easier syntax: the elseif statement. For example, the previous code can be rewritten as: if ($good) print('Dandy!'); elseif ($error) print('Oh, no!'); else print("I'm ambivalent...");

The ternary conditional operator (?:) can be used to shorten simple true/false tests. Take a common situation such as checking to see if a given variable is true and printing something if it is. With a normal if/else statement, it looks like this:

With the ternary conditional operator, it looks like this:

Compare the syntax of the two: if (expression) true_statement else false_statement (expression) ? true_expression : false_expression

The main difference here is that the conditional operator is not a statement at all. This means that it is used on expressions, and the result of a complete ternary expression is itself an expression. In the previous example, the echo statement is inside the if condition, while when used with the ternary operator, it precedes the expression.

switch It often is the case that the value of a single variable may determine one of a number of different choices (e.g., the variable holds the username and you want to do something different for each user). The switch statement is designed for just this situation. 48 |

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A switch statement is given an expression and compares its value to all cases in the switch; all statements in a matching case are executed, up to the first break keyword it finds. If none match, and a default is given, all statements following the default keyword are executed, up to the first break keyword encountered. For example, suppose you have the following: if ($name == 'ktatroe') // do something elseif ($name == 'rasmus') // do something elseif ($name == 'ricm') // do something elseif ($name == 'bobk') // do something

You can replace that statement with the following switch statement: switch($name) { case 'ktatroe': // do something break; case 'rasmus': // do something break; case 'ricm': // do something break; case 'bobk': // do something break; }

The alternative syntax for this is: switch($name): case 'ktatroe': // do something break; case 'rasmus': // do something break; case 'ricm': // do something break; case 'bobk': // do something break; endswitch;

Because statements are executed from the matching case label to the next break keyword, you can combine several cases in a fall-through. In the following example, “yes” is printed when $name is equal to “sylvie” or to “bruno”: switch ($name) { case 'sylvie': // fall-through

Flow-Control Statements This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2002 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.

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case 'bruno': print('yes'); break; default: print('no'); break; }

Commenting the fact that you are using a fall-through case in a switch is a good idea, so someone doesn’t come along at some point and add a break, thinking you had forgotten it. You can specify an optional number of levels for the break keyword to break out of. In this way, a break statement can break out of several levels of nested switch statements. An example of using break in this manner is shown in the next section.

while The simplest form of loop is the while statement: while (expression) statement

If the expression evaluates to true, the statement is executed and then the expression is reevaluated (if it is true, the body of the loop is executed, and so on). The loop exits when the expression evaluates to false. As an example, here’s some code that adds the whole numbers from 1 to 10: $total = 0; $i = 1; while ($i ">

If you have ASP-style tags enabled, you can do the same with your ASP tags:

This number ()
and this number ()
Are the same.

Embedding PHP in Web Pages This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2002 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.

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After processing, the resulting HTML is:

This number (4)
and this number (4)
are the same.

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Chapter 3

CHAPTER 3

Functions

A function is a named block of code that performs a specific task, possibly acting upon a set of values given to it, or parameters, and possibly returning a single value. Functions save on compile time—no matter how many times you call them, functions are compiled only once for the page. They also improve reliability by allowing you to fix any bugs in one place, rather than everywhere you perform a task, and they improve readability by isolating code that performs specific tasks. This chapter introduces the syntax of function calls and function definitions and discusses how to manage variables in functions and pass values to functions (including pass-by-value and pass-by-reference). It also covers variable functions and anonymous functions.

Calling a Function Functions in a PHP program can be either built-in (or, by being in an extension, effectively built-in) or user-defined. Regardless of their source, all functions are evaluated in the same way: $some_value = function_name( [ parameter, ... ] );

The number of parameters a function requires differs from function to function (and, as we’ll see later, may even vary for the same function). The parameters supplied to the function may be any valid expression and should be in the specific order expected by the function. A function’s documentation will tell you what parameters the function expects and what values you can expect to be returned. Here are some examples of functions: // strlen( ) is a built-in function that returns the length of a string $length = strlen("PHP"); // $length is now 3 // sin() and asin( ) are the sine and arcsine math functions $result = sin(asin(1)); // $result is the sine of arcsin(1), or 1.0

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// unlink( ) deletes a file $result = unlink("functions.txt"); // false if unsuccessful

In the first example, we give an argument, "PHP", to the function strlen( ), which gives us the number of characters in the string it’s given. In this case, it returns 3, which is assigned to the variable $length. This is the simplest and most common way to use a function. The second example passes the result of asin(1) to the sin( ) function. Since the sine and arcsine functions are reflexive, taking the sine of the arcsine of any value will always return that same value. In the final example, we give a filename to the unlink( ) function, which attempts to delete the file. Like many functions, it returns false when it fails. This allows you to use another built-in function, die( ), and the short-circuiting property of the logic operators. Thus, this example might be rewritten as: $result = unlink("functions.txt") or die("Operation failed!");

The unlink( ) function, unlike the other two examples, affects something outside of the parameters given to it. In this case, it deletes a file from the filesystem. All such side effects of a function should be carefully documented. PHP has a huge array of functions already defined for you to use in your programs. Everything from method="POST"> URL: