Physical activity and sedentary behavior in youth, in ...

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Physical activity and sedentary behavior in youth, in the context of different geographical environments CONFERENCE PAPER · NOVEMBER 2015

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1 AUTHOR: Istvan Soós University of Sunderland 24 PUBLICATIONS 336 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE

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V CONGRESO MUNDIAL DEL DEPORTE ESCOLAR, EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA Y PSICOMOTRICIDAD A Coruña 5-7 noviembre 2015

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Physical activity and sedentary behavior in youth, in the context of different geographical environments. Iosif Sandor1, Istvan Soos2, Stuart J.H. Biddle3, Jonathan Ling2, Pal Hamar4, Iulianna Boros-Balint1, Peter Szabo1, Jaromir Simonek5, Istvan Karsai6, Rusu Gabriela Virginia7 1

Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sunderland, United Kingdom 3 Institute of Sport, Exercise & Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia 4 Hungarian University of Physical Education (TF), Budapest, Hungary 5 Faculty of Education, University of Constantine de Philosopher, Nitra, Slovakia 6 Pecs University, Hungary, 7 Sportive High school Cluj-Napoca, Romania 2

Para citar este documento utilice el siguiente formato: Sandor, I. et al. (2015). Physical activity and sedentary behaviour in youth, in the context of different geographical environments. En Arufe Giráldez, V. (Coord). V Congreso Mundial del Deporte Escolar, A Coruña, 5-7 noviembre 2015 (pp.1-15). A Coruña: Sportis.

Introduction Due to rapid technological and societal changes, the sedentary behaviours increased and physical activity, physical fitness, and health in young people physical activity declines. However, the relationship between physical activities, different sedentary behaviours in the context of different geographical environments it is more complicated that we think. Childhood obesity is rising steadily in the industrialized world and low levels of physical activity are likely to be a primary cause, although this area is complex (Kipping, Jago, & Lawlor, 2008; Stensel, Gorely, & Biddle, 2008) and will include more than sedentary behaviour. Also it is interesting to look around the situation of physical activity and sedentary behaviours and those positive or negative consequences in different geographical environments including here, also the main relief forms like field, hills and mountains and the differences between rural-urban areas. Investigations relating to public participation in physical activities in line with the quality of life in different geographical environments are important in several aspects. Depending on geographical area, are establishes a series of features that define both the terms bio-psycho-motor development and the socio-cultural and economic components of the populations. V CONGRESO MUNDIAL DEL DEPORTE ESCOLAR, EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA Y PSICOMOTRICIDAD A Coruña, 5-7 de noviembre del 2015

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Researchers are now showing an increasing interest in sedentary behaviour, typically defined as sitting-based behaviours. Therefore this paper is designed to make a contribution to understanding the lives of Central-Eastern European people, because recent trends have shown significant technological development in this region. Poor material bases, lack of modern sports facilities, healthy mentality of the population, the living standards, under the EU countries, are a serious handicap in the former socialist countries like Hungary, Slovakia and Romania. Central-Eastern European countries are an important focus for study because of their postsocialist heritage. Those three countries demonstrate the progression after the collapse of the socialist block. After joined the European Union the people’s lifestyles went through a major transformation. Behaviours have become more similar to those in Western Europe, especially in the higher socioeconomic status (SES) groups (Lahelma et al., 2006; Standard Occupational Classification (SOC), 2000). The present study, therefore, provides researchers with useful baseline data to investigate and compare the changes of lifestyle and different behaviours in this region in the future. Upon entry into the European Union, the socio-economic lifestyle of youth of CentralEastern European countries has suffered and will suffer many changes which will have repercussions on their behavior, health and quality of life. Participation of population in a systematic, single or not, physical activity reflects the standard of living, particularly in each country. Those countries are able to engage, successfully in a perfect symbiosis with physical activity, various research fields. Due to various forms of relief, we find different living environments, according to some specific landforms. Therefore, as an adaptation response, people have shaped the living arrangements. In this way each geographical area has outlined a typical life, particularly causing a certain behavior of its inhabitants, which is mirrored and the side that takes into account of physical activity or sedentary behaviour. In our study we will try to show how much physical activities and sedentary behavior are mainly influenced by the quality of life in different living geographical environments. In this review presentation, I try to present some data of young people’s physical activity and sedentary behaviour patterns in three different Central and Eastern European countries. V CONGRESO MUNDIAL DEL DEPORTE ESCOLAR, EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA Y PSICOMOTRICIDAD A Coruña, 5-7 de noviembre del 2015

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Those studies were realized in collaboration with my colleagues, famous researchers (see above); Acknowledgements for all of them!

Methods Participants Secondary school students (n = 623; 247 males and 376 females; mean age 15.5 years, s =0.9 years) were assessed in Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia (see Table I). The participants were randomly selected students from convenience sampled state secondary schools. Neither special PE class nor special sports school students (attending certain schools for their sports ability) were involved in the study. In Hungary, 12 schools participated from seven settlements, two from the capital city (Budapest), three schools from West Hungary (Transdanubia), and seven from East Hungary (Hungarian Great Plain). In Slovakia, data were collected in five schools in two towns in the North-East and East regions of the country: one is a church school and the other four schools are run by the state. In Romania, data were collected in eight towns in 3

Transylvania (central Romania).

Table I. Countries and regions of data collection

Participants (n) Males (n) Females (n) Age (mean 9 s) Areas of data collection

Hungary

Romania

Slovakia

301 121 180 15.3 years, s = 1.0 Budapest (capital city), West Hungary (Bonyhad, Fonyod), Hungarian Great Plain and East Hungary (Jaszbereny, Berettyoujfalu, Nyiregyhaza)

195 72 123 15.6 years, s=0.8 Transylvania (Cluj-Napoca, Salaj, Mures, Bistrita-Nasaud, Sibiu, Covasna, Hargitha, and Brasov)

127 54 73 15.9 years, s=0.9 North East and East Slovakia (Spisska Nova Ves and Giraltovce)

Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) diaries were administered in eight towns in Transilvania (central Romania), largely considered to be ‘average’ for SES (Classification of socioeconomic status by parents’ occupation). The other historical zone from Romania (Moldavia, Muntenia) has lower SES. SES was categorized by parents’ occupation using the V CONGRESO MUNDIAL DEL DEPORTE ESCOLAR, EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA Y PSICOMOTRICIDAD A Coruña, 5-7 de noviembre del 2015

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SOC (2000). In Slovakia, diaries were administered in five schools in two towns in the NorthEast and the East regions. These generally have lower SES. In Hungary, at Budapest, in western parts of country and in the Great Plain, we could find a higher SES than in other two countries.

Figure 1. Hungary – regions of data collection

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Figure 2. Slovakia – regions of data collection

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Figure 3. Romania – regions of data collection The Standard Occupational Classification 2000 was used to define socioeconomic status through the four categories of occupational class of: (a) managers and professionals, (b) semiprofessionals, (c) routine non manual workers, and (d) manual workers (Lahelma, Laaksonen, Martikainen, Rahkonen, & Sarlio- Lahteenkorva, 2006). We included a fifth category for unemployed people (category e). For statistical analysis we combined categories (a) and (b), as well as (d) and (e), while category (c) remained separate. Finally, we established the following three categories for socioeconomic status: Category A (a and b combined): higher socioeconomic status; Category B (c): middle socioeconomic status; Category C (d and e combined): lower socioeconomic status.

Behaviour categories Sedentary behaviours were classified as either technological or socializing sedentary behaviours. Technological sedentary behaviours are defined as electronic entertainment including television/video viewing, internet use, and computer gaming in students’ free time. Socializing sedentary behaviours include sitting and talking or phoning. Other sedentary behaviours (e.g. homework) were therefore excluded for the purposes of these analyses. Physical activity included sports activities and exercise, organized and non-organized games, and active travel (walking/cycling). It is highly likely that computer/internet use is replacing more ‘traditional’ activities, such V CONGRESO MUNDIAL DEL DEPORTE ESCOLAR, EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA Y PSICOMOTRICIDAD A Coruña, 5-7 de noviembre del 2015

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as reading and listening to music, although no study has documented this objectively. Even though all of these behaviour are sedentary, given the attractive nature of many computer activities (e.g. games, shopping, surfing), sedentary time may be quite extensive and may increase beyond that of the traditional activities they have partially replaced. Moreover, as more cars become available, playing outside is seen to be less attractive and more risky, thus forcing young people inside where they are likely to be sedentary. In some our previous researches, we consider physical activities the youth involvements in sportive activities.

Processing and analysis For processing and analysis program was used SPSS for Windows V14. 0. The information obtained was coded, quantified and incorporated into two SPSS files. To examine similarities and differences between sedentary activities and physical activity is practiced in accordance with socio-economic status, gender-based statistical method was used MANOVA (multifactorial analysis of variables).

Results The technological sedentary behaviours in Hungary and Slovakia appear broadly similar to those in Scotland (Biddle, Gorely, Marshall, & Cameron, 2009a), with lower values displayed in Romania. Physical activity levels appear to be moderately high when looking at national guidelines (Biddle, Sallis, & Cavill, 1998; Department of Health, 2004), although they are variable across countries. Weekdays. There were no two- or three-way interactions. There were significant multivariate main effects for country (Pillai’s Trace =0.075, F6,1104 = 7.200, P