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Component Oriented Software Development A new Approach and a Case Study
Ali H. Doğru Middle East Technical University
Contents • • • • •
Component Orientation COSEML and UML A Case Study Evaluation and Metrics Conclusions
Introduction • Unified Modeling Language: UML (OO) • Component-Oriented Software Engineering Modeling Language: COSEML (CO) • A case study including 20 student projects • 3 group of metrics to evaluate process and product
COSEML • Supports Component Oriented Development • Primary view is the structural decomposition • Representation of abstractions as well as implementation-level components • Static (composition) and dynamic modeling (message) links • Decomposition view supported with UML syntax • Yet experimental
UML • Abbreviation for Unified Modeling Language • Object Oriented Modeling, heavily based on classes, inheritance, and messages • Defines 9 types of diagrams to represent various modeling viewpoints: – – – –
Use Case Diagrams Class Diagrams Sequence Diagrams Collaboration Diagrams
Component-Based versus Component-Oriented • The system that are not fully object-oriented but that consist of objects are called objectbased. • Similarly, systems that are not fully component-oriented but consist of components are called component-based.
1
Objects Compared to Components class 1
class 2
properties
properties
methods
methods
Data
Object Oriented interface 1
interface 2
interface 3
properties
properties
properties
properties
methods
methods
methods
methods
events
events
events
class 3
inherits
Modeling Emphasis for Different Approaches
Component Oriented Structure
class 4 properties
instance of object
Traditional
has
methods
component 1
Function
component 2 component 3
A New Paradigm • Build by Integration vs. code writing • Issues • Locating the components • Integration • Hard Engineering disciplines discovered earlier
Graphical Symbols in COSEML Package
Function
Data
Connector Connector
Control
Component interface1 interface2 . .
interface
Component properties
properties
methods
methods
events in
events in
events out
events out
Abstractions Components
with single interface
COSE Symbols and Their Meanings
COSE Symbols and Their Meanings (contd.)
Package
Interface
Function
Represents
Data
Event link
Control
Method link
Connector
UML …
Component
2
Abstract Modeling of a Small Business in COSE
Corresponding Abstractions to Components in COSE
My Business Personnel
Personnel
Inventory
Sale
Inventory
Sale
Clients
Accounting
Clients
E Sale
Store Sale
Manual operations
Inventory table
Sale deduction
Store Sale
Accounting
E Sale inventory
sale
manual
shopping cart
inventory inventory
Sale list
Sell
Deduct
Deduct
Sell
sale
Shopping cart
GUI
M y B u s in e s s
Detailed Modeling Through Components in COSE inventory
sale
manual
P erso n nel
shopping cart
In v en tory
inventory
S a le
M anual o p e r a t io n s
In v en to ry t a b le
inventory
sale
GUI
A c c o u n t in g
C lie n t s
S t o r e - S a le
E -S a le
S a le
GUI
d e d u c t io n
m anual
GUI
I n v . ta b le
S a le lis t
D ed u ct
S h o p p in g ca rt
D ed u ct
m o d if y
manual
sale
Inv. table
inv.tabl
modify
deduce
reports
lock req lock grant
inventory sale list add buy cancel
GUI Sale list Add
lock ack
Buy
lock req
Cancel
inventory sale list add buy cancel
S e ll
S e ll
rep o rts
in v e n t o r y
GUI
s a le
m anual s a le
Sale list
s h o p p in g cart in v e n t o r y
in v e n t o r y GUI
GUI
Add
lock ack
Buy
lock req
Cancel
s a le in v . t a b le d ed u ce lo c k r e q lo c k g r a n t
A Case Study • 20 projects • UML and COSEML designs for each project • Groups of 1-2 senior undergraduate students • Students having a little O-O background and no UML or COSEML experience • Two metrics forms
in v e n t o r y s a le lis t add buy ca n cel lo c k a c k lo c k r e q
G UI S a le lis t A dd B uy C a n cel
in v e n t o r y s a le lis t add buy ca n cel lo c k a c k lo c k r e q
G UI S a le lis t A dd B uy C a n cel
Project Titles • • • • • • • • • •
Factory Automation System Inventory System for Small Business Component-Based Case Tool THBT Member Tracing Hospital Management Automation Data Warehouse Office Automation Travel Agency Automation Hospital Automation System Automile Stability Control System E-Commerce for Selling Mobile Phones
3
Project Titles (Contd.) • • • • • • • • • •
Process Metrics
Human Resources System Component-Based Case Tool Modeling of Dormitory Management System General E-Commerce Robot Pet Karabash Pharmacy Automation System Seat Reservation System for Laboratory Environments A Web-Based Application for a Multi-national Company Web-Based Teaching Computer Center Library Automation
Process Metrics Results: Effort UML better
COSEML better
Equal
– Effort: Person-hours spent for the development of a design model – Modification: Effort when any part of a design is revisited – Correction: Effort for revisions after the completion of the design
Process Metrics Results: Modification
Success Comparison based on Number of Projects Total
• Total development, modification, and correction efforts:
Success Comparison based on Number of Projects
Not Applicable
Total
UML better
COSEML better
Equal
Not Applicable
Number of Projects
20
9
5
3
3
Number of Projects
20
6
6
4
4
Percentage (%)
100
45
25
15
15
Percentage (%)
100
30
30
20
20
Success Comparison based on Statistics
Success Comparison based on Statistics
Number of Projects
Total Effort
Mean
Standard Deviation
UML
20
463
23.15
14.07
COSEML
17
365
21.47
12.66
Process Metrics Results: Correction Success Comparison based on Number of Projects Total
UML better
COSEML better
Equal
Not Applicable
Number of Projects
20
5
6
2
7
Percentage (%)
100
25
30
10
35
Success Comparison based on Statistics Number of Projects
Total Effort
Mean
Standard Deviation
UML
15
22.95
1.53
1.23
COSEML
15
31.50
1.85
1.78
Number of Projects
Total Effort
Mean
Standard Deviation
UML
18
80
4.44
3.76
COSEML
17
71
4.18
2.62
Subjective Evaluation Two subjective evaluations: 1. EASE: It was easy to model your problem using UML/COSEML. 2. Understandability: Your model is an understandable representation of the problem.
4
Process Metrics Results: Understandability
Process Metrics Results: Ease Success Comparison based on Number of Projects Total
UML better
COSEML better
Success Comparison based on Number of Projects
Equal
Total
UML better
COSEML better
Equal
Number of Projects
20
6
5
9
Number of Projects
20
6
2
12
Percentage (%)
100
30
25
45
Percentage (%)
100
30
10
60
Success Comparison based on Statistics Number of Projects
Total Grade
UML
20
77
COSEML
20
73
Success Comparison based on Statistics
Product Metrics • Also called Model-Complexity Metrics • Different for UML and COSEML • Cannot be directly compared. Needs different strategies. Results left out of thesis.
Total Grade
UML
20
81
COSEML
20
75
Conclusions • For the small projects involved, COSEML did not display a remarkable drawback, • Further case studies are required, especially to be carried out by more experienced developers.
Product Metrics for Object-Oriented Models
Similar Case Studies in the Field • No similar case studies for component-software • D. A., Boehm-Davis, L. S., Ross,“Program design methodologies and the software development process”, International journal of Man-Machine Sudies, vol. 36, pp. 1-19, 1992. Compared: – Jackson program design – Object-oriented design – Functional decomposition. Used metrics to evaluate solution completeness, time to design and code, and model complexity.
Number of Projects
• • • • • • • •
Number of Classes Number of Objects Number of Subsystems Number of Methods per Class Maximum Depth Maximum Width Number of Compositions Number of Inheritances
Number of Boxes Number of Event Links Number of Method Links Number of Methods per Component Number of Interfaces per Component Number of Methods per Interface Number of Subsystems Maximum Depth Maximum Width
