*[email protected]. Proceedings of PPS-32. AIP Conf. ..... Council (EPSRC), and by a travel grant - Andrew Carnegie Research Fund from ...
Processing and properties of PLA-HA nanocomposites: The effect of particle morphology and dispersants Magdalena M. Tomczynska, Michael Ward, Gabriel Y. H. Choong, Kirsty Walton, Davide S. A. De Focatiis, David M. Grant, Derek J. Irvine, and Andrew J. Parsons
Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1914, 150004 (2017); doi: 10.1063/1.5016781 View online: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5016781 View Table of Contents: http://aip.scitation.org/toc/apc/1914/1 Published by the American Institute of Physics
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w 0DWHULDOVZHUHFRPSRXQGHGDW R&ZLWKDVFUHZ VSHHGRIUSPIRUPLQLQDPELHQWDLU$LU RULQERWWOHGQLWURJHQ1 DWEDUDQGDIORZUDWHRIOPLQ ZKLFKZDVLQOLQHGULHG1' ZLWKDOLTXLGQLWURJHQPRLVWXUHWUDSWRUHPRYHUHVLGXDOZDWHU Proceedings of PPS-32 AIP Conf. Proc. 1914, 150004-1–150004-5; https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5016781 Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1606-2/$30.00
150004-1
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v ZDVXVHGWRGHVFULEHWKHPROHFXODUZHLJKWRIWKHQDQRFRPSRVLWHV
ª ¦M L a NL º a MY « » ¬« ¦M L NL ¼» ZKHUHNLLVWKHQXPEHURIPROHVRIHDFKSRO\PHUVSHFLHVRIPRODUPDVVMLDQGa >@LVWKH0DUN±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a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
5(68/76$1'',6&866,21 7$%/( +$133/'//$QDQRFRPSRVLWHVDQG3/'//$UHFLUFXODWHGLQ0LQL/DELQ$LURU1'6XPPDU\RI +$13DQGFRDWLQJZWYHUVXVQRPLQDOORDGLQJYLVFRVLW\DYHUDJHPRODUPDVVMYZDOOVKHDUVWUHVVIJw,DIWHUPLQXWHV UHFLUFXODWLRQIOH[XUDOVWUHQJWK ıPHDVXUHGRQPRXOGHGEDUV a 7*$ZWUHVXOWVbZWRIFRDWLQJLQQDQRFRPSRVLWHc,0d&09DOXHVDUHOLVWHGLQDVFHQGLQJRUGHURIMY
6DPSOH1DPH
*DV
ZW+$13 ZW+$13LV3/$ ZW+$13''6$ ZW+$13 ZW+$13LV3/$ ZW+$13 ZW+$13LV3/$ ZW+$13''6$ ZW+$13VWDU3/$ 3/'//$ ZW+$13LV3/$ ZW+$13VWDU3/$ ZW+$13URG ZW+$13 ZW+$13LV3/$ ZW+$13''6$ ZW+$13 ZW+$13VWDU3/$ ZW+$13LV3/$ ZW+$13LV3/$ 3/'//$ ZW+$13
$LU $LU $LU $LU $LU $LU 1' 1' 1' $LU $LU $LU $LU $LU 1' 1' 1' 1' 1' 1' 1' 1'
MY &RDWLQJb IJZ ı +$13a >ZW@ >N'D@ >ZW@ >N3D@ >03D@ QD c+d QD F c+d QD d QD QD QD QD d d d QD QD QD d d d QD d d
150004-2
7DEOHVXPPDULVHVDOOPHDVXUHPHQWVRQQDQRFRPSRVLWHVDQG3/'//$UHFLUFXODWHGLQWKH0LQL/DEIRU PLQLQ$LURU1'6DPSOHQDPHVLQFOXGHWKHQRPLQDOWRWDODPRXQWRIFRDWHGRUXQFRDWHG+$13FRPSRXQGHG ZLWK 3/'//$ 7*$ UHVXOWV SURYLGH WKH ILQDO YDOXHV RI +$13 ZW LQ WKH FRPSRVLWH DQG FRDWLQJ ZW LV FDOFXODWHGLQUHODWLRQWRWKLVEDVHGRQ7*$WHVWVSHUIRUPHGRQSDUWLFOHVGLUHFWO\DIWHUFRDWLQJ$GGLWLRQDOO\IJZ DIWHUPLQRIUHFLUFXODWLRQLQWKH0LQL/DELVUHFRUGHGDORQJZLWKWKHIOH[XUDOVWUHQJWKı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wGXULQJ FRPSRXQGLQJ$IWHUUHFLUFXODWLRQLQ1WKDWKDVQRWEHHQGULHGIJZLVPXFKORZHUWKDQIRUHLWKHU1'OHVV RU$LUOHVV $GGLWLRQDOO\ IJZ IRU$LUGHFUHDVHVDWDJUHDWHUUDWHWKDQIRU1'LQIHUULQJIDVWHUGHJUDGDWLRQ FDXVLQJDQHYHQWXDOODUJHUGHFUHDVHLQPROHFXODUZHLJKW
D
E
),*85(D &RPSDULVRQRIPHOWFRPSRXQGLQJRIVHOHFWHG3/'//$QDQRFRPSRVLWHVLQ$LUZLWKQRPLQDOORDGLQJRI ZW+$13E ,QIOXHQFHRIPRLVWXUHRQPHOWFRPSRXQGLQJ$OOGDWDILOWHUHGZLWKPRYLQJDYHUDJHRISRLQWV
)LJXUHD DQGE VKRZWKH1'PHDVXUHPHQWVRIIJZDVDIXQFWLRQRIFRPSRXQGLQJWLPHIRUDVHOHFWLRQRI QDQRFRPSRVLWHV IURP 7DEOH 7KH DGGLWLRQ RI ZW +$13 WR 3/'//$ LQ FRPSDULVRQ WR ZW +$13 OHDGVWRDVLJQLILFDQWGHFUHDVHLQIJZHJIRU+$13VWDU3/$IJwUHGXFHGE\DIWHULQFUHDVLQJWKHDPRXQWRI +$13 SUREDEO\ LQGLFDWLYH RI LQIHULRU +$13 GLVSHUVLRQ RU D SODVWLFLVLQJ HIIHFW RI WKH SDUWLFOH FRDWLQJ $GGLWLRQDOO\ WKH GHFUHDVHG JUDGLHQW RQ )LJXUH D ZKHQ FRPSDUHG WR )LJXUH D FRQILUPV WKDW UHVLGXDO PRLVWXUHUHPRYDOIURP1LVHVVHQWLDODQGGU\LQJ+$13GLUHFWO\EHIRUHFRPSRXQGLQJLVEHQHILFLDO
D
E
),*85(&RPSDULVRQRIPHOWFRPSRXQGLQJRIVHOHFWHG3/'//$QDQRFRPSRVLWHVLQ1'D ZLWKQRPLQDOORDGLQJRI ZW+$13E ZLWKQRPLQDOORDGLQJRIZW+$13$OOGDWDILOWHUHGZLWKDPRYLQJDYHUDJHRISRLQWV
7(0LPDJHVFRPSDULQJVHOHFWHGQDQRFRPSRVLWHVIURP7DEOHFRPSRXQGHGLQ$LUDQG1'DUHVKRZQLQ )LJXUH$VLPSOHPHWKRGZDVHPSOR\HGIRULPDJHDQDO\VLVGHWHUPLQLQJWKHODUJHVWRSHQVTXDUHWKDWFDQEH DSSOLHG RQ WKH LPDJH ZLWKRXW FURVVLQJ RU HQFDSVXODWLQJ DQ\ SDUWLFOH >@ 7KLV LV D XVHIXO VHPLTXDQWLWDWLYH
150004-3
$LU
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
ZW+$13''6$$LU
ZW+$13VWDU3/$$LU
ZW+$131'
ZW+$13''6$1'
ZW+$13VWDU3/$1'
1'
ZW+$13$LU
),*85(7(0LPDJHVREWDLQHGZLWK7(0)(,DW[PDJQLILFDWLRQVFDOHEDUP$OOQDQRFRPSRVLWHVZLWK QRPLQDOORDGLQJRIZW+$13SOXVFRDWLQJ FRPSRXQGHGLQ$LU DQGLQ1' 1XPEHUV FRUUHVSRQGWRFRQGLWLRQVLQ7DEOH
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
),*85(MYIRU3/'//$DQGQDQRFRPSRVLWHVDIWHUPLQUHFLUFXODWLRQLQWKH0LQL/DEH[WUXGHULQ$LUDQG1'YHUVXV IJZDWPLQ/LQHDUUHJUHVVLRQIRU$LUH[FOXGHV DQG ZW+$13LV3/$DQGZW+$13''6$ UHVSHFWLYHO\
150004-4
1R VXEVWDQWLDO LPSURYHPHQWV LQ WKH LQLWLDOPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVZHUHVHHQ ZKHQ FRPSRXQGLQJ LQ1' DV FRPSDUHGWR$LUGHVSLWHLQFUHDVHGMY+RZHYHULQFUHDVHGPROHFXODUZHLJKWZRXOGLPSURYHPDWHULDOUHVSRQVH GXULQJDSSOLFDWLRQZLWKLQWKHERG\ZKHUHWKHIDOOLQPHFKDQLFDOVWUHQJWKFDXVHGE\GHJUDGDWLRQZLOOEHGHOD\HG LQWKHPDQXIDFWXUHGSURGXFWV 7KH PRVW VLJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFH LQ WKH PHFKDQLFDO SHUIRUPDQFH ZDV IRU WKH ZW +$13 ZKHUH WKH $LU H[WUXGHGDQG,0VSHFLPHQSUHVHQWHGDLQFUHDVHFRPSDUHGWRLWV1'H[WUXGHGFRXQWHUSDUW$OORIWKHRWKHU VSHFLPHQVWKDWZHUHWHVWHGUDQJHGIURP03DWR03DLGHQWLI\LQJWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIWKHUHVXOWRIWKH ZW +$13 ,W LV SRVVLEOH WKDW WKH LQMHFWLRQ PRXOGLQJ SURFHGXUH SURYLGHG DGGLWLRQDO VKHDU GXULQJ WKH PDQXIDFWXUHRIWKHVSHFLPHQVDOORZLQJDVXSHULRUH[IROLDWLRQWREHREWDLQHGHQKDQFHGZLWKWKHSUHVHQFHRIWKH ODUJHUTXDQWLW\RI+$137KLVHIIHFWDOORZVIRUWKHLPSURYHGPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVVHHQZLWK,0WRRXWZHLJK WKHSRVVLEOHORVVWKDWZRXOGEHVHHQGXHWRWKHVLJQLILFDQWORVVLQPRODUPDVVRIWKHVHVSHFLPHQV$OWKRXJKWKH LQLWLDO SURSHUWLHV RI WKLV FRPSRVLWH DUH KLJK WKH ORZ PROHFXODU ZHLJKW ZLOO FDXVH UDSLG GHJUDGDWLRQ GXULQJ DSSOLFDWLRQ )XUWKHU ZRUN LV EHLQJ XQGHUWDNHQ WR GHWHUPLQH WKH LQIOXHQFH RI ,0 ZKHUH WKH XVH RI D 1' DWPRVSKHUHZLOOSURYLGHWKHLPSURYHGPRODUPDVVUHTXLUHGIRUDSSOLFDWLRQ
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
$&.12:/('*0(176 7KLVZRUNZDVVXSSRUWHGE\JUDQW(3-IURPWKH8.(QJLQHHULQJDQG3K\VLFDO6FLHQFHV5HVHDUFK &RXQFLO(365& DQGE\DWUDYHOJUDQW$QGUHZ&DUQHJLH5HVHDUFK)XQGIURP,QVWLWXWHRI0DWHULDOV0LQHUDOV DQG0LQLQJHQDEOLQJDWWHQGDQFHDWWKHFRQIHUHQFH'DWDFUHDWHGLQVXSSRUWRIWKLVUHVHDUFKLVRSHQO\DYDLODEOHDW KWWSG[GRLRUJQRWW
5()(5(1&(6 6%RVH05R\ $%DQG\RSDGK\D\7UHQGVLQ%LRWHFKQRORJ\ 6,-:LOEHUIRUFH&()LQOD\VRQ60%HVW 5(&DPHURQ3RO\PHU 007RPF]\QVND*