and urine, while colonies fed on sugar syrup with camel's milk recorded the ... honey production, feeding the right supplementary mixture of camel's milk.
Productivity of Honey Bee Colonies, Apis mellifera L., Supplemented With Mixture of Natural Products and Sugar Syrup. *Eshbah, H.M.; *Mohamed, A.A.; *Hassan, A.R.; **Mahmoud, M.E. and *Shaban, M.M. *Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agric., Minia Univ., Minia, Egypt, Box mail. 66111 **Chemistry Department, Faculty of Agric., Minia Univ., Minia, Egypt. amjy236@gmail Abstract Feeding trials of honeybee colonies were conducted to determine differential effects of additive of certain natural products (anise, coriander and buckthorn extracts, camel’s urine, camel’s milk and their mixture) with sugar syrup on pollen and honey productivity. Results showed that a significant(p>0.05) increase in stored pollen area in the colonies fed on sugar syrup containing mixture of camel’s milk and urine followed by sugar syrup containing buckthorn , anise and coriander extracts 91.20, 67.67, 54.34 and 47.07 in2 /colony, respectively compared with colonies fed on sugar syrup without any additives(38.30 in2 / colony). Concerning sealed honey area, the highest mean was 298.19 in2 / colony in colonies fed on sugar syrup containing mixture of camel’s milk and urine, while colonies fed on sugar syrup with camel’s milk recorded the lowest mean 56.53 in2 / colony. The mean honey production was also significantly(p>0.05) higher in colonies fed on sugar syrup containing mixture of camel’s milk and urine followed by coriander extract and camel’s urine having an overall average of 4.49, 3.25 and 3.25 kg/colony, respectively. It was observed that the mixture of camel’s milk and sugar syrup recorded the lowest productivity. A significant (p>0.05) interaction between time and treatment was observed in all treatment groups in the three variables According to the present results, commercial beekeeping for pollen or honey production, feeding the right supplementary mixture of camel’s milk and urine with sugar syrup could be especially important.
Key words: bee feeding, Apis mellifera, natural products, camel’s milk and urine. 1
INTRODUCTION
Honey bees feed upon pollen and nectar of flowers. Pollen is the major source of protein, vitamins and minerals, while nectar fulfills their carbohydrate requirements (Brodschneider and Crailsheim, 2010). During some periods of the year (such as winter or the dry periods) food resources are drastically reduced, with little natural food available causing a shortage in the number of worker bees, decrease of the queen egg laying, decrease resistance to disease and increases rates of absconding (Winston, 1991; Morais et al., 2013).
Good feeding before of activity
seasons maintains the queen's egg laying and generates healthy off spring, renewes food stocks and allows honey production (Morais et al., 2013; DeGrandi-Hoffman et al., 2016). Herbal and medicinal plants used in feeding honey bee colonies had been practicing since the most ancient times (Patruica, 2012). They have biologically active substances producing fewer side effects in controlling honey bee pests and diseases. (Pohorecka, 2004; Hussein et al., 2016). Stimulating immunity and increasing the body’s ability to resist infections were found in about? 30 plant species (Grela, 1998). Certain plant extracts were used as an effective method for control varroa mite because some of them were selective and had little or no harmful effects on non-target organisms (Moustafa, 2009). Camel’s urine and milk has to be both therapeutically and antimicrobial agents. (Al-Bashan, 2011). Camel milk contains low cholesterol, low sugar, high minerals (sodium, potassium, iron, copper, zinc and magnesium), high vitamin C, protective proteins such as lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, immunoglobulins, lysozyme (Yadav et al., 2015). Moreover, camel milk is endowed with very strong immune system (Abdel Gader and Alhaider, 2016). More recently, it had antioxidative factors, antibacterial, antiviral, and 2
antifungal. (Al-Juboori et al., 2013; Chakrapany and Chandan, 2014). Also they showed that it contained 3.4% protein; 3.5% fat; 4.4%lactose and 0.79% ash. Shamsia, (2009) confirmed that camel milk contains higher protein (especially casein). Urine constituents included calcium, magnesium, sodium inorganic phosphorous, total nitrogen ammonia, urea, uric acid, creatinine, creatine, hippuric acid, chlorides and the purine bases, having high levels of potassium and proteins (Baesmel, 2004). Therefore, supplementary feeding with these substances may help the colony to survive or make it more populous to maintain strong colonies for pollen collection and honey production. This study was conducted to evaluate the collecting of supplementary feeding with certain herbal medicinal
plant extracts and
camel’s urine and milk mixed with sugar syrup on honey and pollen production. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was carried out in the apiary of Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, from September till May in the seasons 2016 and 2017. Twenty one colonies of the first hybrid carniolan bees (A. mellifera L.) headed sister queens were randomly selected from the apiary and equalized in strength (bees covered five combs while pollen and honey occupied two of these combs). The tested colonies were divided into seven groups (six treatments and control) with three replicates. The English, local common and scientific names of certain medicinal and herbal plants used in the experiment were: 1-
Anise (Yanson) / Pimpinella anisum.
2-
Coriander (Kosbarra) / Coriandrum sativum.
3-
Sidr or Buckthorn (Nabk) / Zizphus spina christi. 3
Treatments: Anise and coriander extracts were prepared from seeds (100 g of each was grinded well and infused in 1000 ml hot water) for 12 hours after that 1000g of sugar was dissolved. Buckthorn (Sider) extracts: fruits were cut into small pieces and soaked in 1000 ml hot water for 12 hours and 1000g of sugar was dissolved. Camel’s urine treatment contained sugar syrup 1:1w/v sugar to water plus 20 ml of camel’s urine. Also, camel’s milk infusion: was prepared with the same way of camel’s urine but with 50 ml milk. Mixture of camel’s urine and milk syrup included, 50 ml of camel’s milk and 20 ml of camel’s urine were dissolved in one liter of sugar syrup 1:1. Colonies were fed from September till May in the seasons 20162017 on the comb with 15 days intervals. The experimental colonies were periodically inspected to record the following measurements: Stored pollen and sealed honey areas ( in2 /colony): the wax comb were determined at 12 days intervals after feeding using wired grade frame according to the method of Al-Naji and Mushael. (1987). Honey production was estimated by the difference between weights of honey sealed combs before and after extraction at the end of the active season. Means of the two seasons were calculated and the means of the two seasons at each replicate were used in statistical analysis. 4
Data were statistically analyzed using Costat program software (Mead et al., 1993) with ANOVA and Duncen’s test to examine the differences between means and their interactions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Results in Table (1) showed significant(p>0.05) increase in stored pollen area in the colonies fed on sugar syrup containing mixture of camel’s milk and urine followed by sugar syrup containing buckthorn, anise and coriander extracts the values were 91.20, 67.67, 54.34 and 47.07 in2 /colony, respectively, compared with the control ones which was 38.30 in2 / colony. Increasing percentages of stored pollen than control were 138.12, 76.68, 41.88 and 22.89 % in the treatments of camel’s milk and urine, buckthorn, anise and coriander, respectively while the treatment of camel milk gave a significant(p>0.05) decrease in stored pollen (-70.84%) compared with the control treatment which was illustrated in Fig.(1). The highest mean values of pollen area for all treatments were observed during the first and second week of May (Table1). Concerning sealed honey area, the results in Table (2) revealed that the highest mean value of the measured area was recorded in colonies fed on sugar syrup mixed on camel’s milk and urine (298.19 in2 / colony). While colonies fed with sugar syrup with camel’s milk alone gave the lowest mean 56.53 in2 / colony. Increasing and decreasing percent in sealed honey areas were calculated and showed that the treatment of the mixture with camel milk and urine gave the highest increasing (132.96%) and was significantly(p>0.05) differed than the other treatments
followed with
buckthorn and coriander treatments (32.81,17.78%, respectively) the other treatments showed decreasing % than control( Fig 2).
5
Table (1): Average means of pollen area (in2/colony) collected by honeybee colonies fed on different natural products in 2016 and 2017: Dates
Average mean pollen area (in2/colony)during different dates
Treatment
27/3
8/4
20/4
2/5
14/5
26/5
% of increa*overall sing or mean decreasing
36.03
8.33
30.00
84.00
94.67
73.00
54.34c
41.88
Coriander
6.67
80.25
81.25
65.00
39.25
10.00
47.07c
22.89
Buckthorn
0.00
51.00
89.67
94.67
94.67
76.00
67.67b
76.68
Camel’s urine Camel’s milk
14.00
60.00
42.50
22.00
41.00
40.50
36.67d
-4.26
10.00
13.33
6.67
0.00
20.00
17.00
11.17e
-70.84
mixture of 53.84 67.17 58.50 150.20 106.50 111.00 Camel’s milk and urine Sugar 24.50 6.67 27.67 56.50 77.00 37.50 syrup *overall 20.72d 40.96c 48.04bc 67.48a 67.58a 52.14b mean *Significant(p>0.05)
91.20a
138.12
Anise
38.30d
a-d overall mean in the same Colum followed by the same letters are not significantly different(p>0.05).
6
anise
coriander
buckthorn
urine
milk
mixture
% of increasing or decreasing in pollen area
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
Treatmets
Fig. (1): Percent decreasing or increasing in pollen area as a result of feeding colonies on natural products.
7
Table (2): Mean area of sealed honey (in2/colony) stored by honeybee colonies fed on different natural products in 2016 and 2017: Sealed honey area(in2/colony)during different dates
Dates
20/4
2/5
14/5
26/5
109.50 219.33
163.50
97.00
115.50
18.33
Coriander
55.00
289.67
166.00
132.00
145.00 117.00 150.77c
17.78
Buckthorn
69.50
324.33
318.67
160.00
112.00
40.00
170.75b
32.81
Camel’s urine Camel’s milk
27.00
226.33
220.00
151.00
80.00
45.66
125.00d
-2.34
77.00
99.33
32.67
0.00
76.50
53.66
56.53e
-55.83
mixture of 195.84 450.33 317.33 298.00 216.33 311.34 298.19a Camel’s milk and urine Sugar 137.00 170.00 140.00 124.50 109.00 87.50 128.00d syrup *overall 95.83d 254.19a 194.02b 137.50c 122.04c 96.21d mean *Significand(p>0.05)
132.96
Treatment
Anise
27/3
8/4
% of increa*overall sing or Mean decreasing 120.53d -6.25
a-d Overall means(p>0.05)followed by the same letters are not significantly different in the same Colum. 8
anise
coriander
buckthorn
urine
milk
mixture
140
% of increasing or decreasing in sealed honey area
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60
Treatments
Fig. (2): Percent of decreasing or increasing of sealed honey area as a result of feeding colonies on natural products.
Also, data presented in Table (3) indicated that the mean value of honey production was also significantly(p>0.05) higher in colonies fed on sugar syrup containing mixture of camel’s milk and urine followed by coriander extract and camel’s urine having an overall averages of 4.49, 3.25 and 3.25 kg/colony. Increasing percentages in honey production than control were 88.66, 44.33, 33.33, 33.33 and 22.00 % in the treatments of camel’s milk 9
and urine, camel’s urine, buckthorn, coriander and anise, respectively, while the treatment of camel’s milk showed a significant(p>0.05) decrease in honey production(- 44.33%) compared with the control treatment. (Fig., 3). It was observed that all treatments of the mixture of camel’s milk and sugar syrup recorded the lowest production. A significant (p>0.05) interaction between time and treatment was observed in all treatment groups in the three variables. Honey bee productivity requires proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals and water. These nutrients should be in the diet in a suitable qualitative ((Standifer, 1977). The food metabolism plays an important role in bee life. Also the physiological digestion in different in bee body composition; percentage of glycogen, lipids and proteins (Hrassningg and Crailsheim, 2005). From the present data it was obvious that the colonies fed on sugar syrup containing mixture of camel’s milk and urine showed significantly(p>0.05) higher production in all variables studied than the mixture with each alone, this may be due to increasing % of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and elements. Camel’s milk and urine contain higher protein especially casein. Urine constituents include calcium, magnesium, sodium inorganic phosphorous, total nitrogen ammonia, urea, uric acid, creatinine, creatine, hippuric acid, chlorides and have high levels of proteins (Baesmel, 2004 and Shamsia, 2009). Also the increasing in different variables of productivity in treatments with medicinal and herbal plant may be due to improve of metabolism properties and increase in the body of bees to resist the pest and disease (Grela et al., 1998 and Pohorecka, 2004). The present results about the negative effect of treatments of milk alone are in agreement with those results of Chalmers, (1980); Ayoub and Talal, ( 2008). 11
Also all these
additives induced resistance in bees against infection of diseases and pests (Calderone et al., 1997; Pohorecka, 2004; Grela et al., 1998 and Yadav et al., 2015).
Table (3): Mean values of honey production (kg/colony) in two seasons 2016 and 2017 as affected by feeding honeybee colonies on different natural products. *Mean of season 2016
*Mean of season 2017
Anise
2.17bc
3.66bc
2.92
29.77
Coriander
2.50ab
4.00b
3.25
44.33
Buckthorn
1.83bcd
4.00b
2.92
29.77
Camel’s urine
2.17bc
4.33ab
3.25
44.33
Camel’s milk
1.17d
1.67c
1.42
-36.89
mixture of camel’s milk and urine
3.33a
5.66a
4.49
88.66
Sugar syrup
1.50cd
3.00bc
2.25
Treatments
Mean of the % of increasing two seasons or decreasing
*Significant (p>0.05) a-d Means in the same Colum under the same season followed by different letters are not significantly different (p>0.05). 11
anise
coriander
buckthorn
urine
milk
mixture
% of increasing and decreasing on honey production
100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60
treatmets
Fig. (3): Percent of decreasing or increasing of honey production as a result of feeding colonies on natural products through the seasons 2016 and 2017.
12
REFERENCES Abdel Gader, A. and Alhaider, A. (2016). "The unique medicinal properties of camel products. J. Taibah Univ. Med. Sci. Gen. Molec. Res. 11(1): 26-31. doi:10.4238/2013.December.19.10 PMID:24391039 Al-Bashan, M. M. (2011). In vitro assessment of the antimicrobial activity and biochemical properties of camel's urine against some human pathogenic microbes., Middle-East J. Sci. Res. 7(6): 947- 958. Al-Juboori, A. ; Mohammed, M. ; Rashid, J. ; Kurian, J. ; El-Refaey, S.; Brebbia, C. and Popov,V . (2013). Nutritional and medicinal value of camel (Camelusdromedarius) milk. In 2nd Inter. Conf. on Food and Environ.: The Quest for a Sustainable Future, Budapest, Hungary, 22-24 April, 2013. (pp. 221-232). Al-Naji, K. and Mushael, S. (1987). Effect of different over-wintering methods on the activity and production of honey. J.Agric.29(3): 11-21. Ayoub, Z. and Talal, M. ( 2008). Impact of pollen supplements and vitamins on the development of hypopharyngeal glands and brood area in honey bees. J. Apic. Sci. 52(2): 5-12. Baesmel, S. (2004). Camel's milk and urine between folklore and science king Abdul-Aziz city for science and technology, kingdom of Saudi Arabia J.Sci, and Techno. 70:17-23. Brodschneider, R. and Crailsheim, K. (2010). Nutrition and health in honey bees. Apidologie 41: 278-294. doi:10.1051/apido/2010012. Calderone, N. ; Wilson, W. and Spivak, M. (1997). Plant extracts used for control of the parasitic mites Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) and Acarapis woodi (Acari: Tarsonemidae) in colonies of Apis mellifera(Hymenoptera: Apidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 90:1080-1086. Chakrapany, S. and Chandan, S. (2014)."Therapeutic value of camel milk–A Review."Adv. J. Pharm. and Life Sci. Res.2(3) : 7-13. Chalmers, W. (1980). Fish meal as pollen protein substitutes for honey bees. Bee world. 61:89-96. DeGrandi-Hoffman, G. ; Chen, Y. ;Rivera, R. ; Carroll, M. ; Chambers, M.; Hidalgo, G. (2016). Honey bee colonies provided with natural forage have lower pathogen loads and higher overwinter survival than those fed protein supplements. Apidologie. 47(2):186-196. doi: 10.1007/s13592-015-0386-6 Grela E.R., Sembratowicz, I. and Czech, A. (1998). Immunostimmulatory activity of herbs. Medycyna Wet. 54:152-158.
13
Hrassningg, N. and Crailsheim K.( 2005). Differences in drone and worker physiology in honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) Apidologie. 36: 255277. Hussein, S. M.;Moustafa , D. M. and Hassan, A.R.(2016). Efficiency of certain essential oils and their mixture on the parasitic Varroa destructor 13th conf. Jeddeh, Saudia Arabia 2016. Doi 10.13140/RG.2.1.2298.7928. Mead, R.; Curnow, R. N. and Herted, A. M. (1993). Statistical in agriculture and experimental Biology. Chapman and Hall ,London. 2nd Ed., Chapman & Hall Ltd., London, 335 pp. Morais, M. M.; Turcatto, A. P.; Francoy T. M. ; Goncalves, L.S.; Cappelari, F.A. and De Jong, D. (2013). Evaluation of inexpensive pollen substitute diets through quantification of haemolymph proteins. J. Apic. Res. 52(3):119-121. doi: 10.3896/IBRA.1.52.3.01 Moustafa, D. M. (2009). Studies on varroa mite control through using certain natural substances and their effects on productivity of the honeybee colonies. Ph.D. Thesis ,Fac. of Agric. Minia Univ., 204pp. Patruica, S. (2012). Metode biotehnologice de hranire a familiilor de albine, protein supplements. Apidologie. 47(2):186-196. Pohorecka, K.( 2004). Effect of standardized plant herb extracts on general condition of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.). Bull. Vet. Inst. Pulawy. 48: 415–419. Shamsia S. M. (2009). "Nutritional and therapeutic properties of camel and human milks."Int. J. Genet. and Mol. Biol. 1: 52-58. Standifer, L.N., 1977. Honey bee nutrition and supplemental feeding. Mid Atlantic Apiculture,Htm. PP. 1-8. Winston, M. (1991). The Biology of the Honey Bee. Cambridge, MA, UK: Harvard Uni. Press; 1991. Yadav, A. ; Kumar, R. ; Lakshmi, P. and Singh, J. (2015). "Composition and medicinal properties of camel milk: A Rev." Asian J. Dairy and Food Res. 34(2): 83-91.
14
انتاجية طوائف نحم انعسم Apis mellifera L.انمغذاه بمخهوط من انمواد انطبيعيه وانمحهول انسكري حصافي يحًد كًال انديٍ عشبّ * -عبد انسالو إَٔز يحًد* -عادل زشدي حسٍ *– ياجدِ عٕيس يحًٕد** -يشيسِ يحًد شعباٌ* * لسى ٔلاية انُبات – كهية انصزاعة – جايعة انًُيا – انًُيا -يصس. **لسى انكيًياء انصزاعيّ -كهية انصزاعة – جايعة انًُيا – انًُيا – يصس. أجسيتتتتث ججسبتتتتّ نحغريتتتتة طٕائتتتت َحتتتتم انعستتتتم نححديتتتتد جتتتت يس اضتتتتافّ بعتتتت انًُحجتتتتات انطبيعيتتة يثتتم يستتحصه كتتال يتتٍ انياَستتٌٕ ٔانكصبتتس ٔ انُبتتك ٔكتترن بتتٕل اإلبتتم ٔحهيتت اإلبتتم ٔ انصهتتتيظ يًُٓتتتال نتتتي انًحهتتتٕل انستتتكسي عهتتتي َحاجيحٓتتتا يتتتٍ انعستتتم ٔ حبتتتٕ انهمتتتا ٔ .أظٓتتتست انُحتتائ شيتتاد كبيتتس فتتي يستتتاحة حبتتٕ انهمتتا انًصصَتتة فتتي انطٕائتتت انحتتي جغتترت عهتتي يحهتتتٕل ستتتكسي يححتتتٕي عهتتت خهتتتيظ يتتتٍ حهيتتت اإلبتتتم ٔانبتتتٕل يهيتتتّ انًحهتتتٕل انستتتكسي انًححتتتٕي عهتتت بٕصتتتتتّ /2طائفتتتتتتّ عهتتتتتت انُبتتتتتك ,انياَستتتتتتٌٕ ,انكصبتتتتتس )47.07,54.34 , 67.67 , 91.20 انحتتتٕاني( يمازَتتتة بتتتانطٕائ انحتتتي جغتتترت عهتتتي يحهتتتٕل انستتتكسي بتتتدٌٔ أي ضتتتافات انكُحتتتسٔلل ٔانحي اعطث 38.34بٕصّ /2طائفّ. ٔفيًتتتتا يحعهتتتتك بًستتتتاحة انعستتتتم انًصحٕيتتتتة ,فمتتتتد كتتتتاٌ أعهتتتت يحٕستتتتظ )298.19بٕصتتتتّ/2 طائفتتّ( فتتي انطٕائ ت انحتتي جغتترت عه ت يحهتتٕل ستتكسي يضتتال نتتّ خهتتيظ يتتٍ حهي ت ٔبتتٕل اإلبتتم ,فتتتي حتتتيٍ أٌ انطٕائتتت انحتتتي جغتتترت بًحهتتتٕل ستتتكسي يضتتتال نتتتّ حهيتتت اإلبتتتم فمتتتظ ستتتجهث أدَ يحٕسظ ) 56.53بٕصّ /2طائفّل. كًتتتتا كتتتتاٌ يحٕستتتتظ َحتتتتا انعستتتتم أعهتتتت بكثيتتتتس فتتتتي انطٕائتتتت انحتتتتي جغتتتترت عهتتتتي يحهتتتتٕل ستتتكسي يححتتتٕي عهتتت خهتتتيظ يتتتٍ حهيتتت ٔبتتتٕل اإلبتتتم يهيتتتّ انكصبتتتس تتتى بتتتٕل اإلبتتتم حيتتتا كتتتاٌ يحٕستتتتتظ ا َحتتتتتا 3.25 , 3.25 , 4.49كجتتتتتى /طائفتتتتتّ عهتتتتت انحتتتتتٕانئ .نتتتتتٕحع أٌ انًعايهتتتتتة انًكَٕتتتّ يتتتٍ حهيتتت اإلبتتتم ٔانًحهتتتٕل انستتتكسي ستتتجهث أدَتتت ليًتتتّ فتتتي اإلَحاجيتتتة .كًتتتا نتتتٕحع ٔجٕد جداخم بيٍ ٔلث انحغريّ ٔيعايالت انحغريّ انًصحهفّ. ٔٔفمتتتا نُحتتتائ انحجسبتتتّ يًكتتتٍ انمتتتٕل اٌ جغريتتتة طٕائتتت َحتتتم انعستتتم عهتتتي يكًتتتالت يتتتٍ يحهتتتتٕل ستتتتكسي يححتتتتٕي عهتتتت خهتتتتيظ يتتتتٍ حهيتتتت ٔبتتتتٕل اإلبتتتتم يكتتتتٌٕ ذٔ أًْيتتتتة خاصتتتتة عُتتتتد انُحانيٍ انريٍ يُحجٌٕ حبٕ انهما ٔانعسم عهي َطاق ججازي.
15
16
