Putting Evidence Into Practice: Evidence-Based ...

Downloaded by [email protected] on date 11 30 2015. Single-user license only. Copyright 2015 by the Oncology Nursing Society. For permission to post online, reprint, adapt, or reuse, please email [email protected]

n Article

Putting Evidence Into Practice: Evidence-Based Interventions for Oral Agents for Cancer Sandra L. Spoelstra, PhD, RN, and Holly Sansoucie, DNP, RN, AOCN®, CBCN®

Background: The limited evidence available suggests that adherence to oral agents for cancer is a significant clinical problem and may have a substantial impact on treatment success or failure. Adherence is a difficult issue among patients who are very sick with a life-threatening disease who often must adhere to complex treatment protocols independently at home. Objectives: This article aims to identify effective interventions for the promotion, treatment, and management of adherence to oral agents for cancer and to synthesize the literature for use in clinical practice. Methods: As part of the Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) Putting Evidence Into Practice (PEP) ini© Burlingham/iStock/Thinkstock tiative, a comprehensive examination of the current literature was conducted to identify effective interventions for patients prescribed oral agents for cancer. The ONS PEP weight-of-evidence classification schema levels of evidence were used to categorize interventions to assist nurses in identifying strategies that are effective at improving adherence. Findings: The majority of evidence found was conducted in conditions other than cancer; therefore, research is needed to identify whether these interventions are effective at promoting adherence in patients with cancer. Sandra L. Spoelstra, PhD, RN, is an assistant professor in the College of Nursing at Michigan State University in East Lansing, and Holly Sansoucie, DNP, RN, AOCN®, CBCN®, is a senior clinical educator at GlaxoSmithKline Oncology in New York, NY. The authors take full responsibility for the content of the article. The authors did not receive honoraria for this work. The content of this article has been reviewed by independent peer reviewers to ensure that it is balanced, objective, and free from commercial bias. No financial relationships relevant to the content of this article have been disclosed by the authors, planners, independent peer reviewers, or editorial staff. Description of products does not indicate or imply endorsement by the Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing or the Oncology Nursing Society. Spoelstra can be reached at [email protected], with copy to editor at [email protected]. (Submitted November 2014. Revision submitted January 2015. Accepted for publication January 10, 2015.) Key words: interventions; adherence; oral agents for cancer; PEP; Putting Evidence Into Practice Digital Object Identifier: 10.1188/15.S1.CJON.60-72

M

edication adherence is a complex and multifactorial problem that can influence the outcome of treatment in many conditions. The therapeutic outcome of cancer treatment for patients taking oral agents for cancer (OACs) depends heavily on adherence to the regimen (Bestvina et al., 2014; Soria et al., 2011). Reviews of OAC studies show that adherence rates are less than 80% (Puts et al., 2013; Spoelstra & Given, 2011), which may be inadequate for treating the cancer. It has been shown that 10% of patients with cancer taking OACs are not refilling their prescriptions (Streeter, Schwartzberg, Husain, & Johnsrud, 2011). The limited evidence available suggests that adherence to OACs is a significant clinical problem that may have a substantial impact on OAC treatment outcomes (Bozic et al., 2013; Gebbia, Bellavia, Ferraù, & Valerio, 2012). Therefore, as part of the Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) Putting Evidence Into Practice (PEP) initiative, this article synthesizes the current literature to identify effective 60

interventions for the promotion, treatment, and management of adherence to oral medications. Because of the very limited evidence for interventions in patients with cancer, evidence for interventions aimed at improving adherence includes research done in patients with multiple chronic diseases. The weight of evidence is determined across all types of evidence, and, where possible, specific findings for patients with cancer taking OACs are discussed.

State of the Science The International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcome Research defined medication adherence as the degree or the extent of conformity to recommendations about day-to-day treatment by the provider with respect to the timing, dosage, and frequency for the duration of time from the initiation of the medication (Ruddy, Mayer, & Partridge, 2009). Clinicians commonly describe medication adherence in terms of a rate,

June 2015 • Supplement to Volume 19, Number 3 • Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing

often reported in a percentage (e.g., 80%), which is the amount of medication taken divided by prescribed amount. In the current review, adherence was defined as the rate of conformity to prescribed treatment. The National Cancer Institute, the American Society of Clinical Oncology, and ONS have each made OAC adherence a priority. Nurses in oncology settings are in a position to promote OAC adherence. Therefore, access to the latest evidence regarding how to address this challenging clinical problem is imperative. The specific aims of the current article are (a) to synthesize evidence regarding the promotion, treatment, and management of adherence to OACs in patients with cancer and (b) to discuss the process and development of the ONS PEP evidence-based interventions for OAC adherence.

repository for PEP team review. All findings were reviewed by the PEP team, and the ONS weight-of-evidence classification schema was applied to assign a level of evidence (Mitchell & Friese, 2015) (see Table 1).

Methods

Recommended for Practice

Members of the OAC adherence PEP project team consisted of oncology nurses serving in a variety of roles, including a PhD- and DNP-prepared nurse, nine master’s-prepared advanced practice nurses, and four ONS staff members. Team participants were invited if they had experience working with OACs and were interested in improving patient care. Conference calls among team members were conducted to facilitate organization, establish and review guidelines, and coordinate project deliverables.

Search Strategy An extensive review of the literature regarding medication adherence was conducted by ONS staff using PubMed and CINAHL® (see Figure 1). The search was conducted using the consolidated patient or problem, intervention, comparison, and outcome (PICO) terms shown in Figure 2 (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2010). Because of the limited number of articles regarding OAC adherence, the search included evidence in patients with cancer and other populations. Studies reviewed included meta-analyses, systematic reviews, clinical research studies, and practice guidelines published within the past 10 years. Studies selected for the review were limited to empirical research in English that examined interventions to improve medication adherence in adult patients. Because of the specificity of treatment issues in children, articles with pediatric patients (aged younger than 18 years) were excluded. Those addressing psychiatric issues and substance abuse were also excluded. The final literature search was performed in September 2014.

Critical Review of the Evidence The PEP team used a systematic approach to review, critique, and assign levels of evidence to the literature in a manner similar to prior ONS PEP teams (Von Ah, Jansen, Allen, Schiavone, & Wulff, 2011). Critique and summary of each manuscript included sample characteristics and size, setting, study design, measures, results, conclusions, and limitations. Data extraction occurred using a tool provided by ONS staff. In total, 325 articles were reviewed, summarized, and appraised by a primary and secondary reviewer. ONS staff summarized the data in tables by type of intervention and posted to an ONS online

Results A total of 131 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Using the level of evidence from ONS established criteria, two interventions were “recommended for practice,” three were “likely to be effective,” and several were categorized as “effectiveness not found.” No interventions were found that were “effectiveness unlikely,” “benefits balanced with harms,” or “not recommended for practice.”

Patient monitoring and feedback: Patient monitoring and feedback to promote medication adherence includes monitoring medication taking and provision of feedback on adherence. Synthesis of the interventions in these studies was challenged by differences in how adherence was measured, method of feedback, and in some instances, lack of explanation of

Initial return with all searches and automatic alerts combined (N = 25,478)

PubMed • Technology articles (n = 22,675) • Cancer specific (n = 1,113) • Non-cancer (n = 900)

CINAHL® • Technology articles (n = 466) • Cancer specific (n = 171) • Non-cancer (n = 153)

Articles selected for full review after elimination of duplicates and those not meeting inclusion criteria and critiqued by PEP team (N = 325)

Articles included in review (N = 131)

Did not meet inclusion criteria (N = 25,153) Reasons for exclusion (N = 194) • Evidence did not support recommendation. (n = 164) • No measure of adherence (n = 12) • Poorly written articles (n = 10) • Low rigor (n = 8)

ONS—Oncology Nursing Society; PEP—Putting Evidence Into Practice

FIGURE 1. Intervention Articles Reviewed and Synthesized for ONS PEP Adherence Project

Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing • Supplement to Volume 19, Number 3 • Interventions for Oral Agents for Cancer

61

Patient or Problem Adult patients with any type of cancer receiving oral chemotherapy or hormonal therapy; and with chronic disease receiving oral medication management to include HIV, non-insulin–dependent diabetes, cardiac disease, hypertension, asthma, epilepsy, and osteoporosis Intervention Search 1 PubMed (medication adherence[mesh] OR patient compliance[mesh] OR patient participation[mesh] OR adher*[ti] OR complian*[ti] OR Noncomplian*[ti] OR non-complian* OR nonadher*[ti] OR non-adher*[ti] OR refus*[ti] OR oral chemotherapy*) AND (administration, oral[mesh] OR oral[ti] OR orally[ti]) AND (“last 10 years”[PDat] AND English[lang] AND cancer[sb]) CINAHL® (TI (comply* OR compliance OR adher*) AND oral AND (cancer OR chemotherap* OR antineoplastic OR neoplasm* OR oncologic*)) OR (MH medication compliance AND (cancer OR chemotherap* OR antineoplastic OR neoplasm* OR oncologic*)) OR ((MH medication compliance OR MH patient compliance) AND MH administration, oral AND (cancer OR chemotherap* OR antineoplastic OR neoplasm* OR oncologic*)) Search 2 PubMed (Therapy/Broad[filter]) AND (medication adherence[mesh] OR patient compliance[mesh] OR patient participation[mesh] OR adher*[ti] OR complian*[ti] OR Noncomplian*[ti] OR non-complian* OR nonadher*[ti] OR non-adher*[ti] OR refus*[ti]) AND (administration, oral[mesh] OR oral[ti] OR orally[ti]) AND (“last 10 years”[PDat] AND English[lang]) CINAHL (MH medication compliance OR MH patient compliance OR (TI comply* OR TI compliance OR TI adher*)) AND MH administration, oral Search 3 PubMed ((drug therapy OR pharmaceutical* OR medication* OR prescription* OR medicine OR medicines OR drug OR drugs OR treatment* OR therapy* OR therapies OR regimen* OR agent* OR refill*) AND (medication adherence[mesh] OR patient compliance[mesh] OR patient participation[mesh] OR adher*[ti] OR complian*[ti] OR Noncomplian*[ti] OR non-complian* OR nonadher*[ti] OR non-adher*[ti] OR refus*[ti]) AND (intervention* OR remind* OR calendar* OR box OR boxes OR counseling OR timer* OR alert* OR alarm* OR diary OR diaries OR phone OR text* OR MEMS OR computer* OR internet OR Web OR online OR automat* OR interview* OR technolog* OR administration, oral[mesh] OR oral[ti] OR orally[ti] OR cancer OR anticancer OR chemotherap* OR

antineoplastic OR neoplasm* OR oncologic*)) OR ((Therapy/Broad[filter] OR systematic[sb]) AND (drug therapy OR pharmaceutical* OR medication* OR prescription* OR medicine OR medicines OR drug OR drugs OR treatment* OR therapy* OR therapies OR regimen* OR agent* OR refill*) AND (medication adherence[mesh] OR patient compliance[mesh] OR patient participation[mesh] OR adher*[ti] OR complian*[ti] OR Noncomplian*[ti] OR non-complian* OR nonadher*[ti] OR non-adher*[ti] OR refus*[ti]) AND (administration, oral[mesh] OR oral[ti] OR orally[ti] OR cancer OR anticancer OR chemotherap* OR antineoplastic OR neoplasm* OR oncologic* OR oral chemotherapy* OR HIV OR diabetes OR cardiac OR heart OR hypertens* OR asthma* OR epilepsy OR osteopor*)) AND (“last 10 years”[PDat] AND English[lang]) CINAHL MM medication compliance AND (MH Reminder Systems OR Wireless OR automat* OR Messag* OR phone* OR mobile OR technolog* OR app OR apps OR internet OR electronic*) Automatic alert searches PubMed (drug therapy OR pharmaceutical* OR medication* OR prescription* OR medicine OR medicines OR drug OR drugs OR treatment* OR therapy* OR therapies OR regimen* OR agent* OR refill*) AND (MH “medication compliance” OR MH “patient compliance” OR TI adher* OR TI complian* OR TI Noncomplian* OR non-complian* OR TI nonadher* OR TI nonadher* OR TI refus*) AND (intervention* OR remind* OR calendar* OR box OR boxes OR counseling OR timer* OR alert* OR alarm* OR diary OR diaries OR phone OR text* OR MEMS OR computer* OR internet OR Web OR online OR automat* OR interview* OR technolog*) AND (cancer OR anticancer OR chemotherap* OR antineoplastic OR neoplasm* OR oncologic*) English Language CINAHL MH medication compliance AND (cancer OR chemotherap* OR antineoplastic OR neoplasm* OR oncologic*) (MH medication compliance OR MH patient compliance ) AND MH administration, oral AND (cancer OR chemotherap* OR antineoplastic OR neoplasm* OR oncologic*) TI (comply* OR compliance OR adher*) AND oral AND (cancer OR chemotherap* OR antineoplastic OR neoplasm* OR oncologic*) Comparison Standard care Outcome Medication adherence or nonadherence; medication compliance or noncompliance; over and under medication use; persistence and nonpersistence; self-care and self-management

PICO—patient or problem, intervention, comparison, and outcome

Note. Limiters: age groups: all adult; published date from 2003–2013; English language

FIGURE 2. Medication Adherence Search Terms for Computerized Databases Using PICO Schema intervention components. Studies were conducted in multiple diseases. Given the level of evidence, large samples, and significant results, interventions that monitor medication adherence and provide feedback on adherence rates to patients are recommended for practice. Three randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) that examined monitoring and feedback found higher rates of adherence. Two small-scale studies (Sabin et al., 2010; Wu, Corley, Lennie, & Moser, 2012) provided microelectromechanical systems data feedback in patients with HIV. A larger, single-site RCT in 62

patients with hypertension found higher rates of self-reported adherence (Johnson et al., 2006). Demonceau et al. (2013) found higher rates of adherence in 48 trials through meta-analysis when using monitoring and feedback across multiple diseases. Gwadry-Sridhar et al. (2013) conducted a systematic review of 97 studies in patients with hypertension and found improved adherence with interventions using monitoring and feedback. The systematic review on the use of OACs in patients with cancer found that 20 of 37 studies had higher rates of adherence when patient


monitoring and feedback were provided (Revere & Dunbar, (Krummenacher, Cavassini, Bugnon, & Schneider, 2011). In a 2001). small quasiexperimental study, the combination of education, Multicomponent interventions: Multicomponent interventions to counseling, and reminder aids resulted in reduced missed doses promote adherence include the combination of patient educaand improved refill adherence (Levy et al., 2004). Tschida et al. tion and counseling along with other interventions, such as re(2012) compared the medication possession ratio of patients minder devices, packaging, and physician or patient feedback. with cancer who participated in a specialty program of educaSynthesis of all of the research evidence for this type of intervention, refill reminders, adherence screening, and counseling to tion is complicated by the fact that these approaches varied in that of historic controls, and participants showed improved terms of the specific components included in tested programs; medication possession ratio and fewer refill gaps with the spehowever, the evidence in total across multiple types of patients cialty program. In the study, patients self-selected the type of shows significant positive effects on OAC adherence. Studies follow-up for adherence (Tschida et al., 2012). A retrospective were done in patients with HIV, seizure disorders, congestive study of patients using OACs showed no difference in adherence heart failure, hypertension, renal disease, chronic obstructive with education, counseling, and monitoring reports to providpulmonary disease, cancer, and other chronic conditions. ers (Khandelwal, Duncan, Ahmed, Rubinstein, & Pegus, 2012). Ten RCTs examined multicomponent interventions. In seven A small observational study of patients using various OACs of these studies, a significant positive effect of the intervenfound that most interventions that addressed adherence were tion was found (Belzer et al., 2014; Chisolm-Burns et al., 2013; related to adverse event management (Wong, Bounthavong, Johnson et al., 2006; Konkle-Parker, Amico, & McKinney, 2013; Nguyen, Bechtoldt, & Hernandez, 2014). Lee, Grace, & Taylor, 2006; Li et al., 2013; Murray et al., 2007; Ogedegbe et al., 2012). Methods and timing TABLE 1. Putting Evidence Into Practice Weight-of-Evidence Classification Schema of adherence measurement varied across studies, and duration of Category Description Examples follow-up ranged from 9–18 months. Recommended Effectiveness is demonstrated by strong At least two multisite, well-conducted, Interventions were provided in perfor practice evidence from rigorously designed studRCTs with at least 100 participants son or via telephone. In two RCTs, ies, meta-analyses, or systematic reviews. Panel of expert recommendation derived no differences were found between Expected benefit exceeds expected from explicit literature search strategy; intervention and control groups harms. includes thorough analysis, quality rat(Konkle-Parker et al., 2013; Stewart, ing, and synthesis of evidence McNamara, & George, 2013), and Likely to be Effectiveness has been demonstrated by One well-conducted RCT with fewer than in one small study, control patients effective supportive evidence from a single rigor100 participants or at one or more had greater adherence throughout ously conducted controlled trial, consistent study sites the study (Odegard, Goo, Hummel, supportive evidence from well-designed Guidelines developed by consensus or Williams, & Gray, 2005). controlled trials using small samples, or expert opinion without synthesis or guidelines developed from evidence and quality rating Uncontrolled studies demonsupported by expert opinion. strated mixed results. One observational study of 130 patients with Benefits Clinicians and patients should weigh the RCTs, meta-analyses, or systematic rehypertension showed higher adherbalanced with beneficial and harmful effects according to views with documented adverse effects harms individual circumstances and priorities. in certain populations ence with the use of the combination of GlowCaps® for reminder Effectiveness Data currently are insufficient or are of Well-conducted case-control study or alerts, automated telephone calls for not established inadequate quality. poorly controlled RCT missed doses or refills, patient feedConflicting evidence or statistically insignificant results back reports, and payment to those with adherence greater than 80% Effectiveness Lack of effectiveness is less well estabSingle RCT with at least 100 participants (Agency for Healthcare Research unlikely lished than those listed under not recomthat showed no benefit and Quality [AHRQ], 2011). Stuurmended for practice. No benefit and unacceptable toxicities found in observational or experimental man-Bieze, Hiddink, van Boven, studies and Vegter (2013) reported a lower rate of nonadherence among paNot recomIneffectiveness or harm clearly is demNo benefit or excess costs or burden from tients on lipid-lowering medication mended for onstrated, or cost or burden exceeds at least two multisite, well-conducted practice potential benefit. RCTs with at least 100 participants with a multicomponent intervenDiscouraged by expert recommendation tion compared to historic controls; derived from explicit literature search however, this report was limited strategy; includes thorough analysis, by the lack of information regardquality rating, and synthesis of evidence ing the actual adherence measure RCT—randomized, controlled trial used. Another observational study Note. From “Decision Rules for Summative Evaluation of a Body of Evidence,” by S.A. Mitchell and C.R. Friof patients with HIV with known adherence problems showed no effect of combined interventions

ese, 2015. Retrieved from https://www.ons.org/practice-resources/pep/evaluation-process. Copyright 2015 by Oncology Nursing Society. Adapted with permission.


63

Effectiveness of multicomponent interventions was examined in seven systematic reviews. Zedler, Kakad, Colilla, Murrelle, and Shah (2011) reported that three of six studies that reported improved adherence used multicomponent interventions. A comparative effectiveness report with 33 studies concluded that case management and multicomponent interventions had moderate benefit (Viswanathan et al., 2012a). Six additional systematic reviews demonstrated benefit (Banning, 2009; Bryant et al., 2013; Haynes, Ackloo, Sahota, McDonald, & Yao, 2008; Higgins & Regan, 2004; Kavookjian & Wittayanukorn, 2014; Parker, Mills, & Abbey, 2008). The review by Kavookjian and Wittayanukorn (2014) included six studies in patients with hematologic cancers and reported that four of five studies using multicomponent interventions showed significant improvement. This review was limited by relatively few studies and study designs with high risk of bias. Banning (2009) reported a systematic review of various adherence interventions in 20 studies focused on older adult patients. They reported that most interventions had variable effects, but multicomponent interventions were more effective than those that had a single focus. This report noted that standardized pharmacy interventions had variable results, and in one study, the intervention by an individual without clinical experience was a barrier to adherence (Banning, 2009).

Likely to Be Effective Text messages: Text message interventions to promote adherence included one-way messages sent to the patient and two-way messages sent to the patient with a patient response. Studies with standardized and tailored messaging were found. The evidence in total across multiple types of patients and conditions found that text message interventions were likely to be effective at improving medication adherence. Mbuagbaw et al. (2013) conducted a meta-analysis on three trials in patients with HIV and found that weekly text messages were more effective than daily text messages. Six systematic reviews found that 13 of 19 studies reported a positive effect of text messages on adherence (Halpern, Lopez, Grimes, Stockton, & Gallo, 2013; Horvath, Azman, Kennedy, & Rutherford, 2012; Nglazi, Bekker, Wood, Hussey, & Wiysonge, 2013; Pellowski & Kalichman, 2012; Revere & Dunbar, 2001; Vervloet, Linn, et al., 2012). Nine RCTs in patients with heart disease, HIV, diabetes, and asthma found higher rates of medication adherence using text messages (Hardy et al., 2011; Huang, Li, et al., 2013; Lester et al., 2010; Mbuagbaw et al., 2012; Park, Howie-Esquivel, Chung, & Dracup, 2014; Petrie, Perry, Broadbent, & Weinman, 2012; Pop-Eleches et al., 2011; Strandbygaard, Thomsen, & Backer, 2010; Vervloet et al., 2011; Vervloet, van Dijk, et al., 2012) A quasiexperimental study in patients with diabetes who had visited the emergency department found improved adherence with text messages sent three times per week (Arora, Peters, Agy, & Menchine, 2012). Three observational studies found that the number of missed doses declined (Foreman et al., 2012; Lewis et al., 2013; Rodrigues et al., 2012). Two small-scale RCTs in patients with HIV (da Costa et al., 2012) and in use of birth control (Hou, Hurwitz, Kavanagh, Fortin, & Goldberg, 2010) found no difference in adherence rates. Two larger RCTs in patients prescribed antibiotics after 64

emergency department care (Suffoletto, Calabria, Ross, Callaway, & Yealy, 2012) and in patients with diabetes (Shetty, Chamukuttan, Nanditha, Raj, & Ramachandran, 2011) found no difference in adherence rates using text messages. Automated voice response: Automated voice response (AVR) interventions ranged from daily to weekly to monthly calls to assess, prompt refill, motivate, remind, or promote medication adherence. The evidence across diseases, with three studies using patients with cancer, showed that AVRs were likely to be effective at improving medication adherence. RCTs using AVR biweekly in patients with diabetes (Piette et al., 2000), using daily AVRs in patients with memory loss (Ownby, Hertzog, & Czaja, 2012), using AVR to promote inhaler use (Bender et al., 2010), using three AVR calls to motivate patients to take lipid-lowering medications (Stacy, Schwartz, Ershoff, & Shreve, 2009), and using AVR for prescription refill reminders (Derose et al., 2013) found improved adherence. RCTs by Spoelstra et al. (2013a; 2013b) and Decker et al. (2009) using AVRs found improved OAC adherence in patients with cancer. However, several of these studies measured adherence by self-report and had small sample sizes. Two large-scale RCTs using AVR in African Americans with hypertension (Migneault et al., 2012) and prompting medication refill in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on steroids (Vollmer et al., 2011) found no improvement in adherence. A pilot study found no difference in adherence rates when the AVR prompted reports of previous-day adherence (Hettema, Hosseinbor, & Ingersoll, 2012). Treatment of depression: Treatment of depression demonstrated effectiveness in promoting medication adherence in a meta-analysis of 29 trials in people with HIV treated with antiretroviral therapy (Sin & DiMatteo, 2014). A variety of interventions to treat the depression were used, including individual and group cognitive-behavioral therapy and medications, with stronger effects in patients who were clinically depressed.

Effectiveness Not Established Education: Conn et al. (2009) conducted a meta-analysis that found that educational interventions were effective. In systematic reviews in patients with hypertension, HIV, cancer, and other chronic conditions, education improved adherence rates (Banning, 2009; Gwadry-Sridhar et al., 2013; Revere & Dunbar, 2001; Williams, Manias, & Walker, 2008). In RCTs in patients with multiple chronic conditions, ulcerative colitis, osteoarthritic, and breast cancer, education had no effect on medication adherence (Bennett, Glasziou, Del Mar, & De Looze, 2003; Elkjaer, 2012; Hadji et al., 2013; Silverman, Nasser, Nattrass, & Drinkwater, 2012). Saez-Benito et al. (2013) conducted a systematic review of 15 studies and found inconclusive results. Mixed results were found, and effectiveness of educational interventions could not be established. Psychoeducation: Numerous studies reported on the use of education and counseling to improve medication adherence. The Case Management Society of America (2010) and the British Association for Sexual Health (Poppa et al., 2004) recommend including education and counseling in approaches to improve medication adherence. Manias and Williams (2010) conducted


a meta-analysis of 46 trials across multiple diseases and found that counseling and education improved medication adherence. A small pilot study found that psychoeducational interventions were effective, but another found no effect on medication adherence rates (Demonceau et al., 2013; Manias & Williams, 2010). Systematic reviews in patients with HIV, hypertension, and other chronic conditions demonstrated that psychoeducation improved adherence rates (Cutrona et al., 2010; GwadrySridhar et al., 2013; Pellowski & Kalichman, 2012); however, studies by Mathes, Antoine, Pieper, and Eikermann (2014) and Misono et al. (2010) did not find improvement. Cook, Emiliozzi, El-Hajj, and McCabe (2010) used counseling via telephone and found improvement in adherence rates. Using counseling and education in studies examining contraception, chronic conditions, and older adult patients, low effects to no effect were found on adherence rates (Halpern et al., 2013; Haynes et al., 2008; Higgins & Regan, 2004). RCTs in patients with asthma, diabetes, congestive heart failure, and prescribed five or more drugs found higher rates of adherence using counseling and education (Lawrence, Allison, Chen, & Demand, 2008; Schaffer & Tian, 2004; Wu et al., 2006, 2012; Young et al., 2012). Seven RCTs in patients with HIV undergoing antiretroviral therapy, patients with hypertension and diabetes, patients with kidney disease, and two studies in patients with diabetes found no difference in adherence rates with educational interventions (Farmer, 2012; Fisher et al., 2011; Nietert et al., 2009; Odegard et al., 2005; Robbins et al., 2013; van Servellen & Lombardi, 2005; Williams, Manias, Liew, Gock, & Gorelik, 2012). A cohort studying patients with breast cancer and another studying patients using lipid-lowering drugs used an educational interventions and found higher rates of adherence, but no differences were found in a study with patients with breast cancer, a study with patients with colorectal cancer, or in four studies with patients with HIV undergoing antiretroviral therapy (Basso, Helena, Caraciolo, Paiva, & Nemes, 2013; Enriquez, Cheng, McKinsey, & Stanford, 2009; Kalichman et al., 2011; Parsons, Rosof, Punzalan, & Di Maria, 2005; Rosenzweig et al., 2011; Simons et al., 2011; Stuurman-Bieze et al., 2013). Studies in patients with gastrointestinal cancer, in patients using OACs, and in patients with HIV did not report results on adherence (Konkle-Parker, Erlen, & Dubbert, 2010; Schneider, Adams, & Gosselin, 2014; Sommers, Miller, & Berry, 2012). Brennan et al. (2012) conducted a large observational study in patients with diabetes but did not report adherence rates. Mixed results were found, and effectiveness of psychoeducation to improve medication adherence could not be established. Cognitive-behavioral therapy: A meta-analysis using cognitivebehavioral therapy to promote medication adherence demonstrated a positive effect. However, the intervention content and timing varied greatly (Manias & Williams, 2010). Motivational interviewing: A single-site RCT in patients with HIV undergoing antiretroviral therapy found improved adherence when one face-to-face and two to five telephone sessions of motivational interviewing were provided (Dilorio et al., 2008). A cohort study with patients using statins found that 12-month medication possession rates and persistence were higher (Taitel, Jiang, Rudkin, Ewing, & Duncan, 2012). In addition, in a cohort study with patients with HIV undergoing antiretroviral therapy, nonadherence rates declined (Krummenacher et al., 2011). The Case Management Society of America (2010)

recommended using motivational interviewing to promote medication adherence. RCTs found no difference in adherence rates when using motivational interviewing (Cook, McCabe, Emiliozzi, & Pointer, 2009; Solomon et al., 2012; Williams et al., 2012). Studies were of small sample size, and findings were inconsistent. Packaging: A meta-analysis of 33 studies found that packaging interventions were effective (Conn et al., 2009). Two systematic reviews demonstrated that packaging improved adherence in patients with hypertension and diabetes and in older adult patients with chronic conditions; however, four studies were inconclusive (Banning, 2009; Fuangchan, Dhippayom, & Kongkaew, 2014; Higgins & Regan, 2004; Macintosh, Pond, Pond, Leung, & Siu, 2007; Mahtani, Heneghan, Glasziou, & Perera, 2011; Williams et al., 2008; Zedler et al., 2011). A qualitative study reported that it was difficult to get medications out of the packaging (Lecouturier, Cunningham, Campbell, & Copeland, 2011). Few studies produced results, effect sizes were small, and results were inconclusive in several studies. Less frequent dosing: Higher rates of adherence were found in once-daily dosing compared to twice-daily dosing (Bae et al., 2012; Charpentier, Fleury, Dubroca, Vaur, & Clerson, 2005; Cooper et al., 2011). Single measures of adherence (medication possession rate from claims files and self-report) were used in each of these studies. One large-scale RCT found no difference in adherence rates with less frequent dosing (Udelson et al., 2009). Reminders: AHRQ (2011) researched the use of GlowCaps and refill reminders; however, adherence rates were not reported. Conn et al. (2009) conducted a meta-analysis of 33 studies and found that interventions with a reminder to take the medication were more effective than those without. Six systematic reviews found improved adherence rates using various types of reminders (Banning, 2009; Halpern et al., 2013; Misono et al., 2010; Pellowski & Kalichman, 2012; Revere & Dunbar, 2001; Vervloet, Linn, et al., 2012). Five multisite RCTs and two observational studies also found higher adherence rates. Evidence was mixed in several studies, and further research is needed (Belzer et al., 2014; Buckwalter, Wakefield, Hanna, & Lehmann, 2004; Derose et al., 2013; Heinrich & Kuiper, 2012; Vervloet, van Dijk, et al., 2012; Vollmer et al., 2011; Yard, Huh, King, & Simoni, 2011). In three RCTs in patients with HIV and heart disease and patients using multiple medications, no difference in adherence rates was found when reminders were used (Huang, Sangthong, et al., 2013; Kripalani, Schmotzer, & Jacobson, 2012; Nietert et al., 2009). Jansen, Andersen, and Brüning (2009) used reminders with allergy medications but did not report adherence rates. Christensen et al. (2010) found no difference in adherence rates using audiovisual reminders. Automated dispensers: An observational study found overall dispensing rates of 99% with automated dispensers. A qualitative multisite study found that not all medications were taken on the prescribed day or at the correct time (Buckwalter et al., 2004; Larsen & Haugbølle, 2007). Provider monitoring and feedback: A systematic review of 97 studies with patients with hypertension, two RCTs that provided physicians information on adherence rates or refills, and one study that provided daily adherence reports to physicians found no improvement in adherence rates (Gwadry-Sridhar et al., 2013;


65

Implications for Practice u

Promote adherence to oral agents for cancer by enacting patient feedback and monitoring, as well as multicomponent interventions.

u

Use automated voice recordings and text messages and treat depression to promote adherence to oral agents.

u

Implement evidence-based interventions in the clinical practice within the context of the institution to promote adherence to oral agents.

Nietert et al., 2009; Parker, Frampton, Blackwood, Shannon, & Moore, 2012; Tamblyn et al., 2010). Decision aid: A multisite RCT on the use of a decision aid to overcome not taking medications in patients with diabetes or patients using statins found no difference between groups (Branda et al., 2013). Calendar aid: A multisite RCT with patients using allergy medications did not report rates of adherence, and a qualitative study reported fewer disruptions in treatment when using a calendar to cue medicating taking (Jansen et al., 2009; Lecouturier et al., 2011). Mail and online refills: Mail-order and online refill studies found higher rates of adherence, but effect sizes were small (Duru et al., 2010; Sarkar et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2011). Measures of adherence were unable to account for reductions or stoppages in the script. Institutional-level interventions: Effectiveness was not established in a large multisite cohort study in patients with HIV undergoing antiretroviral therapy. No differences were found in adherence rates in patients who tested provider training and facility monitoring (Boruett et al., 2013). Supportive interventions: A meta-analysis of patients in Africa found that community education improved adherence rates; however, the study had poor design and was not generalizable to other settings (Fuangchan et al., 2014). A systematic review of studies of patients using antihypertensive medications found that patients who used support groups had higher self-management, but the study did not differentiate between medication management and other types of care (Gwadry-Sridhar et al., 2013). A single-site RCT found no difference in adherence rates in patients with HIV undergoing antiretroviral therapy using a caregiver to prompt adherence; however, the study was underpowered (Kunutsor et al., 2011). A small pilot study was encouraging because higher adherence rates were found when health coaches were used to prompt adherence (Leung et al., 2012). A multisite observational study with patients with lung cancer found higher adherence rates by pill count when monthly phone calls were provided for support; however, the duration and timing of adherence measures were unclear (Gebbia et al., 2013). A qualitative study with companions providing support during antiretroviral therapy reported improved adherence (Foster et al., 2010). The evidence on effectiveness of support is encouraging but not of the rigor to recommend for practice, and further study is needed. Workplace care delivery: A large, multisite cohort study found that intervention group adherence rates were higher than the covered population when services were delivered in the work66

place rather than in a pharmacy (Sherman et al., 2009). Medication possession rate was the single measure of adherence, and no consideration was given to other factors in this study. Intervention to improve provider communication: A systematic review of 13 studies on health information technology interventions to facilitate patient and provider communication found a small effect on adherence rates (Misono et al., 2010). Studies with more rigorous design or with more intense intervention doses may be needed to establish effectiveness. Cost and co-pay reduction: A systematic review of 68 studies found no difference in adherence with co-payment reduction (Viswanathan et al., 2012b). Three large-scale medication possession rates studies found higher adherence rates when copayments were reduced, waived, or rebated; however, these studies had no control group for comparison (Chernew et al., 2008; Farley, Wansink, Lindquist, Parker, & Maciejewski, 2012; Kostev et al., 2013). The Case Management Society of America (2010) consensus-based guidelines stated that reimbursement needs to be maximized to affect adherence. Findings were mixed, and studies lacked rigorous design.

Implications for Nursing Practice and Research The review of the evidence indicates that ongoing research on adherence to OACs is warranted. The literature supports use of monitoring of adherence rates with patient feedback and multicomponent interventions. The literature also indicates that text message and AVR interventions, as well as treatment of depression, are likely to be effective at promoting medication adherence. To date, the evidence is insufficient to support many interventions, such as education, calendars, packaging, refill cues, cognitive-behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, dispensing tools, decision aids, or improving communication with providers. Oncology nurses have a critical role in implementing the available evidence, conducting research, and developing new evidence on OAC adherence. In addition, given the high rate of depression among patients with chronic disease, depression should be routinely assessed, and treatment should be coordinated when warranted because depressive symptoms are known to increase risk for poor adherence (Ciesla & Roberts, 2001; Hartzell, Janke, & Weintrob, 2008). However, the authors of the current article acknowledge that the majority of this evidence is in populations other than patients with cancer, and these interventions may not work for the population of patients with cancer. Care for patients prescribed OACs and the technology to support medication adherence is evolving rapidly, and many of these studies were completed several years ago. Future research should use more rigorous studies with larger sample sizes in varied cancer types. More research is needed in diverse ethnic populations. Intervention components should be clearly defined, and interventions that show promise should be replicated in populations of patients with cancer to make results more generalizable. Interventions showing the most potential are AVRs, text messages, and depression management, as well as educational interventions, interventions that conduct monitoring and feedback, and interventions that use refill cues.


Conclusions To date, no standard exists for the management of OAC adherence. Evidence for interventions to manage this significant clinical problem has been lacking in patients with cancer. Future researchers should consider focusing on intervention approaches that show promise. Oncology nurses are crucial to overseeing and guiding patients to self-manage OAC treatment. Nurses should be aware of the evidence-based interventions, or lack thereof, when caring for patients prescribed OACs, and use that information to guide decision making in clinical practice. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) Putting Evidence Into Practice team, which consisted of experienced RNs who meticulously examined the evidence for this article, including Carol Blecher, MS, APNC, AOCN®, CBPN-C, CBCN®, Peggy Burhenn, MS, CNS, AOCNS®, Larissa Day, MSN, RN, CONC, Diana McMahon, MSN, RN, OCN®, Theresa Rudnitzki, MS, RN, ACNS-BC, AOCNS®, Josephine Smudde, RN-BC, MS, OCN®, Janelle Tipton, MSN, RN, AOCN®, and Cynthia Rittenberg, RN, MN, AOCN®, FAAN, as well as ONS staff Marc Irwin, PhD, RN, MN, Christine Maloney, BA, Kerri Moriarty, MLS, and Mark Vrabel, MLS, AHIP, ELS.

References Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2011). Electronic and telephone reminders increase medication adherence in adults with uncomplicated hypertension. Retrieved from http://1.usa .gov/1JcGUyI Arora, S., Peters, A.L., Agy, C., & Menchine, M. (2012). A mobile health intervention for inner city patients with poorly controlled diabetes: Proof-of-concept of the TExT-MED program. Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics, 14, 492–496. doi:10.1089/ dia.2011.0252 Bae, J.P., Dobesh, P.P., Klepser, D.G., Anderson, J.D., Zagar, A.J., McCollam, P.L., & Tomlin, M.E. (2012). Adherence and dosing frequency of common medications for cardiovascular patients. American Journal of Managed Care, 18, 139–146. Banning, M. (2009). A review of interventions used to improve adherence to medication in older people. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46, 1505–1515. doi:10.1016/j.ij nurstu.2009.03.011 Basso, C.R., Helena, E.T., Caraciolo, J.M., Paiva, V., & Nemes, M.I. (2013). Exploring ART intake scenes in a human rights-based intervention to improve adherence: A randomized controlled trial. AIDS and Behavior, 17, 181–192. doi:10.1007/s10461-012-0175-4 Belzer, M.E., Naar-King, S., Olson, J., Sarr, M., Thornton, S., Kahana, S.Y., . . . Clark, L.F. (2014). The use of cell phone support for non-adherent HIV-infected youth and young adults: An initial randomized and controlled intervention trial. AIDS and Behavior, 18, 686–696. doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0661-3 Bender, B.G., Apter, A., Bogen, D.K., Dickinson, P., Fisher, L., Wamboldt, F.S., & Westfall, J.M. (2010). Test of an interactive voice response intervention to improve adherence to controller medications in adults with asthma. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 23, 159–165. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2010.02.0901 Bennett, J.W., Glasziou, P., Del Mar, C., & De Looze, F. (2003). A computerized prescribing decision support system to improve

patient adherence with prescribing. A randomized controlled trial. Australian Family Physician, 32, 667–671. Bestvina, C.M., Zullig, L.L., Rushing, C., Chino, F., Samsa, G. P., Altomare, I., . . . Zafar, S.Y. (2014). Patient-oncologist cost communication, financial distress, and medication adherence. Journal of Oncology Practice, 10, 162–167. doi:10.1200/JOP.2014.001406 Boruett, P., Kagai, D., Njogo, S., Nguhiu, P., Awuor, C., Gitau, L., . . . Tomson, G. (2013). Facility-level intervention to improve attendance and adherence among patients on anti-retroviral treatment in Kenya—A quasi-experimental study using time series analysis. BMC Health Services Research, 13, 242. doi:10.1186/1472-6963 -13-242 Bozic, I., Reiter, J.G., Allen, B., Antal, T., Chatterjee, K., Shah, P., . . . Norwalk, M.A. (2013). Evolutionary dynamics of cancer in response to targeted combination therapy. eLife, 2, 1–15. doi:10.7554/eLife.00747 Branda, M.E., LeBlanc, A., Shah, N.D., Tiedje, K., Ruud, K., Van Houten, H., . . . Montori, V.M. (2013). Shared decision making for patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial in primary care. BMC Health Services Research, 13, 301. doi:10.1186/1472 -6963-13-301 Brennan, T.A., Dollear, T.J., Hu, M., Matlin, O.S., Shrank, W.H., Choudhry, N.K., & Grambley, W. (2012). An integrated pharmacy-based program improved medication prescription and adherence rates in diabetes patients. Health Affairs, 31, 120–129. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0931 Bryant, J., McDonald, V.M., Boyes, A., Sanson-Fisher, R., Paul, C., & Melville, J. (2013). Improving medication adherence in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review. Respiratory Research, 14, 109. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-14-109 Buckwalter, K.C., Wakefield, B.J., Hanna, B., & Lehmann, J. (2004). New technology for medication adherence: Electronically managed medication dispensing system. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 30(7), 5–8. doi:10.3928/0098-9134-20040701-04 Case Management Society of America. (2010). Case management adherence guidelines: Guidelines from the Case Management Society of America for improving patient adherence to medication therapies. Retrieved from http://www.cmsa.org/portals/0/ pdf/cmag2.pdf Charpentier, G., Fleury, F., Dubroca, I., Vaur, L., & Clerson, P. (2005). Electronic pill-boxes in the evaluation of oral hypoglycemic agent compliance. Diabetes and Metabolism, 31, 189–195. doi:10.1016/S1262-3636(07)70185-4 Chernew, M.E., Shah, M.R., Wegh, A., Rosenberg, S.N., Juster, I.A., Rosen, A.B., . . . Fendrick, A.M. (2008). Impact of decreasing copayments on medication adherence within a disease management environment. Health Affairs, 27, 103–112. doi:10.1377/ hlthaff.27.1.103 Chisolm-Burns, M.A., Spivey, C.A., Graff Zivin, J., Lee, J.K., Sredzinski, E., & Tolley, E.A. (2013). Improving outcomes of renal transplant recipients with behavioral adherence contracts: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Transplantation, 13, 2364–2373. doi:10.1111/ajt.12341 Christensen, A., Christrup, L.L., Fabricius, P.E., Chrostowska, M., Wronka, M., Narkiewicz, K., & Hansen, E.H. (2010). The impact of an electronic monitoring and reminder device on patient compliance with antihypertensive therapy: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Hypertension, 28, 194–200. doi:10.1097/ HJH.0b13e328331b718 Ciesla, J.A., & Roberts, J.E. (2001). Meta-analysis of the relationship between HIV infection and risk for depressive disorders.


67

American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 725–730. doi:10.1176/ appi.ajp.158.5.725 Conn, V.S., Hafdahl, A.R., Cooper, P.S., Ruppar, T.M., Mehr, D.R., & Russell, C.L. (2009). Interventions to improve medication adherence among older adults: Meta-analysis of adherence outcomes among randomized controlled trials. Gerontologist, 49, 447–462. doi:10.1093/geront/gnp037 Cook, P.F., Emiliozzi, S., El-Hajj, D., & McCabe, M.M. (2010). Telephone nurse counseling for medication adherence in ulcerative colitis: A preliminary study. Patient Education and Counseling, 81, 182–186. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2009.12.010 Cook, P.F., McCabe, M.M., Emiliozzi, S., & Pointer, L. (2009). Telephone nurse counseling improves HIV medication adherence: An effectiveness study. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 20, 316–325. doi:10.1016/j.jana.2009.02.008 Cooper, V., Moyle, G.J., Fisher, M., Reilly, G., Ewan, J., Liu, H.C., & Horne, R. (2011). Beliefs about antiretroviral therapy, treatment adherence and quality of life in a 48-week randomised study of continuation of zidovudine/lamivudine or switch to tenofovir DF/emtricitabine, each with efavirenz. AIDS Care, 23, 705–713. doi:10.1080/09540121.2010.534433 Cutrona, S., Choudhry, N., Stedman, M., Servi, A., Liberman, J., Brennan, T., . . . Shrank, W. (2010). Physician effectiveness in interventions to improve cardiovascular medication adherence: A systematic review. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 25, 1090–1096. doi:10.1007/s11606-010-1387-9 da Costa, T.M., Barbosa, B.J., Gomes e Costa, D.A., Sigulem, D., de Fátima Marin, H., Filho, A.C., & Pisa, I.T. (2012). Results of a randomized controlled trial to assess the effects of a mobile SMS-based intervention on treatment adherence in HIV/AIDSinfected Brazilian women and impressions and satisfaction with respect to incoming messages. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 81, 257–269. doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2011.10.002 Decker, V., Spoelstra, S., Miezo, E., Bremer, R., You, M., Given, C., & Given, B. (2009). A pilot study of an automated voice response system and nursing intervention to monitor adherence to oral chemotherapy agents. Cancer Nursing, 32, E20–E29. doi:10.1097/NCC.0b013e3181b31114 Demonceau, J., Ruppar, T., Kristanto, P., Hughes, D.A., Fargher, E., Kardas, P., . . . Vrijens, B. (2013). Identification and assessment of adherence-enhancing interventions in studies assessing medication adherence through electronically compiled drug dosing histories: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Drugs, 73, 545–562. doi:10.1007/s40265-013-0041-3 Derose, S.F., Green, K., Marrett, E., Tunceli, K., Cheetham, T.C., Chiu, V.Y., . . . Scott, R.D. (2013). Automated outreach to increase primary adherence to cholesterol-lowering medications. JAMA Internal Medicine, 173, 38–43. doi:10.1001/2013.jama internmed.717 Dilorio, C., McCarty, F., Resnicow, K., McDonnell Holstad, M., Soet, J., Yeager, K., . . . Lundberg, B. (2008). Using motivational interviewing to promote adherence to antiretroviral medications: A randomized controlled study. AIDS Care, 20, 273–283. Duru, O.K., Schmittdiel, J.A., Dyer, W.T., Parker, M.M., Uratsu, C.S., Chan, J., & Karter, A.J. (2010). Mail-order pharmacy use and adherence to diabetes-related medications. American Journal of Managed Care, 16, 33–40. Elkjaer, M. (2012). E-health: Web-guided therapy and disease selfmanagement in ulcerative colitis. Impact on disease outcome, quality of life and compliance. Danish Medical Journal, 59(7), B4478. 68

Enriquez, M., Cheng, A.-L., McKinsey, D.S., & Stanford, J. (2009). Development and efficacy of an intervention to enhance readiness for adherence among adults who had previously failed HIV treatment. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 23, 177–184. doi:10.1089/apc.2008.0170 Farley, J.F., Wansink, D., Lindquist, J.H., Parker, J.C., & Maciejewski, M.L. (2012). Medication adherence changes following valuebased insurance design. American Journal of Managed Care, 18, 265–274. Farmer, K.C. (2012). Leventhal’s common-sense model and medication adherence. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 8, 355–356. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2012.05.013 Fisher, J.D., Amico, K.R., Fisher, W.A., Cornman, D.H., Shuper, P.A., Trayling, C., . . . Altice, F.L. (2011). Computer-based intervention in HIV clinical care setting improves antiretroviral adherence: The LifeWindows project. AIDS and Behavior, 15, 1635–1646. doi:10.1007/s104601-011-9926-x Foreman, K.F., Stockl, K.M., Le, L.B., Fisk, E., Shah, S.M., Lew, H.C., . . . Curtis, B.S. (2012). Impact of a text messaging pilot program on patient medication adherence. Clinical Therapeutics, 34, 1084–1091. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2012.04.007 Foster, S.D., Nakamanya, S., Kyomuhangi, R., Amur won, J., Namara, G., Amuron, B., . . . Grosskurth, H. (2010). The experience of “medicine companions” to support adherence to antiretroviral therapy: Quantitative and qualitative data from a trial population in Uganda. AIDS Care, 22(Suppl. 1), 35–43. doi:10.1080/09540120903500027 Fuangchan, A., Dhippayom, T., & Kongkaew, C. (2014). Intervention to promote patients’ adherence to antimalarial medication: A systematic review. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 90, 11–19. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.12-0598 Gebbia, V., Bellavia, M., Banna, G.L., Russo, P., Ferraù, F., Tralongo, P., & Borsellino, N. (2013). Treatment monitoring program for implementation of adherence to second-line erlotinib for advanced non–small-cell lung cancer. Clinical Lung Cancer, 14, 390–398. doi:10.1016/j.cllc.2012.11.007 Gebbia, V., Bellavia, M., Ferraù, F., & Valerio, M.R. (2012). Adherence, compliance and persistence to oral antineoplastic therapy: A review focused on chemotherapeutic and biologic agents. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 11(Suppl. 1), 49–59. doi:10.157/ 14740338.2011.645803 Gwadry-Sridhar, F.H., Manias, E., Lal, L., Salas, M., Hughes, D.A., Ratzki-Leewing, A., & Grubisic, M. (2013). Impact of interventions on medication adherence and blood pressure control in patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review by the ISPOR medication adherence and persistence special interest group. Value in Health, 16, 863–871. doi:10.1016/j.jval .2013.03.1631 Hadji, P., Blettner, M., Harbeck, N., Jackisch, C., Lück, H.J., WindemuthKieselbach, C., & Kreienberg, R. (2013). The Patient’s Anastrozole Compliance to Therapy (PACT) program: A randomized, in-practice study on the impact of a standardized information program on persistence and compliance to adjuvant endocrine therapy in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer. Annals of Oncology, 24, 1505–1512. doi:10.1093/annonc/mds653 Halpern, V., Lopez, L.M., Grimes, D.A., Stockton, L.L., & Gallo, M.F. (2013). Strategies to improve adherence and acceptability of hormonal methods of contraception. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10, CD004317. doi:10.1002/14651858 .CD004317.pub4 Hardy, H., Kumar, V., Doros, G., Farmer, E., Drainoni, M.L., Rybin,


D., . . . Skolnik, P.R. (2011). Randomized controlled trial of a personalized cellular phone reminder system to enhance adherence to antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 25, 153–161. doi:10.1089/apc.2010.0006 Hartzell, J.D., Janke, I.E., & Weintrob, A.C. (2008). Impact of depression on HIV outcomes in the HAART era. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 62, 246–255. doi:10.1093/jac/dkn193 Haynes, R.B., Ackloo, E., Sahota, N., McDonald, H.P., & Yao, X. (2008). Interventions for enhancing medication adherence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, CD000011. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000011.pub3 Heinrich, C., & Kuiper, R.A. (2012). Using handheld devices to promote medication adherence in chronic illness. Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 8, 288–293. doi:10.1016/j.nur .pra.2011.10.010 Hettema, J.E., Hosseinbor, S., & Ingersoll, K.S. (2012). Feasibility and reliability of interactive voice response assessment of HIV medication adherence: Research and clinical implications. HIV Clinical Trials, 13, 271–277. doi:10.1310/hct1305-271 Higgins, N., & Regan, C. (2004). A systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions to help older people adhere to medication regimes. Age and Ageing, 33, 224–229. doi:10.1093/ ageing/afh072 Hor vath, T., Azman, H., Kennedy, G.E., & Rutherford, G.W. (2012). Mobile phone text messaging for promoting adherence to antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV infection. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, CD009756. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009756 Hou, M.Y., Hurwitz, S., Kavanagh, E., Fortin, J., & Goldberg, A.B. (2010). Using daily text-message reminders to improve adherence with oral contraceptives: A randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 116, 633–640. doi:10.1097/ AOG.0b013e3181eb6b0f Huang, D., Sangthong, R., McNeil, E., Chongsuvivatwong, V., Zheng, W., & Yang, X. (2013). Effects of a phone call intervention to promote adherence to antiretroviral therapy and quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients in Baoshan, China: A randomized controlled trial. AIDS Research and Treatment, 2013, 580974. doi:10.1155/2013/580974 Huang, H.L., Li, Y.C., Chou, Y.C., Hsieh, Y.W., Kuo, F., Tsai, W.C., . . . Chuang, C.J. (2013). Effects of and satisfaction with short message service reminders for patient medication adherence: A randomized controlled study. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 13, 127. doi:10.1186/1472-6947-13-127 Jansen, A., Andersen, K.F., & Brüning, H. (2009). Evaluation of a compliance device in a subgroup of adult patients receiving specific immunotherapy with grass allergen tablets (GRAZAX) in a randomized, open-label, controlled study: An a priori subgroup analysis. Clinical Therapeutics, 31, 321–327. doi:10.1016/j .clinthera.2009.02.005 Johnson, S.S., Driskell, M., Johnson, J.L., Prochaska, J.M., Zwick, W., & Prochaska, J.O. (2006). Efficacy of a transtheoretical modelbased expert system for antihypertensive adherence. Disease Management, 9, 291–301. doi:10.1089/dis.2006.9.291 Kalichman, S.C., Kalichman, M.O., Cherry, C., Swetzes, C., Amaral, C.M., White, D., . . . Eaton, L. (2011). Brief behavioral self-regulation counseling for HIV treatment adherence delivered by cell phone: An initial test of concept trial. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 25, 303–310. doi:10.1089/apa.2010.0367 Kavookjian, J., & Wittayanukorn, S. (2014). Interventions for adherence with oral chemotherapy in hematological malignan-

cies: A systematic review. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. Advance online publication. doi:10.1016/ j.sapharm.2014.08.006 Khandelwal, N., Duncan, I., Ahmed, T., Rubinstein, E., & Pegus, C. (2012). Oral chemotherapy program improves adherence and reduces medication wastage and hospital admissions. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 10, 618–625. Konkle-Parker, D.J., Amico, K.R., & McKinney, V.E. (2013). Effects of an intervention addressing information, motivation, and behavioral skills on HIV care adherence in a southern clinic cohort. AIDS Care, 26, 674–683. doi:10.1080/09540121.2013.845283 Konkle-Parker, D.J., Erlen, J.A., & Dubbert, P.M. (2010). Lessons learned from an HIV adherence pilot study in the Deep South. Patient Education and Counseling, 78, 91–96. doi:10.1016/ j.pec.2009.04.010 Kostev, K., May, U., Hog, D., Eisel, J., Kremmers, T., Kosteic, M., . . . Hadji, P. (2013). Adherence in tamoxifen therapy after conversion to a rebate pharmaceutical in breast cancer patients in Germany. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 51, 969–975. doi:10.5414/CP201969 Kripalani, S., Schmotzer, B., & Jacobson, T.A. (2012). Improving medication adherence through graphically enhanced interventions in coronary heart disease (IMAGE-CHD): A randomized controlled trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 27, 1609–1617. doi:10.1007/s11606-012-2136-z Krummenacher, I., Cavassini, M., Bugnon, O., & Schneider, M.P. (2011). An interdisciplinary HIV-adherence program combining motivational interviewing and electronic antiretroviral drug monitoring. AIDS Care, 23, 550–561. doi:10.1080/09540121 .2010.525613 Kunutsor, S., Walley, J., Katabira, E., Muchuro, S., Balidawa, H., Namagala, E., & Ikoona, E. (2011). Improving clinic attendence to antiretroviral therapy through a treatment supporter intervention in Uganda: A randomized controlled trial. AIDS and Behavior, 15, 1795–1802. doi:10.1007/s10464-011-9927-9 Larsen, A.B., & Haugbølle, L.S. (2007). The impact of an automated dose-dispensing scheme on user compliance, medication understanding, and medication stockpiles. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 3, 265–284. doi:10.1016/ j.sapharm.2006.10.002 Lawrence, D.B., Allison, W., Chen, J.C., & Demand, M. (2008). Improving medication adherence with a targeted, technologydriven disease management intervention. Disease Management, 11, 141–144. doi:10.1089/dis.2007.0013 Lecouturier, J., Cunningham, B., Campbell, D., & Copeland, R. (2011). Medication compliance aids: A qualitative study of users’ views. British Journal of General Practice, 61, 93–100. doi:10.3399/bjgp11X556191 Lee, J., Grace, K., & Taylor, A. (2006). Effect of a pharmacy care program on medication adherence and persistence, blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 296, 2563–2571. doi:10.1001/jama.296.21. joc60162 Lester, R.T., Ritvo, P., Mills, E.J., Kariri, A., Karanja, S., Chung, M.H., . . . Plummer, F.A. (2010). Effects of a mobile phone short message service on antiretroviral treatment adherence in Kenya (WelTel Kenya1): A randomised trial. Lancet, 376, 1838–1845. doi:10.1061/S0140-6736(10)61997-6 Leung, L.B., Busch, A.M., Nottage, S.L., Arellano, N., Glieberman, E., Busch, N.J., & Smith, S.R. (2012). Approach to antihypertensive adherence: A feasibility study on the use of student health


69

coaches for uninsured hypertensive adults. Behavioral Medicine, 38, 19–27. doi:10.1080/08964289.2011.651174 Levy, R., Rayner, C., Fairley, C., Kong, D., Mijch, A., Costello, K., & McArthur, C. (2004). Multidisciplinary HIV adherence intervention: A randomized study. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 18, 728–735. doi:10.1089/apc.2004.18.728 Lewis, M.A., Uhrig, J.D., Bann, C.M., Harris, J.L., Furberg, R.D., Coomes, C., & Kuhns, L.M. (2013). Tailored text messaging intervention for HIV adherence: A proof-of-concept study. Health Psychology, 32, 248–253. doi:10.1037/a0028109 Li, J., Si, Y., Hu, J., Liu, L., Deng, Y., He, J., . . . Zhou, D. (2013). Enhancing medical compliance of patients with convulsive epilepsy in rural community: A randomized intervention trial. Epilepsia, 54, 1988–1996. doi:10.1111/epi.12382 Macintosh, P., Pond, G., Pond, B., Leung, V., & Siu, L. (2007). A comparison of patient adherence and preference of packaging method for oral anticancer agents using conventional pill bottles versus daily pill boxes. European Journal of Cancer Care, 16, 380–386. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2354.2006.00758.x Mahtani, K.R., Heneghan, C.J., Glasziou, P.P., & Perera, R. (2011). Reminder packaging for improving adherence to self-administered long-term medications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9, CD005025. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005025.pub3 Manias, E., & Williams, A. (2010). Medication adherence in people of culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds: A metaanalysis. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 44, 964–982. doi:10.1345/ aph.1M572 Mathes, T., Antoine, S.L., Pieper, D., & Eikermann, M. (2014). Adherence enhancing interventions for oral anticancer agents: A systematic review. Cancer Treatment Reviews, 40, 102–108. doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.07.004 Mbuagbaw, L., Thabane L., Ongolo-Zogo, P., Lester R.T., Mills, E.J., Smieja, M., . . . Kouanfack, C. (2012). The Cameroon Mobile Phone SMS (CAMPS) trial: A randomized trial of text messaging versus usual care for adherence to antiretroviral therapy. PloS One, 7(12), e46909. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046909 Mbuagbaw, L., van der Kop, M.L., Lester, R.T., Thirumurthy, H., Pop-Eleches, C., Smieja, M., . . . Thabane, L. (2013). Mobile phone text messages for improving adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART): A protocol for an individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ Open, 3, e003950. doi:10.1136/bmjo pen-2013-002954 Melnyk, B.M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2010). Evidence-based practice in nursing and healthcare: A guide to best practice (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Migneault, J.P., Dedier, J.J., Wright, J.A., Heeren, T., Campbell, M.K., Morisky, D.E., . . . Friedman, R.H. (2012). A culturally adapted telecommunication system to improve physical activity, diet quality, and medication adherence among hypertensive AfricanAmericans: A randomized controlled trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 43, 62–73. doi:10.1007/s12160-011-9319-4 Misono, A.S., Cutrona, S.L., Choudhry, N.K., Fischer, M.A., Stedman, M.R., Liberman, J.N., . . . Shrank, W.H. (2010). Healthcare information technology interventions to improve cardiovascular and diabetes medication adherence. American Journal of Managed Care, 16(12, Suppl. HIT), SP82–SP92. Mitchell, S.A., & Friese, C. (2015). Decision rules for summative evaluation of a body of evidence. Retrieved from https://www .ons.org/practice-resources/pep/evaluation-process Murray, M.D., Young, J., Hoke, S., Tu, W., Weiner, M., Morrow, D., . . . Brater, D.C. (2007) Pharmacist intervention to improve medi70

cation adherence in heart failure: A randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 146, 714–725. doi:10.7326/003-4819-146-10 -200705150-00005 Nglazi, M.D., Bekker, L.G., Wood, R., Hussey, G.D., & Wiysonge, C.S. (2013). Mobile phone text messaging for promoting adherence to anti-tuberculosis treatment: A systematic review protocol. BMC Infectious Diseases, 13, 566. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-566 Nietert, P.J., Tilley, B.C., Zhao, W., Edwards, P.F., Wessell, A.M., Mauldin, P.D., & Polk, P.P. (2009). Two pharmacy interventions to improve refill persistence for chronic disease medications: A randomized, controlled trial. Medical Care, 47, 32–40. doi:10.1097/MLR.0b13e3181808c17 Odegard, P.S., Goo, A., Hummel, J., Williams, K.L., & Gray, S.L. (2005). Caring for poorly controlled diabetes mellitus: A randomized pharmacist intervention. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 39, 433–440. doi:10.1345/aph.1E438 Ogedegbe, G.O., Boutin-Foster, C., Wells, M.T., Allegrante, J.P., Isen, A.M., Jobe, J.B., & Charlson, M.E. (2012). A randomized controlled trial of positive-affect intervention and medication adherence in hypertensive African Americans. Archives of Internal Medicine, 172, 322–326. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.1307 Ownby, R.L., Hertzog, C., & Czaja, S.J. (2012). Tailored information and automated reminding to improve medication adherence in Spanish- and English-speaking elders treated for memory impairment. Clinical Gerontologist, 35, 221–238. doi:10.1080/073171 15.2012.658394 Park, L.G., Howie-Esquivel, J., Chung, M.L., & Dracup, K. (2014). A text messaging intervention to promote medication adherence for patients with coronary heart disease: A randomized controlled trial. Patient Education and Counseling, 94, 261–268. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2013.10.027 Parker, D., Mills, S., & Abbey, J. (2008). Effectiveness of interventions that assist caregivers to support people with dementia living in the community: A systematic review. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare, 6, 137–172. doi:10.1111/ j.1744-1609.2008.00090.x Parker, R., Frampton, C., Blackwood, A., Shannon, A., & Moore, G. (2012). An electronic medication reminder, supported by a monitoring service, to improve medication compliance for elderly people living independently. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 18, 156–158. doi:10.1258/jtt.2012.SFT108 Parsons, J.T., Rosof, E., Punzalan, J.C., & Di Maria, L. (2005). Integration of motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioral therapy to improve HIV medication adherence and reduce substance use among HIV-positive men and women: Results of a pilot project. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 19, 31–39. doi:10.1089/ apc.2005.19.31 Pellowski, J.A., & Kalichman, S.C. (2012). Recent advances (20112012) in technology-delivered interventions for people living with HIV. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 9, 326–334. doi:10.1007/ s11904-012-0133-9 Petrie, K.J., Perry, K., Broadbent, E., & Weinman, J. (2012). A text message programme designed to modify patients’ illness and treatment beliefs improves self-reported adherence to asthma preventer medication. British Journal of Health Psychology, 17, 74–84. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02033.x Piette, J.D., Weinberger, M., McPhee, S.J., Mah, C.A., Kraemer, F.B., & Crapo, L.M. (2000). Do automated calls with nurse followup improve self-care and glycemic control among vulnerable patients with diabetes? American Journal of Medicine, 108, 20–27. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(99)00298-3


Pop-Eleches, C., Thirumurthy, H., Habyarimana, J.P., Zivin, J. G., Goldstein, M.P., de Walque, D., . . . Bangsberg, D.R. (2011). Mobile phone technologies improve adherence to antiretroviral treatment in a resource-limited setting: A randomized controlled trial of text message reminders. AIDS, 25, 825–834. doi:10.1097/ QAD.0b013e32834380c1 Poppa, A., Davidson, O., Deutsch, J., Godfrey, D., Fisher, M., Head, S., . . . Sherr, L. (2004). British HIV Association (BHIVA)/British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) guidelines on provision of adherence support to individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy (2003). HIV Medicine, 5(Suppl. 2), 46–60. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2004.00215.x Puts, M.T., Tu, H.A., Tourangeau, A., Howell, D., Fitch, M., Springall, E., & Alibhai, S.M. (2013). Factors influencing adherence to cancer treatment in older adults with cancer: A systematic review. Annals of Oncology, 25, 564–577. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdt433 Revere, D., & Dunbar, P.J. (2001). Review of computer-generated outpatient health behavior interventions clinical encounters “in absentia.” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 8, 62–79. doi:10.1136/jamia.2001.0080062 Robbins, G.K., Testa, M.A., Su, M., Safren, S.A., Morse, G., Lammert, S., . . . Chesney, M.A. (2013). Site nurse-initiated adherence and symptom support telephone calls for HIV-positive individuals starting antiretroviral therapy, ACTG 5031: Substudy of ACTG 384. HIV Clinical Trials, 14, 235–253. doi:10.1310/hct1405-235 Rodrigues, R., Shet, A., Antony, J., Sidney, K., Arumugam, K., Krishnamurthy, S., . . . DeCosta, A. (2012). Supporting adherence to antiretroviral therapy with mobile phone reminders: Results from a cohort in South India. PLoS One, 7(8), e40723. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040723 Rosenzweig, M., Brufsky, A., Rastogi, P., Puhalla, S., Simon, J., & Underwood, S. (2011). The attitudes, communication, treatment, and support intervention to reduce breast cancer treatment disparity. Oncology Nursing Forum, 38, 85–89. doi:10.1188/11 .ONF.85-89 Ruddy, K., Mayer, E., & Partridge, A. (2009). Patient adherence and persistence with oral anticancer treatment. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 59, 56–66. doi:10.3322/caac.20004 Sabin, L.L., DeSilva, M.B., Hamer, D.H., Xu, K., Zhang, J., Li, T., . . . Gill, C.J. (2010). Using electronic drug monitor feedback to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-positive patients in China. AIDS and Behavior, 14, 580–589. doi:10.1007/ s10461-009-9651-1 Saez-Benito, L., Fernandez-Llimos, F., Feletto, E., Gastelurrutia, M.A., Martinez-Martinez, F., & Benrimoj, S.I. (2013). Evidence of the clinical effectiveness of cognitive pharmaceutical services for aged patients. Age and Ageing, 42, 442–449. doi:10.1093/ ageing/aft045 Sarkar, U., Lyles, C.R., Parker, M.M., Allen, J., Nguyen, R., Moffet, H.H., . . . Karter, A.J. (2014). Use of the refill function through an online patient portal is associated with improved adherence to statins in an integrated health system. Medical Care, 52, 194–201. doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000000069 Schaffer, S.D., & Tian, L. (2004). Promoting adherence: Effects of theory-based asthma education. Clinical Nursing Research, 13, 69–89. doi:10.1177/1054773803259300 Schneider, S.M., Adams, D.B., & Gosselin, T. (2014). A tailored nurse coaching intervention for oral chemotherapy adherence. Journal of the Advanced Practitioner in Oncology, 5, 163–172. Sherman, B.W., Frazee, S.G., Fabius, R.J., Broome, R.A., Manfred, J.R., & Davis, J.C. (2009). Impact of workplace health services

on adherence to chronic medications. American Journal of Managed Care, 15(7), e53–e59. Shetty, A.S., Chamukuttan, S., Nanditha, A., Raj, R., & Ramachandran, A. (2011). Reinforcement of adherence to prescription recommendations in Asian Indian diabetes patients using short message service (SMS)–A pilot study. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 59, 711–714. Silverman, S., Nasser, K., Nattrass, S., & Drinkwater, B. (2012). Impact of bone turnover markers and/or educational information on persistence to oral bisphosphonate therapy: A community setting-based trial. Osteoporosis International, 23, 1069–1074. doi:10.1007/s00198-011-1721-z Simons, S., Ringsdorf, S., Braun, M., Mey, U.J., Schwindt, P.F., Ko, Y.D., . . . Jaehde, U. (2011). Enhancing adherence to capecitabine chemotherapy by means of multidisciplinary pharmaceutical care. Supportive Care in Cancer, 19, 1009–1018. doi:10.1007/ s00520-010-0927-5 Sin, N.L., & DiMatteo, M.R. (2014). Depression treatment enhances adherence to antiretroviral therapy: A meta-analysis. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 47, 259–269. doi:10.1007/s12160-013 -9559-6 Solomon, D.H., Iversen, M.D., Avorn, J., Gleeson, T., Brookhart, M.A., Patrick, A.R., . . . Katz, J.N. (2012). Osteoporosis telephonic intervention to improve medication regimen adherence: A large, pragmatic, randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine, 172, 477–483. doi:10.1001/archintern med.2011.1977 Sommers, R.M., Miller, K., & Berry, D.L. (2012). Feasibility pilot on medication adherence and knowledge in ambulatory patients with gastrointestinal cancer [Online exclusive]. Oncology Nursing Forum, 39, E373–E379. doi:10.1188/12.ONF.E373-E379 Soria, J.C., Blay, J.Y., Spano, J.P., Pivot, X., Coscas, Y., & Khayat, D. (2011). Added value of molecular targeted agents in oncology. Annals of Oncology, 22, 1703–1716. doi:10.1093/annonc/ mdq675 Spoelstra, S.L., Given, B.A., Given, C.W., Grant, M., Sikorskii, A., You, M., & Decker, V. (2013a). An intervention to improve adherence and management of symptoms for patients prescribed oral chemotherapy agents: An exploratory study. Cancer Nursing, 36, 18–28. doi:10.1097/NCC.0b013e3182551587 Spoelstra, S.L., Given, B.A., Given, C.W., Grant, M., Sikorskii, A., You, M., & Decker, V. (2013b). Issues related to overadherence to oral chemotherapy or targeted agents. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 17, 604–609. doi:10.1188/13.CJON.17-06AP Spoelstra, S.L., & Given, C.W. (2011). Assessment and measurement of adherence to oral antineoplastic agents. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 27, 116–132. doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2011.02.004 Stacy, J.N., Schwartz, S.M., Ershoff, D., & Shreve, M.S. (2009). Incorporating tailored interactive patient solutions using interactive voice response technology to improve statin adherence: Results of a randomized clinical trial in a managed care setting. Population Health Management, 12, 241–254. doi:10.1089/ pop.2008.0046 Stewart, K., McNamara, K.P., & George, J. (2013). Challenges in measuring medication adherence: Experiences from a controlled trial. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 36, 15–19. doi:10.1007/s11096-013-9877-6 Strandbygaard, U., Thomsen, S.F., & Backer, V. (2010). A daily SMS reminder increases adherence to asthma treatment: A threemonth follow-up study. Respiratory Medicine, 104, 166–171. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2009.10.003


71

Streeter, S.B., Schwartzberg, L., Husain, N., & Johnsrud, M. (2011). Patient and plan characteristics affecting abandonment of oral oncolytic prescriptions. Journal of Oncology Practice, 7(Suppl. 3), 46s–51s. doi:10.1200/JOP.2011.000316 Stuurman-Bieze, A.G., Hiddink, E.G., van Boven, J.F., & Vegter, S. (2013). Proactive pharmaceutical care interventions improve patients’ adherence to lipid-lowering medication. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 47, 1448–1456. doi:10.1177/1060028013501146 Suffoletto, B., Calabria, J., Ross, A., Callaway, C., & Yealy, D.M. (2012). A mobile phone text message program to measure oral antibiotic use and provide feedback on adherence to patients discharged from the emergency department. Academic Emergency Medicine, 19, 949–958. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2012 .01411.x Taitel, M., Jiang, J., Rudkin, K., Ewing, S., & Duncan, I. (2012). The impact of pharmacist face-to-face counseling to improve medication adherence among patients initiating statin therapy. Patient Preference and Adherence, 6, 323–329. doi:10.2147/PPA.S29353 Tamblyn, R., Reidel, K., Huang, A., Taylor, L., Winslade, N., Bartlett, G., . . . Pinsonneault, A. (2010). Increasing the detection and response to adherence problems with cardiovascular medication in primary care through computerized drug management systems: A randomized controlled trial. Medical Decision Making, 30, 176–188. doi:10.1177/0272989X09342752 Tschida, S.J., Aslam, S., Lal, L.S., Khan, T.T., Shrank, W.H., Bhattarai, G.R., . . . Newcomer, L.N. (2012). Outcomes of a specialty pharmacy program for oral oncology medications. American Journal of Pharmacy Benefits, 4, 165–174. Udelson, J.E., Pressler, S.J., Sackner-Bernstein, J., Massaro, J., Ordronneau, P., Lukas, M.A., & Hauptman, P.J. (2009). Adherence with once daily versus twice daily carvedilol in patients with heart failure: The Compliance and Quality of Life Study comparing once-daily controlled-release carvedilol CR and twicedaily immediate-release carvedilol IR in patients with heart failure (CASPER) trial. Journal of Cardiac Failure, 15, 385–393. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2008.12.010 van Servellen, G., & Lombardi, E. (2005). Supportive relationships and medication adherence in HIV-infected, low-income Latinos. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 27, 1023–1039. doi:10.1177/0193945905279446 Vervloet, M., Linn, A.J., van Weert, J.C.M., de Bakker, D.H., Bouvy, M.L., & van Dijk, L. (2012). The effectiveness of interventions using electronic reminders to improve adherence to chronic medication: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 19, 696–704. doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000748 Vervloet, M., van Dijk, L., Santen-Reestman, J., van Vlijmen, B., Bouvy, M.L., & de Bakker, D.H. (2011). Improving medication adherence in diabetes type 2 patients through real time medication monitoring: A randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effect of monitoring patients’ medication use combined with short message service (SMS) reminders. BMC Health Services Research, 11, 5. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-11-5 Vervloet, M., van Dijk, L., Santen-Reestman, J., Van Vlijmen, B., Van Wingerden, P., Bouvy, M.L., & de Bakker, D.H. (2012). SMS reminders improve adherence to oral medication in type 2 diabetes patients who are real time electronically monitored. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 81, 594–604. doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2012.05.005 Viswanathan, M., Golin, C.E., Jones, C.D., Ashok, M., Blalock, S.J., Wines, R.C., . . . Lohr, K.N. (2012a). Closing the quality gap: 72

Revisiting the state of the science (Vol. 4: Medication adherence interventions: Comparative effectiveness) [Report No. 208.4]. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK114350 Viswanathan, M., Golin, C.E., Jones, C.D., Ashok, M., Blalock, S.J., Wines, R.C., . . . Lohr, K.N. (2012b). Interventions to improve adherence to self-administered medications for chronic diseases in the United States: A systematic review. Annals of Internal Medicine, 157, 785–795. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-15711-201212040-00538 Vollmer, W.M., Feldstein, A., Smith, D.H., Dubanoski, J.P., Waterbury, A., Schneider, J.L., . . . Rand, C. (2011). Use of health information technology to improve medication adherence. American Journal of Managed Care, 17(12, Spec No.), SP79–SP87. Von Ah, D., Jansen, C., Allen, D.H., Schiavone, R.M., & Wulff, J. (2011). Putting evidence into practice: Evidence-based interventions for cancer and cancer treatment-related cognitive impairment. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 15, 607–615. doi:10.1188/11.CJON.607-615 Williams, A., Manias, E., Liew, D., Gock, H., & Gorelik, A. (2012). Working with CALD groups: Testing the feasibility of an intervention to improve medication self-management in people with kidney disease, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Renal Society of Australasia Journal, 8, 62–69. Williams, A.F., Manias, E., & Walker, R. (2008). Adherence to multiple, prescribed medications in diabetic kidney disease: A qualitative study of consumers’ and health professionals’ perspectives. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45, 1742–1756. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.07.002 Wong, S.F., Bounthavong, M., Nguyen, C., Bechtoldt, K., & Hernandez, E. (2014). Implementation and preliminary outcomes of a comprehensive oral chemotherapy management clinic. American Journal of Health System Pharmacy, 71, 960–965. doi:10.2146/ajhp130278 Wu, J.R., Corley, D.J., Lennie, T.A., & Moser, D.K. (2012). Effect of a medication-taking behavior feedback theory-based intervention on outcomes in patients with heart failure. Journal of Cardiac Failure, 18, 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2011.09.006 Wu, J.Y., Leung, W.Y.S., Chang, S., Lee, B., Zee, B., Tong, P.C.Y., & Chan, J.C.N. (2006). Effectiveness of telephone counselling by a pharmacist in reducing mortality in patients receiving polypharmacy: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 333, 522. doi:10.1136/ bmj.38905.447118.2F Yard, S.S., Huh, D., King, K.M., & Simoni, J.M. (2011). Patient-level moderators of the efficacy of peer support and pager reminder interventions to promote antiretroviral adherence. AIDS and Behavior, 15, 1596–1604. doi:10.1007/s10461-011-0001-4 Young, H.N., Havican, S.N., Griesbach, S., Thorpe, J.M., Chewning, B.A., & Sorkness, C.A. (2012). Patient and pharmacist telephonic encounters (PARTE) in an underserved rural patient population with asthma: Results of a pilot study. Telemed Journal and EHealth, 18, 427–433. doi:10.1089/tmj.2011.0194 Zedler, B.K., Kakad, P., Colilla, S., Murrelle, L., & Shah, N. R. (2011). Does packaging with a calendar feature improve adherence to self-administered medication for long-term use? A systematic review. Clinical Therapeutics, 33, 62–73. doi:10.1016/j.clin thera.2011.02.003 Zhang, L., Zakharyan, A., Stockl, K.M., Harada, A.S.M., Curtis, B.S., & Solow, B.K. (2011). Mail-order pharmacy use and medication adherence among Medicare Part D beneficiaries with diabetes. Journal of Medical Economics, 14, 562–567. doi:10.3111/1369 6998.2011.598200
