Qualitative and quantitative assessment of plant ...

Qualitative and quantitative assessment of plant diversity of Chandaka-Damapara Sanctuary with special emphasis on identification of keystone, rare and useful species and their habitats (Final Technical Report)

Submitted to:

Chandaka Wildlife Division, Bhubaneswar

Regional Plant Resource Centre Bhubaneswar 751 015

Qualitative and quantitative assessment of plant diversity of Chandaka-Damapara Sanctuary with special emphasis on identification of keystone, rare and useful species and their habitats (Final Technical Report)

Submitted to:

Chandaka Wildlife Division Bhubaneswar

8th December, 2017

Regional Plant Resource Centre Bhubaneswar 751 015

Details of the Project 1. Title of the project: Qualitative and quantitative assessment of plant diversity of

Chandaka-Damapara Sanctuary with special emphasis on identification of keystone, rare and useful species and their habitats 2. Name & Designation of the Principal Investigator

Dr. P. C. Panda Principal Scientist Taxonomy & Conservation Division Regional Plant Resource Centre Nayapalli, Bhubaneswar 751 015 Odisha Email: [email protected]

3. Postal Address of the Principal Investigator & Co-Investigator:

Regional Plant Resource Centre Forest & Environment Department Nayapalli, Bhubaneswar 751 015 Orissa Tel. 0674-2557925, 2556912 Fax. 0674-2550274 Website: www.rprcbbsr.com

4. Name of the Institute/Organization in which the project will be carried out:

Regional Plant Resource Centre Forest & Environment Department Nayapalli, Bhubaneswar 751 015

5. Name of other Institution(s) Organization(s) involved in the project:

The Divisional Forest Officer Chandaka Wildlife Division Bhubaneswar

6. Duration of the Project:

One year

7. Total amount of grant requested:

Rs. 4,72,400/-

8. Amount released: Year 2014-15 Rs. 1,00,000/Year 2015-16 Rs. 1,74,310/----------------------------------------------Total Rs.2,74,310/-

(Dr. P. C. Panda) Principal Investigator

(Signature of the Head of the Institute)

Qualitative and quantitative assessment of plant diversity of Chandaka-Damapara Sanctuary with special emphasis on identification of keystone, rare and useful species and their habitats 1. Introduction Lying between 20°12' 30"-20°26' 03" N latitudes and 85°49'35"-85°34'42" E longitudes, Chandaka-Damapara Sanctuary occupies part of Khurda and part of Cuttack District of Odisha state (Figs.1-2). The district boundary runs SW-NE almost in the middle of the sanctuary. The sanctuary is situated in a close proximity of the state capital, Bhubaneswar and spreads over an area of 193.39 sq.km. The legal boundary has been duly described by forest block boundaries in the State Govt. Notification No. 13482/FFAH, dated 10.06.1988 comprising of Reserved Forests, Demarcated Protected Forests, revenue lands, private lands and human settlements. The land area of the sanctuary is constituted as under: Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6

i.

Type/ classification of land

Area

Reserved Forests (7 nos. of RFs) Demarcated P.F. (11 nos. of DPFs) Private land Acquired Bhalunka corridor Garjit village Other land area connecting Ratanpur and Koduamunda DPFs, Bhola & Daspur RFs, Jagannathprasad & Dalua DPFs Total area

9,140.81 ha 9,219.19 ha 53.87 ha 19.00 ha 195.52 ha 710.61 ha

19,339.00 ha (193.39 sq. km.)

General physiography, soil, geology and climate of the study site

The oldest-rock exposed in the area is Athagarh sand stones belonging to Gondwana group and found in western and northern sectors. The sand stone is medium grained, grey to pink in colour. This is overlaid with laterite caps. On the top, lies lateritic red loamy soil or sand-silt-clay deposits. Bulk of the sanctuary urea is covered with the latter with lateritic soil dominating in Bharatpur-Jagannaihprasad and Kodanmnda blocks. Soil depth is generally good and sub soil moisture is

Fig. 1: Location map of Chandaka-Dampara Sanctuary in the map of Odisha and India

Fig. 2: Beats, Sections, Ranges with Headquarter map of Chandaka-Dampara Sanctuary

sufficient to promote good forest cover but soil humus is very poor due to forest fire and over-grazing. The land is generally undulating, broken by low hills of moderate slope exceeding 35 0 with abrupt sleep slopes at places. The valleys are narrow and spread in linger like projections in the centre. Hills lying to the west and North-west are moderate to sleep while those on the East and South-east side are of gentle to moderate slope (Figs. 3-4). The altitude varies from 35m in Jagannathprasad block (near Baraman) and Chudanga block (near Ranipokhari enclave) to 219m at Pandari mundia in Sunakhani-II D.P.F. Some other prominent hills (mundias) are Kansal (204m), Tarkei (203m), Barapita (194m) and Bathua (191m). In all, there are 32 small hillocks.

The climate of the area is tropical climate with three distinct and well marked seasons i.e. summer, rainy season and winter. The monsoon normally commence from mid June and lasts till mid October. Winter is short lived from mid November to and January. Hot and humid weather continues till the onset of monsoons. Average annual rainfall at Bhubaneswar is about 1560 mm.

Though there are no natural wetlands and marshes within the protected area, some seasonal marshes are found near Haridamada, Kalajhar, Saurabila and Kankadajhar. However, there are man-made reservoirs like Kumarkhunti and Deras within the area and Jhumuka, Guptapada, Kajalaganda (Manpur) Maclua (Bhjiput), Dulanapur, Baghua, Ashok Bandh and Jaria near the periphery of the sanctuary. Kushpangi pata, Jaripata, Chudanga pata (Chandiprasad) and Kanjia pata (lake) are natural marshes on the northern periphery of the sanctuary. i.

Study of flora and vegetation: Past and present

One can find occasional reference to the plants collected from Chandaka in “The Botany of Bihar and Orissa” (Haines, 1921-25) and nothing at all in its “Supplement” (Mooney, 1950). Biswal et al. (2005) made an inventory of plants of Chandaka Wildlife Sanctuary and listed 542 angiosperms, 16 pteridophytes and 1 gymnosperm species from the area. Behera et al. (2008) conducted an ethnobotanical study of the plant resources of the area. However, absolutely no information is yet available onthe

Fig. 3: Topographical map of Chandaka-Dampara Sanctuary

Fig. 4: Forest cover map of Chandaka-Dampara Sanctuay

Population size and structure, diversity, distribution pattern, abundance, frequency and rarity of any species. Quite a good number of exotic species have been planted as avenue trees and forestry plantations. Several alien weeds like Mikania micrantha, Parthenium hysterophorus, Cleome rutidosperma, Euphorbia heterophylla, have invaded a wide range of habitats in Chandaka especially along the roads adversely affecting the indigenous flora. It is essential that that the present status of flora need be documented in quantitative terms with thrust on identification of critical habitats and conservationworthy species before further deterioration takes place.

In the present study, the trees, shrubs, climbers and herbs occurring in the entire area were collected, identified and listed. For quantitative ecological study, the area was divided into smaller sampling grids and transects of 1000 m X 5 m (0.5 ha) were laid in representative vegetation types to capture maximum diversity. For each transect, data on geographical coordinates, soil types, forest types and general information about the sites were collected. All species occurring in each transect were enumerated and field level data on density, abundance, frequency, regeneration potential, use value of each of them were recorded. Each species was photographed and GPS data of place of occurrence were recorded in case of rare and economically important species so that the species can be relocated. Emphasis was laid on plant biodiversity documentation in special habitats and recording data on special groups of plants like weeds, epiphytes, lithophytes, grasses, wetland plants etc.

2.Objectives: 1. Documentation of floral diversity (angiosperms and pteridophytes) of ChandakaDamapara Sanctuary including wild, naturalized, cultivated, introduced and alien species. 2. Quantitative assessment and mapping geographical distribution of dominant and perennial species of the area. 3. Identification of rare and endangered, keystone species and economic plant species and their habitats for initiating conservation actions.

3. Methodology: i.

Study site:

The floristic inventory of the entire 193 sq. km area under the jurisdiction of ChandakaDamapara Wildlife Sanctuary was made which included 9140.81 ha of Reserved Forests (7 RFs), 9219.19 ha of DPFs (11 DPFs) distributed in four forest ranges. ii.

Plant collection, identification and preservation:

The entire area coming under Chandaka-Damapara Wildlife Sanctuary was divided into smaller units for floristic inventory. Multi-seasonal survey (summer, rainy and winter) will be conducted in these floristic survey units and all trees, shrubs, climbers and herbs were collected, preserved as herbarium specimens and identified. As far as possible, the flowering and fruiting specimens were collected for study of detailed morphology and botanical description and also for preservation as herbarium specimens. Standard field and herbarium methods (Jain & Rao, 1977 and Bridson & Forman, 1998) were followed for plant collection and preservation of voucher specimens. Landscape level photographs of habitats and plant association were taken in the field besides photograph of each plant species encountered during the survey. The plantation crops, avenue plants and introduced species were also listed in the enumeration of taxa. The specimens were pressed in between blotters of field press applying light pressure and some representative samples were kept in polythene bags for dissection and diagnosis in the camp or laboratory. On return from a day's trip, the plants pressed in the field press were pruned to convenient sizes, poisoned by dipping them in 2% solution of mercuric chloride in absolute alcohol and plant parts were well-spread to reveal morphological details. Again the specimens were pressed in blotters for drying and the blotters were frequently changed to facilitate quick drying of specimens. After complete drying, the specimens were mounted on to standard mount boards of 42 x 28 cm. size using animal glue. The specimens were often stitched with cotton thread to attach entire or parts of specimens to mounting board, especially thick twigs and large fruits. The detached leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds or other parts were put in specially prepared paper capsules and mounted on the sheet for future study. The data recorded in the field

were transferred to herbarium labels, which were then pasted on the lower right corner of the herbarium sheets. The field and herbarium methods followed during the present work were as per the guidelines provided by Jain & Rao (1977) and Bridson & Forman (1989). Regional floras such as Haines (1921-25), Gamble and Fischer (1915-1935); Saxena and Brahmam (1994-1996); Mooney (1950) were used besides expertise available at the institute for identifying plants, and voucher specimens were housed in the Herbarium of Regional Plant Resource Centre (RPRC), Bhubaneswar. Trained research workers and surveyors supervised by the Principal Investigator undertook the field work.

iii.

Quantitative assessment of plant diversity:

(a) Sampling protocol:

The entire Sanctuary area was divided into smaller grids, which formed the sampling plots for quantitative assessment of plant biodiversity (Fig. 5). In each grid, random quadrates of 20 m X 20 m were laid fixing GPS points for enumeration of all standing trees ≥30cm girth at breast height (gbh). Tree seedlings/ saplings, shrubs and climbers/ lianas were enumerated from one 5 m X 5 m plot within the quadrate. Quantitative data in respect of herb species were collected from one small sample plot measuring 1m X 1 m. For each species, data on number of individual in each quadrate, associated taxa, phenology, regeneration potential, maturity classes and local uses were also recorded. While enumerating tree species, measurements of height and DBH were noted. In case of herbaceous elements where counting of number of individuals was impracticable, percentage of area covered by each taxon was calculated. The density, frequency, dominance of each species was derived using standard ecological methods. Quantitative data was collected in data sheets designed depending on the requirement of the project.

Fig.5: Floristic survey and quantitative assessment of plant resources of Chandaka WL sanctuary

(b) Data analysis: For tree species in the wild, phytosociological characteristics of plant communities like; a) Frequency (percent of all transects in which a species was present), b) density (ratio of total number of trees to total number of transects) and c) abundance (ratio of total number of trees to total number of transects of occurrence) were recorded. Importance Value Index (IVI) was calculated following Curtis and Macintosh (1950). The dominance was determined by Simpson’s index (Cd =Σ(ni/ N)2, and diversity as Shannon’s Index (H = -Σ(ni/N) log (ni/N), where ni = importance value index of species i, N= sum of importance value index for the community. Evenness Index was calculated by Pielou’s index (D= -Σ pi2 / In S), where S is the species richness of the community (Magurran, 1988). The girth (GBH) was converted into basal area (BA) as BA= GBH2/4π for deriving biodiversity indices.

RESULTS I.

STUDY OF FLORA AND VEGETATION

i.

Natural vegetation:

The flora of Chandaka-Dampada Sanctuary was observed to be moderately diverse with intimate mixture of evergreen and deciduous elements. The area comes under semievergreen forest zone but the interplay of biotic factors has changed the original character of the vegetation. The resultant secondary growth is stunted in nature, which seldom goes beyond 10m in height, There is preponderance of thorny bushes and weed growth (Chromolaena odorata) as under- storey in the forest, wherever there are permanent gaps. Species composition is heterogeneous. Thorny bamboo (Bambusa bambos) occurs as pure formations in valleys and mixed with tree growth on hill slopes. Based on the species composition, the natural forests can be broadly classified under “Moist Bamboo brakes”, “Secondary moist bamboo brakes”, “Lateritic semi evergreen forests”, “Peninsular (coastal) Sal forests”, “Northern Secondary moist mixed deciduous forests” and “Tropical Dry evergreen forests” as per the forest type classification of Champion & Seth (1968). However, (i) Lateritic semi-evergreen forests dominated by

Xylia xylocarpa (ii) Moist bamboo brakes and (iii) Secondary sal forests are the three dominant types in the sanctuary.

Most part of the sanctuary is covered with lateritic semi-evergreen forests characterised by the presence of Xylia xylocarpa, which does not form homogenous crop and all the trees are found in pole stage due to lot of biotic pressure on the forest over past years. The chief associates of Xylia are Lagerstroemia parviflora, Strychnos nux-vomica, Aegle marmelos, Bridelia retusa, Pterocarpus marsupium, Madhuca latifolia, Alangium salvifolium, Terminalia bellirica, Careya arborea, Cassia fistula etc. The second storey is composed of a number of small trees and shrubs, of which Suregada multiflora, Polyalthia cerasoides, Cipadessa baccifera, Helicteres isora, Tarenna asiatica and Holarrhena pubescens deserve special mention. Usually, climbers are plenty and are represented by Combretum roxburghii, Gouania leptostachya, Ichnocarpus frutescens, Spatholobus parviflorus, Hemidesmus indicus, Ampelocissus latifolia, Argyreia nervosa, Atylosia scarabaeoides, Lygodium flexuosum and many such others. Scattered trees of mango, figs (Ficus spp.) and clumps of spiny bamboo Bambusa bambos are also not uncommon. The only gymnospermous member Cycas sphaerica is sparsely distributed throughout the drier regions. Several herbaceous taxa like Desrnodium gangeticum, Dicliptera bupleuroides var. roxburghiana, Eranthemum capense, Phaulopsis imbricata and Peristrophe paniculata in association with some grasses and sedges compose the vegetation of forest floor. Along shady streams, Terminalia arjuna, Barringtonia acutangula and Diospyros malabarica occur as a narrow fringe. In disturbed areas, however, alien weeds like Chromolaena odorata, Lantana camara var. aculeata, Cassia tora and Parthenium hysterophorus etc. occupy the place of other herbs and adversely affect the indigenous flora. On exposed sand-stone hills, Xylia xylocarpa, Vitex pinnata, Lepisanthes tetraphylla, Strychnos

nux-vomica,

Pterospermum

xylocarpum

and

Diospyros

montana

in

association with shrubs like Eugenia rothii, Hugonia mystax, Tarenna asiatica and Diospyros ferrea form an interesting plant community.

Few patches of mixed sal forests of secondary nature are scattered in the sanctuary area on drier habitats where the soil is clayey and with grits and pebbles. The Sal (Shorea robusta) occurring here is of coppiced origin and plants hardly reach more than 10 m. in height. Soymida febrifuga, Acacia leucophloea, Cleistanthus collinus, Diospyros melanoxylon, Chloroxylon swietenia, Phyllanthus emblica, Woodfordia fruticosa, Albizia odoratissima, Acacia pennata etc. are found in association with sal. The under growth has bushes of Phoenix acaulis, Flacourtia indica, Diospyros chloroxylon, Carissa spinarum and the ground flora is composed of Pentanema indicum, Blumeopsis flava, Isleima prostratum, Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria granularis and Atylosis scarabaeoides. The two leafless total parasites found in profusion here are Cassytha filiformis and Cuscuta reflexa. Plantations of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) exist at several locations. Moist bamboo brakes dominated by a single species of thorny bamboo Bambusa bambos are found in the western portion of the sanctuary on slopes and sheltered localities. The bamboos form dense clumps and hardly allow any other plant to come up underneath except few bulbous perennials, shrubs and grasses. There is apparently no weed growth on the forest floor due to low light and sufficient litter deposition. However, Chromolaena odorata, Cassia tora, Cassia occidentalis, and Lantana camara var. aculeata are the weeds invading the area where the canopy is considerably open. Bulbous or cormous perennials like Curcuma sp., Geodorum densiflorum, Costos speciosus, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius and Asparagus racemosus inhabit the floor and send off shoots with the first conventional shower of rain. They are very often associated with shade tolerant species viz. Antidesma ghaesernbilla, Clerodendrum viscosum, Oplismenus compositus and Oplismenus burmanii. Straggling amongst the clumps of bamboo are the climbers Dioscorea wallichii, Smilax zeylanica, Abrus precatorius, Calamus viminalis, Cayratia trifolia and few others. Several groves of mango are seen near human settlements, a little away from core area of the sanctuary. Scindapsus officinalis, Vanda spp., Acampe praemorsa and Dendrophthoe falcata are the epiphytes on mango trees. Several acres of land have been brought under plantation in recent years besides the existing old plantation.

ii.

Special groups of plants

(a) Rare, Endangered and Threatened plants: Chandaka-Damapada Sanctuary harbours a number of endangered species of Odisha which includes species such as Uvaria lurida, Uvaria hamiltonii, Cycas sphaerica, Pterocarpus marsupium, Alphonsea maderaspatana, Litsea glutinosa, Salacia chinensis and Oroxylum indicum. (b) Parasites Although a few species of parasitic angiosperms are found to occur in and around the sanctuary, they are an interesting group of plants from ecological stand-point. The parasites occurring in the region belong to two distinct types viz. stem parasites and root parasites and may be total or partial parasites. The stem parasites are represented by Cuscuta reflexa, Cassytha filiformis, Dendrophthoe falcata and Viscum articulatum, the first two being leafless total parasites. Besides, Striga angustifolia is the only inconspicuous root parasite found in the region. (c) Insectivorous plants Drosera burmanii and Utricularia aurea are the two common insectivorous plants found in the area. While the first one is found in sandy soils close to rice fields, the later is common in ponds, ditches and shallow water bodies. (d) Wild relatives of crop plants: Several wild progenitors of cultivated plants also occur within Chandaka sanctuary which are important as germplasm materials for conservation and use in crop improvement programmes. Some important wild relatives of crop plants known to occur in the egion are Oryza rufipogon, Atylosia scarabaeoide, Dolichos trilobus, Vigna sublobata, Vigna trilobata, Abelmoschus manihot ssp. tetraphyllum,Solanum virginianum, Solanum nigrum, Corchorus aestuans, Saccharum spontaneum etc.

(e) Epiphytes Three species of wild orchids such as Acampe praemorsa, Cymbidium aloifolium and Vanda tessellata were found to occur in the sanctuary area. While most of these orchids were observed on mango (Mangifera indica) trees, Scindapsus officinalis grows as an

epiphyte on a number of host plants and on rock surfaces. Schefflera venulosa was a robust epiphyte growing along streams and in damp places. (f) Lithophytes Sarcostemma acidum and Anisochilus carnosus grow as lithophytes on barren rock surfaces in selected habitats of the sanctuary and sustain themselves with whatever little amount of organic matter available the form of deposition in the crevices of rocks. Tephrosia maxima occur on exposed rocks and apparently behave as a lithophyte. (g) Wild plants of horticultural importance A large number of wild plants with beautiful flowers, foliage or interesting crown characters have great potentiality to be used as garden ornamentals. Some of them which occur in Chandaka and can be introduced as garden ornamentals are: Crotalaria verrucosa, Crotalaria laburnifolia, Crotalaria spectabilis, Carissa spinarum, Pavetta indica, Gloriosa superba, Calycopteris floribunda, Dalbergia rubiginosa, Ichnocarpus frutescens, Sarcostemma acidum etc. iii.

Statistical analysis of the flora

An exhaustive floristic survey of Chandaka Dampada Sanctuary has revealed the occurrence of 655 species of angiosperms belonging to 454 genera under 119 families. Table-1 & 2 give the comparative account of 10 dominant angiospermic plant families in the British-India, Bihar-Orissa, and undivided Puri District and Chandaka Dampada Sanctuary and their classification according to habit. It is observed

that

Fabaceae

(including

Papilionaceae,

Caesalpiniaceae

and

Mimosaceae) and Poaceae occupy first two positions in order of species diversity in the flora of Chandaka, Puri District and Orissa. However, in British-India, the first position is taken by Orchidaceae, which does not figure in the list of 10 dominant plant families either in the present work but occupy fourth position in the State flora for Odisha. Asteraceae (Compositae), the largest family in the world adorns 6th position in Chandaka and 7th in Puri district. The Convolvulaceae, which does not find a place in the list for British India occupies 9th position in the flora of the region under reference. In general, the dominance of angiospermic plant families in Chandaka Sanctuary is very much similar to that recorded for the flora of Orissa except for the family Orchidaceae (only 5

species in Chandaka), the members of which are predominantly forest dwellers. The habit-wise distribution of species, genera and families are presented in Table-3.

The ratio of monocot families to dicot families; monocot genera to dicot genera and monocot species to dicot species are 1:4.75, 1:3.839 and 1:4.046 respectively. A statistical analysis of the flora shows the percentage of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants as 75.29: 24.71 as against 81.30: 18.70 in the World flora. This shows relatively less number of monocotyledonous plant species in the flora of Chandaka as compared to flora of Odisha where this ratio is 70.75: 29.25. This is mainly due to the occurrence of large number of grasses and sedges in the flora. Of the 129 species of monocotyledonous plants collected during the present work, 80 species belong to two families namely Poaceae and Cyperaceae and the remaining 18 monocot families are represented by only 49 species. The genus-species ratio is 1: 1.443 as against 1: 1.7 for undivided Puri District, 1: 2.59 for Orissa· and 1:7 for British-India. Evidently, therefore, in Chandaka region less number of species occurs under a particular genus in comparison to Puri District or Orissa. A summary of representative plant groups in the flora of the region is shown in Table-4.

Table-1: Comparative list of ten dominant angiosperm plant families in Chandaka Dampada Sanctuary, erstwhile Puri district, Odisha and British-India Sl. No.

Chandaka Dampada Sanctuary (Present work)

Puri district (Undivided) (Panda &Patnaik, 1997)

Orissa (Saxena & Brahmam, 1994-96)

British India (Hooker, 1904)

1

Fabaceae (86 spp.)

Fabaceae

Fabaceae

Orchidaceae

2

Poaceae (59 spp.)

Poaceae

Poaceae

Fabaceae

3

Euphorbiaceae (34 spp.)

Cyperaceae

Cyperaceae

Poaceae

4

Acanthaceae (28 spp.)

Euphorbiaceae

Orchidaceae

Rubiaceae

5

Rubiaceae (29 spp.)

Acanthaceae

Asteraceae

Euphorbiaceae

6

Asteraceae (21 spp.)

Rubiaceae

Euphorbiaceae

Acanthaceae

7

Cyperaceae (21spp.)

Asteraceae

Rubiaceae

Asteraceae

8

Scrophulariaceae (17 spp.)

Scrophulariaceae

Acanthaceae

Cyperaceae

9

Convolvulaceae (16 spp.)

Convolvulaceae

Scrophulariaceae

Lamiaceae

10

Amaranthaceae (14 sp.)

Lamiaceae

Lamiaceae

Urticaceae & Verbenaceae

Table-2: Ten dominant angiosperm plant families in Chandaka Dampada Sanctuary with number of genera, species and habit category.

Family Fabaceae (including Caesalpiniaceae and Mimosaceae) Poaceae Euphorbiaceae Acanthaceae Rubiaceae Asteraceae Cyperaceae Scrophulariaceae Convolvulaceae Amaranthaceae

No. of species 86

No. of genera 47

Trees

Herbs

Shrubs

Climbers

28

26

17

15

59

43

2

57

0

0

34 28 29 21 21 17 16

17 20 20 21 9 9 6

11 12 0 0 0 0

16 22 14 20 21 17 7

7 5 3 1 0 0 1

0 1 0 0 0 0 8

14

8

0

14

0

0

Table 3: Habit-wise classification of plant species occurring in ChandakaDamapada Sanctuary Life forms Trees Shrubs Climbers Herbs Total

No. of species

No. of genera

No. of families

161

123

47

93

70

42

69

57

27

332

236

66

655

454

119

Table-4: Diversity of different plant groups representing the flora of Chandaka Dampada Sanctuary Plant groups Angiosperms

Monocot Dicototyledons

Gymnosperms Pteridophytes Total

Genera 93 357 1 3 454

Species 129 522 1 3 655

Families 20 95 1 3 119

The photographs taken during field work and of representative trees, orchids, grasses, stem parasites, wild fruit plants, threatened species, weeds and botanically interesting plant species are presented in Figs. 6-12.

II.

QUANTITATIVE ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF TREE SPECIES

i.

Floristic composition and species richness

A total number of 2108 individuals of tree species with ≥ 30 cm GBH were recorded from 79 sample quadrates (39.5 ha) of Chandaka- Domapada Sanctuary. They represent 113 species belonging to 83 genera under 36 families (Table-5). The family Fabaceae (including Papilionaceae, Mimosaceae and Caesalpiniaceae) with 28 species was the most dominant taxon in terms of species content followed by Euphorbiaceae (10 species), Rubiaceae (10 species), Verbenaceae (8 species) and Moraceae (8 species). Eighteen (18) families were represented by single species only.

The values of diversity indices such as Shannon-Weiner Index, Simpson Index and Evenness Index were calculated as 3.962, 0.03 and 0.83 respectively.

ii.

Importance Value Index (IVI)

The IVI depicts the sociological structure of a species in its totality in the community. Though the Tropical deciduous forests of Odisha state are dominated by the Shorea robusta (Sal), for Chandaka Damapada Sanctuary Xylia xylocarpa scored the highest

Table-5: Biodiversity parameters of tree species enumerated from Chandaka Wildlife Sanctuary

No. of tree species No. of genera No. of families Number of individuals Stand Density (No. of stems ha-1) Total Basal Area (m2) Stand Basal Area (m2 ha-1) Maximum tree GBH (cm) Mean tree GBH (cm) Shannon-Weiner Index Simpson Index Evenness Index

113 83 36 2108 222.211 34.517 11.2 120 43.7 3.962 0.03 0.83

a

b

d

c

e

f

h

g

i

j

k

Fig.6: Important tree species of Chandaka Damapada Sanctuary (a) Pterospermum xylocarpum (b) Terminalia bellirica (c ) Oroxylum indicum (d) Litsea glutinosa (e) Bauhinia purpurea (f) Aegle marmelos (g) Erythrina suberosa (h) Butea monosperma (i) Xylia xylocarpa (j) Mimusops hexandra and (k) Memecylon umbellatum

a

b

a d d

c

e

e

f

f

Fig.7: Wild orchids- (a) Vanda tessellata (b) Acampe praemorsa (c) Cymbidium aloifolium ;and common parasites- (d) Dendrophthoe falcata (e) Cassytha filiformis and (f) Cuscuta reflexa of Chandaka Damapada Sanctuary

a

d

g

c

b

e

h

f

i

Fig. 8: Common grasses of Chandaka Damapada Sanctuary (a) Alloteropsis cimicina (b) Chrysopogon aciculatus (c) Brachiaria ramosa (d) Chloris barbata (e) Cynodon dactylon (f) Pennisetum pedicellatum (g) Heteropogon contortus (h) Bothriochloa bladhii

a

b

c

e

d

f

Fig. 9: Wild edible fruit plants of Chandaka Damapada Sanctuary (a) Ziziphus oenoplia (b) Ziziphus rugosa (c) Lepisanthes tetraphylla (d) Alangium salvifolium (e) Memecylon umbellatum (f) Sizygium cumini

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

Fig. 10: Dominant climbers/ lianas of Chandaka Damapada Sanctuary (a) Hiptage benghalensis (b) Combretum roxburghii (c ) Calycopteris floribunda (d) Ventilago denticulata (e) Dioscorea pentaphylla (f) Cissampelos pereira (g) Gymnema sylvestre

a

b

c

e

d

f

Fig. 11: Rare, Endangered and Threatened plants of Chandaka Damapada Sanctuary (a) Uvaria lurida (b) Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (c) Alphonsea maderaspatana (d) Uvaria hamiltonii (e) Pterocarpus marsupium (f) Cycas sphaerica

a

b

c

d

e

f

Fig.. 12: Common weeds in Chandaka Damapada Sanctuary (a) Spermacoce latifolia (b) Chromolaena odorata (c) Synedrella nodiflora (d) Spermacoce mauritiana (e) Lantana camara (f) Cuscuta reflexa

IVI of 30.979 pointing at the dominance of the species in terms of density, basal area and frequency of occurrence (Table-6). The top 10 species and their contribution to density, basal area and IVI in studied area were Xylia xylocarpa (IVI=30.979), Diospyros sylvatica (IVI=14.164), Aegle marmelos (IVI=13.842), Careya arborea (IVI=11.606), Strychnos potatorum

(IVI=11.351),

Tectona

grandis

(IVI=11.033),

Strychnos

nux-vomica

(IVI=11.000), Lagestroemia parviflora (IVI=10.681), Holarrhena pubescens (IVI=8.908) and Cassia fistula (IVI=7.556). Twenty-four species were represented by single individuals and are considered rare in the area.

i.

Family composition

A total number of 2108 standing trees with ≥ 30 cm GBH were recorded from 79 sample quadrates (39.5 ha) of Chandaka- Domapada Sanctuary, which come under 113 species under 83 genera and 36 families. In terms of tree density, Mimosaceae with 7 species and maximum of 320 trees dominated the area followed by Strychnaceae (167 stems), Verbenaceae

(151

stems),

Ebenaceae

(151

stems),

Combretaceae (123 stems) and Lythraceae (110 stems).

Rutaceae

(148

stems),

Mimosaceae scored the

maximum FIV of 30.099 (Table-7), followed by Verbenaceae (FIV=19.881), Ebenaceae (FIV=19.695), Euphorbiaceae (FIV=17.791) and Strychnaceae (FIV=17.567).

ii.

Stand Density, Basal Area and Girth Class distribution

A total of 2108 trees were enumerated from on the study sites of Chandaka-Dampara sanctuary and the total basal area (BA) was found to be 34.517 sq. m. The stand density was calculated as 222.211 stems/ ha. The stand density and basal area showed decreasing trend with increasing girth class in Chandaka (Table-8). The highest stem density of 618.83 stems/ ha and basal area of 8.613 sq. m/ ha was recorded for lowest girth class of 30-60 cm GBH. The lowest stem density of 1.94 stems/ ha and basal area of 0.149 sq. m/ ha was calculated for trees of lowest girth class (91-120 cm.

Table-6: No. of individuals, GBH, Basal Area, Density, Frequency, Dominance and IVI of tree species in Chandaka Wildlife Sanctuary

Name of the Taxon

Family

No. of Individuals

Total GBH (cm)

Total Basal area in m2

Frequency

Density

Relative Frequency

Relative Density

Relative Dominance

IVI

Xylia xylocarpa

Mimosaceae

279

12045

4.370

58.442

90.584

5.085

13.235

12.659

30.979

Diospyros sylvatica

Ebenaceae

104

4340

1.548

54.545

33.766

4.746

4.934

4.485

14.164

Aegle marmelos

Rutaceae

107

4214

1.388

54.545

34.740

4.746

5.076

4.021

13.842

Careya arborea

Barringtoniaceae

70

3653

1.651

40.260

22.727

3.503

3.321

4.783

11.606

Strychnos potatorum

Strychnaceae

82

3579

1.327

41.558

26.623

3.616

3.890

3.845

11.351

Tectona grandis

Verbenaceae

92

4335

1.756

18.182

29.870

1.582

4.364

5.086

11.033

Strychnos nux-vomica

Strychnaceae

85

3749

1.391

33.766

27.597

2.938

4.032

4.030

11.000

Lagerstroemia parviflora

Lythraceae

83

3328

1.158

38.961

26.948

3.390

3.937

3.354

10.681

Holarrhena pubescens

Apocyanaceae

56

2320

0.793

45.455

18.182

3.955

2.657

2.296

8.908

Cassia fistula

Caesalpiniaceae

49

2033

0.714

36.364

15.909

3.164

2.324

2.068

7.556

Terminalia bellirica

Combretaceae

49

2191

0.826

32.468

15.909

2.825

2.324

2.394

7.543

Terminalia alata

Combretaceae

48

2227

0.901

16.883

15.584

1.469

2.277

2.611

6.357

Mangifera indica

Anacardiaceae

37

2236

1.104

15.584

12.013

1.356

1.755

3.199

6.310

Alangium salvifolium

Alangiaceae

35

1618

0.673

23.377

11.364

2.034

1.660

1.949

5.643

Azadirachta indica

Meliaceae

32

1548

0.634

25.974

10.390

2.260

1.518

1.837

5.614

Polyalthia cerasoides

Annonaceae

44

1749

0.584

20.779

14.286

1.808

2.087

1.692

5.587

Syzygium cumini

Moraceae

29

1424

0.601

24.675

9.416

2.147

1.376

1.741

5.263

Pterospermum xylocarpum

Sterculiaceae

33

1446

0.539

23.377

10.714

2.034

1.565

1.560

5.160

Madhuca indica

Sapotaceae

38

1835

0.764

12.987

12.338

1.130

1.803

2.214

5.147

Lannea coromandelica

Anacardiaceae

24

1143

0.490

24.675

7.792

2.147

1.139

1.420

4.705

Streblus asper

Moraceae

31

1376

0.513

19.481

10.065

1.695

1.471

1.487

4.653

Lagerstroemia reginae

Lythraceae

27

1247

0.479

20.779

8.766

1.808

1.281

1.389

4.477

Bridelia retusa

Euphorbiaceae

25

1168

0.475

16.883

8.117

1.469

1.186

1.376

4.031

Zizyphus xylopyrus

Rhamnaceae

25

1052

0.374

19.481

8.117

1.695

1.186

1.084

3.964

Vitex pinnata

Verbenaceae

40

1514

0.478

6.494

12.987

0.565

1.898

1.384

3.847

Diospyros montana

Ebenaceae

25

1001

0.338

18.182

8.117

1.582

1.186

0.978

3.746

Naringi crenulata

Rutaceae

25

934

0.287

19.481

8.117

1.695

1.186

0.832

3.712

Cleistanthus collinus

Euphorbiaceae

32

1221

0.379

9.091

10.390

0.791

1.518

1.099

3.408

Pongamia pinnata

Fabaceae

21

1126

0.510

10.390

6.818

0.904

0.996

1.477

3.377

Acacia leucophloea

Mimosaceae

21

900

0.353

14.286

6.818

1.243

0.996

1.023

3.262

Suregada multiflora

Euphorbiaceae

20

763

0.248

18.182

6.494

1.582

0.949

0.718

3.249

Buchanania lanzan

Anacardiaceae

24

1112

0.440

9.091

7.792

0.791

1.139

1.276

3.205

Terminalia chebula

Combretaceae

18

803

0.302

16.883

5.844

1.469

0.854

0.876

3.198

Diospyros melanoxylon Antidesma ghaesembilla

Ebenaceae

15

624

0.214

16.883

4.870

1.469

0.712

0.621

2.802

Euphorbiaceae

18

805

0.312

11.688

5.844

1.017

0.854

0.903

2.774

Catunaregam spinosa

Rubiaceae

20

699

0.200

14.286

6.494

1.243

0.949

0.579

2.771

Shorea robusta

Dipterocarpaceae

17

1061

0.542

2.597

5.519

0.226

0.806

1.571

2.604

Casearia elliptica

Flacourtiaceae

15

554

0.170

15.584

4.870

1.356

0.712

0.492

2.559

Xantolis tomentosa

Sapotaceae

18

773

0.273

9.091

5.844

0.791

0.854

0.792

2.437

Lepisanthes tetraphylla

Sapindaceae

13

507

0.163

14.286

4.221

1.243

0.617

0.472

2.332

Mimusops elengi

Sapotaceae

17

886

0.380

3.896

5.519

0.339

0.806

1.100

2.245

Dalbergia paniculata Memecylon umbellatum

Fabaceae

14

719

0.326

6.494

4.545

0.565

0.664

0.945

2.174

Melastomataceae

16

581

0.172

10.390

5.195

0.904

0.759

0.499

2.162

Canthium dicoccum Semecarpus anacardium

Rubiaceae

14

484

0.136

7.792

4.545

0.678

0.664

0.394

1.736

Anacardiaceae

11

508

0.195

6.494

3.571

0.565

0.522

0.564

1.651

Gmelina arborea

Verbenaceae

10

495

0.204

5.195

3.247

0.452

0.474

0.591

1.517

Albizia lebbeck

Mimosaceae

8

376

0.154

7.792

2.597

0.678

0.380

0.445

1.503

Morinda pubescens Hymenodictyon orixense

Rubiaceae

9

367

0.122

6.494

2.922

0.565

0.427

0.353

1.345

Rubiaceae

6

330

0.156

5.195

1.948

0.452

0.285

0.451

1.188

Samanea saman

Mimosaceae

9

438

0.182

2.597

2.922

0.226

0.427

0.528

1.181

Ochna obtusata

Ochnaceae

6

211

0.060

7.792

1.948

0.678

0.285

0.173

1.135

Cipadessa baccifera

Meliaceae

8

241

0.058

6.494

2.597

0.565

0.380

0.167

1.112

Phyllanthus emblica

Euphorbiaceae

7

248

0.072

6.494

2.273

0.565

0.332

0.209

1.106

Vitex leucoxylon

Verbenaceae

6

255

0.087

6.494

1.948

0.565

0.285

0.252

1.101

Chloroxylon swietiana

Rutaceae

10

395

0.137

2.597

3.247

0.226

0.474

0.396

1.096

Cassia siamea

Caesalpiniaceae

6

295

0.117

3.896

1.948

0.339

0.285

0.338

0.962

Anogeissus acuminata

Combretaceae

5

230

0.090

3.896

1.623

0.339

0.237

0.262

0.838

Gliricidia sepium

Fabaceae

3

213

0.120

3.896

0.974

0.339

0.142

0.349

0.830

Olax psittacorum

Olacaceae

4

149

0.045

5.195

1.299

0.452

0.190

0.130

0.772

Wrightia arborea

Apocyanaceae

4

128

0.033

5.195

1.299

0.452

0.190

0.095

0.736

Guazuma ulmifolia

Sterculiaceae

4

174

0.064

3.896

1.299

0.339

0.190

0.184

0.713

Limonia acidissima

Rutaceae

5

166

0.044

3.896

1.623

0.339

0.237

0.128

0.704

Tamarindus indica

Caesalpiniaceae

4

215

0.094

2.597

1.299

0.226

0.190

0.271

0.687

Diospyros ferrea Anacardium occidentale

Ebenaceae

3

143

0.055

3.896

0.974

0.339

0.142

0.158

0.640

Anacardiaceae

3

133

0.048

3.896

0.974

0.339

0.142

0.139

0.621

Fagerlindia fasciculata

Rubiaceae

4

124

0.031

3.896

1.299

0.339

0.190

0.089

0.617

Simarouba glauca

Simmaroubaceae

4

173

0.062

2.597

1.299

0.226

0.190

0.179

0.594

Dalbergia sissoo

Fabaceae

3

115

0.036

3.896

0.974

0.339

0.142

0.104

0.586

Gardenia latifolia

Rubiaceae

3

109

0.033

3.896

0.974

0.339

0.142

0.096

0.577

Mitragyna parvifolia

Rubiaceae

3

108

0.031

3.896

0.974

0.339

0.142

0.091

0.572

Ixora pavetta

Rubiaceae

3

93

0.023

3.896

0.974

0.339

0.142

0.066

0.548

Polyalthia suberosa

Annonaceae

3

133

0.048

2.597

0.974

0.226

0.142

0.139

0.508

Haldinia cordifolia Anacardium occidentale Pterocarpus marsupium Neolamarckia cadamba

Rubiaceae

3

128

0.044

2.597

0.974

0.226

0.142

0.127

0.495

Anacardiaceae

4

169

0.057

1.299

1.299

0.113

0.190

0.166

0.468

Fabaceae

3

113

0.034

2.597

0.974

0.226

0.142

0.099

0.467

Rubiaceae

2

107

0.046

2.597

0.649

0.226

0.095

0.132

0.453

Bridelia monoica

Euphorbiaceae

2

99

0.042

2.597

0.649

0.226

0.095

0.123

0.443

Terminalia arjuna

Combretaceae

3

96

0.025

2.597

0.974

0.226

0.142

0.071

0.439

Cleistanthus patulus Stereospermum chelonoides

Euphorbiaceae

3

152

0.062

1.299

0.974

0.113

0.142

0.180

0.435

Bignoniaceae

2

83

0.028

2.597

0.649

0.226

0.095

0.081

0.402

Salacia chinensis

Hippocrateaceae

2

82

0.027

2.597

0.649

0.226

0.095

0.078

0.399

Miliusa velutina

Annonaceae

3

120

0.039

1.299

0.974

0.113

0.142

0.114

0.369

Ehretia laevis

Ehretiaceae

2

62

0.015

2.597

0.649

0.226

0.095

0.044

0.365

Vitex peduncularis

Verbenaceae

2

62

0.015

2.597

0.649

0.226

0.095

0.044

0.365

Diospyros malabarica

Ebenaceae

2

60

0.014

2.597

0.649

0.226

0.095

0.041

0.362

Manilkara hexandra

Sapotaceae

2

60

0.014

2.597

0.649

0.226

0.095

0.041

0.362

Grewia tiliifolia

Tiliaceae

2

100

0.040

1.299

0.649

0.113

0.095

0.115

0.323

Litsea glutinosa Discospermum abnorme

Lauraceae

2

91

0.033

1.299

0.649

0.113

0.095

0.096

0.304

Rubiaceae

4

125

0.031

0.000

1.299

0.000

0.190

0.090

0.280

Litsea monopetala

Lauraceae

1

61

0.030

1.299

0.325

0.113

0.047

0.086

0.246

Ficus glomerata

Moraceae

1

57

0.026

1.299

0.325

0.113

0.047

0.075

0.235

Cassine albens

Celastraceae

1

47

0.018

1.299

0.325

0.113

0.047

0.051

0.211

Vitex glabrata

Verbenaceae

1

47

0.018

1.299

0.325

0.113

0.047

0.051

0.211

Aglaia elaeagnoidea Barringtonia acutangula

Meliaceae

1

43

0.015

1.299

0.325

0.113

0.047

0.043

0.203

Barringtoniaceae

1

42

0.014

1.299

0.325

0.113

0.047

0.041

0.201

Bauhinia purpurea

Caesalpiniaceae

1

42

0.014

1.299

0.325

0.113

0.047

0.041

0.201

Protium serratum

Burseraceae

1

39

0.012

1.299

0.325

0.113

0.047

0.035

0.195

Atalantia monophylla

Rutaceae

1

37

0.011

1.299

0.325

0.113

0.047

0.032

0.192

Diospyros chloroxylon

Ebenaceae

1

37

0.011

1.299

0.325

0.113

0.047

0.032

0.192

Mallotus philippensis

Euphorbiaceae

1

35

0.010

1.299

0.325

0.113

0.047

0.028

0.189

Ficus benghalensis

Moraceae

1

34

0.009

1.299

0.325

0.113

0.047

0.027

0.187

Acacia arabica

Mimosaceae

1

32

0.008

1.299

0.325

0.113

0.047

0.024

0.184

Pavetta indica

Rubiaceae

1

32

0.008

1.299

0.325

0.113

0.047

0.024

0.184

Acacia auriculiformis

Mimosaceae

1

31

0.008

1.299

0.325

0.113

0.047

0.022

0.183

Acacia nilotica

Mimosaceae

1

31

0.008

1.299

0.325

0.113

0.047

0.022

0.183

Crateva magna

Capparaceae

1

31

0.008

1.299

0.325

0.113

0.047

0.022

0.183

Diospyros ovalifolia

Ebenaceae

1

31

0.008

1.299

0.325

0.113

0.047

0.022

0.183

Manilkara zapota

Sapotaceae

1

31

0.008

1.299

0.325

0.113

0.047

0.022

0.183

Alstonia scholaris

Apocyanaceae

1

30

0.007

1.299

0.325

0.113

0.047

0.021

0.181

Antidesma acidum

Euphorbiaceae

1

30

0.007

1.299

0.325

0.113

0.047

0.021

0.181

Erythrina suberosa

Fabaceae

1

30

0.007

1.299

0.325

0.113

0.047

0.021

0.181

Meyna spinosa

Rubiaceae

1

30

0.007

1.299

0.325

0.113

0.047

0.021

0.181

Ziziphus rugosa

Rhamnaceae

1

30

0.007

1.299

0.325

0.113

0.047

0.021

0.181

Table-7: Family Importance Value of tree species enumerated from Chandaka Wildlife Sanctuary Family

No of

No of

Total no

Total GBH

Total Basal

Relative

Relative

Relative

FIV

Genera

species

of individuals

(cm)

Area in m2

Diversity

Density

Basal Area

Mimosaceae

4

7

320

13853

5.082

6.195

15.180

14.724

36.099

Verbenaceae

3

6

151

6708

2.557

5.310

7.163

7.408

19.881

Ebenaceae

1

7

151

6236

2.188

6.195

7.163

6.337

19.695

Euphorbiaceae

6

9

109

4521

1.607

7.965

5.171

4.656

17.791

Strychnaceae

1

2

167

7328

2.718

1.770

7.922

7.875

17.567

Rubiaceae

12

13

73

2736

0.868

11.504

3.463

2.513

17.481

Anacardiaceae

5

6

103

5301

2.334

5.310

4.886

6.763

16.959

Rutaceae

5

5

148

5746

1.866

4.425

7.021

5.407

16.853

Combretaceae

2

5

123

5547

2.145

4.425

5.835

6.213

16.473

Sapotaceae

3

5

76

3585

1.439

4.425

3.605

4.170

12.200

Lythraceae

1

2

110

4575

1.637

1.770

5.218

4.742

11.731

Fabaceae

5

6

45

2316

1.034

5.310

2.135

2.995

10.440

Barringtoniaceae

2

2

71

3695

1.665

1.770

3.368

4.823

9.961

Moraceae

3

4

62

2891

1.149

3.540

2.941

3.329

9.810

Caesalpiniaceae

3

4

60

2585

0.938

3.540

2.846

2.718

9.104

Apocyanaceae

3

3

61

2478

0.832

2.655

2.894

2.412

7.960

Annonaceae

2

3

50

2002

0.671

2.655

2.372

1.945

6.972

Meliaceae

3

3

41

1832

0.706

2.655

1.945

2.046

6.646

Sterculiaceae

2

2

37

1620

0.602

1.770

1.755

1.744

5.269

Alangiaceae

1

1

35

1618

0.673

0.885

1.660

1.949

4.494

Rhamnaceae

1

2

26

1082

0.381

1.770

1.233

1.104

4.108

Dipterocarpaceae

1

1

17

1061

0.542

0.885

0.806

1.571

3.263

Melastomataceae

1

1

16

581

0.172

0.885

0.759

0.499

2.143

Lauraceae

1

2

3

152

0.063

1.770

0.142

0.182

2.094

Flacourtiaceae

1

1

15

554

0.170

0.885

0.712

0.492

2.088

Sapindaceae

1

1

13

507

0.163

0.885

0.617

0.472

1.974

Ochnaceae

1

1

6

211

0.060

0.885

0.285

0.173

1.342

Simaroubaceae

1

1

4

173

0.062

0.885

0.190

0.179

1.253

Olacaceae

1

1

4

149

0.045

0.885

0.190

0.130

1.205

Tiliaceae

1

1

2

100

0.040

0.885

0.095

0.115

1.095

Bignoniaceae

1

1

2

83

0.028

0.885

0.095

0.081

1.061

Hippocrateaceae

1

1

2

82

0.027

0.885

0.095

0.078

1.058

Ehretiaceae

1

1

2

62

0.015

0.885

0.095

0.044

1.024

Celastraceae

1

1

1

47

0.018

0.885

0.047

0.051

0.983

Burseraceae

1

1

1

39

0.012

0.885

0.047

0.035

0.967

Capparaceae

1

1

1

31

0.008

0.885

0.047

0.022

0.955

Table-8: Girth class distribution according to density and basal area of tree species enumerated from Chandaka Wildlife Sanctuary

Girth Class 30-60 cm 61-90 cm 91-120 cm

Density (Stem ha-1) 618.83 63.63 1.94

Basal Area (m2 ha-1) 8.613 2.445 0.149

The density, abundance and distribution of individual species are measurable indicators of plant diversity (Wattenberg and Breckle, 1995). The species richness of 113 tree species over 39.50 ha sampled area in three forest ranges of Chandaka- Damapada Sanctuary reflects a moderate level of diversity. The result of the study compared well with other large-scale inventories conducted in tropical forests both in India and elsewhere. For example, 63 species were recorded for 50 ha plot at Mudumalai Forest Reserve, India, to 272 species in the 60 ha area in southern Eastern Ghats (Arul Pragasan and Parthasarathy, 2010).

The stand density of 222.211 stems/ ha now reported for Chandaka is much lower than reported for other tropical forests of Indian subcontinent such as 516.23 stems ha−1 for Nayagarh Fortest Division (Sahoo & Panda, 2015; Sahoo et al., 2017), 352 stems ha −1 in northern Eastern Ghats (Panda et al., 2013); 443 stems ha-1 in Malyagiri hills of Odisha (Sahu et al., 2012); 298 stems ha−1 at Mudumalai Forest Reserve, India and 689 stems ha−1 at Sinharaja, Sri Lanka (Condit, 2000). Density of trees (30 cm GBH and above) in tropical forests ranges between 245 and 859 (Ashton 1964; Campbell et al., 1992; Richards, 1996) but the mean stand density of trees now reported for Chandaka Damapada Sanctuary (222.211 stems ha-1) is less than the reported range for tropical forests of India.

The species diversity depends on the adaptation of species which increases with the stability of community and Shannon’s Index (H’) is generally higher for tropical forests (Knight, 1975). In Indian forests, the value is reported to vary in the range of 0.83 to 4.0 (Singh et al., 1984). In the present study, Shannon’s Index of diversity of tree species

was found to be 3.962, which is within the reported range for the forests of Indian subcontinent (Ayyapan and Parthasarathy, 1999; Pandey, 2003; Panda et al., 2013). Comparison of diversity indices is very difficult because of the difference in the area sampled and lack of uniform plot dimensions. However, the index now determined is lower than the value reported for Northern Andhra Pradesh (Reddy et al., 2011), Niyamgiri hills, Odisha (Dash et al., 2009).

In most of the studies relating to vegetation composition and site quality of forests, basal area acts as an important attribute (Mani and Parthasarathy, 2005; Parthasarathy and Karthikeyan, 1997; Srinivas and Parthasarathy, 2000). The stand basal area recorded in the present study was calculated as 11.20 m 2 ha-1, which is comparable to the value of 10.47 m2 m2 ha-1 reported for southern Eastern GHat region (Panda et al., 2013) but lower that that known for Nayaharh Forest Division, which is 16.90 m2 m2 ha-1 (Sahoo et al., 2017).

The diameter distribution reflects the disturbance effect within the forests (Denslow, 1995; Hett and Loucks, 1976) and helpful in detecting trends in regeneration patterns (Poorter et al., 1996). The low basal area values in all the sample plots in the present study revealed the extent of forest disturbance with poor representation of trees in higher girth class. Tree density decreased with increasing size class of trees indicates how well the growing forest is utilizing site resources. A few small-to-medium sized trees per hectare may imply that land is not being fully utilized by the tree crop (Hitimana et al., 2004). Quantitative floristic data from the present study will provide base-line information on distribution, richness and relative abundance of taxa for formulating management and conservation actions for Chandaka Damapada Sanctuary in general and other protected areas, in particular. REFERENCES 1. Arul Pragasan A, Parthasarathy N (2010) Landscape-level tree diversity assessment in tropical forests of southern Eastern Ghats, India. Flora 205(11):728–737 2. Ashton PS (1964) Ecological studies in the mixed Dipterocarp forests of Brunei State (Oxford Forestry Memoirs 25). Clarendon Press, Oxford, p 74

3. Ayyappan N, Parthasarathy N (1999) Biodiversity inventory of trees in a large-scale permanent plot of tropical evergreen forest at Varagalaiar, Anamalais, Western Ghats, India. Biodivers Conserv 8:1533–1554 4. Behera KK, Sahoo S, Patra S (2008)Floristic and medicinal uses of some plants of Chandaka denuded forest patches of Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India.Ethnobot Leaflets 12: 1043-53 5. Bridson RD, Forman L (1998) The Herbarium Handbook (3rd Edn), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK 6. Campbell DG (1994) Scale and pattern of community structure in Amazonian rainforests. In: Edwards PJ, May RM, Web NR (eds) Larger scale ecology and conservation biology. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 179–194 7. Condit R (2000) Spatial patterns in the distribution of tropical tree species. Science 288:1414–1418 8. Curtis JT, McIntosh RP (1951) The interrelation of certain analytic and synthetic phytosociological characters. Ecology 31:434–455 9. Dash PK, Mohapatra PP, Rao YG (2009) Diversity and distribution of tree species in Niyamgiri hill ranges, Orissa, India. The Indian Forester 35(4): 927–94 10. Denslow JS (1995) Disturbance and diversity in tropical rain forests: the density effect. Ecol Appl 5:962–968 11. Gamble JS, Fischer CEC (1915–1935) Flora of Presidency of Madras, Vol. 1–3. Adlard & Son, London 12. Haines HH (1921–1925) The botany of Bihar and Odisha, 6 parts. Adlard & Sons, London 13. Hett JM, Loucks OL (1976) Age structure models of balsam fir and eastern hemlock. J Ecol 64:1029–1044 14. Hitimana J, Kiyiapi JL, Njunge JT (2004) Forest structure characteristics in disturbed and undisturbed sites of Mt. Elgon moist lower montane forest, Western Kenya. For Ecol Manag 194:269–291 15. Jain SK, Rao RR (1977) A Handbook of Field and Herbarium Methods, Today and Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers, New Delhi 16. Knight DHA (1975) Phytosociological analysis of species rich tropical forest on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Ecol Monogr 45:259–284 17. Magurran AE (1988) Ecological diversity and its measurement. Princeton University Press, Princeton, p 192 18. Mani S, Parthasarathy N (2005) Biodiversity assessment of trees in five inland tropical dry evergreen forests of peninsular India. Syst Biodivers 3(1):1–12 19. Mooney HF (1950) Supplement to the botany of Bihar and Odisha. Catholic Press, Ranchi, p 294

20. Panda PC, Mahapatra AK, Acharya PK, Debata AK (2013) Plant diversity in tropical deciduous forests of Eastern Ghats, India: a landscape level assessment. Int J Biodivers Conserv 5(10):625–639 21. Pandey SK, Shukla RP (2003) Plant diversity in managed Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn.) forests of Gorakhpur, India: species composition, regeneration and conservation. Biodivers Conserv 12:2295–2319 22. Parthasarathy N, Karthikeyan R (1997) Plant biodiversity inventory and conservation of two tropical dry evergreen forests on the Coromandel Coast, South India. Biodivers Conserv 6:1063–1083 23. Poorter L, Bongers F, van Rompaey RSAR, de Klerk M (1996) Regeneration of canopy tree species at five sites in West African moist forest. For Ecol Manag 84:61–69 24. Reddy CS, Prachi U, Murthy MSR, Sudhakar S (2008a) Quantitative structure and composition of tropical forests of Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats, India. Taiwania 53(2):150–156 25. Richards PW (1996) The tropical rain forest: an ecological study, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 575 26. Sahoo T, Panda PC (2015) Comparative assessment of structure, composition and diversity of tree species of tropical moist deciduous forests in three forest ranges of Nayagarh Forest Division, Odisha, India. Plant Sci Res 37 (1 & 2): 39-48 27. Sahoo T, Panda PC, Acharya L (2017) Structure, composition and diversity of tree species in tropical moist deciduous forests of Eastern India: a case study of Nayagarh Forest Division, Odisha. J For Res 28 (6): 1219–1230 28. Sahu SC, Dhal NK, Mohanty RC (2012) Tree species diversity, distribution and population structure in a tropical dry deciduous forest of Malyagiri hill ranges, Eastern Ghats, India. Tropical Ecology 53 (2): 163-168 29. Saxena HO, Brahmam M (1994–1996) Flora of Odisha, Vol. 1–4. Odisha Forest Development Corporation Ltd. and Regional Research Laboratory, Bhubaneswar, p 2918 30. Singh JS, Singh SP, Saxena AK, Rawat YS (1984) India’s Silent valley and its threatened rain forest ecosystem. Environ Conserv 11:223–233 31. Srinivas V, Parthasarathy N (2000) Comparative analysis of tree diversity and dispersion in the tropical lowland evergreen forest of Agumbe, Central Western Ghats, India. Trop Biodivers 7:45–60 32. Wattenberg I, Breckle S (1995) Tree species diversity of a premontane rain forest in the Cordillera de Tilaren, Costa Rica. Biotropica 1:21–30

ANNEXURE-I List of plants collected from Chandaka Damapada Wildlife Sanctuary with names of families and plant habit Sl. No. 1

Scientific Name

Family

Habit

Malvaceae

Herb

2

Abelmoschus manihot (Linn.) Medic. ssp. tetraphyllus (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Borssum Abrus precatorius Linn.

Fabaceae

Climber

3

Abutilon indicum (Linn.) Sweet

Malvaceae

Shrub

4

Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth.

Mimosaceae

Tree

5

Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd.

Mimosaceae

Tree

6

Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd.

Mimosaceae

Tree

7

Acacia nilotica (Linn.) Delile ssp. indica (Benth.) Brenan.

Mimosaceae

Tree

8

Acacia pennata (Linn.) Willd.

Mimosaceae

Climber

9

Acacia polyacantha Willd.

Mimosaceae

Tree

10

Acacia torta (Roxb.) Craib.

Mimosaceae

Climber

11

Acalypha indica Linn.

Euphorbiaceae

Herb

12

Acampe praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatter & Mc Cann.

Orchidaceae

Herb

13

Acanthospermum hispidum DC.

Asteraceae

Herb

14

Achyranthes aspera Linn.

Amaranthaceae

Herb

15

Achyranthes bidentata Bl.

Amaranthaceae

Herb

16

Acrocephalus hispidus (L.) Nicolson & Sadasiv.

Lamiaceae

Herb

17

Adenosma indianum (Lour.) Merr.

Scrophulariaceae

Herb

18

Adiantum incisum Forssk.

Adiantaceae

Herb

19

Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Corr.

Rutaceae

Tree

20

Aerva lanata (Linn.) Juss.

Amaranthaceae

Herb

21

Aerva sanguinolenta (Linn.) Blume

Amaranthaceae

Herb

22

Aeschynomene indica Linn.

Fabaceae

Shrub

23

Aganosma caryophyllata (Roxb. ex Sims.) G.Don

Apocyanaceae

Climber

24

Agave sisalana Perrine ex Engelm.

Agavaceae

Herb

25

Ageratum conyzoides Linn.

Asteraceae

Herb

26

Aglaia elaeagnoidea (A. Juss.) Benth.

Meliaceae

Tree

27

Ailanthus excelsa Roxb.

Simaroubaceae

Tree

28

Alangium salvifolium (Linn.f.) Wang.

Alangiaceae

Tree

29

Albizia lebbeck (Linn.) Benth.

Mimosaceae

Tree

30

Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth.

Mimosaceae

Tree

31

Allmania nodiflora (L.) R. Br. ex Wight

Amaranthaceae

Herb

32

Allophylus serratus (Roxb.) Kurz

Sapindaceae

Shrub

33

Alloteropsis cimicina (Linn.) P. Beauv.

Poaceae

Herb

34

Alstonia scholaris (Linn.) R. Br.

Apocyanaceae

Tree

35

Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) Beauv.

Amaranthaceae

Herb

36

Alternanthera paronychioides St.-Hil. Voy.

Amaranthaceae

Herb

37

Alternanthera pungens Kunth

Amaranthaceae

Herb

38

Alternanthera sessilis (Linn.) R.Br. ex DC.

Amaranthaceae

Herb

39

Alysicarpus vaginalis (Linn.) DC.

Fabaceae

Herb

40

Amaranthus spinosus Linn.

Amaranthaceae

Herb

41

Amaranthus viridis Linn.

Amaranthaceae

Herb

42

Ammannia baccifera Linn.

Lythraceae

Herb

43

Ammannia multiflora Roxb.

Lythraceae

Herb

44

Araceae

Herb

45

Amorphophalus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson var. campanulatus (Decne) Sivadasan Ampleocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch

Vitaceae

Climber

46

Anacardium occidentale Linn.

Anacardiaceae

Tree

47

Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees.

Acanthaceae

Herb

48

Angelonia salicariifolia Humb. & Bonpl.

Scrophulariaceae

Herb

49

Anisochilus carnosus (Linn.f.) Wall.

Lamiaceae

Herb

50

Anisomeles indica (Linn.) Kuntze

Lamiaceae

Herb

51

Annona reticulata Linn.

Annonaceae

Tree

52

Annona squamosa Linn.

Annonaceae

Tree

53

Anogeissus acuminata (Roxb. ex DC) Guill.

Combretaceae

Tree

54

Antidesma acidum Retz.

Euphorbiaceae

Tree

55

Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn.

Euphorbiaceae

Tree

56

Apluda mutica Linn.

Poaceae

Herb

57

Aponogeton natans (Linn.) Engl. & Krause

Aponogetonaceae

Herb

58

Argemone mexicana Linn.

Papaveraceae

Herb

59

Argyreia cymosa (Roxb.) Sweet.

Convolvulaceae

Climber

60

Argyreia nervosa (Burm.f.) Boj.

Convolvulaceae

Climber

61

Aristida setacea Retz.

Poaceae

Herb

62

Aristolochia indica Linn.

Aristolochiaceae

Herb

63

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.

Moraceae

Tree

64

Asparagus racemosus Willd.

Liliaceae

Shrub

65

Aspidopterys indica (Roxb.) Hochr.

Malpighiaceae

Climber

66

Asystasia gangetica (Linn.) T. Anders.

Acanthaceae

Herb

67

Atalantia monophylla Linn.

Rutaceae

Tree

68

Atylosia scarabaeoides (Linn.) Benth.

Fabaceae

Climber

69

Azadirachta indica A Juss.

Meliaceae

Tree

70

Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Pennell

Scrophulariaceae

Herb

71

Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Muell.-Arg.

Euphorbiaceae

Shrub

72

Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd.

Poaceae

Tree

73

Barleria cristata L.

Acanthaceae

Shrub

74

Barleria prionitis Linn.

Acanthaceae

Shrub

75

Barleria strigosa Willd.

Acanthaceae

Shrub

76

Barringtonia acutangula (Linn.) Gaertn.

Barringtoniaceae

Tree

77

Bauhinia purpurea Linn.

Caesalpiniaceae

Tree

78

Bauhinia vahlii Wt. & Arn.

Caesalpiniaceae

Climber

79

Benkara malabarica (Lam.) Tirveng.

Rubiaceae

Tree

80

Bergia ammannioides Roxb.

Elatinaceae

Herb

81

Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr.

Asteraceae

Herb

82

Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC.

Oxalidaceae

Herb

83

Blainvillea acmella (Linn.) Philipson

Asteraceae

Herb

84

Blepharis maderaspatensis (Linn.) Roth.

Acanthaceae

Herb

85

Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC.

Asteraceae

Herb

86

Blyxa echinosperma (C. B. Clarke) Hook. f.

Hydrocharitaceae

Herb

87

Boerhavia diffusa Linn.

Nyctaginaceae

Herb

88

Bombax ceiba Linn.

Bombacaceae

Tree

89

Borassus flabellifer Linn.

Arecaceae

Tree

90

Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S.T. Blake

Poaceae

Herb

91

Bothriochloa pertusa (Linn.) A. Camus

Poaceae

Herb

92

Brachiaria distachya (Linn.) Stapf

Poaceae

Herb

93

Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf

Poaceae

Herb

94

Brachiaria ramosa (Linn.) Stapf

Poaceae

Herb

95

Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Alston

Euphorbiaceae

Tree

96

Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) Fischer

Euphorbiaceae

Shrub

97

Bridelia monoica (Lour.) Merr.

Euphorbiaceae

Tree

98

Bridelia retusa (Linn.) Spreng.

Euphorbiaceae

Tree

99

Buchanania lanzan Spreng.

Anacardiaceae

Tree

100

Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) C.B.CIarke

Cyperaceae

Herb

101

Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.

Fabaceae

Tree

102

Butea superba Roxb.

Fabaceae

Climber

103

Caesalpinia bonduc (Linn.) Roxb.

Caesalpiniaceae

Climber

104

Caesalpinia digyna Rottl

Caesalpiniaceae

Shrub

105

Caesulia axillaris Roxb.

Asteraceae

Herb

106

Cajanus cajan (L). Huth.

Fabaceae

Shrub

107

Cajanus volubilis (Blanco) Blanco.

Fabaceae

Climber

108

Calamus guruba Buch.-Ham.

Arecaceae

Climber

109

Calamus viminalis Willd.

Arecaceae

Climber

110

Calotropis gigantea R.Br

Asclepiadaceae

Shrub

111

Calycopteris floribunda Lam.

Combretaceae

Shrub

112

Canavalia virosa (Roxb.) Wt. & Arn.

Fabaceae

Climber

113

Canscora decussata (Roxb.) Schult & Schult.f. Mant.

Gentianaceae

Herb

114

Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult.

Gentianaceae

Herb

115

Canthium dicoccum (Gaertn.) Teijsm. & Binnend. *

Rubiaceae

Shrub

116

Capparis brevispina DC.

Capparaceae

Shrub

117

Capparis sepiaria L.

Capparaceae

Shrub

118

Capparis zeylanica Linn.

Capparaceae

Climber

119

Cardiospermum halicacabum L.

Sapindaceae

Climber

120

Careya arborea Roxb.

Lecythidaceae

Tree

121

Carissa spinarum Linn.

Apocyanaceae

Shrub

122

Carmona retusa (Vahl) Masam.

Ehretiaceae

Shrub

123

Cascabela thevetia (Linn.) Lippold

Apocyanaceae

Tree

124

Casearia elliptica Willd.

Flacourtiaceae

Tree

125

Cassia absus Linn.

Caesalpiniaceae

Tree

126

Cassia fistula Linn.

Caesalpiniaceae

Tree

127

Cassia hirsuta Linn.

Caesalpiniaceae

Herb

128

Cassia mimosoides Linn.

Caesalpiniaceae

Herb

129

Cassia occidentalis Linn.

Caesalpiniaceae

Herb

130

Cassia siamea Lam.

Caesalpiniaceae

Tree

131

Cassia tora Linn.

Caesalpiniaceae

Herb

132

Cassine albens (Rottb.) Kuntze

Celastraceae

Tree

133

Cassytha filiformis Linn.

Lauraceae

Climber

134

Catharanthus pusillus (Murr.) G. Don.

Apocyanaceae

Herb

135

Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) G. Don

Apocyanaceae

Herb

136

Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.)Tirveng.

Rubiaceae

Tree

137

Cayratia pedata (Lour.) Juss. ex Gagnep.

Vitaceae

Climber

138

Cayratia trifolia (Linn.) Domin

Vitaceae

Climber

139

Ceiba pentandra (Linn.) Gaertn.

Bombacaceae

Tree

140

Celastrus paniculata Willd.

Celastraceae

Climber

141

Celosia argentea Linn.

Amaranthaceae

Herb

142

Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urb.

Apiaceae

Herb

143

Centipeda minima (Linn.) A.Braun & Asch.

Asteraceae

Herb

144

Centranthera tranquebarica (Spreng.) Merr.

Scrophulariaceae

Herb

145

Ceratophyllum demersum Linn.

Ceratophyllaceae

Herb

146

Chionachne koenigii (Linn.) Spreng.

Poaceae

Herb

147

Chloris barbata Sw.

Poaceae

Herb

148

Chloris dolichostachya Lagasca.

Poaceae

Herb

149

Chlorophytum tuberosum (Roxb.) Baker

Liliaceae

Herb

150

Chloroxylon swietiana DC.

Meliaceae

Tree

151

Chromolaena odorata (Linn.) King. & Robins.

Asteraceae

Shrub

152

Chrozophora rottleri (Geiseb.) Juss.

Euphorbiaceae

Herb

153

Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin.

Poaceae

Herb

154

Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq.

Meliaceae

Tree

155

Cissampelos pareira Linn. var. hirsuta (Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) Forman

Menispermaceae

Climber

156

Cissus adnata Roxb.

Vitaceae

Climber

157

Cissus quadrangula Linn.

Vitaceae

Shrub

158

Cissus vitiginea Linn.

Vitaceae

Climber

159

Clausena excavata Burm. f.

Rutaceae

Shrub

160

Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb.) Benth. ex Hook. f.

Euphorbiaceae

Tree

161

Cleistanthus patulus (Roxb.) Muell.-Arg.

Euphorbiaceae

Tree

162

Cleome aspera Koen. ex DC.

Capparaceae

Herb

163

Cleome monophylla L.

Capparaceae

Herb

164

Cleome rutidosperma DC.

Capparaceae

Herb

165

Cleome viscosa Linn.

Capparaceae

Herb

166

Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Kuntze.

Verbenaceae

Shrub

167

Clerodendrum inerme (Linn.) Gaertn.

Verbenaceae

Shrub

168

Clerodendrum viscosum Vent.

Verbenaceae

Shrub

169

Clitoria ternatea Linn.

Fabaceae

Climber

170

Coccinia grandis (Linn.) Voigt

Cucurbitaceae

Climber

171

Cocculus hirsutus (Linn.) Diels

Menispermaceae

Climber

172

Coix lacryma-jobi Linn.

Poaceae

Herb

173

Coldenia procumbens Linn.

Boraginaceae

Herb

174

Colocasia esculenta (Linn.) Schott

Araceae

Herb

175

Combretum albidum G.Don

Combretaceae

Shrub

176

Combretum roxburghii Spreng.

Combretaceae

Shrub

177

Commelina benghalensis Linn.

Commelinaceae

Herb

178

Commelina longifolia Lam.

Commelinaceae

Herb

179

Commelina paludosa Bl.

Commelinaceae

Herb

180

Commiphora caudata (Wight &Arn.) Engl.

Burseraceae

Shrub

181

Corchorus aestuans Linn.

Tiliaceae

Herb

182

Cordia obliqua Willd.

Ehretiaceae

Tree

183

Costus speciosus (Koenig) Sm.

Zingiberaceae

Herb

184

Crateva magna (Lour.) DC.

Capparaceae

Tree

185

Crinum defixum Ker-Gawl.

Amaryllidaceae

Herb

186

Crotalaria acicularis Benth.

Fabaceae

Herb

187

Crotalaria laburnifolia L.

Fabaceae

Shrub

188

Crotalaria prostrata Rottl. ex Willd.

Fabaceae

Herb

189

Crotalaria spectabilis Roth

Fabaceae

Herb

190

Crotalaria verrucosa L.

Fabaceae

Herb

191

Croton bonplandianus Baill.

Euphorbiaceae

Herb

192

Croton caudatus Geisel.

Euphorbiaceae

Shrub

193

Cryptolepis sinensis (Lour.) Merr.

Periplocaceae

Climber

194

Cucumis trigonus Roxb.

Cucurbitaceae

Herb

195

Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.

Hypoxidaceae

Herb

196

Curcuma longa Linn.

Zingiberaceae

Herb

197

Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.

Cuscutaceae

Climber

198

Cyanotis cristata (Linn.) D.Don.

Commelinaceae

Herb

199

Cycas spherica Roxb.

Cycadaceae

Tree

200

Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw.

Orchidaceae

Herb

201

Cynodon barberi Rang.& Tad.

Poaceae

Herb

202

Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers.

Poaceae

Herb

203

Cyperus castaneus Willd.

Cyperaceae

Herb

204

Cyperus compressus Linn.

Cyperaceae

Herb

205

Cyperus diffusus Vahl

Cyperaceae

Herb

206

Cyperus distans Linn. f.

Cyperaceae

Herb

207

Cyperus iria Linn.

Cyperaceae

Herb

208

Cyperus kyllinga Endl.

Cyperaceae

Herb

209

Cyperus pilosus Vahl

Cyperaceae

Herb

210

Cyperus polystachyos Roxb.

Cyperaceae

Herb

211

Cyperus rotundus Linn.

Cyperaceae

Herb

212

Cyperus triceps Endl.

Cyperaceae

Herb

213

Cyrtococcum accrescens (Trin.) Stapf.

Poaceae

Herb

214

Cyrtococcum trigonum (Retz.) A. Camus

Poaceae

Herb

215

Dactyloctenium aegyptium (Linn.) P.Beauv.

Poaceae

Herb

216

Dalbergia paniculata Roxb.

Fabaceae

Tree

217

Dalbergia rubiginosa Roxb.

Fabaceae

Shrub

218

Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.

Fabaceae

Tree

219

Dalbergia volubilis Roxb.

Fabaceae

Shrub

220

Datura stramonium Linn.

Solanaceae

Shrub

221

Delonix regia (Boj. ex Hook.) Raf.

Caesalpiniaceae

Tree

222

Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees.

Poaceae

Tree

223

Dendrophthoe falcata (Linn. f.) Etting.

Loranthaceae

Shrub

224

Dentella repens (Linn.) J. R. & G. Forst.

Rubiaceae

Herb

225

Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC.

Fabaceae

Herb

226

Desmodium heterocarpon (Linn.) DC.

Fabaceae

Shrub

227

Desmodium laxiflorum DC.

Fabaceae

Shrub

228

Desmodium triflorum (Linn.) DC.

Fabaceae

Shrub

229

Desmodium velutinum (Willd.) DC.

Fabaceae

Shrub

230

Desmos chinensis Lour.

Annonaceae

Shrub

231

Desmostachya bipinnata (Linn.) Stapf.

Poaceae

Herb

232

Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees

Acanthaceae

Herb

233

Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler

Poaceae

Herb

234

Dillenia indica Linn.

Dilleniaceae

Tree

235

Dioscorea alata Linn.

Dioscoreaceae

Climber

236

Dioscorea belophylla (Prain) Voigt ex Haines

Dioscoreaceae

Climber

237

Dioscorea pentaphylla Linn.

Dioscoreaceae

Climber

238

Diospyros chloroxylon Roxb.

Ebenaceae

Shrub

239

Diospyros ferrea (Willd.) Bakh.

Ebenaceae

Tree

240

Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel.

Ebenaceae

Tree

241

Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.

Ebenaceae

Tree

242

Diospyros montana Roxb.

Ebenaceae

Tree

243

Diospyros ovalifolia Wt.

Ebenaceae

Tree

244

Diospyros sylvatica Roxb.

Ebenaceae

Tree

245

Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) Jeffrey.

Cucurbitaceae

Climber

246

Dipteracanthus prostratus (Poir.) Nees

Acanthaceae

Herb

247

Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq.

Sapindaceae

Shrub

248

Dolichos trilobus Linn.

Fabaceae

Climber

249

Discospermum abnorme (Korth.) S. J. Ali & Robbr.

Rubiaceae

Tree

250

Dunbaria rotundifolia (Lour.) Merr.

Fabaceae

Herb

251

Ecbolium viride (Forssk.) Alston

Acanthaceae

Herb

252

Echinochloa colona (Linn.) Link

Poaceae

Herb

253

Eclipta prostrata (Linn.) Linn.

Asteraceae

Herb

254

Ehretia laevis Roxb.

Ehretiaceae

Tree

255

Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms.

Pontederiaceae

Herb

256

Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Henschef

Cyperaceae

Herb

257

Elephantopus scaber L.

Asteraceae

Herb

258

Eleusine indica (Linn.) Gaertn.

Poaceae

Herb

259

Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (Roem. & Schult.) A. DC.

Myrsinaceae

Tree

260

Emilia sonchifolia (Linn.) DC.

Asteraceae

Herb

261

Enydra fluctuans Lour.

Asteraceae

Herb

262

Epaltes divaricata (L.) Cass.

Asteraceae

Herb

263

Eragrostis ciliaris (Linn.) R. Br.

Poaceae

Herb

264

Eragrostis coarctata Stapf in Hook.f.

Poaceae

Herb

265

Eragrostis pilosa (Linn.) P.Beauv.

Poaceae

Herb

266

Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud.

Poaceae

Herb

267

Eranthemum capense L.

Acanthaceae

Shrub

268

Ericybe paniculata Roxb.

Convolvulaceae

Climber

269

Eriocaulon quinquangulare Linn.

Eriocaulaceae

Herb

270

Eriochloa procera (Retz.) Hubbard

Poaceae

Herb

271

Ervatamia divaricata (Linn.) Burkill

Apocyanaceae

Shrub

272

Erythrina suberosa Roxb.

Fabaceae

Tree

273

Erythrina variegata Linn.

Fabaceae

Tree

274

Eucalyptus citriodora Hook.

Myrtaceae

Tree

275

Eugenia rothii Panigr.

Myrtaceae

Shrub

276

Euphorbia hirta Linn.

Euphorbiaceae

Herb

277

Euphorbia rosea Retz.

Euphorbiaceae

Herb

278

Euphorbia thymifolia Linn.

Euphorbiaceae

Herb

279

Euphorbia tirucalli L.

Euphorbiaceae

Shrub

280

Evolvulus alsinoides (Linn.) Linn.

Convolvulaceae

Herb

281

Evolvulus nummularius (Linn.) Linn.

Convolvulaceae

Herb

282

Exacum pedunculatum Linn.

Gentianaceae

Herb

283

Fagerlindia fasciculata (Roxb.) Tirveng.

Rubiaceae

Tree

284

Ficus benghalensis Linn.

Moraceae

Tree

285

Ficus benjamina Linn. var. nuda (Miq.) Barrett

Moraceae

Tree

286

Ficus hispida Linn.f.

Moraceae

Tree

287

Ficus religiosa Linn.

Moraceae

Tree

288

Ficus tinctoria Forst. f. subsp. parasitica (Willd.) Corner

Moraceae

Tree

289

Fimbristylis acuminata Vahl

Cyperaceae

Herb

290

Fimbristylis aestivalis (Retz.) Vahl

Cyperaceae

Herb

291

Fimbristylis miliacea (Linn.) VahI

Cyperaceae

Herb

292

Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr.

Flacourtiaceae

Tree

293

Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch.

Flacourtiaceae

Tree

294

Flemingia chappar Benth.

Fabaceae

Shrub

295

Flemingia stricta Roxb.

Fabaceae

Shrub

296

Flemingia strobilifera (Linn.) Ait.

Fabaceae

Shrub

297

Fuirena ciliaris (Linn.) Roxb.

Cyperaceae

Herb

298

Fuirena umbellata Rottb.

Cyperaceae

Herb

299

Gardenia latifolia Ait.

Rubiaceae

Tree

300

Glinus lotoides Linn.

Molluginaceae

Herb

301

Glinus oppositifolius (Linn.) A. DC.

Molluginaceae

Herb

302

Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth

Fabaceae

Tree

303

Globba racemosa Sm.

Zingiberaceae

Herb

304

Gloriosa superba Linn.

Liliaceae

Climber

305

Glycosmis mauritiana (Lam.) Tanaka

Rutaceae

Tree

306

Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC.

Rutaceae

Shrub

307

Gmelina arborea Roxb.

Verbenaceae

Tree

308

Gnaphalium polycaulon Pers.

Asteraceae

Herb

309

Gomphrena celosioides Mart.

Amaranthaceae

Herb

310

Gouania leptostachya DC.

Rhamnaceae

Shrub

311

Grangea maderaspatana (Linn.) Poir.

Asteraceae

Herb

312

Grewia rhamnifolia Heyne ex Roth.

Tiliaceae

Shrub

313

Grewia rothii DC.

Tiliaceae

Shrub

314

Grewia tiliifolia Vahl

Tiliaceae

Tree

315

Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.

Sterculiaceae

Tree

316

Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R. Br.

Asclepiadaceae

Climber

317

Habenaria commelinifolia (Roxb.) Wall. ex Lindl.

Orchidaceae

Herb

318

Hackelochloa granularis (Linn.) Kuntze

Poaceae

Herb

319

Hedyotis brachiata Wight

Rubiaceae

Herb

320

Hedyotis corymbosa (Linn.) Lam.

Rubiaceae

Herb

321

Hedyotis diffusa Willd.

Rubiaceae

Herb

322

Hedyotis herbacea L.

Rubiaceae

Herb

323

Hedyotis ovatifolia Cav.

Rubiaceae

Herb

324

Hedyotis pinifolia Wall. ex G. Don

Rubiaceae

Herb

325

Helicteres isora Linn.

Sterculiaceae

Shrub

326

Heliotropium indicum Linn.

Boraginaceae

Herb

327

Hemarthria compressa (Linn.f.) R. Br.

Poaceae

Herb

328

Hemiadelphis polysperma (Roxb.) Nees in Wall.

Acanthaceae

Herb

329

Hemidesmus indicus (Linn.) R.Br.

Periplocaceae

Climber

330

Hemigraphis hirta (Vahl) T. Anders.

Acanthaceae

Herb

331

Hemigraphis latebrosa (Heyne ex Roth) Nees

Acanthaceae

Herb

332

Heteropogon contortus (Linn.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.

Poaceae

Herb

333

Hibiscus ovalifolius (Forsk.) Vahl

Malvaceae

Shrub

334

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.

Malvaceae

Shrub

335

Hibiscus sabdariffa L.

Malvaceae

Herb

336

Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz

Malpighiaceae

Climber

337

Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) Wall. ex G. Don

Apocyanaceae

Tree

338

Hugonia mystax Linn.

Linaceae

Shrub

339

Hybanthus enneaspermus (Linn.) F. V. Muell.

Violaceae

Herb

340

Hydrilla verticillata (Linn. f.) Royle

Hydrocharitaceae

Herb

341

Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.

Apiaceae

Herb

342

Hydrolea zeylanica (Linn.) Vahl.

Hydrophyllaceae

Herb

343

Hygrophila schulii (Buch.-Ham.) Almeida & Almeida

Acanthaceae

Herb

344

Hygroryza aristata (Retz.) Nees ex Wt. & Am.

Poaceae

Herb

345

Hymenachne acutigluma (Steud.) Gilliland

Poaceae

Herb

346

Hymenodactyon orixense (Roxb.) Mabberley

Rubiaceae

Tree

347

Hyptis suaveolens (Linn.) Poit.

Lamiaceae

Herb

348

Ichnocarpus frutescens (Linn.) R. Br.

Apocyanaceae

Climber

349

Imperata cylindrica (Linn.) Raeusch.

Poaceae

Herb

350

Indigofera astragalina DC.

Fabaceae

Herb

351

Indigofera linifolia (Linn.f.) Retz.

Fabaceae

Herb

352

Indigofera linnaei Ali

Fabaceae

Herb

353

Indigofera nummularifolia (Linn.) Livera ex Alston

Fabaceae

Herb

354

Indoneesiella echioides (Linn.) Sreemadh.

Acanthaceae

Herb

355

Ipomoea alba L.

Convolvulaceae

Climber

356

Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.

Convolvulaceae

Climber

357

Ipomoea carnea Jacq. ssp. fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) Austin

Convolvulaceae

Shrub

358

Ipomoea obscura Ker-Gawl.

Convolvulaceae

Herb

359

Ipomoea pes-tigridis Linn.

Convolvulaceae

Climber

360

Ipomoea sepiaria Koenig ex Roxb.

Convolvulaceae

Climber

361

Ischaemum indicum (Houtt.) Merr.

Poaceae

Herb

362

Isleima prostratum (Linn.) Anders.

Poaceae

Herb

363

Ixora pavetta Andr.

Rubiaceae

Herb

364

Ixora undulata Roxb.

Rubiaceae

Tree

365

Jasminum arborescens Roxb.

Oleaceae

Climber

366

Jasminum scandens Vahl.

Oleaceae

Climber

367

Jatropha curcas Linn.

Euphorbiaceae

Shrub

368

Jatropha gossypifolia Linn.

Euphorbiaceae

Shrub

369

Justicia adhatoda Linn.

Acanthaceae

Shrub

370

Justicia betonica Linn.

Acanthaceae

Herb

371

Justicia glauca Rottl.

Acanthaceae

Herb

372

Justicia quinqueangularis Koenig ex. Roxb.

Acanthaceae

Herb

373

Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.

Crassulaceae

Herb

374

Knoxia sumatrensis (Retz.) DC.

Rubiaceae

Herb

375

Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet

Fabaceae

Herb

376

Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb.

Lythraceae

Tree

377

Lagerstroemia reginae Roxb.

Lythraceae

Herb

378

Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr.

Anacardiaceae

Tree

379

Lantana camara Linn. var. aculeata (Linn.) Moldenke

Verbenaceae

Tree

380

Laportea interrupta (Linn.) Chew

Urticaceae

Shrub

381

Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr.

Leeaceae

Shrub

382

Leersia hexandra Sw.

Poaceae

Herb

383

Leonotis nepetifolia (Linn.) R. Br.

Lamiaceae

Herb

384

Lepidagathis fasciculata (Retz.) Nees

Acanthaceae

Herb

385

Lepidagathis hamiltoniana Nees

Acanthaceae

Herb

386

Lepidagathis incurva Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don

Acanthaceae

Herb

387

Lepisanthes tetraphyllus (Vahl) Radlk.

Sapindaceae

Tree

388

Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn.

Asclepiadaceae

Climber

389

Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit.

Mimosaceae

Tree

390

Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link

Lamiaceae

Herb

391

Leucas lanata Benth.

Lamiaceae

Herb

392

Limnophila heterophylla (Roxb.) Benth.

Scrophulariaceae

Herb

393

Limnophila indica (Linn.) Druce

Scrophulariaceae

Herb

394

Limnophila repens (Benth) Benth.

Scrophulariaceae

Herb

395

Limonia acidissima Linn.

Rutaceae

Tree

396

Lindernia parviflora (Roxb) Haines

Scrophulariaceae

Herb

397

Lindernia anagallis (Burm.f.) Pennell.

Scrophulariaceae

Herb

398

Lindernia antipoda (L.)· Alston

Scrophulariaceae

Herb

399

Lindernia ciliata (Colsm.) Pennell

Scrophulariaceae

Herb

400

Lindernia crustacea (Linn.) F. V. Muell.

Scrophulariaceae

Herb

401

Lindernia procumbens (Krock.) Philcox

Scrophulariaceae

Herb

402

Lindernia viscosa (Horn.) Bold.

Scrophulariaceae

Herb

403

Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng.

Verbenaceae

Shrub

404

Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) Robins.

Lauraceae

Tree

405

Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) Pers.

Lauraceae

Tree

406

Lobelia alsinoides Lam.

Lobeliaceae

Herb

407

Ludwigia adscendens (Linn.) Hara

Onagraceae

Herb

408

Ludwigia perennis Linn.

Onagraceae

Herb

409

Lygodium flexuosum Linn.

Lygodiaceae

Climber

410

Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verde.

Fabaceae

Herb

411

Madhuca indica J. F.Gmel.

Sapotaceae

Tree

412

Mallotus nudiflorus (L.) Kulju & Welzen

Euphorbiaceae

Tree

413

Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.- Arg

Euphorbiaceae

Tree

414

Mangifera indica Linn.

Anacardiaceae

Tree

415

Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard

Sapotaceae

Tree

416

Mariscus paniceus (Rottb.) Vahl

Cyperaceae

Herb

417

Martynia annua Linn.

Martyniaceae

Shrub

418

Maytenus emarginatus (Willd.) Ding Hou

Celastraceae

Shrub

419

Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Small

Scrophulariaceae

Herb

420

Melastoma malabathricum Linn.

Melastomataceae

Shrub

421

Melia azedarach Linn.

Meliaceae

Tree

422

Melochia corchorifolia Linn.

Sterculiaceae

Herb

423

Memecylon umbellatum Burm f.

Melastomataceae

Tree

424

Merremia emarginata (Burm.f.) Hall. f.

Convolvulaceae

Herb

425

Merremia hederacea (Burm.f.) Hall. f.

Convolvulaceae

Herb

426

Merremia tridentata (Linn.) Hall. f. subsp. hastata (Hall. f.) Ooststr.

Convolvulaceae

Herb

427

Merremia umbellata (Linn.) Hall. f.

Convolvulaceae

Herb

428

Meyna spinosa Roxb. ex Link. var. pubescens Robyns

Rubiaceae

Herb

429

Michelia champaca L.

Magnoliaceae

Tree

430

Micrococca mercurialis (Linn.) Benth.

Euphorbiaceae

Herb

431

Miliusa tomentosa (Dunal) Hook. f. & Thoms.

Annonaceae

Tree

432

Miliusa velutina (Roxb.) Sinclair

Annonaceae

Tree

433

Mimosa pudica Linn.

Mimosaceae

Herb

434

Mimusops elengi Linn.

Sapotaceae

Tree

435

Mitracarpus villosus (Sw.) DC.

Rubiaceae

Herb

436

Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth.

Rubiaceae

Tree

437

Mitrasacme pygmaea R. Br.

Spigeliaceae

Tree

438

Mollugo pentaphylla Linn.

Molluginaceae

Herb

439

Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd.

Cucurbitaceae

Climber

440

Monochoria hastata Solms-Laub.

Pontederiaceae

Herb

441

Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.f.) Presl

Pontederiaceae

Herb

442

Morinda pubescens Sm.

Rubiaceae

Tree

443

Moringa oleifera Lam.

Moringaceae

Tree

444

Mucuna pruriens (Linn.) DC.

Fabaceae

Climber

445

Murdannia nudiflora (Linn.) Brenan

Commelinaceae

Herb

446

Murdannia spirata (Linn.) Brueck.

Commelinaceae

Herb

447

Murraya koenigii (Linn.) Spreng.

Rutaceae

Tree

448

Murraya paniculata (Linn.) Jacq.

Rutaceae

Tree

449

Naringi crenulata (Roxb.) D. H. Nicolson

Rutaceae

Tree

450

Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.

Nelumbonaceae

Herb

451

Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser

Rubiaceae

Tree

452

Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv.

Solanaceae

Herb

453

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn.

Oleaceae

Tree

454

Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f.

Nymphaeaceae

Herb

455

Nymphaea pubescens Willd.

Nymphaeaceae

Herb

456

Nymphoides hydrophylla (Lour.) Kuntze

Menyanthaceae

Herb

457

Nymphoides indica (Linn.) Kuntze.

Menyanthaceae

Herb

458

Ochna obtusata DC.

Ochnaceae

Tree

459

Ocimum basilicum Linn.

Lamiaceae

Herb

460

Ocimum gratissimum L.

Lamiaceae

Shrub

461

Ocimum sanctum Linn.

Lamiaceae

Shrub

462

Olax psittacorum (Lam.) Vahl

Oleaceae

Tree

463

Oplismenus burmannii (Retz.) P. Beauv.

Poaceae

Herb

464

Oplismenus compositus (Linn.) P. Beauv.

Poaceae

Herb

465

Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. var. dillenii (Ker-Gawl.) Benson

Cactaceae

Shrub

466

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent.

Bignoniaceae

Tree

467

Orthosiphon pallidus Benth.

Lamiaceae

Herb

468

Oryza rufipogon Griff.

Poaceae

Herb

469

Oryza sativa L.

Poaceae

Herb

470

Ottelia alismoides (Linn) Pers.

Hydrocharitaceae

Herb

471

Oxalis corniculata Linn.

Oxalidaceae

Herb

472

Pandanus fascicularis Lam.

Pandanaceae

Shrub

473

Panicum notatum Retz.

Poaceae

Herb

474

Panicum paludosum Roxb.

Poaceae

Herb

475

Panicum repens Linn.

Poaceae

Herb

476

Parkinsonia aculeata L.

Caesalpiniaceae

Tree

477

Paspalidium flavidum (Retz.) A. Camus

Poaceae

Herb

478

Paspalidium geminatum (Forssk.) Stapf

Poaceae

Herb

479

Paspalum distichum Linn.

Poaceae

Herb

480

Paspalum scrobiculatum Linn.

Poaceae

Herb

481

Passiflora foetida Linn.

Passifloraceae

Climber

482

Pavetta indica Linn.

Rubiaceae

Shrub

483

Pavetta tomentosa Roxb. ex Sm.

Rubiaceae

Shrub

484

Pavonia zeylanica (L.) Cav.

Malvaceae

Herb

485

Pelantethera insectifera (Rchb.f.) Ridl.

Orchidaceae

Herb

486

Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K. Heyne

Caesalpiniaceae

Tree

487

Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin.

Poaceae

Herb

488

Pentanema indicum (Linn.) Y. Ling

Asteraceae

Herb

489

Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov.

Asclepiadaceae

Climber

490

Peristrophe paniculata (Forssk.) Brummitt

Acanthaceae

Herb

491

Perotis indica (Linn.) Kuntze

Poaceae

Herb

492

Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sw.

Acanthaceae

Herb

493

Phoenix acaulis Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.

Arecaceae

Shrub

494

Phoenix sylvestris (Linn.) Roxb.

Arecaceae

Tree

495

Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thon.

Euphorbiaceae

Herb

496

Phyllanthus debilis Klein. ex Willd.

Euphorbiaceae

Herb

497

Phyllanthus emblica Linn.

Euphorbiaceae

Tree

498

Phyllanthus fraternus Webster

Euphorbiaceae

Herb

499

Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir.

Euphorbiaceae

Shrub

500

Phyllanthus urinaria Linn.

Euphorbiaceae

Herb

501

Phyllanthus virgatus Forst. f.

Euphorbiaceae

Herb

502

Phyllodium pulchellum (Linn.) Desv.

Fabaceae

Shrub

503

Physalis minima Linn.

Solanaceae

Herb

504

Pisonia aculeata L.

Nyctaginaceae

Shrub

505

Pistia stratiotes Linn.

Araceae

Herb

506

Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.

Mimosaceae

Tree

507

Plecospermum spinosum Trecul.

Moraceae

Shrub

508

Plumbago zeylanica Linn.

Plumbaginaceae

Shrub

509

Polyalthia cerasoides (Roxb.) Bedd.

Annonaceae

Tree

510

Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thw.

Annonaceae

Tree

511

Polyalthia suberosa (Roxb.) Thw.

Annonaceae

Tree

512

Polycarpaea corymbosa (Linn.) Lam.

Caryophyllaceae

Herb

513

Polycarpon prostratum (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf.

Caryophyllaceae

Herb

514

Polygala arvensis Willd.

Polygalaceae

Herb

515

Polygonum barbatum Linn. var. barbatum Wight.

Polygonaceae

Herb

516

Polygonum hydropiper Linn.

Polygonaceae

Herb

517

Polygonum plebeium R. Br.

Polygonaceae

Herb

518

Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Pierre

Fabaceae

Tree

519

Porana paniculata Roxb.

Convolvulaceae

Climber

520

Portulaca oleracea Linn.

Portulacaeae

Herb

521

Portulaca quadrifida Linn.

Portulacaeae

Herb

522

Pouzolzia indica Gaud.

Urticaceae

Herb

523

Premna corymbosa (Burm.f.) Rottl. & Willd.

Verbenaceae

Tree

524

Premna latifolia Roxb.

Verbenaceae

Shrub

525

Protium serratum (Wall. ex Colebr.) Engl.

Burseraceae

Tree

526

Psidium guajava Linn.

Myrtaceae

Tree

527

Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.

Fabaceae

Tree

528

Pterospermum xylocarpum (Gaertn.) Sant & Wagh.

Sterculiaceae

Tree

529

Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.) DC.

Fabaceae

Climber

530

Pupalia lappacea (Linn.) Juss.

Amaranthaceae

Herb

531

Quisqualis indica Linn.

Combretaceae

Shrub

532

Radarmachera xylocarpa (Roxb.) Roxb. ex K. Schum.

Bignoniaceae

Tree

533

Rauvolfia serpentina (Linn.) Benth. ex Kurz

Apocyanaceae

Shrub

534

Rauvolfia tetraphylla Linn.

Apocyanaceae

Shrub

535

Rhynchosia rufescens (Willd.) DC.

Fabaceae

Climber

536

Ricinus communis Linn.

Euphorbiaceae

Herb

537

Rikliella squarrosa (Linn.) Raynal

Cyperaceae

Herb

538

Rorippa indica (L.)Hiern

Brassicaceae

Herb

539

Rotala indica (Willd.) Koehne

Lythraceae

Herb

540

Rotala rosea (Poir.) Cook

Lythraceae

Herb

541

Rothia indica (L.) Druce

Fabaceae

Herb

542

Rottboellia cochinchiensis (Lour.) Clayton

Poaceae

Herb

543

Ruellia tuberosa Linn.

Acanthaceae

Herb

544

Rungia pectinata (Linn.) Nees

Acanthaceae

Herb

545

Saccharum spontaneum Linn.

Poaceae

Herb

546

Sacciolepis interrupta (Willd.) Stapf

Poaceae

Herb

547

Salacia chinensis Linn.

Hippocrateaceae

Tree

548

Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.

Mimosaceae

Tree

549

Sansevieria roxburghiana Schult. & Schult. f.

Agavaceae

Herb

550

Sarcostemma acidum (Roxb.) Voigt

Asclepiadaceae

Shrub

551

Sauropus bacciformis (L.) Airy Shaw

Euphorbiaceae

Herb

552

Schefflera venulosa (Wt. & Arn.) Harms

Araliaceae

Shrub

553

Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken

Sapindaceae

Tree

554

Schoenoplectus articulatus (Linn.) Palla

Cyperaceae

Herb

555

Scindapsus officinalis (Roxb.) Schott

Araceae

Climber

556

Scleria terrestris (Linn.) Fassett

Cyperaceae

Herb

557

Scoparia dulcis Linn.

Scrophulariaceae

Herb

558

Sebastiania chamaelea (Linn.) Muell.-Arg.

Euphorbiaceae

Herb

559

Selaginella repanda (Desv. ex Poir.) Spring

Selaginellaceae

Herb

560

Semecarpus anacardium Linn. f.

Anacardiaceae

Tree

561

Sericocalyx scaber (Nees) Bremek.

Acanthaceae

Herb

562

Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir.

Fabaceae

Tree

563

Sesbania procumbens (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.

Fabaceae

Herb

564

Seseli diffusum (Roxb. ex Sm.) Sant. & Wagh.

Apiaceae

Herb

565

Setaria pumila (Poir.). Roem. & Schult.

Poaceae

Herb

566

Setaria verticillata (Linn.) P. Beauv.

Poaceae

Herb

567

Shorea robusta Gaertn.

Dipterocarpaceae

Tree

568

Sida acuta Burm. f.

Malvaceae

Herb

569

Sida cordata (Burm. f.) Borssum

Malvaceae

Herb

570

Sida cordifolia Linn.

Malvaceae

Herb

571

Sida rhombifolia Linn.

Malvaceae

Herb

572

Simarouba glauca DC.

Simaroubaceae

Tree

573

Smilax zeylanica Linn.

Smilacaceae

Climber

574

Smithia sensitiva Ait.

Fabaceae

Herb

575

Solanum melongena L.

Solanaceae

Shrub

576

Solanum nigrum Linn.

Solanaceae

Shrub

577

Solanum virginianum Linn.

Solanaceae

Shrub

578

Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi

Cucurbitaceae

Climber

579

Spatholobus roxburghii Benth.

Fabaceae

Climber

580

Spermacoce articularis Linn.f.

Rubiaceae

Herb

581

Spermacoce hispida L.

Rubiaceae

Herb

582

Spermacoce latifolia Aubl.

Rubiaceae

Herb

583

Sphaeranthus indicus Linn.

Asteraceae

Herb

584

Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn.

Campanulaceae

Herb

585

Spilanthes paniculata Wall. ex DC.

Asteraceae

Herb

586

Sporobolus indicus (Linn.) R. Br. var. diander (Retz.) Jovet & Guedes

Poaceae

Herb

587

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl.

Verbenaceae

Herb

588

Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers.

Menispermaceae

Climber

589

Sterculia foetida L.

Sterculiaceae

Tree

590

Stereospermum chelonoidesDC.

Bignoniaceae

Tree

591

Streblus asper Lour.

Moraceae

Tree

592

Streblus taxoides (Heyne ex Roth) Kurz

Moraceae

Tree

593

Striga angustifolia (D. Don) Saldanha

Scrophulariaceae

Herb

594

Strychnos nux-vomica Linn.

Strychnaceae

Tree

595

Strychnos potatorum Linn.

Strychnaceae

Tree

596

Suregada multiflora (Juss.) Baill.

Euphorbiaceae

Tree

597

Syzygium cumini (Linn.) Skeels

Myrtaceae

Tree

598

Tamarindus indica Linn.

Caesalpiniaceae

Tree

599

Tamilnadia uliginosa (Retz.) Tirveng. & Sastre

Rubiaceae

Tree

600

Tarenna asiatica (Linn.) Kuntze ex Schum.

Rubiaceae

Tree

601

Tectona grandis Linn.f.

Verbenaceae

Tree

602

Tephrosia maxima (Linn.) Pers.

Fabaceae

Herb

603

Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers.

Fabaceae

Shrub

604

Tephrosia villosa (Linn.) Pers.

Fabaceae

Shrub

605

Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex. DC.) Wt. & Arn.

Combretaceae

Tree

606

Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.

Combretaceae

Tree

607

Terminalia chebula Retz.

Combretaceae

Tree

608

Terminalia tomentosa Wt. & Arn.

Combretaceae

Tree

609

Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. var. laevis (Nees) C. B. Clarke

Acanthaceae

Climber

610

Tiliacora acuminata (Lam.) Miers

Menispermaceae

Climber

611

Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. & Thoms.

Menispermaceae

Climber

612

Toddalia asiatica (Linn.) Lam.

Rutaceae

Shrub

613

Tonningia axillaris (Linn.) Kuntze

Commelinaceae

Herb

614

Tragia involucrata Linn.

Euphorbiaceae

Herb

615

Trianthema portulacastrum Linn.

Aizoaceae

Herb

616

Tribulus terrestris L.

Zygophyllaceae

Herb

617

Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour.

Cucurbitaceae

Climber

618

Tridax procumbens Linn.

Asteraceae

Herb

619

Triumfetta pentandra A. Rich.

Tiliaceae

Herb

620

Turnera ulmifolia Linn.

Turneraceae

Herb

621

Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr.

Asclepiadaceae

Climber

622

Typha angustata Bory & Chaub.

Typhaceae

Herb

623

Typhonium trilobatum (Linn.) Schott

Araceae

Herb

624

Uraria picta (Jacq.) DC.

Fabaceae

Shrub

625

Urena lobata Linn.

Malvaceae

Herb

626

Urochloa panicoides P. Beauv.

Poaceae

Herb

627

Utricularia aurea Lour.

Lentibulariaceae

Herb

628

Uvaria hamiltonii Hook.f. & Thoms.

Annonaceae

Climber

629

Uvaria lurida Hook. f. & Thoms.

Annonaceae

Climber

630

Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara

Hydrocharitaceae

Herb

631

Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex G. Don

Orchidaceae

Herb

632

Ventilago denticulata Willd.

Rhamnaceae

Climber

633

Vernonia cinerea (Linn.) Less.

Asteraceae

Herb

634

Vetiveria zizanioides (Linn.) Nash

Poaceae

Herb

635

Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper

Fabaceae

Herb

636

Vigna sublobata (Roxb.) Bairig. et al.

Fabaceae

Herb

637

Vigna trilobata (Linn.) Verdc.

Fabaceae

Herb

638

Vitex leucoxylon Linn. f.

Verbenaceae

Tree

639

Vitex negundo Linn.

Verbenaceae

Tree

640

Vitex peduncularis Wall. ex Schauer

Verbenaceae

Tree

641

Wahlenbergia marginata (Thunb.) A. DC. Monog.

Campanulaceae

Herb

642

Waltheria indica Linn.

Sterculiaceae

Herb

643

Woodfordia fruticosa (Linn.) Kurz

Lythraceae

Shrub

644

Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Mabb.

Apocyanaceae

Tree

645

Xanthium indicum Koenig in Roxb.

Asteraceae

Herb

646

Xantolis tomentosa (Roxb.) Rafin.

Sapotaceae

Tree

647

Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub.

Mimosaceae

Tree

648

Zanthoxylum rhetsa DC.

Rutaceae

Tree

649

Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm.

Zingiberaceae

Herb

650

Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.

Rhamnaceae

Tree

651

Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Wt. & Arn.

Rhamnaceae

Shrub

652

Ziziphus oenoplia (Linn.) Mill.

Rhamnaceae

Shrub

653

Ziziphus rugosa Lam.

Rhamnaceae

Tree

654

Ziziphus xylopyrus (Retz.) Willd.

Rhamnaceae

Tree

655

Zornia gibbosa Span.

Fabaceae

Herb

Regional Plant Resource Centre Bhubaneswar 751 015