Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Nanoscale This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013
Supporting Information
Quantitative determination of fragmentation kinetics and thermodynamics of colloidal silver nanowires by in-situ high-energy synchrotron x-ray diffraction
Zheng Li,a John S. Okasinski,b Jonathan D. Almer,b Yang Ren,b Xiaobing Zuo,*b and Yugang Sun*a a
Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439 USA.
Fax: +1-630-252-4646; E-mail:
[email protected] (Y.S.) b
X-Ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne,
Illinois 60439 USA. Fax: +1-630-252-0365; E-mail:
[email protected] (X.Z.)
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Nanoscale This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013
Figure S1. 2D contour plots of the major peaks of the XRD patterns of the Ag nanowires recorded at different times when the TEG dispersion of the Ag nanowires was heated at 240 oC. During the heating ramp to 240 oC, i.e. the first ~700 seconds, linear thermal expansion of silver led all the diffraction peaks to gradually shift to smaller angles.
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Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Nanoscale This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013
Figure S2. Rietveld refinement fitting of the XRD patterns of the Ag nanowires (a) before and (b) after they had been annealed in the TEG dispersion at 240 °C for 2 hours.
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Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Nanoscale This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013
Figure S3. 2D contour graphs of the time-resolved XRD patterns acquired from the TEG dispersions of Ag nanowire annealed at (a) 220 oC and (b) 250 oC. The data acquisition frequency was one pattern per minute. The white dotted lines highlight the variation of solution temperature during annealing experiments and the values are determined from the top axes. Standard powder XRD patterns for f.c.c. Ag (JCPDS No. 89-3722) and f.c.c. AgCl (JCPDS No. 85-1355) are converted using λ= 0.1771 Å and plotted in sticks for reference. (c, d) Dependence of molar fractions of the Ag f.c.c. and Ag b.c.t. phases on the annealing time when the TEG dispersions of Ag nanowires were annealed at different temperatures: (c) 220 oC and (d) 250 oC.
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Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Nanoscale This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013
Figure S4. Linear fitting of the relationship between the molar fraction of individual Ag crystalline phase (e.g., Ag f.c.c. and Ag f.c.t.) and the annealing time, indicating the zeroth order reactions with rate constants highlighted in the figure. The annealing temperatures were 220 oC for (a) and 250 oC for (b).
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Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Nanoscale This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013
Figure S5. Avrami fit of the reaction extent x(t) at annealing temperature of (a) 220 oC and (b) 250 oC. The Avrami equation is fitted with ln(−ln[1−x(t)]) = 1.08 × ln(t − 895) − 8.11, and ln(−ln[1−x(t)]) = 1.03 × ln(t − 578) – 5.80 for 220 oC and 250 oC, respectively.
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Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Nanoscale This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013
Figure S6. SEM images of the products formed from annealing of the synthesized Ag nanowires that had been differently treated: (a) they were washed with isopropanol for ten times and annealed in PEG at 220 oC for 2 h; (b) they were dispersed in the original synthesis solution and annealed at 250 oC for 2 h.
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Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Nanoscale This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013
Scheme S1. Schematic illustration of the experimental setup used for the real-time probing the fragmentation of colloidal Ag nanowires. The in-situ monitoring was based on the time-resolved, high-energy synchrotron x-ray diffraction.
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Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Nanoscale This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013
Scheme S2. Schematic illustration highlighting the major steps involved in the fragmentation process of the colloidal Ag nanowires.
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