Jan 28, 2009 - Ryerson¶s School of Disability Studies and ...... populations anywhere in the world at 28%, (Florida and
Releasing Constraints: Projecting the Economic Impacts of Increased Accessibility in Ontario
CONTENTS
$ERXWWKH7KUHH&ROODERUDWLQJ5HVHDUFK%RGLHV LL ([HFXWLYH6XPPDU\ ,QWURGXFWLRQ *OREDO3HUVSHFWLYH7KH3RVLWLRQRI2QWDULRLQWKH:RUOG $%ULHI&RPPHQWWKH,PSDFWRIWKH*OREDO(FRQRPLF7XUPRLO6LQFH 2QWDULR¶V3URVSHULW\ ² $/RQJ7HUP&RPPLWPHQW :KHUHWKH5HSRUW:LOO)RFXVDQG:K\ 6HFWLRQ7KH(FRQRPLF,PSDFWRI$2'$RQ,QGLYLGXDO2QWDULDQV :KR$UH3HUVRQVZLWK'LVDELOLWLHV" (PSOR\PHQW,QFRPH 5LVN)DFWRUV&RQWULEXWLQJWRWKH3RYHUW\RI3HUVRQVZLWK'LVDELOLWLHV (GXFDWLRQDO$WWDLQPHQW 7KH(FRQRPLF,PSDFWRI$2'$:KDWLI$QDO\VLV ,PSDFWRQ(PSOR\PHQW ,PSDFWRQ(GXFDWLRQ 6HFWLRQ,PSDFWRI$2'$RQ2QWDULR¶VPDUNHWV ,QFUHDVHGSURGXFWLYLW\DQG,' 0 RUHSURGXFWLYHVSDFHV 0 RUHSURGXFWLYHSURGXFWV ,QFUHDVHG,QQRYDWLRQ ([WHQGHGZRUNIRUFHSDUWLFLSDWLRQ )XUWKHU3RVVLEOH,PSDFWVRI$2'$+RZ,QFOXVLRQDQG'LYHUVLW\'ULYHV*URZWK 7 ZR&DVHV7KH7RXULVPDQG&RQVXPHU5HWDLO6HFWRUV &RQVXPHU5HWDLO 3RUWHU¶V&OXVWHU0RGHODQG,QFOXVLYH'HVLJQLQ2QWDULR 2QWDULR0DUNHWV²$6XPPDU\ 6HFWLRQ6RFLDO&RVWVDQG%HQH¿WVRI$2'$ 7 KH3ULFH7DJRI([FOXVLRQ &DVH6WXG\²(OOLRW/DNH 5 HODWHG2QOLQH5HVRXUFHV &RQFOXVLRQ *UHDWHU(DUQLQJV 5HDGLQHVVIRU)XWXUH0DUNHWV 5HOHDVLQJWKH3RWHQWLDORI2QWDULR¶V(FRQRP\ $3ROLF\2SSRUWXQLW\ 5HODWHG2QOLQH5HVRXUFHV %LEOLRJUDSK\ /LVWRI$FURQ\PV $SSHQGLFHV
i
ABOUT THE THREE COLLABORATING RESEARCH BODIES
7KH0DUWLQ3URVSHULW\,QVWLWXWH03, LVWKHZRUOG¶VOHDG LQJWKLQNWDQNRQWKHUROHRIVXEQDWLRQDOIDFWRUV ²ORFDWLRQ SODFHDQGFLW\UHJLRQV±LQJOREDOHFRQRPLFSURVSHULW\,WWDNHV DQLQWHJUDWHGYLHZRISURVSHULW\ORRNLQJEH\RQGHFRQRPLF PHDVXUHVWRLQFOXGHWKHLPSRUWDQFHRITXDOLW\RISODFHDQGWKH GHYHORSPHQWRISHRSOH¶VFUHDWLYHSRWHQWLDO 7KHRYHUDUFKLQJJRDORIWKH$GDSWLYH7HFKQRORJ\ 5HVRXUFH&HQWUH$75& VRRQWREHUHFRQVWLWXWHGDVWKH ,QFOXVLYH'HVLJQ,QVWLWXWH,', DW2&$'8QLYHUVLW\KWWS LQFOXVLYHGHVLJQFD LVWRKHOSHQVXUHWKDWHPHUJLQJLQIRUPDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\DQGSUDFWLFHVDUHGHVLJQHGLQFOXVLYHO\IURPWKHYHU\ EHJLQQLQJ,WGH¿QHVLQFOXVLYHGHVLJQDVGHVLJQWKDWHQDEOHVDQG VXSSRUWVWKHSDUWLFLSDWLRQRILQGLYLGXDOVDQGJURXSVUHSUHVHQW LQJWKHIXOOUDQJHRIKXPDQGLYHUVLW\,WVHHVGLVDELOLW\DVD PLVPDWFKEHWZHHQWKHQHHGVRIWKHLQGLYLGXDODQGWKHVHUYLFH HGXFDWLRQWRROVRUHQYLURQPHQWSURYLGHGDQGDFFHVVLELOLW\DV WKHDGDSWDELOLW\RIWKHV\VWHPWRWKHQHHG¶VRIHDFKLQGLYLGXDO 7KHUHVHDUFKGHYHORSPHQWHGXFDWLRQDQGVHUYLFHVRIWKH $75&,',DUHDOOJURXQGHGLQWKLVSULQFLSOH 7KH,QVWLWXWHIRU&RPSHWLWLYHQHVV 3URVSHULW\,&3 LVDQLQGHSHQGHQWQRWIRUSUR¿WRUJDQL]DWLRQWKDWGHHSHQVSXE OLFXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIPDFURDQGPLFURHFRQRPLFIDFWRUVEHKLQG 2QWDULR¶VHFRQRPLFSURJUHVV,WLVIXQGHGE\WKH*RYHUQPHQW RI2QWDULRDQGPDQGDWHGWRVKDUHLWVUHVHDUFK¿QGLQJVGLUHFWO\ ZLWKWKHSXEOLF
ii | Releasing Constraints: Projecting the Economic Impacts of Increased Accessibility in Ontario
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
7KLVVWXG\FRPPLVVLRQHGE\WKH*RYHUQPHQWRI2QWDULRH[DPLQHVWKHSRWHQWLDOHFRQRPLFLPSDFW RIDFKLHYLQJVXEVWDQWLDOO\KLJKHUOHYHOVRIDFFHVVLELOLW\,QWKH3URYLQFHZLOOLQWURGXFH¿YH SURSRVHGVWDQGDUGVWKURXJKZKLFKWKH$FFHVVLELOLW\IRU2QWDULDQVZLWK'LVDELOLWLHV$FW$2'$ ZLOOEHLPSOHPHQWHG7KHVHVWDQGDUGVDUHLQWHQGHGWRDFKLHYHVXEVWDQWLDOO\KLJKHUOHYHOVRI DFHVVLELOLW\2XUVWXG\UHYLHZVWKHHFRQRPLFLPSDFWRILQFUHDVHGDFFHVVLELOLW\RQLQGLYLGXDOVRQ PDUNHWVDQGRQVRFLDOXQLWV:H¿QGWKDWWKHUHDUHRSSRUWXQLWLHVDWDOOWKUHHOHYHOVWRUHDOL]HQRQ WULYLDOHFRQRPLFJDLQVWKURXJKHQDEOLQJDKLJKHUQXPEHURI2QWDULDQVWRSDUWLFLSDWHIXOO\LQWKH SURYLQFH¶VHFRQRP\ 7KHPRVWVLJQL¿FDQWSRWHQWLDOJDLQVFRXOGEHUHDOL]HGLQZRUNSODFHVDQGVFKRROV(QDEOLQJ LQFUHDVHGZRUNIRUFHSDUWLFLSDWLRQDPRQJSHUVRQVZLWKGLVDELOLWLHV3Z' ZLOOQRWRQO\LQFUHDVHWKHLU LQGLYLGXDODQGIDPLO\LQFRPHEXWLWFRXOGDOVRLQFUHDVHWKH*'3SHUFDSLWDLQ2QWDULRE\XSWR SHUDQQXP$VQHZVWDQGDUGVDUHLPSOHPHQWHGWRHQDEOHSHRSOHZLWKGLVDELOLWLHVWRDFKLHYH SDULW\ZLWKDYHUDJHHGXFDWLRQDODFKLHYHPHQWLQ2QWDULRWKHUHFRXOGEHDQDGGLWLRQDOERRVWWR 2QWDULR¶V*'3SHUFDSLWDRIXSWR:KLOHWKHVWXG\GRHVQRWH[DPLQHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ VSHFL¿FSROLF\LQSXWVDQGWKHVHRXWFRPHVRXUUHVHDUFKFOHDUO\LQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHUHDUHODUJHSRROV RIXQWDSSHGKXPDQFDSLWDOWKDWFRXOGKHOSGULYH2QWDULR¶VSURVSHULW\ 2QWDULR¶VEXVLQHVVHVFDQEHQH¿WIURPWKHVHVWDQGDUGVLQWKUHHZD\V)LUVWLQFUHDVHGDFFHVVWR UHWDLODQGWRXULVPRSSRUWXQLWLHVZRXOGUHVXOWLQDFFHOHUDWHGJURZWKLQWKHVHVHFWRUV6HFRQGD QXPEHURI2QWDULRUHJLRQVKDYHWKHFDSDFLW\WRVXSSRUWVLJQL¿FDQWFOXVWHUVRIDFFHVVLELOLW\IRFXVHG EXVLQHVVHVDEOHWRVHUYHJOREDOPDUNHWV7KLUGRXUXQLYHUVLWLHVFROOHJHVDQGRWKHULQVWLWXWLRQVFDQ KHOSHGXFDWHWKHQH[WJHQHUDWLRQRIZRUNHUVDQGGHYHORSQHZLQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\WKDWFDQSUHSDUH EXVLQHVVHVWRFRPSHWHLQWKHJURZLQJQXPEHURIPDUNHWVGH¿QHGE\DFFHVVLELOLW\UHTXLUHPHQWV )LQDOO\ZHUHYLHZUHVHDUFKRQWKHFRVWVRIVRFLDOH[FOXVLRQ:HIRXQGWKDWH[FOXVLRQH[DFWV VLJQL¿FDQWFRVWVIURPWKHHQWLUHSURYLQFHWKURXJKLQFUHDVHGKHDOWKFDUHGHPDQGVDQGSRYHUW\ UHODWHGVRFLDOSUREOHPV7KHVHFRVWVDUHQRWHQWLUHO\DEVRUEHGE\3Z'EXWKDYHDVLJQL¿FDQW LPSDFWRQWKHIDPLOLHVDQGFRPPXQLWLHVZKLFKSURYLGHVXSSRUWWRWKHP :HGRQRWKDYHWKHFDSDFLW\WRHYDOXDWHWKHSRWHQWLDOLPSDFWRIVSHFL¿FSROLF\LQLWLDWLYHVRUWR UHFRPPHQGSDUWLFXODUHOHPHQWVEHLQFOXGHGLQWKHVWDQGDUGV:KDWZHKDYHOHDUQHGKRZHYHU OHDGVXVWRFRQFOXGHWKDWHYHU\GD\WKDWSHRSOHZKRZDQWWROHDUQFDQQRWSHRSOHZKRZDQWWRZRUN GRQRWDQGEXVLQHVVHVWKDWZLVKWRVHUYHWKHVHPDUNHWVPXVWZDLWWRVHHZKDWZLOOEHUHTXLUHG 2QWDULRLVORVLQJH[WUHPHO\YDOXDEOHFRQWULEXWLRQVIURPLWVFLWL]HQV5HOHDVLQJWKHFRQVWUDLQWV WKDWOLPLWIXOOSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQWKHHFRQRP\ZLOOFUHDWHDVLJQL¿FDQWIRUFHIRUHFRQRPLFJURZWK
Executive Summary | 1
INTRODUCTION
The Province of Ontario is introducing five draft standards to provide a basis for the implementation of the Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (AODA), 2005. While the government has received many valuable comments from interested parties on their specific concerns and desires, there has not yet been an evaluation of the potential economic impact that increased accessibility will have on the province as a whole. ,QHDUO\WKH*RYHUQPHQWRI2QWDULRDSSURDFKHGWKUHH RUJDQL]DWLRQVZLWKFROOHFWLYHH[SHUWLVHLQSURVSHULW\DFFHVVLEOH WHFKQRORJ\DQGMXULVGLFWLRQDODGYDQWDJHWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKH SRWHQWLDOHFRQRPLFLPSDFWRI¿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¿HGSHUWLQHQWFDVHVWXGLHVFRQVLGHUHG WKHGHPRJUDSKLFVRIDELOLW\DQGSURMHFWHGWKHVL]HRIYDULRXV PDUNHWV:HKDYHFRQVXOWHGZLWKORFDODQGJOREDOH[SHUWVRQ WKHGHPDQGIRUXQLYHUVDOGHVLJQ$VDUHVXOWZHKDYHFRPHWR WKHFRQFOXVLRQWKDWWKHGHPDQGIRUDFFHVVLEOHJRRGVVHUYLFHV EXLOGLQJVDQGHPSOR\PHQWLVQRWMXVWODUJHEXWJURZLQJDQG ZLOORYHUWDNHWKHGHPDQGIRUWKHLUFRQYHQWLRQDOFRXQWHUSDUWV 2IIXUWKHULPSRUWDQFHLVRXU¿QGLQJWKDWWKHLPSDFW RILQFUHDVHGHPSOR\PHQWDFFHVVLELOLW\IRU2QWDULDQVZLWK GLVDELOLWLHVZLOOLQFUHDVHWKHDYHUDJHLQFRPHRIDOO2QWDULDQV 7KHVHFRQFOXVLRQVGRQRWFRPHDVDVXUSULVHJLYHQWKHKLV WRU\RIDFFHVVDQGSURVSHULW\LQ2QWDULR)RUWKHODVW\HDUV 2QWDULRKDVPRYHGLQFUHPHQWDOO\WRZDUGWKHLQFOXVLRQRILWV HQWLUHSHRSOHLQLWVVRFLDODQGHFRQRPLFOLIH2QWDULR¶V+XPDQ 5LJKWV&RGHWKH¿UVWLQ&DQDGDGDWHVIURP6LQFHWKDW
2 | Releasing Constraints: Projecting the Economic Impacts of Increased Accessibility in Ontario
WLPHWKHJRYHUQPHQW¶VUROHKDVVKLIWHG IURPEHLQJWKHFXVWRGLDQRI2QWDULDQVZLWK GLVDELOLWLHVWREHLQJWKHJXDUDQWRURIWKHULJKWV RIDOOSHUVRQVWRHPSOR\PHQWKRXVLQJDQG VHUYLFHV-RQJEORHG 7KH3URYLQFH¶VSDWKWRZDUGLQFUHDVHG SDUWLFLSDWLRQE\DPRUHGLYHUVHUDQJHRI LWVFLWL]HQVKDVOHGWRLQFUHDVHGGHPDQG IRUDFFHVVLEOHZRUNSODFHVEHWWHUVLJQDJH PRUHUHOLDEOHIRUPVRISXEOLFWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ VRIWZDUHWKDWFDQEHFXVWRPL]HGPRUHHDVLO\ DFFHVVLEOHVRFLDODQGUHFUHDWLRQDOHYHQWVDQG IDFLOLWLHVDQGEXVLQHVVHVWKDWDUHZHOFRPLQJ WRDOO(DFKRIWKHVHGHPDQGVGULYHVQHZ LQFUHPHQWDOJDLQVLQRXUSURVSHULW\JDLQVWKDW ZLOOKHOSWRPLWLJDWHWKHFRVWVDVVRFLDWHGZLWK LQFUHDVLQJDFFHVVLEOHLQIUDVWUXFWXUHLQWKH FRPLQJ\HDUV
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
7KHVHLQFOXGHWKH$GDSWLYH7HFKQRORJ\ 5HVRXUFH&HQWUHDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI7RURQWR 5\HUVRQ¶V6FKRRORI'LVDELOLW\6WXGLHVDQG