Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Engineering & Emerging Technologies (ICEET), Superior University, Lahore, PK, 26-27 March, 2015.
Renewable Energy Resources Assessment in Pakistan S. I. Haider, H. Munir, W. Afzal and W. A. Khan Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Email:
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected]
Abstract— Power generation in Pakistan is usually carried out by traditional energy sources, mineral oil and coal based power plants which cause greenhouse effect, ultimately. This paper is focused on the solution of the energy crisis on justified utilization of abundant renewable energy resources. It starts with describe the importance of renewable energy and its benefits over fossil fuels. It provides a quick view of the renewable energy sources in Pakistan which analyzing the current status and lack of utilization of each of these technologies to this date in Pakistan. It also analyses the multi-conditions assessment of different renewable energies and draws out useful conclusion. It is based on secondary information gathered from different information media including internet, several reports and different international resources. Keywords—Fossil fuels, Hydro power, Wind Potential, Solar Energy
I.
INTRODUCTION
In this world of competition, every nation is in quest of becoming a member of developed countries by fast growth and employment generation. The dangerous effect and ecological disequilibrium caused by rapid industrialization cannot be ignored. This can be linked with huge amount of carbon emission. Seeing changes in climate, an international joint action is formulating an economical response and effectual impartial to this challenge It is impractical due to non-carbon emitting sources and fuel supply issues related to environmental impact while addressing a populous country like Pakistan, a single resource or technology to achieve a sustainable and must cut have become part of the energy requirements for carrying out the load on fossil fuel reserves. Seeing Pakistan’s domestic market and large numbers of investors, country can ideally take benefit from renewable energy sources. Variations in climate zones provide sufficient wind amount, water flow rate and sunlight which can be an alternative to fossil fuels and have large capacity to add to energy sector. It given full support by the government for expanding renewable energy, Pakistan can establish itself as a competitive nation by fully using its business resources and private investors is likely to become Pakistan’s energy sector.
2.
With increase in population the Gap between demand and supply Environmental concerns Increase energy security of Pakistan High extrusion pressure from shareholders industrial sectors A practical solution to rural electricity
3. 4. 5. 6.
In the current scenario, Pakistan is one of the biggest users of crude oil, coal, natural fuel etc. Fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas as uncontrollable increase in the use of nonrenewable energy is due to instability of demand and supply. The future of non- renewable energy leads to uncertainty. Having a negative energy balance for several decades, Pakistan is forced to purchase energy to meet the needs of the country from other countries. It can meet the aspirations of the developing renewable energy resources, development of the Energy Sector will accelerate. II.
WHY ARE RENEWABLE SOURCES BETTER THAN OIL RESOURCES?
An extensive comparison between oil reserves and renewable resources are given in Table I, are based on some aspects. This indicates that in the energy sector renewable energy sources are the future for the country and there is a need to entirely take advantage of these resources. TABLE I. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OIL RESERVES AND RENEWABLE ENERGY Sr. No.
Oil Reserves
1
Availability
2
Regeneration
3
Emission
4
1.
Unexplored potential
Zero emission
Environmental effect of use
Harmful to the environment
There is no negative impact on the environment. The entire system is environmental friendly and pollution free.
Transportation
Has to be transported from its source site for further processing, exposing
Used where it is available or transported where needed
Renewable energy key drivers are [1] 5
Oil reserves are limited in nature Ore is drained , can't be regenerated releases greenhouse gases
Renewable Source of Energy They are abundant in nature Can be Regenerated; Inexhaustible resource
6
Distribution
the environment to pollution from accidents Uneven distribution which leads to flow gap and price fluctuations.
7
Development
Lesser sustainable development
8
Storage
Portable form of energy. Easy to store
9
Climate Change
10
Area
11
Geopolitical implications
12
Cost
13
Energy Supply
III.
Do not depend on Weather modifications Not large geographical area is required Over-reliance on oil as a resource can undermine a country’s energy security They are available naturally so, the producing cost is low and transformation of energy from one form to another is cheap. Limited supply
Evenly distributed in world Leads to more sustainable development i.e. more jobs opportunities Need storage between production and consumption Depends on altercation of climate Large amount of land is required Reduces our reliance on oil, Safe guarding national security Allows for selfsufficiency
High maintenance and Capital cost
Once generated, they produce high amount of energy
SCENARIO OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN PAKISTAN
Pakistan is located within the latitude 30° North of the Equator and longitude 70º East of Greenwich. Pakistan is located in South Asia and the Greater Middle East. In the southern side, Pakistan is surrounded by 1,046 kilometer coastline of the Arabian Sea, The longitude and latitude of Pakistan consists of 803, 940 sq. km of over-all land area. According to the latitude and longitude of this region Pakistan has mostly warm climate and include wide dry desert areas [1]. Pakistan is having long corridors for wind energy and other renewable energy sources which include onshore and offshore wind energy, Biomass and Photovoltaic Technology due to its climatic and geographical conditions. A. Hydro: Rainfall is the reasonable measure for the experts to locate the positions for water conservation sites and hydroelectric energy. There are many areas which experience heavy rainfall in Pakistan. There are 8 major Hydropower plants in Pakistan. 4 on Indus river, from which first biggest plant is TARBELA located in Sawabi/Haripur having the installed capacity of 3478 MW, second is GHAZI BAROTHA which is located in
Attock having the installed capacity of 1450 MW, third is CHASHMA Hydropower plant located in Distt. Mianwali and its installed capacity 184 MW and the fourth Hydropower plant is Jinnah which is located in Disst. Mianwali and total installed capacity is 96 MW. At Jhelum River, the MANGLA Hydropower plant having the installed capacity 1000 MW located in Mirpur/AJK on Kabul River, WARSAK power plant is located in Warsak having the total installed capacity 242.96 MW [2]. B. Solar: Pakistan has enormous renewable energy potential specially the solar energy, if it utilized properly, energy crises gap can be minimized. Pakistan is situated in the Sun Belt and can take advantage from solar energy technologies. This energy source is abundantly available and widely distributed in the country. Most areas of the country receives 5.30 kWh/m2/day an annual mean value of 4.45- 5.83 kWh/m2/day of global horizontal insolation in Pakistan [3], [4]. The world has the average level of solar radiation is 3.61 kWh/m2/day and in Pakistan 4.45 kWh/m2/day is the minimum level of solar radiation [5]. Pakistan is located in excellent solar belt range. Quaide-e-Azam Solar Park of 100 MW is under construction, located in Lal Suhanra National Park, Cholistan, Bahawalpur, Punjab. C. Wind: Coastal belt of Balochistan and Sindh, desert areas of Sindh and Punjab has the significant wind energy potential in Pakistan. This renewable energy source has not utilized properly. Pakistan Metrological Department has been collected the data of wind of all Pakistan and the data analyzed by Alternate Energy Development Board (AEDB). According to collected data, Pakistan has coastal line of 60 km wide in Gharo, Kati Bandar and 180 km long, up to Hyderabad. Electricity generation from wind energy of this corridor has the utilizable potential of 50,000 MW. Availability of wind speed is necessary to produce and utilize power from wind energy. In most of the parts of the world the average considerable wind speed lies from 6.2 – 6.9 m/s which is in fair category and 7.0 – 7.4 m/s which is in good category. In Pakistan, Sindh corridor, some northern areas and Baluchistan having the excellent wind speed of more than 7.4 m/s. First wind power station in Pakistan is Jhimpir Wind Power Plant having the installed capacity of 56.4 MW and located in Jhimpir, Sindh and operational since 2009. Jhimpir Wind Energy Project is the second wind power plant also located in Jhimpir, Sindh with having installed capacity of 49.6 MW and operational since 2012. Gharo Wind Power Plant is the third wind power plant which is located in Gharo, Sindh. It is under construction and having the installed capacity of 50 MW. D. Biomass:
Biogas is the most important type of biomass energy; dung makes maximum use of the valuable natural resource. It provides clean gas for energy needs, cooking, agricultural land efficiency and augmented bio-fertilizer for perfection of fertility. There are 48 million animals including Buffaloes, Cows, Bullocks in Pakistan from each livestock survey in 2002-03, the daily average dung dropping of these animals is 15Kg which comes to 690 million Kg. Supposing 50 percent collect capacity, installation of 17.25 million cubic meter biogas plant can produce biogas by anaerobic fermentation of ding which can meet the cooking need of 50 million people. From this single source of energy, 50 percent cooking requirement of rural population can be met. Moreover, to maintain the fertility of agricultural lands, it is essential to produce 96.6 million kg of bio fertilizers/day or the production of 35.04 million tons/year of bio fertilizer. In 1974 Pakistan Government launched complete biogas schemes which positively utilize the available biogas generation potential and in 1987, it commissioned 4,137 units of biogas in all over the country. For lightning and cooking purposes 3,000 and 5,000 cubic feet per day biogas units were designed. This project was established in three stages. In the duration of first stage, 100 demonstration units were installed with the funding of Government. In the duration of second stage, the biogas cost was shared between the government and the beneficiaries. In the third stage government takeout the financial funding, while the technical support was continued and provided without any cost. After the withdrawal of the state funding, the project did not further progress until 1990. Government again started the development and working in this field and approximately 1700 biogas plants had installed in remote areas across the country. These plants are now running successfully and meet the cooking needs of the villagers. A Letter of Intent (LoI) has issued by AEDB to Energy Power Plant of 12 MW Biomass in Jhung, Punjab. This project is financed by Lumen Energia Pvt Ltd. Another Energy Power Plant of 12 MW Biomass in MirwahGorchani Town, Mirpurkhas, Sindh having the Letter of Intent (LoI). Pak Ethanol (Pvt) Ltd setting up the 9 MW Biogas Plant in Sindh. Masood Textile Mills have been issued the Letter of Intent (LoI) of Biomass Power Generation Ltd, having the capacity of 12 MW Biomass to Energy Project located at Faisalabad, Punjab. M/S Greensure Environmental Solutions (Pvt) Ltd also issued LoI for setting up to the Waste to Energy Project of 12 MW in Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. IV.
MULTI-CRITERIA ASSESSMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
Table II, Table III contains the evaluation of different types of renewable energies.
TABLE II. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WIND, HYDRO, BIOMASS, SOLAR Sr. No.
Criteria
Hydro
Biomass
80
1
Very high
Extremely high
1
Efficiency (%)
2
Land requirement
3
Electricity cost (c/kWh)
8.9
9
4
Installed capacity (MW)
6733
45
5
Carbon dioxide (kgCO2/KWh)
0.04
1.18
6
Work qualifications
Moderate
Low
7
Independence of electricity generation
High
High
8
Turnkey cost
Very high
Low
9
Social And individual risks
High
Low
10
Construction time
Very high
Moderate
11
Wastes Generated
No waste
12
13 14
Inexhaustible
Energy Source Operation & management costs Necessity of participative decision making processes
V.
Some wastes Developed By Keeping in mind the availability of biomass
Low
Very low
Very High
Low
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
Biomass has the least conversion process efficiency whereas in Hydro it is highest at about 80%. Significant amount of land needed for biomass as comparison to others the land requirement for biomass energy is higher. For creating reservoirs, Hydro power plants also require large amount of land. Carbon dioxide produced by biomass energy is higher, all other renewable energy contain negligible or small amount of CO2 emissions. Nuclear Energy have very high work ability as compared to solar and wind, they requires low work qualifications. Hydropower plants and Nuclear power plants or projects has very high Turnkey cost since they requires high capital input then others. Energy source for solar, wind, ocean and geothermal are unlimited while it is limited for biomass and nuclear power. As compared to other renewable energy sources, the high risks for the stakeholders involved in hydro power plant so Necessity of participative decision making processes are high. Operation & management costs are high for hydropower whereas nearly all other have comparatively low O&M costs.
TABLE III.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WIND, HYDRO, BIOMASS, SOLAR (CONT’D)
1
Efficiency (%)
2
Land requirement
High
High
3
Electricity cost (c/kWh)
15.6
9.6
increase their financial support in different ways. These measures generally help in change the similar investment patterns of energy sectors away for typically unrated investment costs of fossil fuels. This report is only on the Pakistan renewable energy resources that meant to make hopes for extensive and hasty development in renewable energy sectors.
100
106
REFERENCES
0.1
0.02
Sr.No.
4 5
Criteria
Installed capacity (MW) Carbon dioxide (kgCO2/KWh)
Solar
Wind
15
30
6
Work qualifications
Low
Low
7
Independence of electricity generation
Very High
Very High
8
Turnkey cost
Low
Low
9
Social And individual risks
Low
Low
10
Construction time
Low
Low
Wastes Generated
No waste
11 12 13 14
Inexhaustible
Energy Source Operation & management costs Necessity of participative decision making processes
VI.
No waste
[1]
Weiss, Anita M. and Mughal, Muhammad Aurang Zeb (2012) Pakistan, in Berkshire encyclopedia of sustainability: Afro-Eurasia: assessing sustainability. Great Barrington, Mass.: Berkshire, pp. 236-240.
[2]
“Water & Power Development Authority of Pakistan” http://www.wapda.gov.pk/htmls/powerindex.html, 09 Jun, 2012
[3]
“Alternative Energy Board Power sector situation in Pakistan”, Deutsche Gesellscharft fur, Technische Zusammenarbeit, (GTZ) GmbH, Sep 2005.
[4]
“Pakistan Meteorological DepartmentGovernment of Pakistan”, May 2010
[5]
Raja, I. A, & Twidel, J. W. “Statistical, analysis of measured global insolation data for Pakistan, Renewable energy”, 4(2), pp. 199-216, (1994)
Inexhaustible
Very low
Very low
Low
Low
CONCLUSION
Looking at current scenario, a sustainable energy system is important in country like Pakistan and the need of the hour for sustainable development. Because of the unfairness in energy distribution, renewable energy has the possibility of becoming the foundation for the country’s future energy requirements. New renewable energy technology demand analysis clearly shows a great shift in preference on the sources which are Wind, Hydropower, Biomass and Solar photovoltaic. The attractiveness of renewable technologies can be well-known by continued fast despite economic breakdown, growth and financial crisis. On a large scale use and introduction of renewable energy will help in tackling issues like variations in fuel prices, energy scarcity and help Pakistan to selfsustainable. Pakistan is facing energy crisis as many areas of Pakistan still surviving without electricity. So, renewable energy sources are the remedy of energy crises. Availability of investment is hindering the development of renewable energy. Future development of the renewable energy will be needed new technologies, innovating, and financing support by favorable policies. In this report, calls upon all stakeholders to find creative solutions and discussed conditions in the favor of the deployment of renewable energy. The Government of Pakistan realizes to archives long term benefits of renewable energy, and sense his economic development plan priority over the mark the performance and loan guarantees for projects which includes funds for renewable energy should
