REVIEW ARTICLE Bougainvillea glabra a Natural Antioxidant: A Review Neha Sahu1*, Jyoti Saxena1 Abstracts: Plants are a source of large amount of drugs compromising to different groups such as antispasmodics, emetics, anti-cancer, anti-microbial etc. The WHO estimated that 80% of the population of developing countries still relies on traditional medicine, mostly plant drugs for their primary health care needs. Hence, there is an urgent need to study the screening of antioxidant properties of herbs which will be helpful in the treatment of several diseases. Antioxidants are an inhibitor of the process of oxidation, even at relatively small concentration and thus have diverse physiological role in the body. Antioxidants may be synthetic or natural. Synthetic antioxidants such as BHT and BHA have recently been reported to be dangerous for human health. Thus, the search for effective, non-toxic natural compound with antioxidative activity has been intensified in recent years. In this present review, an attempt has been made to give information about the antioxidant activity of Bougainvillea Glabra, which is an immensely showy, floriferous and hardy plant. Key Words: Bougainvillea glabra, antioxidant activity, Synthetic antioxidants, free radicals and phytochemicals. INTRODUCTION Free radicals are chemical entities that can exist separately with one or more unpaired electrons. The propagation of free radicals is responsible for many adverse reactions causing extensive tissue damage. Lipids, proteins and DNA are susceptible to attack by free radicals. (1) Free radicals are atoms or molecules with single unpaired electron that makes them highly reactive. Metabolic reactions are responsible for generation of oxidative free radicals which create a chain reaction leads to lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, etc. This has been implicated in atherosclerosis, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and inflammatory bowel diseases. (2) Antioxidants are compound that can delay or inhibit the oxidation of lipids or other molecules by inhibiting the initiation or propagation of oxidizing chain reactions. (3) Chemistry of natural product is a research field with endless potential and is especially important in countries possessing great biodiversity (4) as India. Over the last few years, researchers have aimed at identifying and validating plant derived substances for the treatment of various diseases. (5)The world health organization estimated that 80% of the developing countries still relies on traditional medicines, mostly plant drugs for their primary health care needs .(6) Hence, there is an urgent need to study the screening of antioxidant properties of herbs which will be helpful in the treatment of several diseases. Antioxidants are an inhibitor of the process of oxidation, even at relatively small concentration and thus have diverse physiological role in the body. Antioxidants may be synthetic or natural. Synthetic antioxidants such as BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) and BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) have recently been reported to be dangerous for human health. (7) Thus, 1Department
of Chemistry, Sarojini Naidu Government Girls (Post Graduate Autonomous) College, Shivaji Nagar, Bhopal-462016 (M.P), India. E-mail:
[email protected] *Corresponding author
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the search for effective, non-toxic natural compound with antioxidative activity has been intensified in recent years. Many plant families represent reservoir of effective antioxidants and can provide valuable sources of natural antioxidants. In plants, the term antioxidant often refers to a wide range of phenolic compounds that vary from simple phenolic acids to highly polymerized compounds such as tannins. In plants, polyphenols are important for structural support, as antiherbivorous substances, for attracting pollinators, for protection from ultraviolet radiation and for wound repair .(8) Though a large number of plants worldwide show strong antioxidant activities, the antioxidant properties of Bougainvillea glabra extracts have not been elucidated before or less work has been done so far. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to investigate the antioxidant properties of Bougainvillea Glabra, which is an immensely showy, floriferous and hardy plant. Bougainvillea Glabra The genus Bougainvillea, in the Nyctinaginacea family of plants, has 14 species, with three that are horticulturally important: B. spectabilis, B.glabra, and B. peruviana. Many crosses among the various species have produced new hybrid species. B. glabra and B. spectabilis are alike in general appearance, the main difference being the bloom cycle, and B.glabra being hairless whereas B.spectabilis is hairy. Bougainvillea (with the common name glory of the garden) originated from south America and it is popular plant in southern California, Florida, the Caribbean and other areas with tropical and warm climates .The name comes from Louis Antoine de Bougainville, a French navigator and military commander who was the first European to take note of the plant, in Brazil, in 1768. The bougainvillea’s versatility is legendary. (9) The bougainvillea flower is a true, perfect flower that is surrounded by showy, vibrant bracts the colourful bracts are in facts, not petals but modified leaves, adapted to attract pollinators to the colourless and scentless flowers residing on the upper surface. (10)
Kingdom: Plantae – Plants Subkingdom: Tracheobionta – Vascular plants Superdivision: Spermatophyta – Seed plants Division: Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants Class: Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons Subclass: Caryophyllidae Order: Caryophyllales Family: Nyctaginaceae – Four o'clock family Genus: Bougainvillea Species Bougainvillea glabra Choisy The leaves of Bougainvillea glabra are reported to have anti-inflammatory activities (11) (12) anti hyperglycemic activity insecticidal activity (13), anti hyperglycemic activity (14) anti ulcer antimicrobial and antidiarrhoeal activity (15).And its antiviral protein was characterized by (16). Researches also show that Bougainvillea spectablis were highly effective in reducing orka yellow vein mosaic infection of okra. (17) Bougainvillea glabra have been used by the traditional practitioner of Mandsaur in variety of disorders like diarrhea, reduces acidity, cough and sore throught, decoction of dried flowers for the blood vessels and leucorrhoea and decoction of the stem in hepatitis. The main part used is leaves. (18) Bougainvillea as Antioxidant Recently there has been an upsurge of interest in the therapeutic potentials of plants as antioxidants in reducing free radical induced tissues injury. Many plant species have been investigated in the search for novel antioxidants (19) but generally there is still a demand to find more information concerning the antioxidant potential of species. In spite the numerous uses and pharmacological activity attributed of various variety of bougainvillea glabra, but there is less information regarding antioxidant activity. In a study (20) describe the Radical Scavenging Activity of Hydroalcoholic and Aqueous Extracts from Bauhinia divaricata and Bougainvillea spectabilis Using the DPPH Assay. In this work they determine the phenols and flavonoids content and they evaluate the antioxidant activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts from leaves and stem samples of the plant, in order to contribute to the knowledge for further applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. Aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts from leaf and stem samples was evaluated for their RSA using 1, 1diphenylpicrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH •). Total phenolics and flavonoids extracts was determined too. However, when RSA was estimated it was found that stem aqueous extracts from Bougainvillea spectabilis produced more DPPH absorbance reduction (95.66%), with an IC 50 (the concentration to inhibit the oxidation of DPPH by 50%) and AP (reciprocal of IC 50) values of 0.03 μg/mL
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Figure 1: Bougainvillea glabra Choisy and 33.33, respectively. These results were superior to common synthetic antioxidants used in the food industry like butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT, IC 50=62 μg/mL) and can be useful for further applications of these plants or its constituents in pharmaceutical and alimentary preparations Another research also (21) evaluated antioxidant activity of Bougainvillea glabra ‘Snow White’ using three different methods, and they evaluated total phenolic content of the plant. The anti-oxidant activity was evaluated against DPPH free radical, ABTS free radical scavenging and superoxide scavenging using BHT (Butylated Hydroxy Toluene) as a standard. The phenolic content of leaves extracts was determined using Folin-coicalteau reagent. The anti-oxidant activity expressed as IC50 value. Total phenolic content was expressed as tannic acid equivalent. The findings of the study suggested that Acetone and hydroalcoholic extract (50:50) of Bougainvillea glabra ‘Snow White’ have effective antioxidant activity. CONCLUSION Hence from above review it is clear that Bougainvillea glabra exhibit significant clinical, pharmacological activity and antioxidant activity. Different combination of the active constituents after isolation and identification can be made as from above review it is clear that only few researches has been done in this field and more research is needed in this field. Hence, in search of a new potent antioxidant from Bougainvillea glabra it may be worthwhile to explore the possibility in the area of natural antioxidants. REFERENCES AND NOTES
1. Verma N, Khosa R L and Pathak A K (2008): Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of fruits of Ficus bengalensis Linn. Pharmacologyonline; 3:206-215.
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2. Rachh P R, Rachh M R, Modi D C, Shah B N , Bhargava A S (2009): In vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity of Punarnava (Boerhaavia diffusa Linn.). Int J Pharm Res, 1: 36-40. 3. Velioglu, Y S, Mazza G, Gao L & Oomah B D (1998).Antioxidant activity and total phenolics in selected fruits, vegetables, and grain products. Journal of Agricultural Food & Chemistry, 46: 4113–4117. 4. Chaires-Martinez L, Monary-Reyes E, BautistaBringas A, Jimenez – Avalos HA, SepulvedaJimenez G(2009)Determination of Radical Scavenging Activity of Hydroalcoholic and Aqueous Extracts from Bauhinia divaricata and Bougainvillea spectabilis Using the DPPH Assay. Pharmacognosy Research, 238-244. 5. Hamid Reza Gheisari, Fahimeh Amiri, Yalda Zolghadri (2011) Antioxidant and Antimicrobial of Iranian bael (Aegle Marmelos) fruit against some food pathogens. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, 3: 85-88. 6. Ikegami F, Fujii Y , Ishihara K and Satoh T(2003) Toxicological aspects of Kampo medicines in Clinical use. Chemico Biological Interaction, 145: 235-250. 7. Nan Wu , Kuang Fu , Yu-Jie Fu , Yuan-Gang Zu, Fang-Rong Chang, Yung-Husan Chen, Xiao-Lei Liu , Yu Kong , Wei Liu and Cheng-Bo Gu (2009) Antioxidant Activities of Extracts and Main Components of Pigeonpea {Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.}Leaves.Molecules: 14: 1032-1043 8. Harborne J B, (1973). Phytochemical methods, London, Chapman and Hall, Ltd, pp: 49-188. 9. Kent D. Kobayashi, James McConnell, and John Griffis (2007)Bougainvillea Ornamentals and Flowers,OF -38 10. Kobayashi D K, McConnell J, Griffis J (2007). Bougainvillea. Available from the Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, published by the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources Ornamentals and Flowers OF-38:16. 11. Joshi D D, Mujumdar A M and Narayanan C R (1984). Anti-inflammatory activity of Bougainvillea spectabilis leaves. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 46(5): 187-188. 12. Oudhia P (2005), Traditional Medicinal Knowledge about Sthenias griastor Fb (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) feeding on
Bougainvillea spectabilis in Chattisgarh, India Record of natural products, 3:4, 187-192. 13. Simmonds M.S.J and Howes M.J.R. (2006). Edited by Soumyanath A. Traditional Medicines for Modern Times: Antidiabetic Plants. Taylor and Francis Group, UK. 14. Edwin E, Edwin S, Toppo E, Tiwari V, Amalraj A and Gupta V.B (2006).Free radical scavenging activity of ethanol aqueous extract of Bougainvillea glabra Choisy. Planta Indica. 2(3): 3-22. 15. Edwin E, Sheeja E , Toppo E , Tiwari V and. Dutt K R (2007). Antidiarrheal, antiulcer and antimicrobial activities of leaves of Bougainvillea glabra Choisy. Ars Pharmaceutica, 48:135- 144. 16. Balasaraswathi R, Sadasivam S, Ward M and. Walker J .M (1998) An antiviral protein from Bougainvillea spectabilis roots; Purification and characterization. Phytochemistry, 47(8): 15611565. 17. Pun K B, Sabitha D and Jeyarajan R (1999) Screening of plant species for the presence of antiviral principles against okra yellow vein mosaic virus. Indian Journal of Phytopathology, 52(3): 221-223. 18. Yosef S, Raymond L Jand Gunter C M (2001). Sand fly feeding on Noxious Plants a Potential Method for The Control of Leishmaniasis. Am. J. Trop. Hyg., 65, 300-303. 19. Chu Y (2000) Flavonoid content of several vegetables and their antioxidant activity. J.Sci. Food and agriculture, 80: 561-566. 20. Chaires-Martinez L, Monary-Reyes E, BautistaBringas A, Jimenez –Avalos HA, SepulvedaJimenez G (2009) Determination of Radical Scavenging Activity of Hydroalcoholic and Aqueous Extracts from Bauhinia divaricata and Bougainvillea spectabilis Using the DPPH Assay. Pharmacognosy Research, 238-244. 21. Vikas Gupta, Dr.D.S.Rathore (2011), Evalution of anti-oxidant activity determination of phenolic content of leaves extracts of Bougainvillea glabra “snow white”. Pharmacologyonline2: 219-234. Acknowledgement: The author thanks Dr. Jyoti Saxena of Chemistry Department, Sarojini Naidu Government Girls (Post Graduate Autonomous) College for her kind support.
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