International Research Journal of Plant Science (ISSN: 2141-5447) Vol. 1(6) pp. xxx-xxx, December, 2010 Available online http://www.interesjournals.org/IRJPS Copyright © 2010 International Research Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Rice bran oil – palm olein oil blend may attenuate the risk of cardiovascular diseases: results of an in vivo study. Hamid Nawaz Khan1*, Parwaiz Akhtar1 Altaf Khan1, Jafar Salamat Khan1 and Humaira Farooqi2 1
Phytochemical Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi-110062, India. 2 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi110062, India. Accepted 21 December, 2010
Quality and quantify of dietary fats have long been recognized to play a crucial role in several metabolic disorders such as cancer, coronary heart disease, diabetes, obesity and hypertension. It influences serum lipid profile, which normally should have low cholesterol, low triglycerides, low LDL-cholesterol and a high HDL-cholesterol. Ideally, SFA, MUFA and PUFA in diet should not exceed 8-10%, 10-20%, and 10%, respectively. The oil and its blend with such a fatty acid profile, which is virtually non-existent in nature, are expected to have health benefits. We have been able to prepare a binary oil blend with a fatty acid profile quite close to the recommended one, using rice bran oil and palm oil. Serum lipid profile and retinols of rats fed with this blend (called Blend-RP) was studied to evaluate the effect of the blend on parameters associated with the risk of cardiovascular disorders. The results are discussed. Keywords: SFA-Saturated Fatty Acids, MUFA-Monounsaturated Fatty Acids, PUFA-Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, LDL-Low Density Lipoprotein, HDL-High Density Lipoprotein, RP-Rice bran oil/Palm olein oil blend, RO Rice bran oil, PO Palm olein oil, CHD Coronary Heart Diseases INTRODUCTION Blending of oil of plant origin is a simple technology to make oils with an ideal fatty acid profile recommended by various international Government health agencies. The technique may help to make available to more nutritious oil at a lower price. Blending may have other advantages like preserving the fatty acid in original cis-form; hydrogenation (another means to popularize unfamiliar oils) converts fatty acids to trans-form. Since the composition of a blend can be manipulated to obtain a desired fatty acid profile, oil blends can be used as health oils and may serve to contain incidences of several noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases [Kamal-Eldin and Anderson 1997; Kamal-Eldin and Lampi 2008]. We have been able to prepare a binary blend of rice bran oil and palm olein oil (Blend-RP). Rice bran oil (RO) *Corresponding author Email :
[email protected]
and palm olein oil (PO) were chosen for blending for their nutritional value and cost consideration. The two oils, when mixed together in equal amounts, could give a SFA: MUFA: PUFA ratio of 1.05: 1.5: 1.0 fatty acid profile quite closes to the recommended one. When tested for its effect on serum lipid profile in rats receiving respective oils, blend- RP was found lower serum triglycerides. When compared to normal control group of rats, serum triglycerides and cholesterol values in rats receiving blend-RP were quite close to normal. Serum cholesterol, VLDL-C, and HDL-C were also determined in rats fed with blend-RP, rice bran oil alone, or palm oil alone. Serum cholesterol and VLDL-C values in rats fed blendRP were comparable to normal control [Seetharamaiah and Chandrasekhara 1989; Qureshi et al 1991a and AOAC 1990]. These findings encouraged use of RO in the oil blends being tested in this study. The two commonly consumed
MUFA rich edible oils, namely, Rice bran oil (RO) and palm olein oil (PO) rice bran palm olein oil blend (RP blend) were blended in the ratio of (80:20) tested for their lipidemic properties with the objective of promoting their use in edible oil blends, the impact of palm olein oil on cardiovascular disease. Tocotrienols from the palm olein oil inhibit protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes [Kamal and Appleqvist 1996]. The ω-3 fatty acids (linolenic acid) in oils can increase the level of circulating good cholesterol. These and other such findings encouraged us to use the unconventional MN rich oils for preparing various blends that are being tested in this study on experimental animals [Kamal et al 1997]. MATERIAL AND METHOD
Experimental Protocol
Experimental diets Refined vegetable oils, groundnut oil, sesame oil, and soyabean oil were purchased from the local market of Alaknanda New Delhi city; rice bran oil (physically refined, from Eastman Agro Mills, Ltd., New Delhi, India). Palm olein oil was purchase Nehru Place Delhi. The oils were either used as the sole source of fat or in a blend. Blends were made with RO which was mixed with PO in an 80:20 ratio respectively. Oil blends used in the study were prepared and supplied by Hamdard University, New Delhi, India.
Animals were housed individually in screen bottomed cages under a controlled environment with 12 h light and 12 h dark cycles. Animals were handled using animal Welfare Guidelines outlined by Animal welfare institute, New York.f Diet Animals were fed with experimental diets and boiled and purified water on an ad libitum basis. Diets were fed for four weeks. Food intake and body weight were recorded weekly, Tissue collection. During the last three days of the experiment, feces were collected quantitatively for 24 h periods for each animal and stored at -20 °C until analysis. At the end of the four week feeding period, animals were fasted overnight. Blood (4–6 ml) was drawn by cardiac puncture. Following the blood draw, animals were sacrificed using chloroform anesthesia. At that point livers were removed and stored at -20 °C until analysis. Collection of Blood Samples Blood samples were allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 hour and centrifuged at 2000 r.p.m. for 30 min to separate serum. Samples were labeled and stored at -20 °C until analysis. Blood Serum was analyzed for TC and HDLC [Wybenga and Dillegi 1997] and TG [Foster and Dunn 1973] using enzymatic kits (Glaxo, India). LDLC and VLDLC were estimated by calculation. Statistical Analysis
Experiment design from animal study Blend-RP was prepared by mixing equal amounts or RO and PO. Fatty acid profile (Table 2) of the blend was determined using GLC [Hammond 1993]. Toxicological evaluation of the blend was done on both male and female rats with an average body weight of 200 g. Results of acute toxicity studies, conducted as per the standard protocols, showed no sign of toxicity. RO alone, and PO alone treated groups served as positive controls. Normal control group received neither of the test oils. It was kept on the normal pellet diet generally supplied to rats. Female albino rats of Wister strain, with a body weight of 200±5 kg, were used in this study. Serum lipid profile of rats administered with 15 ml/kg body weight (that is, 3 ml/rat) of test oil, including RO or PO as positive controls, was determined. The dose level toward a higher side was chosen for two reasons: (i) at this dose, acute toxicity of a given oil is usually evaluated, (ii) this is the dose level at which RO alone, or PO alone treated rats showed a market increase in serum lipid profile parameters measured in this study/ Serum lipid profile was also evaluated in rats receiving no treatment [Manorama 1991].
Animals Animals were given respective oils orally for four consecutive days for one month. Each group contained six rats. Blood was collected from the control as well as treated group of rat three hour after the last dose. Serum was obtained by centrifuging the clotted blood at 800g for 5 minutes. Twentity four male Wister/NIN albino rats weighing between 200 g were used for this experiment. The animals were randomly assigned to each of the experimental groups described above.
Data were analyzed by ANOVA to ascertain if the dietary treatments were a source of variance related to various lipid parameters measured [Snedecor and Cochran 1980]. Significance was accepted at the p
