surgical tips and skills. Felix Behan. Sample proofs @ Elsevier Australia ..... Wolfe
, S.W. (Eds.), Green ' s operative hand surgery , fifth ed . Elsevier Churchill ...
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Felix C Behan FRCS, FRACS Associate Professor of Surgery University of Melbourne Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeon Department of Surgical Oncology Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne, & Western Health
Sydney Edinburgh London New York Philadelphia St Louis Toronto
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Churchill Livingstone is an imprint of Elsevier
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Elsevier Australia. ACN 001 002 357 (a division of Reed International Books Australia Pty Ltd) Tower 1, 475 Victoria Avenue, Chatswood, NSW 2067
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This edition © 2014 Elsevier Australia
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This publication is copyright. Except as expressly provided in the Copyright Act 1968 and the Copyright Amendment (Digital Agenda) Act 2000, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted by any means (including electronic, mechanical, microcopying, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without prior written permission from the publisher.
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Every attempt has been made to trace and acknowledge copyright, but in some cases this may not have been possible. The publisher apologises for any accidental infringement and would welcome any information to redress the situation.
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This publication has been carefully reviewed and checked to ensure that the content is as accurate and current as possible at time of publication. We would recommend, however, that the reader verify any procedures, treatments, drug dosages or legal content described in this book. Neither the author, the contributors, nor the publisher assume any liability for injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any error in or omission from this publication.
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National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry ___________________________________________________________________ Behan, Felix C., author.
Title:
Surgical tips and skills / Felix Behan.
ISBN:
9780729540995 (paperback)
Notes:
Includes index.
Subjects:
Surgery–Textbooks. Surgery–Technique.
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Author:
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Dewey Number: 617.9 ___________________________________________________________________
Content Strategist: Larissa Norrie Senior Content Development Specialist: Neli Bryant Project Managers: Karthikeyan Murthy and Rochelle Deighton Edited by Linda Littlemore Proofread by Tim Learner Cover and internal design by Stan Lamond Index by Robert Swanson Typeset by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited Printed in China by China Translation & Printing Services Limited
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Foreword
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relatively simple, but neat surgical tips to improve surgical outcomes. This book is divided into three sections, Basic, Intermediate and Advanced, and there is something in the book for aspiring surgeons, as well as for the most experienced. The basic and intermediate sections contain many surgical tips, including suturing techniques, harvesting of skin grafts and their applications, simple means of immobilisation and innovative methods of establishing drainage to improve the results of many plastic surgery procedures. The advanced section has beautifully illustrated examples of keystone fascio-cutaneous flap reconstructions, which many experienced surgeons would be pleased to claim as their own. The nature of plastic surgery has changed over the last 50 years and is dominated by cosmetic surgery and microsurgery with a decline in the art of local tissue repair, which is the fundamental basis of plastic surgery. It is to be hoped this book may stimulate a resurgence of the more classical aspects of the specialty. With the passage of time and the tightening of resources, there will inevitably be more scrutiny by health administrators of the cost of plastic surgery procedures. It will become increasingly difficult to justify operations that require expensive resources, multiple surgeons and prolonged operating times when there are simple less expensive alternatives readily available to produce results often superior in terms of function and appearance. Professor Behan has shown the way – plastic surgeons need to sit up, take notice and embrace local fascio-cutaneous reconstruction as an alternative to microsurgery or risk losing a large part of our specialty.
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The skills of a plastic surgeon are acquired in many ways. Most surgeons learn their craft from an experienced surgeon and then modify their practice in the light of their own experiences. It is not surprising that changes in operative technique usually occur slowly and only rapidly when a new technology is introduced. This has been most obvious in plastic surgery during the emergence of microsurgery, which has provided a method for the reconstruction of many major defects. Unfortunately, simpler more traditional classical methods of tissue transfer involving less operating time and hospitalisation are sometimes forgotten. Almost 100 years ago, a Melbourne plastic surgeon, Jerry Moore, wrote a seminal book on plastic surgery based purely on his personal experience and innovation. It is pleasing to be asked to write a foreword to an equally important book, Surgical Tips and Skills by Felix Behan, which may also change the face of plastic surgery. Like Moore, Professor Behan is an original thinker, and some 40 years ago he realised it is possible to raise composite flaps using embryological dermatomes, as these include skin, neurovascular tissue and fascia. He gradually developed his own ideas of local tissue rearrangement based on this principle, enabling him to close defects that were previously irreparable. My late brother Robert Marshall, surgeon and anatomist, grasped this principle of the vertical orientation of the circulation of the skin and underlying tissue, and was sufficiently impressed to include it in his book, Living Anatomy, Structure as a Mirror of Function, in 2001. Professor Behan has continued his innovative approach for more than 40 years, and shares with us in his new book numerous examples of remarkable reconstructions using local fascio-cutaneous keystone flaps, as well as including many
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Donald R. Marshall AM MB MS FRACS FACS
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Contents
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Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Rreviewers xiv Acronyms used throughout the text – key words xv
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DEGREE OF COMPLEXITY
Preoperative
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Wound preparation – pre-wash technique 6
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Exsanguination problems in hand surgery 4
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Draping technique for hand surgery operating table 2
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Basic
Unpleasant aromas in theatre 7
Intraoperative
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Preoperative theatre preparation
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Aesthetic closure – ocular design with extended limbs (ODEL) 10 Dog-ear revision in wound closure 13
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Fenestrated full thickness graft 15
Postoperative
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Drain tube fixation without silk 17
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Drain tube identification with site specificity 19 Hand splint – ongoing use postoperatively when blood staining may have occurred 20
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Hand splintage – technique 1 – single roll plaster splintage 21 Hand splintage – technique 2 – grafted finger tips 22 Hand surgery – horseshoe pillow elevation technique 25 Major wound drainage technique 26 Wound drainage – mini suction system using a Luer-lock syringe 28
Non-operative FCB assessment of hand function – motor and sensory 32 Ring removal from a swollen digit using multiple silk strands 33
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DEGREE OF COMPLEXITY
Intermediate Intraoperative Aesthetic closure – major head and neck reconstruction using the KPIF 38
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Biopsy excisional technique – ODEL 39 Carpal tunnel open technique 43
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Carpal tunnel release for recurrence – open method 45
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Chronic ulcer grafting technique on a lower limb 53
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Cutting diathermy technique 55 Donor site dressing 58
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Donor site re-grafting technique 60 Dorsum of hand surgical closure technique 63
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Foreign body giant cell granuloma 65
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Grafting technique for a chronic ulcer on the dorsum of a diabetic foot 68
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HEMMING suture 71 Joint exposure technique 74
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Nasal fracture 76
Scalp staples in hair-bearing tissue 80
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Seroma of the axilla drainage technique 81 Seroma of the groin drainage technique 83 Skin graft harvest using the dermatome 85
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Skin grafting technique – abdominal wall defect 89
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Skin grafting technique – fenestration 91
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Skin grafting technique – negative pressure dressing support 94 Thumb tip injury 96
Wound debridement – use of the dermatome 98
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Z-plasty – closure of the triangulate flap – the 3-point closure refinement 99
Intraoperative to postoperative Nail bed injury 102 Penrose drainage technique – Dupuytren’s surgery 106
Non-operative Chronic ulcer of the lower limb – dressing technique 108 Mallet deformity – type I – the BEST procedure 110
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DEGREE OF COMPLEXITY
Advanced Intraoperative Abdominal wall defects – case series no. 1 116
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Abdominal wall defects – a double KPIF procedure in a yin-yang fashion – case series no. 2 120
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Aesthetic closure of a neck defect – case series no. 3 124
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Aesthetic closure (melanoma) – case series no. 4 128
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Ankle joint double KPIF – case series no. 5 131 Bony defects around the knee joint (KPIF) – case series no. 6 135
Cheek melanoma – reconstruction in an irradiated field – case series no. 7 139
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Closure of dorsal hand defect (KPIF) – case series no. 8 142
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Delayed facial nerve neuropraxia following SCC excision – McLaughlin tarsorrhaphy – case series no. 9 145 DRAPE procedure as salvage for recurrent disease – case series no. 10 148
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DRAPE procedure – malar melanoma – case series no. 11 152 DRAPE procedure – melanoma of the cheek – case series no. 12 155
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DRAPE procedure – melanoma of the forehead – case series no. 13 159 DRAPE procedure – melanoma of the temple – case series no. 14 162
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DRAPE procedure – morphoeic BCC of (R) and (L) temples – clinical series no. 15 165 Ear surgery – preauricular sinus procedure – case series no. 16 170
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Ear surgery – scaphoid fossa reconstruction technique using a postauricular KPIF – case series no. 17 172
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Ear surgery – simple ear dressing technique – case series no. 18 174
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Facial mitotic lesions – BCC on the forehead – case series no. 19 178 Facial mitotic lesions – preauricular BCC – case series no. 20 181
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Facial nerve palsy – McLaughlin tarsorrhaphy as a delayed procedure – case series no. 21 184 Facial recurrence of multiple mitotic lesions following superficial radiotherapy – case series no. 22 187 Fingertip injuries – reconstruction of multiple digits – case series no. 23 189 Fingertip injury – donor site harvest of full thickness skin graft – case series no. 24 192 Fingertip injury – neurovascular island flap-on-flap reconstruction – case series no. 25 195 Forearm melanoma – circumferential KPIF – case series no. 26 198 Gouty tophi of the thumb – case series no. 27 201 Harvesting conchal cartilage for CMC arthroplasty – case series no. 28 204 Head and neck – atypical fibroxanthoma on the scalp – KPIF (AFX) – case series no. 29 208 ix
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Head and neck – closure of a large head and neck defect with an island deltopectoral flap (IDPF) and KPIF from the cheek – case series no. 30 211 Head and neck – large melanoma defect (8 × 6 cm) of the (L) cheek repaired with KPIF – case series no. 31 214 Head and neck – neck defect in an irradiated field – pectoralis major island flap – case series no. 32 218 Head and neck – parotid defect – facial SMAS KPIF – case series no. 33 221
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Head and neck – parotid defect – posterior nuchal KPIF – case series no. 34 223
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Head and neck – radionecrotic (R) neck ulcer – case series no. 36 232
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Head and neck – periparotid defect – cervicosubmental (CSM) KPIF – case series no. 35 227 Head and neck – SCC of the external auditory canal – case series no. 37 235
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Inner canthal KPIF – case series no. 38 238
Lateral malleolar defect (tattoo removal) – case series no. 39 241
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Lateral malleolar orthopaedic defect – closure with KPIF Ω variant – case series no. 40 244
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Lateral malleolus metal exposure post ORIF – case series no. 41 248
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Lip defect – closure after SCC excision – case series no. 42 250
Malar and zygomatic arch complex – multifocal SCC – case series no. 43 255
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Malar eminence mitotic lesion treated with crescentic excision – case series no. 44 257 Nasal bridge defect – case series no. 45 260
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Nasal defect – large composite graft to alar – case series no. 46 263
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Nasolabial fold – recurrent morphoeic BCC – case series no. 47 267 Necrotising fasciitis of the groin – case series no. 48 270 Palmar defect – KPIF closure – case series no. 49 273
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Palmar trauma – KPIF closure – case series no. 50 275 Post mastectomy reconstruction using a KPIF – case series no. 51 278
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Sacral pressure area – closure with a gluteus maximus KPIF – case series no. 52 282
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Tendon repair – modified Kessler technique – case series no. 53 285 Trophic ulceration – anterior superior iliac spine treated with KPIF – case series no. 54 288
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Trophic ulceration – buttock treated with a KPIF – case series no. 55 290 Trophic ulceration – greater trochanteric area – case series no. 56 294 Trophic ulceration – olecranon (elbow) – case series no. 57 297 Trophic ulceration – wrist – case series no. 58 300 Trunk defect – case series no. 59 303 Upper limb laceration – problems with wound closure of the frail integument – case series no. 60 307 Variation of locking mattress suture – case series no. 61 309 Variation of locking mattress suture – case series no. 62 311
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Index 314
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Preface
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regions of the body, has created a ‘How To Do’ guide on some reconstructive facets that others find difficult. It is interesting that the Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England is now in the 10th year of ‘Technical Tips’ – meaning people like to read pearls of wisdom. The science of the keystone has many elements, with recent publications looking at the evidence – the flaps are closed under tension and the vascular dynamics characteristically displayed contradict established principles of plastic surgery, requiring further elucidation. The anatomical construction of skin, fat and fascia, a prerequisite to any successful keystone flap, is indispensable and the mark-outs within the dermatomes echo the embryological development of the human. Speaking in Paris recently, a senior plastic surgeon, Dr Arnoldo Fournier, said to me: ‘Felix, you have captured the art of reconstruction by these principles’. He was referring to the fact that every keystone aligned along the dermatomes has both somatic and autonomic support to supplement the arterial and venous connections while not negating any lymphatic and humeral input. Microsurgery is based on an artery, a vein and possibly a nerve and thus has a different structural arrangement. Historically I must publicly recognise the contribution of Professor Gordon Clunie in relation to the publication of scientific material as editor of the ANZ Journal of Surgery. He told me that with any new scientific principle “launch it locally, and you will get full recognition”. His other famous recommendation was “if you have anything to say in print, find the time to publish”. Professor Bob Thomas also gave me sound advice in 2003, when the first article on the Keystone was submitted to the ANZ Journal of Surgery with multiple authors. He said, “This is a
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Surgical Tips and Skills is a compilation covering aspects of surgical development with ongoing refinements in surgical technique based on experience. The fact that one keeps seeking higher standards of surgical outcome leads one to question one’s own ability. Eventually, the accumulation of this experience bears fruit. One has only to compare the techniques and achievements of one’s earlier years to see the advantage of this maturation process. This text is essentially a summary of 40 years of experience practising surgery in both the public and the private domains. The advent of digital photography with video back-up supersedes reams of text, which are sometimes hard to comprehend. The alphabetical sequence, common to modern surgical textbooks for ready reference, is an attempt to cover the gamut of reconstructive cases that present in any surgical domain, based on one central tenet: the simplest way is usually the best. With the advantage of external reviewers, the levels of expertise were factored in to create three sections of the book covering Basic, Intermediate and Advanced stages of this technical development. As a consequence, the principles of evidence-based medicine – initiatives to improve health management and health outcomes while reducing health costs – are reflected in all these cases, with Level 5 (expert evidence and opinions) and Level 4 (retrospective case series). All the singular cases illustrated are just examples of the many that have been compiled and have either been presented internationally at meetings or are in the process of separate publication, or both. This compilation, drawn from approximately 3000 keystone flap reconstructions over the past 20 years in all
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comprehensively illustrated presentation will encourage many more of my colleagues, at whatever stage of their careers, to re-explore loco-regional reconstruction in conjunction with microsurgical expertise..
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good idea. It’s yours and have it as a single author.” This ‘technical tips’-style of publication is a means of illustrating how to employ these techniques. I hope this straightforward,
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INTERMEDIATE
Carpal tunnel open technique The advantage of an open carpal tunnel technique is that it allows one to visualise the dimensions, neural compression and any aberrant branches in the vicinity, which are often seen where there is a large palmaris brevis.
Solution
Refer to Figures 1 and 2 for an open carpal tunnel technique showing the aberrant branch of the median nerve and Figures 3 and 4 for a transverse ligament reconstruction.
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Problems
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Visualising the aberrant branches of the median nerve.
INTRAOPERATIVE
Introduction
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Notes _____________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
Figure 2: The aberrant branch of the recurrent median nerve piercing the palmaris brevis muscle. An enlarged palmaris brevis is an indicator of this possible anatomical variation and should serve as a warning Notes _____________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
SURGICAL TIPS AND SKILLS
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Figure 1: Following the release of the transverse palmar ligament distal to the wrist crease, any tightness proximal to this site can be released. The use of a Howarth elevator prevents damage to the epidermal lining when the fibres are released
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INTERMEDIATE
2/2
Carpal tunnel open technique
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INTRAOPERATIVE
Figure 3: This transverse triangulate ligament reconstruction, based distally (opposite to the Netscher principle), is fashioned in a triangulate manner from the remnants of the palmar fascia. It is turned at right angles and repairs loosely the carpal ligament to prevent any perineural communications to the subdermal plexus during the healing process. It makes an important contribution to minimising pillar pain Notes _____________________
Outcome
Notes _____________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
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Figure 4: The Penrose drain, pre-washed and sections in half, is installed before definitive closure. It is removed between 24 and 48 h (when it ceases to function)
SURGICAL TIPS AND SKILLS 44
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The procedure takes 25 minutes. Full recovery of hand function and intact sensation. No recorded complications.
Bibliography Drake, R.L., Vogl, A.W., Mitchell, A.W.M. (Eds.), 2012. Gray ’s basic anatomy. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, pp. 364–365. Green, D.P., 2005. Chapter 1: ‘General principles’. In: Green, D.P., Hotchkiss, R.N., Pederson, W.C., Wolfe, S.W. (Eds.), Green’s operative hand surgery, fifth ed. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, pp. 3–24. Netscher, D.T., 2003. The benefit of transverse carpal ligament reconstruction following open carpal tunnel release. Plast Reconstr Surg 111 (6), 2020–2022. Netscher, D.T., Dinh, T., Cohen, V., Thornby, J., 1998. Division of the transverse carpal ligament and flexor tendon excursion: open and endoscopic carpal tunnel release. Plast Reconstr Surg 102 (3), 773–778. Xu, L., Huang, F., Hou, C., 2011. Treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome by coronal Z-type lengthening of the transverse carpal ligament. J Pak Med Assoc 61, 1068–1071.
