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Save Forests, Avoid Forest Fragmentation | ThinktoSustain.com
Save Forests: Avoid Forest Fragmentation By ThinktoSustain Jun 29, 2011
“While studying the impact of industrial activity in the dry tropical forests in the Vindhyan highlands of India, I found that extensive coal mining and limestone quarrying for over 35 years have significantly degraded and depleted forest resources. As a result, the forest now exists in patches of different sizes. Thermal power plants and coal mines contribute to air pollution and water pollution through fly ash, coal dust and mercury. It is important to protect these forest remnants to preserve biodiversity.” Laxmi N. Goparaju, Expert on Forest & Ecology Issues, ThinktoSustain.com Forest Fragmentation is a cause of considerable concern in present times as industrial activities have forced their way through forests, leaving behind small dispersed patches. The threat of degradation looms large as these small reservoirs of biodiversity
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Fragmentation also results in breakingup of many lifecycle processes for thousands of species. This can eventually lead to progressive decline in species diversity and result in irreversible damage done to the ecosystem. Recent studies have shown that the rate of forest fragmentation is higher in tropics than in any other ecosystem in the world. Tropical forests are located almost entirely in developing countries and represent more than 50% of the world’s 4.2 billion hectares of forest land. They are home to over half of world’s plant and animal species. What is Forest Fragmentation? Forest fragmentation is a landscape process wherein the result is an altered landscape. In this process, the large forest tracts are progressively subdivided into smaller, geometrically more complex and more isolated forest fragments. What are the Impacts of Forest Fragmentation? http://www.thinktosustain.com/2011/06/saveforestsavoidforestfragmentation/#.WCWpPNJ97IU
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The various afteraffects of forest fragmentation include reduction in area of suitable habitat, change in spatial configuration of the landscape, and changes in various ecological processes. A fragmented habitat is reduced in size but tends to retain ecological characteristics and organisms of the forest. What can be done to Reduce or Eliminate Negative Consequences of Forest Fragmentation? 1. Prevent Invasive Species from Colonizing: Forest fragmentation alters various habitats. This results in invasion and settlement of alien and invasive species. They increase in population at a very fast pace, and have the ability to alter the structure and species composition of the ecosystem by replacing or excluding the native species by being a strong competitor for resources. They have the ability to change the functioning of the ecosystem, alter nutrient cycling and hydrology of the native ecosystem. A similar case is seen in the case of dry tropical forest of Vindhyan highlands (located in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India). Here, Lanatana camaraspecies has invaded the fragmented forests. It is listed on the global list of the 100 worst invasive alien species. Such species have caused extensive damages both economically and environmentally. ‘Prevention is better than cure’ is an old saying. In this case, we should follow this since it is economically and environmentally better to not allow the invasive species to flourish. Once they colonize, they cause irreversible damage to the ecosystem. It is highly expensive to control their invasions and restore the situation to normalcy. Thus, it is better to prevent invasive species from colonizing. 2. Vegetation Management: In order to create an environment similar to that of forests, a sound knowledge of the native tree species is required. A desirable aspect is an indigenous species pool for reforestation and afforestation programmes. One has to mimic the natural environment as well as disturbances which are a part and parcel of the forest ecosystem. Disturbances like forestfires, windstorms and activities like timber harvesting are necessary for some type of species to colonize. A balance should be maintained between timber harvesting and sustainable use of forestry products. Overexploitation should not be done. 3. Avoid Monoculture Plantations: Monoculture plantations are not the solution. Mixed species native to the area should be planted so as to create a suitable environment for the plants and
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Save Forests, Avoid Forest Fragmentation | ThinktoSustain.com
animals to establish. It is an ecologically acceptable idea. All efforts should lead to the maintenance of the landscape matrix including forests, nonforest patches, agriculture, woodlands, etc. 4. Development of Forest Corridors: This means making of a vegetated passage that connect two different forest fragments of same size or different sizes. Such an approach would facilitate dispersal of seeds and movement of animals. An opportunity for development of habitats suitable for plants and animals will take place. Isolated forest fragments will be connected and gaps be filled. In these areas, grasses and fruittrees can be planted so as to provide habitats for animals and birds. An example was seen in the case of a 135,000 ha reserve (Reserva De La Biosfera Estacion Biologica del Beni’) in the eastern lowlands of Bolivia. Stream corridors were used to connect various forest islands or patches within the pampas. They were connected to the Bosque Chimanes, which was supposed to be a representative of contiguous forest. These corridors have come under threat due to activities like cattle ranching and the use of fire as a grazing management tool, besides construction of a highway between San Borja and Trinidad, clearance of forest land for cultivation, and illegal removal of trees of commercial importance like mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla). Loss of corridors would decrease the movement of animals, especially those with arboreal habitats. 5. Declaring of Sacred Groves: Various trees like Peepal and Neem have religious importance in Indian culture. Some patches have a large number of such species. Declaring these areas as sacred groves would enhance the plant density and biodiversity. This has gained importance in recent years and the Indian government has also taken essential steps in this aspect. India has a large number of sacred groves (Himachal Pradesh has 5000; Kerela has 2000; Maharashtra has 1600; and Andhra Pradesh has 750). Due to faith and belief, human hindrance is less in such areas, hence plants and animals get an opportunity to adapt and grow in the undisturbed environment.
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Save Forests, Avoid Forest Fragmentation | ThinktoSustain.com Part 2
6. Strong Government Action: Government of any country is a law making body. It should ensure that proper laws are there to punish the culprits. Illegal cutting of trees, poaching/trading of wild animals for commercial purposes, are some of the punishable offences, that should be closely monitored. 7. Environmental Awareness: Last, but not the least, environmental education is very important for each individual. Such education programmes should be launched by the government from time to time to increase awareness among the people and educating them on environment and related issues. Schools and colleges should also have basic courses related to environment and conservation in their curriculum. How can Remote Sensing Technology and GIS Help in Forest Management? Satellite remote sensing has the potential to locate and map the spatial configuration of a landscape and analyze the changes taking place over a period of time. Satellite data at various resolutions offer the scope to assess the extent of forest fragmentation. However, satellite data can only give us information regarding the location, extent and type of forest and further processing is needed to quantify and map forest fragmentation. (Turner and Gardner 1991; Gustafson 1998) Remotely sensed data, in conjunction with Geographic Information System (GIS), has been successfully utilized to quantify forest loss as well as forest fragmentation. Lovejoy et al. (1983, 1984) have also carried out a largescale fragmentation study in Amazon forests. In GIS, domain modeling can be done to achieve conservation and planning strategies. Remote areas which are not accessible by humans can be observed through remote sensing. Forest fragments exist as large patches and also as several small patches. The exact size and shape of the fragment is important which can be analyzed in Geographic Information System (GIS) domain. Further analysis is based on the fragmentation metrices (such as size, shape, area, perimeter, mean patch area and mean patch perimeter). Each patch harbours biodiversity of equal importance. Hence, both large and small forest fragments should be taken into consideration for conservation. Using multidate satellite data, one can keep a close record of the status of fragmented forest. For long term monitoring, establishment of permanent plots in the identified areas is required. The tree species can be counted and tagged and timetotime monitoring can be done. Seedlings and saplings of the tree species can also be taken into account, which reflects about the structure of the forest. They should be allowed protection for their growth, as they are more likely to be trampled. Biomass monitoring is also necessary.
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Small forest fragments are a subset of large fragments. They have small habitats and support small number of plant and animal species. The disadvantage of smaller patches is they are more likely to be subjected to illegal logging and overexploitation of forest patches. Large forest fragments provide larger habitat area for animals and plants. Forest interior species will thrive well. More number and more varieties of species will inhabit them. They enhance the regional biodiversity. Species composition should be studied in both types of patches. Species of commercial importance like Shorea robusta, Acacia catechu in the tropics are more likely to be exploited for their needs; thus, patches harbouring these types of species should be on priority. Disturbance begins along the edges of the large forest fragments; hence, these patches should be protected along the edges. Large forest fragments should be prevented from further degrading and diminishing. Existence of small clearings is noticed in between the large forest fragments, such areas should be filled by planting trees of importance. Developmental activities should not take place in and around the vicinity of forest fragments. Building of roads and railwaylines through the forest patches should be avoided. A buffer area should be spared and cordoned off. Planting trees in the buffer area would provide an extension of suitable habitat for plants and animals. Public entrance should be stopped. Grazing should be prohibited. In GIS modeling, alternative routes can be analyzed (minimal disturbance) and be represented on a map for transportation and public use. The need of the hour is to take steps to save these forest remnants. By saving them, we would at least help in saving a part of biodiversity and left over habitats for plants and animals. The forest fragments, thus, provide us a last ray of hope of conserving them. About the Author: Being an environmentalist by profession, Laxmi N. Goparaju has worked extensively with Forestry & Ecology Division (FED) of National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Department of Space, India. She holds a doctorate in Environmental Science & Technology from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University (JNTU), Hyderabad. The topic of her thesis, “Community Diversity Assessment in Vindhyans using Remote Sensing and GIS” formed a part of the Indian Space Research Organisation’s Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP) that addressed issues related
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