(SC) Composite Shear Walls

61 downloads 104553 Views 66KB Size Report
American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL. American ... California, USA, 73-78. .... "Technical code for seismic design of steel plate reinforced concrete.
CHAPTER 10 10.

REFERENCES

ACI 374 Committee. (2005). "Acceptance criteria for moment frames based on structural testing and commentary." American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. ACI 349 Committee. (2006). "Code requirements for nuclear safety-related concrete structures (ACI 349‐06) and commentary." American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. ACI 318 Committee. (2011). "Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318-11) and commentary." American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. ACI 318 Committee. (2014). "Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318-14) and commentary." American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. American Institute of Steel Construction. (2005). "Seismic provisions for structural steel buildings." American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL. American Institute of Steel Construction. (2014) "Specification for safety-related steel structures for nuclear facilities, Supplement No. 1." N690s1, American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL. Akita, S., Ozaki, M., Niwa, N., Matsuo, I., and Hara, K. (2001). "Study on steel plate reinforced concrete bearing wall for nuclear power plants (part #2): analytical method to evaluate response of SC walls." 16th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT16), International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (IASMiRT), Washington DC, USA. Akiyama, H., Sekimoto, H., Tanaka, M., Inoue, K., Fukihara, M., and Okuda, Y. (1989). "1/10th scale model test of inner concrete structure composed of concrete filled steel bearing wall." 10th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT10), International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (IASMiRT), Anaheim, California, USA, 73-78.

251

Ali, A., Kim, D., and Cho, S. G. (2013). "Modeling of nonlinear cyclic load behavior of I-shaped composite steel-concrete shear walls of nuclear power plants." Nuclear Engineering and Technology, 45(1), 89-98. American Society of Civil Engineers. (2013). "Seismic evaluation and retrofit of existing buildings (ASCE/SEI 41-13)." ASCE, Reston, VA. ASTM A370 (1997). "Standard test methods and definitions for mechanical testing of steel products." American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA. ASTM C39 (2002). "Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens." American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA. Balmer, G. G. (1949). "Shearing strength of concrete under high triaxial stress - computation of Mohr's envelope as a curve." Structural Research Laboratory Report SP-23, Denver, Colorado. Bathe, K. J. (1982). "Finite element procedures in engineering analysis." Prentice Hall, Engle Wood Cliffs, New Jersey. Bessason, B., and Sigfusson, T. (2001). "Capacity and earthquake response analysis of RC-shear walls." Nordic Concrete Research, 27, 1-14. Booth, P. N., Varma, A. H., Malushte, S. R., and Johnson, W. H. (2007). "Response of modular composite walls to combined thermal and mechanical load." 19th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT19), International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (IASMiRT), Toronto, Canada. Bowerman, H., Coyle, N., and Chapman, J. C. (2002). "An innovative steel/concrete construction system." The Structural Engineer, 80(20), 33-38. Broadhouse, B. J. (1986). "DRASTIC-A compute code for dynamic analysis of stress transients in reinforced concrete." Safety and Engineering Science Division, AEE, Winfrith, AEEW – R2124. Brockenbrough, R. L., and Merritt, F. S. (1999). "Structural steel designer's handbook." McGrawHill, New York. 252

Comité Euro-International du Béton (CEB-FIP). (1993). "CEB-FIP model code 1990." Thomas Telford, London. Chadwell, C. B., and Imbsen, R. A. (2002). "XTRACT-cross section analysis software for structural and earthquake engineering." TRC, Rancho Cordova, CA. Chang, G. A., and Mander, J. B. (1994). "Seismic energy based fatigue damage analysis of bridge columns: part I-evaluation of seismic capacity." Report No. NCEER-94-0006, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo, NY. Chang, C.C., Huang, Y.N., Chen, B.A., Epackachi, S., and Whittaker, A. S. (2015). "An experimental study for in-plane cyclic behavior of low aspect-ratio SC wall piers." 23rd International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT23), International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (IASMiRT), Manchester, UK. Chaudhary, S., Ali, A., Kim, D., and Cho, S. G. (2011). "Seismic analysis of steel concrete composite walls of nuclear power plant structures." 21th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT21), International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (IASMiRT), New Delhi, India. Chen, B.A. (2016). "Seismic response of steel-plate concrete (SC) composite shear walls." PhD dissertation in preparation, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan. Chen, W. F., and Han, D. J. (2007). "Plasticity for structural engineers." J. Ross Publishing, New York. Chopra, A. K. (2012). "Dynamics of structures: theory and applications to earthquake engineering (4th Edition)." Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Collins, M. P., and Mitchell, D. (1991). "Prestressed concrete structures." Prentice Hall, College Division. Danay, A. (2012). "Response of steel-concrete composite panels to in-plane loading." Nuclear Engineering and Design, 242, 52-62. 253

Emori, K. (2002). "Compressive and shear strength of concrete filled steel box wall." Steel Structures (Korean Journal), 2(1), 29-40. Eom, T. S., Park, H. G., Lee, C. H., Kim, J. H., and Chang, I. H. (2009). "Behavior of double skin composite wall subjected to in-plane cyclic loading." Journal of Structural Engineering, 135(10), 1239-1249. Epackachi, S., Nguyen, N. H., Kurt, E. G., Whittaker, A. S. and Varma, A.H. (2013a). "An experimental study of the in-plane shear response of steel concrete composite walls." 22nd International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT22), International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (IASMiRT), San Francisco, California, US. Epackachi, S., Nguyen, N.H., Kurt, E.G., Whittaker, A.S, and Varma, A.H. (2013b). "In-plane seismic behavior of rectangular steel-plate composite wall piers." Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE), DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001148. Epackachi, S., Nguyen, H. N., Kurt, E. G., Pitman, M., Weinreber, S., Whittaker, A. S. and Varma, A. (2014a). "Steel-plate composite shear wall - specimen No. 1 (SC1)." Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (distributor), Dataset, DOI: 10.4231/D3BG2H97F. Epackachi, S., Nguyen, H. N., Kurt, E. G., Pitman, M., Weinreber, S., Whittaker, A. S. and Varma, A. (2014b). "Steel-plate composite shear wall - specimen No. 2 (SC2)." Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (distributor), Dataset, DOI: 10.4231/D36T0GW54. Epackachi, S., Nguyen, H. N., Kurt, E. G., Pitman, M., Weinreber, S., Whittaker, A. S. and Varma, A. (2014c). "Steel-plate composite shear wall - specimen No. 3 (SC3)." Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (distributor), Dataset, DOI: 10.4231/D3319S315. Epackachi, S., Nguyen, H. N., Kurt, E. G., Pitman, M., Weinreber, S., Whittaker, A. S. and Varma, A. (2014d). "Steel-plate composite shear wall - specimen No. 4 (SC4)." Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (distributor), Dataset, DOI: 10.4231/D3Z892F6J.

254

Epackachi, S., Whittaker, A.S., and Varma, A.H. (2014e). "Numerical and experimental investigation on in-plane behavior of steel-concrete composite walls." Transactions of 2014 Structures Congress (ASCE), Boston, MA, USA. Epackachi, S., Whittaker, A.S, and Huang, Y.N. (2015a). "Analytical modeling of rectangular SC wall panels." Journal of Construction Steel Research, DOI:10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.10.016. Epackachi, S., Whittaker, A.S, Varma, A.H., and Kurt, E.G. (2015b). "Finite element modeling of steel-plate

concrete

composite

wall

piers."

Engineering

Structures,

DOI:

10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.06.02. Epackachi, S., Whittaker, A. S., and Varma, A.H. (2015c). "An analytical model for a baseplate connection of an SC wall to an RC foundation." 8th International Conference on Steel Structures, Jeju, South Korea. Epackachi, S., Whittaker, A. S. and Varma, A.H. (2015d). "Experimental behavior of flexure critical steel-Plate composite SC shear walls." 23rd International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT23), International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (IASMiRT), Manchester, UK. Farhidzadeh, A., Epackachi, S., Salamone, S., and Whittaker, A.S. (2015). "Bayesian decision and mixture models for AE monitoring of steel–concrete composite shear walls." Smart Materials and Structures, DOI: 10.1088/0964-1726/24/11/115028. Fukumoto, T., Kato, B., and Sato, K. (1987). "Concrete filled steel bearing walls." IABSE Symposium, Paris-Versailles. Gulec, C. K., and Whittaker, A. S. (2011). "Hysteretic modeling of squat reinforced concrete shear walls." 21th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT21), International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (IASMiRT), New Delhi, India. Hassinen, P., Kouhi, J., Zimmerman, T. J. E., and Stephens, M. J. (1989). "Static and cyclic load tests of a composite ice-resisting wall." Rep. No. 965, Technical Research Center of Finland, Helsinki, Finland. 255

Hong, S. G., Kim, W., Lee, K. J., Hong, N. K., and Lee, D. H. (2010). "Out-of-plane shear strength of steel-plate-reinforced concrete walls dependent on bond behavior." Journal of Disaster Research, 5(4), 385-394. Hong, S. G., Lee, S. J., and Lee, M. J. (2014). "Steel plate concrete walls for containment structures in Korea: in-plane shear behavior." Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, 237-257. Hristovski, V. T., and Noguchi, H. (2002). "Finite element modeling of RC members subjected to shear." Third DIANA World Conference, Tokyo, Japan, 175-183. Hu, H. T., and Schnobrich, W. C. (1990). "Nonlinear analysis of cracked reinforced concrete." ACI Structural Journal, 87(2), 199-207. Ibarra, L. F., Medina, R. A., and Krawinkler, H. (2005). "Hysteretic models that incorporate strength and stiffness deterioration." Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 34(12), 1489-1511. JEAC 4618 (2009). "Technical code for seismic design of steel plate reinforced concrete structures: buildings and structures." Japanese Electric Association Nuclear Standards Committee, Tokyo, Japan. Kupfer, H. B., Hubert, K. H., and Hubert, R. (1969). "Behavior of concrete under biaxial stresses." ACI Structural Journal, 66(8), 656-666. Kurt, E.G. (2015). "Seismic assessment of steel-plate concrete composite walls." Ph.D. dissertation, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. Kurt, E.G., Varma, A. H., Booth, P., and Whittaker, A. S. (2013). "SC wall piers and basemat connections: numerical investigation of behavior and design." 22nd International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT22), International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (IASMiRT), San Francisco, California, US. Kurt, E.G., Varma, A.H., Epackachi, S., Whittaker, A.S. (2015). “Rectangular SC wall piers: summary of seismic behavior and design.” Transaction 2015 Structures Congress (ASCE), Portland, Oregon, USA, DOI: 10.1061/9780784479117.089. 256

Lee, J., and Fenves, G. L. (1998). "Plastic-damage model for cyclic loading of concrete structures." Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 124(8), 892-900. Link, R. A., and Elwi, A. E. (1995). "Composite concrete-steel plate walls: analysis and behavior." Journal of Structural Engineering, 121(2), 260-271. LS-DYNA (2012a). "Keyword User’s Manual, Volume I." Version 971 R6.0.0, Livermore, CA, USA. LS-DYNA (2012b). "Keyword User’s Manual, Volume II." Version 971 R6.0.0, Livermore, CA, USA. Lubliner, J., Oliver, J., Oller, S., and Onate, E. (1989). "A plastic-damage model for concrete." International Journal of Solids and Structures, 25(3), 299-326. Mander, J. B., Priestley, M. J. N., and Park, R. (1988). "Observed stress-strain behavior of confined concrete." Journal of Structural Engineering, 114(8), 1827-1849. Mansour, M., and Hsu, T. T. C. (2005a). "Behavior of reinforced concrete elements under cyclic shear. I: experiments." Journal of Structural Engineering, 131(1), 44-53. Mansour, M., and Hsu, T. T. C. (2005b). "Behavior of reinforced concrete elements under cyclic shear. II: theoretical model." Journal of Structural Engineering, 131(1), 54-65. MATLAB (2012). "Version 7.13.0.564." MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA. Minitab (2013). "Minitab Manual." Minitab Inc., State College, PA, USA. Montgomery, D. C. (1982). "Design and analysis of experiments." Wiley, New York. Nguyen, N.H., Epackachi, S., Kurt, E.G., Whittaker, A.S., and Varma, A.H., (2013). "In-plane shear response of steel-concrete composite shear walls: results of experiments." Transactions of Australian Earthquake Engineering Society 2013 Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. Nguyen, N. H. (2016). “Seismic response of steel-plate concrete composite shear wall piers." Ph.D. dissertation, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY. 257

Nie, J.G., Hu, H.S., Fan, J.S., Tao, M.X., Li, S.T., and Liu, F.J. (2013). "Experimental study on seismic behavior of high-strength concrete filled double-steel-plate composite walls." Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 88, 206-219. Nie, J. G., Ma, X. W., Tao, M. X., Fan, J. S., and Bu, F. M. (2014). "Effective stiffness of composite shear wall with double plates and filled concrete." Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 99, 140-148. Nielsen, M. P., and Hoang, L. C. (2010). "Limit analysis and concrete plasticity." CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Nuclear Power Engineering Corporation. (1994). "Specification report of seismic shear wall ISP on NUPEC’S seismic ultimate dynamic response test." NU-SSWIP-D009, Tokyo, Japan. Orakcal, K., Ulugtekin, D., and Massone, L. M. (2012). "Constitutive modeling of reinforced concrete panel behavior under cyclic loading." 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal. Ottosen, N. S. (1977). "A failure criterion for concrete." Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, 103(4), 527-535. Ozaki, M., Akita, S., Niwa, N., Matsuo, I., and Usami, S. (2001a). "Study on steel-plate reinforced concrete bearing wall for nuclear power plants part 1: shear and bending loading tests of SC walls." 16th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT16), International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (IASMiRT), Washington DC, USA. Ozaki, M., Osuga, H., Nakayama, T., and Adachi, N. (2001b). "Study on steel plate reinforced concrete panels having an opening subjected to cyclic in-plane shear." 16th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT16), International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (IASMiRT), Washington DC, USA. Ozaki, M., Akita, S., Osuga, H., Nakayama, T., and Adachi, N. (2004). "Study on steel plate reinforced concrete panels subjected to cyclic in-plane shear." Nuclear Engineering and Design, 228(1-3), 225-244. 258

Park, R. (1988). "Ductility evaluation from laboratory and analytical testing." 9th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 8, pp. 605-616, Tokyo-Kyoto, Japan. Park, R., Priestley, M. J. N., and Gill, W. D. (1982). "Ductility of square-confined concrete columns." 108 (ST4), 929-950. Rabbat, B. G., and Russell, H. G. (1985). "Friction coefficient of steel on concrete or grout." Journal of Structural Engineering, 111(3), 505-515. Richart, F. E., Braendtzaeg, A., and Brown, R. L. (1928). "A study of the failure of concrete under combined compressive stress." University of Illinois, Engineering Experimental Station Bulletin, 185, 103. Saenz, L. P. (1964). "Discussion of equation for the stress-strain curve of concrete, by P. Desay and S. Krishan." ACI Journal, 61(9), 1229-1235. Sasaki, N., Akiyama, H., Narikawa, M., Hara, K., Takeuchi, M., and Usami, S. (1995). "Study on a concrete filled steel structure for nuclear power plants (part #2): shear and bending loading tests on wall member." 13th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT13), International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (IASMiRT), Porto Alegre, Brazil, 27-32. Schwer, L. (2011). "The Winfrith concrete model: beauty or beast? Insights into the Winfrith concrete model." 8th European LS-DYNA Users Conference, Strasbourg, France. SEESL (2008). "Online lab manual of the structural engineering and earthquake simulation laboratory." University at Buffalo. Sener, K., Varma, A. H., Malushte, S. R., and Coogler, K. (2013). "Experimental database of SC composite specimens tested under out-of-plane shear loading." 22nd International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT22), International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (IASMiRT), San Francisco, California, US. Sener, K. C., and Varma, A. H. (2014). "Steel-plate composite walls: experimental database and design for out-of-plane shear." Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 100, 197-210. 259

SIMULIA (2012a). "ABAQUS analysis user’s manual." Version 6.12, Dassault Systèmes Simulia Corp., Providence, Rhode Island, USA. SIMULIA (2012b). "ABAQUS theory manual." Version 6.12, Dassault Systèmes Simulia Corp., Providence, Rhode Island, USA. Sittipunt, C., and Wood, S. L. (1995). "Influence of web reinforcement on the cyclic response of structural walls." ACI Structural Journal, 92(6), 745-756. SNG, K. (2010). "SNG steel plate concrete structures." Board of KEPIC Policy Structural Committee, Seoul, Korea. Stephens, M. J., and Zimmerman, T. J. E. (1990). "The strength of composite ice-resisting walls subjected to combined loads." The First ISOPE European Offshore Mechanics Symposium. International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, Trondheim, Norway. Suzuki, H., and Kato, B. (1984). "Shear strengths of concrete-filled steel box elements." Composite and Mixed Construction (ASCE), Seattle, Washington, US, 254-266. Suzuki, N., Akiyama, H., Narikawa, M., Hara, K., Takeuchi, M., and Matsuo, I. (1995). "Study on a concrete filled steel structure for nuclear power plants (part #4): analytical method to estimate shear strength." 13th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT13), International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (IASMiRT), Porto Alegre, Brazil, 33-38. Takeda, T., Yamaguchi, T., Nakayama, T., Akiyama, K., and Kato, Y. (1995). "Experimental study on shear characteristics of concrete filled steel plate wall." 13th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT13), International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (IASMiRT), Porto Alegre, Brazil, 3-14. Takeuchi, M., Akiyama, H., Narikawa, M., Hara, K., Tsubota, H., and Matsuo, I. (1995). "Study on a concrete filled steel structure for nuclear power plants (part #1): outline of the structure and the mock-up test." 13th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT13), International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (IASMiRT), Porto Alegre, Brazil. 260

Takeuchi, M., Narikawa, M., Matsuo, I., Hara, K., and Usami, S. (1998). "Study on a concrete filled structure for nuclear power plants." Nuclear Engineering and Design, 179(2), 209-223. Tata Steel Inc., Netherlands, www.tatasteelconstruction.com. Tomlinson, M., Chapman, M., and Wright, H. D. (1989). "Shell composite construction for shallow draft immersed tube tunnels." ICE International Conference on Immersed Tube Tunnels Techniques, Manchester, UK. Tsai, W. T. (1988). "Uniaxial compressional stress‐strain relation of concrete." Journal of Structural Engineering, 114(9), 2133–2136. Tsuda, K., Tatsuo, N., Eto, H., Akiayama, K., Shimizu, A., Tanouchi, K., and Aoyama, H. (2001). "Experimental study on steel plate reinforced concrete shear walls with joint bars." 16th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT16), International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (IASMiRT), Washington DC, USA. Usami, S., Akiyama, H., Narikawa, M., Hara, K., Takeuchi, M., and Sasaki, N. (1995). "Study on a concrete filled steel structure for nuclear power plants (part #2): compressive loading tests on wall members." 13th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT13), International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (IASMiRT), Porto Alegre, Brazil. Uy, B., and Bradford, M. A. (1996). "Elastic local buckling of steel plates in composite steelconcrete members." Engineering Structures, 18(3), 193-200. Varma, A. H., Malushte, S. R., Sener, K. C., and Booth, P. N. (2009). "Analysis and design of modular composite walls for combined thermal and mechanical loading." 20th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT19), International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (IASMiRT), Espoo, Finland. Varma, A. H., Malushte, S., Sener, K., Booth, P. N., and Coogler, K. (2011a). "Steel-plate composite (SC) walls: analysis and design including thermal effects." 21th International

261

Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT21), International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (IASMiRT), New Delhi, India. Varma, A. H., Sener, K., Zhang, K., Coogler, K., and Malushte, S. (2011b). "Out-of-plane shear behavior of SC composite structures." 21th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT21), International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (IASMiRT), New Delhi, India. Varma, A. H., Zhang, K., Chi, H., Booth, P. N., and Baker, T. (2011c). "In-plane shear behavior of SC composite walls: theory vs. experiment." 21th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT21), International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (IASMiRT), New Delhi, India. Varma, A. H., Malushte, S. R., Sener, K. C., and Booth, P. N. (2012). "Analysis recommendations for steel-composite (SC) walls of safety-related nuclear facilities." Structures Congress 2012, ASCE, 1871-1880. Varma, A. H., Sener, K., and Inductries, M. H. (2013a). "Lateral load behavior of a containment internal structure consisting of composite SC walls." 22nd International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT22), International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (IASMiRT), San Francisco, California, US. Varma, A. H., Zhang, K., and Malushte, S. R. (2013b). "Local buckling of SC composite walls at ambient and elevated temperatures." 22nd International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT22), International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (IASMiRT), San Francisco, California, US. Varma, A. H., Malushte, S. R., Sener, K. C., and Lai, Z. (2014). "Steel-plate composite (SC) walls for safety related nuclear facilities: Design for in-plane forces and out-of-plane moments." Nuclear Engineering and Design, 269(1), 240-249. Vecchio, F. J. (2000). "Disturbed stress field model for reinforced concrete: formulation." Journal of Structural Engineering, 126(9), 1070-1077.

262

Vecchio, F. J. (1992). "Finite element modeling of concrete expansion and confinement." Journal of Structural Engineering, 118(9), 2390-2406. Vecchio, F. J. (1989). "Nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete membranes." ACI Structural Journal, 86(1), 26-35. Vecchio, F. J. (1990). "Reinforced concrete membrane element formulations." Journal of Structural Engineering, 116(3), 730-750. Vecchio, F. J. (1999). "Towards cyclic load modeling of reinforced concrete." ACI Structural Journal, 96(2), 193-202. Vecchio, F. J., and Collins, M. P. (1993). "Compression response of cracked reinforced concrete." Journal of Structural Engineering, 119(12), 3590-3610. Vecchio, F. J., and DeRoo, A. (1995). "Smeared crack modelling of concrete tension splitting." Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 121(6), 702-708. Vecchio, F. J., and McQuade, I. (2011). "Towards improved modeling of steel-concrete composite wall elements." Nuclear Engineering and Design, 241(8), 2629-2642. Vecchio, F. J., and Collins, M. P. (1986). "Modified compression-field theory for reinforced concrete elements subjected to shear." ACI Structural Journal, 83(2), 219-231. Vishay Precision Group. (2010). "General purpose strain gages-rectangular rosette." Document Number: 11095Raleigh, NC. Walraven, J. C. (1981). "Fundamental analysis of aggregate interlock." Journal of the Structural Division, 107(11), 2245-2270. Wittmann, F. H., Rokugo, K., Bruehwiler, E., Mihashi, H., and Simonin, P. (1988). "Fracture energy and strain softening of concrete as determined by means of compact tension specimens." Materials and Structures, 21(121), 21-32. Wong, P. S., Vecchio, F. J., and Trommels, H. (2013). "VecTor2 and Formworks User’s Manual, Second Edition." University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. 263

Wright, H. D. (1995). "The behavior of composite walling under construction and service loading." Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 35(3), 257-273. Wright, H. D., Evans, H. R., and Gallocher, S. C. (1992). "Composite walling." Engineering Foundation Conference, Missouri, USA. Wright, H. D., Hossain, K. M. A., and Gallocher, S. C. (1994). "Composite walls as shear elements in tall structures." ASCE Structures Congress XII, Atlanta, GA, USA, 140-145. Wright, H. D., Oduyemi, T. O. S., and Evans, H. R. (1991a). "The design of double skin composite elements." Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 19(2), 111-132. Wright, H. D., Oduyemi, T. O. S., and Evans, H. R. (1991b). "The experimental behavior of double skin composite elements." Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 19(2), 97-110. Xiaowei, M., Jianguo, N., and Muxuan, T. (2013). "Nonlinear finite-element analysis of doubleskin steel-concrete composite shear wall structures." IACSIT International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 5(6), 648-652. Xu, S. Y., and Zhang, J. (2011). "Hysteretic shear-flexure interaction model of reinforced concrete columns for seismic response assessment of bridges." Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 40(3), 315-337. Zhang, K., Varma, A., and Gallocher, S. (2013). "Partial composite action in SC composite walls for nuclear structures." 22nd International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT22), International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (IASMiRT), San Francisco, California, US. Zhang, K., Varma, A. H., Malushte, S. R., and Gallocher, S. (2014). "Effect of shear connectors on local buckling and composite action in steel concrete composite walls." Nuclear Engineering and Design, 269, 231-239. Zhao, Q., and Astaneh-Asl, A. (2004). "Cyclic behavior of traditional and innovative composite shear walls." Journal of Structural Engineering, 130(2), 271-284.

264

Zhong, J. X. (2005). "Model-based simulation of reinforced concrete plane stress structures." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Houston, Houston, TX. Zhou, J., Mo, Y. L., Sun, X., and Li, J. (2010). "Seismic performance of composite steel plate reinforce concrete shear wall." 12th International Conference on Engineering, Science, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments-Earth and Space 2010, American Society of Civil Engineers, 3002-3010.

265